Journal articles: 'Method of equivalent charges'

1

ZENG, XIAOXIONG. "FERMIONS TUNNELING OF DYONIC PARTICLES FROM THE CHARGED AND MAGNETIZED BLACK HOLES." Modern Physics Letters A 24, no. 20 (June 28, 2009): 1605–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732309029958.

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The fermions tunneling formulism of Kerner and Mann is extended to the case of black holes with electric and magnetic charges. As the electric and magnetic fields would couple with gravity field, we introduce the Dirac equation of charged and magnetized particles. We study the spin-up particles from the Reissner–Nordström black hole with magnetic charges and spin-down particles from the Kerr–Newman–Kasuya black hole and obtain the corresponding emission temperatures. In particular, we also provide a simplified method by defining an equivalent charge and gauge potential to further discuss tunneling of charged and magnetized fermions, which reproduces the same results as obtained above.

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Araujo, Eduardo Nozawa Caetano de, and Homero Delboni Jr. "Development of a method to measure charges in tumbling mills." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 67, no. 3 (September 2014): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672014000300011.

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Tumbling mills are often taken as the object of optimization studies because they are a type of equipment that consume large amounts of energy. Among the current available resources to conduct such studies, mathematic modelling presents great efficiency due to its low cost, speed and reliability. The total charge and grinding media charge are very important variables to conduct modelling exercises that aim at power draw and product size distribution forecasting. However, the common measurement methods require people entering the equipment, which carries a number of adversities related to confined spaces. In this regard, this paper presents the development of a method and the prototype of a device able to measure tumbling mill charges, quickly, precisely, with low cost and, above all, ensuring safety. The result of this work is a method that allows equivalent or superior precision in comparison to the existing methods, whose main aspect is to eliminate the requirement of people entering dangerous environments, such as tumbling mills.

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Argyriou, DN, and CJ Howard. "Evaluation of Electrostatic Potentials and Madelung Constants in Ionic Crystals by the Method of Spherically Symmetric Equivalent Charges." Australian Journal of Physics 45, no. 2 (1992): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph920239.

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A simple derivation is given of the electrostatic potential in a periodic three-dimensional array of spherically symmetric charge distributions. By noting the equivalence in electrostatic calculations of point charges and suitably chosen spherical charge distributions, this leads to expressions for electrostatic potentials and (Madelung) interaction energies in ionic crystals. The expressions involve sums in reciprocal space only. The approach is illustrated by the calculation of Madelung constants for NaCl and CaF2, and the electrostatic interaction energy of Ti02 (rutile). A previous controversy is resolved by showing that the two expressions for the electrostatic potential, which are apparently different, under certain conditions give the same result.

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Kazantsev, V. P., and E. A. Lysenko. "Variational estimates in electrostatics. Gauss's principle and the method of equivalent charges." Russian Physics Journal 38, no. 2 (February 1995): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00560234.

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YAN, ZHAN-YUAN, JIN-YING MA, and XIAO-HONG ZHANG. "QUANTIZATION OF MESOSCOPIC QUARTZ PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT." Modern Physics Letters B 25, no. 11 (May 10, 2011): 847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984911026139.

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In the framework of an advanced quantum theory for mesoscopic electric circuits in accord with the discreteness of electric charges, a mesoscopic quartz piezoelectric crystal equivalent circuit is quantized. To resolve the finite difference Schrödinger equation, an improved parameter perturbative method is proposed when WKB and perturbative method are inapplicable. With this method, the energy spectrum and wavefunctions of the system are obtained and used to calculate current quantum fluctuation as an application. The new method would be helpful to the application of the mesoscopic circuits quantum theory. Besides, the detail characters of energy spectrum and wavefunctions in the system would be helpful to the design of integrate circuit.

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Pai, Kai-Jun. "A Reformatory Model Incorporating PNGV Battery and Three-Terminal-Switch Models to Design and Implement Feedback Compensations of LiFePO4 Battery Chargers." Electronics 8, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020126.

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This study developed and implemented a LiFePO4 battery pack (LBP) rapid charger. Using the three-terminal switch and partnership for a new generation of vehicles (PNGV) battery models, this study could obtain a small-signal system matrix to derive transfer functions and further analyze frequency responses for the charge voltage and current loops; therefore, both voltage and current feedback controllers could be designed to fulfill the constant-voltage (CV) and constant-current (CC) charges. To address practical applications, the proposed equivalent model also considered the wire resistance-inductance of the power cable. According to the derived high-order transfer function, the pole-zero break frequency in the Bode plot was observed that approximated the practical measurement; therefore, the pole-zero compensation could be accomplished for both charge loop requirements. Moreover, the design features for implementing the CV and CC charges are presented in detail herein, and the current overshoot during the start-up phase could be mitigated using the method of zero break frequency shifting and a novel proportional shifting proportional-integral control. The LBP parameter estimations, model construction processes, and frequency response analyses are also presented. The feedback compensation design based on the proposed model was validated through simulations and experiments. The results were determined to be in excellent agreement with theoretical derivations.

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Chen, Shen Li, and Yet Fan Chang. "Lateral Non-Uniformity Charges Influence on Interface Trap Density (D_it) by Terman Method in the nMOS Fabrication." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 1846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.1846.

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Generally speaking, the oxide interface quality can be determined by the interface trap density (Dit) distribution. In this paper, the Dit quantity obtained from the Terman method, which it is assumed that the Dit is equal to zero at the beginning for simulating the Dit effect in ultra-thin oxide. However, the lateral non-uniformity charges have existed in the oxide layer, which maybe obtained an equivalent Dit density not equal to zero also producing an equivalent Dit value. And, such faked Dit will be resulted in an error in high frequency measurement. Fortunately, it can be solved by differentiating technique to obtain an accuracy Dit quantity.

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Apostol, M. "Fast Atom Ionization in Strong Electromagnetic Radiation." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 73, no. 5 (May 24, 2018): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2017-0455.

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AbstractThe Goeppert–Mayer and Kramers–Henneberger transformations are examined for bound charges placed in electromagnetic radiation in the non-relativistic approximation. The consistent inclusion of the interaction with the radiation field provides the time evolution of the wavefunction with both structural interaction (which ensures the bound state) and electromagnetic interaction. It is shown that in a short time after switching on the high-intensity radiation the bound charges are set free. In these conditions, a statistical criterion is used to estimate the rate of atom ionization. The results correspond to a sudden application of the electromagnetic interaction, in contrast with the well-known ionization probability obtained by quasi-classical tunneling through classically unavailable non-stationary states, or other equivalent methods, where the interaction is introduced adiabatically. For low-intensity radiation the charges oscillate and emit higher-order harmonics, the charge configuration is re-arranged and the process is resumed. Tunneling ionization may appear in these circumstances. Extension of the approach to other applications involving radiation-induced charge emission from bound states is discussed, like ionization of molecules, atomic clusters or proton emission from atomic nuclei. Also, results for a static electric field are included.

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Alshareef, Sami. "A Novel Smart Charging Method to Mitigate Voltage Fluctuation at Fast Charging Stations." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 26, 2022): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051746.

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The research presented in this paper focuses on the impact of fast charging stations (FCSs) on voltage quality. When the operation of FCSs causes a voltage fluctuation and light flicker, the FCSs may be disconnected, as per the utility general standard practice, which results in financial loss represented by FCS downtime. FCS downtime can be avoided by mitigating voltage fluctuation and light flicker. Flicker mitigation devices that are available in the market are characterized by their high total annual equivalent costs. As an alternative, a novel smart charging method is proposed in this study in order to mitigate both voltage fluctuation and light flicker, whereby customers can select one of three charging services available in fast chargers: premium, regular, or economic charging power. The charging power is selected according to customer priority in relation to time and cost, which offers more flexibility than those currently available in the literature. For instance, the premium power can be selected if the time is more valuable to the customer at the time of arrival at the FCS; in contrast, the regular or economic power are utilized if the cost is more valuable than the time. The results reveal that when an FCS charges a vehicle by an uncontrolled charging method, the FCS violates the flicker tolerance especially when demand for its service is increased by 20% and beyond. In contrast, the flicker limit is not violated when vehicles are charged from an FCS as per the proposed smart charging approach, even when the penetration on the FCS is increased by 50%. The proposed smart charging method offers a compromise solution to satisfy several stakeholders with different interests. Thus, the system operator equipment, FCS investors, nearby customers, and owners of electric vehicles will not be impacted by integrating the FCSs into the distribution networks.

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Li, Cheng Bing, Jin Xiong, and Ming Yong Ma. "Theoretical and Experimental Research on Perforation Remnant Energy." Advanced Materials Research 339 (September 2011): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.339.379.

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During the perforating and testing combination, the tubing, packer and casing are strongly impacted by shock-wave generated from oil perforators would be damaged. The energy conversion and energy equivalent theories and the underwater explosion energy method are applied to investigate the perforation remnant energy. The theoretical analysis results indicate that the explosion remnant energy of the perforators is the main energy source causing damage of the tubing, packer and casing and the explosion process of the perforators with guns in the oil well can be simplified to the explosion of ordinary explosive charges in the perforation liquid. TNT equivalent and HMX equivalent of perforation remnant energy of three type perforators are obtained by experiments and Cole Formula. Studying results can help to predict dynamic wellbore behaviors and provide a reference for designing the perforation program.

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11

Xu, Y., Z. Jiang, Q. Wang, X. Xu, D. Sun, J. Zhou, and G. Yang. "Three dimensional magnetostatic field calculation using equivalent magnetic charge method." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 27, no. 6 (November 1991): 5010–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.278723.

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12

Fan, Man, Xi Ping Wang, Wei Li, Li Guo, and Yu Min Yang. "Analysis on Axial Magnetic Force of Permanent Axial Bearing by Axial Magnetized." Applied Mechanics and Materials 150 (January 2012): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.150.12.

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Permanent magnet axial bearing axial stiffness analysis is critical in the design process of permanent magnetic bearing. This article establishes the axial magnetic model through the equivalent magnetic charge method, but the equivalent magnetic charge method solving the axial force need work out four complicated quadruple integrals. The calculation cycle the traditional method is too long, and even cannot get analytical solution. On the contrary, the method of through Forcal language programming to approximate computation bearing axial force makes the solving process simplification. The stiffness of the permanent magnet bearing with equivalent magnetic charge method is verified by comparing the simulating result obtained by using the finite element method. The conclusion is that the equivalent magnetic charge method can be used to calculate the axial stiffness of permanent magnet bearings and provide the basis of the axial permanent bearings design.

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13

Wiig, Helge, and Olav Tenstad. "Interstitial exclusion of positively and negatively charged IgG in rat skin and muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 280, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): H1505—H1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.4.h1505.

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Volume exclusion, i.e., the space not available for a specific probe, may be dependant on the probe charge. Therefore, interstitial exclusion was measured for positively and negatively charged immunoglobulin (IgG) in skin and muscle of rats by using a continuous infusion method (30). Steady-state concentration of125I-labeled IgG 1 (pI = 8.7) and131I- labeled IgG 4 (pI = 6.6) was maintained by infusion of tracer for 120–168 h with an implanted osmotic pump. At the end of the infusion period and before tissue sampling, the rat was anesthetized and nephrectomized, and51Cr-labeled EDTA was injected and allowed 4 h for equilibration to measure interstitial fluid volume (Vi). Interstitial fluid was isolated from skin and muscle by using nylon wicks implanted post mortem. The relative IgG available space was measured as the ratio between labeled IgG and51Cr-labeled EDTA wick fluid equivalent spaces, and relative excluded volume fraction (Ve/Vi) was calculated as 1 − Va/Vi. Ve/Viin hindlimb skin averaged 0.37 ± 0.05 (SE) and 0.65 ± 0.06 ( P < 0.01) for IgG 1 and 4, respectively, with corresponding figures of 0.24 ± 0.05 and 0.51 ± 0.04 ( P < 0.01) in hindlimb muscle ( n = 9 for both tissues). These experiments suggest that fixed negative charges, most likely glycosaminoglycans, influence distribution of macromolecules in the interstitium and therefore affect interstitial fluid balance.

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14

Hong, Chong, and Cho. "Theoretical Study on Geometries of Electrodes in Laboratory Electrical Resistivity Measurement." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (October 4, 2019): 4167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9194167.

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Electrical resistivity tests have been widely conducted in multiple scales, from a few centimeters to kilometers. While electrode spacing is used to define field resistance, laboratory measurements in a limited space need to consider electrode geometry. However, there are no studies that theoretically explore the effects of the geometries of electrodes and container size on laboratory electrical resistivity measurements. This study formulates a theoretical electrical resistance for the geometry of cylindrical electrodes and the size of a non-conductive container with the method of image charges. As a complementary study, experimental tests were conducted to verify the derived equations. The discussion includes the concepts of the spherical equivalent electrodes and a simple design method for container size.

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15

Grisaro, Hezi Y., and Idan E. Edri. "Numerical investigation of explosive bare charge equivalent weight." International Journal of Protective Structures 8, no. 2 (March 31, 2017): 199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419617700256.

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Peak overpressure and impulse are the most important parameters in the explosive performance estimation. Available models commonly consider trinitrotoluene explosive as the standard charge. In this article, the trinitrotoluene equivalency factor is studied through verified one-dimensional numerical simulations. The equivalency factors for impulse and overpressure are different and found to be constant with the scaled distance (3–40 m/kg1/3), which means that a unique value for the equivalency factor is suitable for the equivalency factor calculation for each distance. Comparison of the equivalency factor with available models shows that it strongly depends on the internal energy ratio of the explosive in interest, relative to trinitrotoluene, and a new formula for equivalency factor for overpressure is proposed. A verified simulation method is presented in which the explosive is modeled with an equivalent “air bubble” with the same internal energy and ideal gas equation of state. A new approach using the energy flux density calculation is presented to calculate the equivalency factor for impulse and overpressure from a single gauge measurement of overpressure-time history, at a specific distance.

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Sansom, S. C., and J. D. Stockand. "Differential Ca2+ sensitivities of BK(Ca) isochannels in bovine mesenteric vascular smooth muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 266, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): C1182—C1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1994.266.5.c1182.

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The planar bilayer method was used to characterize the properties of large Ca(2+)-activated K+ [BK(Ca)] channels of smooth muscle from bovine mesenteric arteries. We found two isochannels of BK(Ca), differing in sensitivity to Ca2+ on the intracellular side of the channel. The first isochannel, Kc1, had a single-channel conductance of 287 +/- 8 pS and required a potential of -33 mV to activate to an open probability (Po) of 0.5 with 1 microM Ca2+. The single-channel conductance of the second isochannel, Kc2 (282 +/- 8 pS), was not statistically different from that of Kc1 but required a potential of 41 mV to activate to a Po of 0.5 with 1.0 microM Ca2+. At a channel voltage of 0 mV, the Ca2+ concentrations for activating Po to 0.5 were 0.2 and 10 microM for Kc1 and Kc2, respectively. The equivalent gating charges, estimated from the Boltzmann equation, were 2.4 and 2.2 for Kc1 and Kc2, respectively. The K/Cl selectivity of Kc1 was > 40 and not significantly different from Kc2. The Po of either isochannel did not change when protein kinase A or alkaline phosphatase was added to the intracellular side. We conclude that bovine mesenteric arteries contain two distinct isochannels of BK(Ca) that differ in Ca2+ sensitivity but are identical with respect to single-channel conductance, equivalent gating charge, and K+/Cl- selectivities.

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Franke-Lang, Robert, and Julia Kowal. "Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy on Zinc-Air Batteries Using the Distribution of Relaxation Times." Batteries 7, no. 3 (August 18, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries7030056.

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Zinc-air batteries could be a key technology for higher energy densities of electrochemical energy storage systems. Many questions remain unanswered, however, and new methods for analyses and quantifications are needed. In this study, the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) based on ridge regression was applied to the impedance data of primary zinc-air batteries in a temperature range of 253 K and 313 K and at different State-of-Charges for the first time. Furthermore, the problem of the regularization parameter on real impedance spectroscopic measurements was addressed and a method was presented using the reconstruction of impedance data from the DRT as a quality criterion. The DRT was able to identify a so far undiscussed process and thus explain why some equivalent circuit models may fail.

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Zhang, Bingzhan, Qinglong Meng, Juncheng Wu, and Yaoyao Ni. "An Adaptive Adjustment Method of Equivalent Factor Considering Speed Predict Information." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 4 (October 26, 2021): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040211.

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Although the energy management strategies at present have achieved a good effect, they still have their limitations, so there is still room for further improvement to improve the fuel economy of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). This paper proposes an adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) based on speed prediction, which can distribute power more reasonably and improve the power balance and fuel economy. The driving speed reflects the operation of the road and driver during the driving process. Under the motor assisted energy management control strategy, knowing all working condition information in advance can improve the battery power use planning to a certain extent and reduce the fuel consumption during the whole driving process by adjusting parameters. In this paper, a novel adaptive adjustment method for the equivalent factor (EF) of the ECMS based on future information is proposed. In this paper, a novel speed-prediction method combined with wavelet packet transformation (WPT) and a radial basis function neural network (RBF-NN) is proposed to realize accurate vehicle speed prediction. Then, the optimal equivalent factor under the state of charge (SOC) constraint is calculated by using the predicted speed. Simulation studies are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed adjustment method for the EF compared to a commonly adjustment method from SOC balance and economic viewpoints.

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RIOS, L. A., and P. K. SHUKLA. "Equivalent charge of photons in a very dense quantum plasma." Journal of Plasma Physics 74, no. 1 (February 2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377807006800.

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AbstractThe equivalent charge of photons in dense unmagnetized and magnetized Fermi plasmas is determined through the plasma physics method. This charge is associated with the polarization of the medium caused by the ponderomotive force of the electromagnetic waves. Relations for the coupling between the electron plasma density perturbation and the radiation fields are derived for unmagnetized and magnetized plasmas, taking into account the quantum force associated with the quantum Bohm potential in dense Fermi plasmas. The effective photon charge is then determined. The effects of the ion motion are also included in the investigation.

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Liu, Xiaolong, Yongqiang Chai, Bo Wu, Liping Liu, and Chunru Wang. "A novel empirical method for quickly estimating the charge-transfer state of fullerene-donor derivatives." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 44 (2019): 24291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp05257g.

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Hou, En Guang, Xin Qiao, and Guang Min Liu. "Model Identification of Power Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Laplace Transform." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 775–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.775.

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In allusion to nonlinear characteristic of power lithium-ion battery, presented a method for identifying of power lithium-ion battery based on Laplace transform. First, analyzed the characteristics of the equivalent circuit model of power lithium-ion battery, determined the model of second-order RC equivalent circuit; Second, established equation of second-order RC equivalent circuit and conducted a Laplace transform; Third,using the massive data of charge-discharge test,model parameters was identified by least-squares method; Simulation results show that the method can effectively identify the equivalent model parameters, and model parameters small error.

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Cui, Zhen Ping, Yong Xin Qin, and Hao Li. "Prediction Method of Lithium Battery's State of Charge Based on No Trace of Calman Filter." Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 1888–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.1888.

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The Thevenin equivalent circuit model is established for single lithium battery,current and voltage data to identify the parameters of the equivalent circuit is obtained by the discharge experiment, and the open circuit voltage and charge state relationship curve was obtained by curve fitting.On this basis, design the extended Kalman filter algorithm and unscented Kalman filter algorithm on the lithium battery state of charge, then use Matlab/Simulik simulation, the results of the state prediction of the two different algorithms are compared. The analysis results show that two kinds of algorithm are effective for single lithium battery state of charge estimation, and no trace of Calman filter algorithm can effectively solve the the problem of accuracy is not high of the extended Calman filter ,which due to the linear approximation.

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Lukács, Zoltán, Dávid Baccilieri, and Tamás Kristóf. "The Experimental Verification of a Generalized Model of Equivalent Circuits." Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry 49, no. 1 (September 21, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33927/hjic-2021-01.

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The determination of typical parameters of electrochemical systems, e.g. the polarization or charge transfer resistances, can be critical with regard to the application of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) if the lower frequency range is biased as a result of transport and/or adsorption/desorption processes. In such cases, the charge transfer resistance should be assessed from the higher frequency range which is typically inadequate in itself as an input for nonlinear parameter fitting. In earlier publications, an alternative mathematical treatment of both the Equivalent Circuit (EC) and of the parameter dispersion was provided using a generalized model of ECs and also a dispersion-invariant model of the electrochemical interface. In the present work, the previously presented experimental EIS results were crosschecked to verify the performance of the generalized model against a series of redox and corrosion systems. The results proved that the applied method is consistent and provides a fairly good correlation between the principal resistance data assessed by different methods.

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RIOS, L. A., P. K. SHUKLA, and A. SERBETO. "Photon equivalent charge in a two-electron temperature Fermi plasma." Journal of Plasma Physics 75, no. 1 (February 2009): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377808007289.

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AbstractThe equivalent photon charge in a two-electron temperature Fermi plasma is determined through the plasma physics method. The Fermi plasma has distinct populations of hot and cold electrons that are described by a quantum hydrodynamic model which accounts for the quantum statistical pressure of the hot electrons and the quantum force acting on the two electron fluids. Relations for the coupling between the electron plasma density fluctuations and the radiation fields are derived, and the effective photon charge is then calculated.

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Wang, Liangquan, Fei Shang, and Deren Kong. "Study on Correlation Characteristics of Static and Dynamic Explosion Temperature Fields." Frontiers Research of Architecture and Engineering 2, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/frae.v2i4.1545.

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The warheads such as missiles and artillery shells have a certain speed of motion during the explosion. Therefore, it is more practical to study the explosion damage of ammunition under motion. The different speeds of the projectiles have a certain influence on the temperature field generated by the explosion. In this paper, AUTODYN is used to simulate the process of projectile dynamic explosion. In the experiment, the TNT spherical bare charges with the TNT equivalent of 9.53kg and the projectile attack speed of 0,421,675,1020m/s were simulated in the infinite air domain. The temperature field temperature peaks and temperature decay laws at different charge rates and the multi-function regression fitting method were used to quantitatively study the functional relationship between the temperature and peak temperature correlation calculations of static and dynamic explosion temperature fields. The results show that the temperature distribution of the dynamic explosion temperature field is affected by the velocity of the charge, and the temperature distribution of the temperature field is different with the change of the charge velocity. Through the analysis and fitting of the simulation data, the temperature calculation formula of the static and dynamic explosion temperature field is obtained, which can better establish the relationship between the temperature peak of the static and dynamic explosion temperature field and various influencing factors, and use this function. Relational calculations can yield better results and meet the accuracy requirements of actual tests.

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Kireev, A. V., A. Yu Bakhvalov, S. Yu Knyazev, and A. A. Shcherbakov. "Ways to calculate electric fields in traction electric motor insulation by equivalent charge method." Russian Electrical Engineering 80, no. 3 (March 2009): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068371209030080.

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Li, Jiangang, Qingchang Tan, Yongqi Zhang, and Kuo Zhang. "Study on the Calculation of Magnetic Force Based on the Equivalent Magnetic Charge Method." Physics Procedia 24 (2012): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.02.029.

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Rasul, Bilal, and Hira Naz. "Mass spectra and incident energy resolved spectra after collisions of hydrocarbon ions with fusion-plasma tungsten thin films." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 39, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2003.06.

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We have performed surface-induced dissociation studies of small deuterated hydrocarbon cations i.e. CDx+ with x=2-4, colliding with two types of tungsten-coated surfaces, in the incident energy range between Ein = 0 eV approximately, up to Ein = 100 eV. A 34 nm thick W layer deposited on stainless steel using the Thermionic Vacuum Arc (TVA) method and a small sample of a tile cut from ASDEX-Upgrade tiles, consisting of PlasmaSprayed (PS) tungsten on carbon, are exposed to ion flux in these experiments. A double-focussing reverse geometry BE mass spectrometer, is used under ultra high vacuum conditions. Mass spectra of secondary charged particles are recorded via time-of-flight mass analyser. For comparison, we have performed equivalent study on polished stainless steel under experimental status explained in Section 2 below. At very low energies i.e. below 10 eV, only surface reflected projectiles are seen, whereas most of them are neutralized by surface micro charges. We observed that the fragmentation pattern of the small molecular ions at a given energy is strongly dependent on the surface. The roughness of both of the said thin films and their reflectivity for the projectile ion beam is studied by analysis of the ion yields of the reaction products

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Khazins, Valery M., Valery V. Shuvalov, and Sergey P. Soloviev. "Numerical Modeling of Formation and Rise of Gas and Dust Cloud from Large Scale Commercial Blasting." Atmosphere 11, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101112.

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The emission of dust particles into the atmosphere during rock mass breaking by blasting in ore mining open-pits is one of the factors that determine the ground-level air pollution in the vicinity of pits. The data on dust concentration in the cloud, which is extremely difficult to obtain experimentally for large-scale explosions, is required to calculate the dust dispersion in the wind stream. We have elaborated a Eulerian model to simulate the initial stage of dust cloud formation and rising, and a Navier–Stokes model to simulate thermal rising and mixing with the ambient air. The first model is used to describe the dust cloud formation after a 500 t TNT (Trinitrotoluene equivalent) explosion. The second model based on the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method is used to predict the height of cloud rising, its mass, and the evolution of dust particles size distribution for explosions of 1–1000 t TNT. It was found that the value of the turbulent eddy viscosity coefficient (Smagorinsky coefficient) depends on both the charge mass and the spatial resolution (grid cell size). The values of the Smagorinsky coefficient were found for charges with a mass of 1–1000 t using a specific grid.

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Sun, Ping, Xiu Min Yu, and Wei Dong. "Study on Power Delivering in Energy Management for Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 676 (March 2013): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.676.235.

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The equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is a method to reduce the global minimization problem to an instantaneous minimization problem to be solved at each instant. The adaptive ECMS is a development of ECMS in which the equivalence factors are not pre-coded, but rather calculated online. The equivalence factors, their optimal value, which minimizes the cost function while maintaining the vehicle substantially charge sustaining, depends on the specific driving cycle. The method proposed in this paper is one of the most important simplifications for actual real time implementation of A-ECMS and power delivering in energy management for HEV. The charging factor can be calculated if the discharging factor is calculated in the experiment for real time. And only a subset of (charging and discharging factors) generates a trend close to zero which indicates charge-sustainability.

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Martínez Peñaloza, Alejandra, Luisa Carrillo-Sandoval, Gabriel Malagón-Carvajal, César Duarte-Gualdrón, and German Alfonso Osma Pinto. "Determination of parameters and performance analysis of load models for fluorescent recessed lightings before power supply signal variations." DYNA 87, no. 215 (November 6, 2020): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v87n215.85239.

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The high utilization of nonlinear devices in buildings increases harmonic distortion in the electrical voltage and current signals, which has led to the requirement of characterizing and predicting the impact of such devices on low-voltage networks using load models. One of the charges that still performs an important role in the energy consumption of commercial, industrial, and educational buildings is the recessed fluorescent light with electronic ballast, which is commonly used in Colombia. However, information regarding the modeling of their behavior in the case of distorted power supply voltages is scarce. Therefore, this work presents the parameter configuration and performance analysis of two load models in the time domain, i.e., ZIP and exponential, and one model in the frequency domain, i.e., Norton equivalent model to the coupled admittance matrix method, for two commonly used recessed fluorescent lights.

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Emtsova, E. D., M. Krššák, A. N. Petrov, and A. V. Toporensky. "On the Schwarzschild solution in TEGR." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2081, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2081/1/012017.

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Abstract Conserved currents, superpotentials and charges for the Schwarzschild black hole in the Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity (TEGR) are constructed. We work in the covariant formalism and use the Noether machinery to construct conserved quantities that are covariant/invariant with respect to both coordinate and local Lorentz transformations. The constructed quantities depend on the vector field ξ and we consider two different possibilities, when ξ is chosen as either a timelike Killing vector or a four-velocity of an observer. We analyze and discuss the physical meaning of each choice in different frames: static and freely falling Lemaitre frame. Moreover, a new generalized free-falling frame with an arbitrary initial velocity at infinity is introduced. We derive the inertial spin connection for various tetrads in different frames and find that the “switching-off” gravity method leads to ambiguities.

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Januszewski, Damian, Teresa Maria Łaguna, and Agnieszka Osiecka. "Issue of Valuation and Payment of Fees, Charges and Restitution Costs of the Forest Ecosystem Used for Road Projects." Olsztyn Economic Journal 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3428.

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This paper presents the issues related to the fees paid by entities for exclusion of a forest from production. Forests and forest lands are covered by statutory protection against change in use for purposes other than forest. The government has introduced fees and yearly charges for which the method of computation is included in the Act on Protection of Agricultural and Forest Lands (Act of 3 February 1995 on protection of agricultural and forest lands, Dz.U. of 2004 No. 121, item 1266). The total fees include a one-time fee, yearly charges and compensation for the early felling of standing timber if it has not reached felling age. The problem of valuation of the statutory fee, once-only fee, the year fees, compensation for early felling of standing timber and the problem of possible ecosystem restitution costs are all analysed in this work. The study also aimed at determining the amounts of fees and charges paid by a private entity for exclusion of 1 ha of forest land from production.A case study covering 1 ha of riparian forest excluded from production permanently was used as the method of study. The amounts of fees and charges due for exclusion of the forest from production and the costs of ecosystem restitution were computed. The study showed that the fees and charges imposed by the government do not satisfy the criterion of equivalency according to the principle that "the user pays" because of the omission of the costs of restoring the ecosystem.

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Lu, Jing, Xianguo Tuo, Hongchao Yang, Yushi Luo, Haolin Liu, Chao Deng, and Qibiao Wang. "Pulse-Shape Discrimination of SiPM Array-Coupled CLYC Detector Using Convolutional Neural Network." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052400.

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Cs2LiYCl6: Ce3+ (CLYC) is a dual-mode gamma-neutron scintillator with a medium gamma-ray resolution and pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) capability. The PSD performance of CLYC is greatly weakened when coupled with silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) because of SiPMs’ low detection efficiency for the ultrafast Core-Valence-Luminescence (CVL) component under gamma excitation. In our previous work, the PSD Figure-of-Merit (FoM) value was optimized to 2.45 at the gamma-equivalent energy region of the thermal neutron by using the charge comparison method. However, this value was reduced to 1.37 at the lower gamma-equivalent energy region of more than 325 keV, and neutrons were difficult to distinguish from gamma rays. Hence, new algorithms should be studied to improve the PSD performance at low gamma-equivalent energy regions. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have excellent image recognition capabilities, and thus, neutron and gamma-ray waveforms can be discriminated by their characteristics through a known training set. In this study, neutron and gamma-ray waveforms were measured with a 137Cs source and moderated 252Cf source via an SiPM array-coupled CLYC detector and divided into two groups: training and PSD testing. The CNN training set comprised 137Cs characteristic gamma-ray waveforms and thermal neutron waveforms that were discriminated by the charge comparison method from the training group. A CNN with two convolution-pooling layers was designed to accomplish PSD with the test group. The PSD FoM value of the CNN method was calculated to be 37.20 at the gamma-equivalent energy region of more than 325 keV. This result was much higher than that of the charge comparison method, indicating that neutrons and gamma rays could be better distinguished with the CNN method, especially at low gamma-equivalent energy regions.

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Shah, Neel T., Kelly N. Wright, Gudrun M. Jonsdottir, Selena Jorgensen, Jon I. Einarsson, and Michael G. Muto. "The Feasibility of Societal Cost Equivalence between Robotic Hysterectomy and Alternate Hysterectomy Methods for Endometrial Cancer." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/570464.

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Objectives. We assess whether it is feasible for robotic hysterectomy for endometrial cancer to be less expensive to society than traditional laparoscopic hysterectomy or abdominal hysterectomy.Methods. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of patient characteristics, operative times, complications, and hospital charges from all () endometrial cancer patients who underwent hysterectomy in 2009 at our hospital. Per patient costs of each hysterectomy method were examined from the societal perspective. Sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation were performed using a cost-minimization model.Results. 40 (17.1%) of hysterectomies for endometrial cancer were robotic, 91 (38.9%), were abdominal, and 103 (44.0%) were laparoscopic. 96.3% of the variation in operative cost between patients was predicted by operative time (, ). Mean operative time for robotic hysterectomy was significantly longer than other methods (). Abdominal hysterectomy was consistently the most expensive while the traditional laparoscopic approach was consistently least expensive. The threshold in operative time that makes robotic hysterectomy cost equivalent to the abdominal approach is within the range of our experience.Conclusion. It is feasible for robotic hysterectomy to be less expensive than abdominal hysterectomy, but unlikely for robotic hysterectomy to be less expensive than traditional laparoscopy.

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Tang, Wenwu, Yaoguo Li, Douglas W. Oldenburg, and Jianxin Liu. "Removal of galvanic distortion effects in 3D magnetotelluric data by an equivalent source technique." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): E95—E110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0668.1.

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The galvanic distortion induced by the electric charge buildup across near-surface inhomogeneities can severely affect the interpretation of magnetotelluric (MT) data for deeper structures. In addition to the methods already available, we have developed an alternative approach for processing MT impedance data with such distortions using an equivalent source technique. One prerequisite for the method is that all data are acquired on the surface, which is nearly always the case in land-based MT surveys. The method works with the electric field scaled from the impedance data and constructs an equivalent electrical polarization layer that attempts to reproduce the signal in the data while misfitting the galvanic distortion. Because of the uncorrelated characteristics of galvanic distortions across multiple stations at the same frequency, they can be distinguished and removed by constructing an equivalent source layer of electrical polarization using a regularized inverse formulation. The tradeoff between the signal and distortion is achieved through the use of generalized cross-validation method during the equivalent source construction, whereas the choice of equivalent source parameters also affects the separation. Numerical tests indicate that good results are obtained when the depth of the equivalent source layer is slightly greater than 10 times the nominal data spacing, and the lateral extent is twice that of the data area. The simultaneous processing with multiple frequencies yields more stable apparent resistivity curves than the separate single-frequency processing. The method has performed well in removing the galvanic distortions in the synthetic- and field-data examples.

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Vicentini, Rafael, Leonardo Morais Da Silva, Edson Pedro Cecilio Junior, Thayane Almeida Alves, Willian Gonçalves Nunes, and Hudson Zanin. "How to Measure and Calculate Equivalent Series Resistance of Electric Double-Layer Capacitors." Molecules 24, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 1452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081452.

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Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are energy storage devices that have attracted attention from the scientific community due to their high specific power storage capabilities. The standard method for determining the maximum power (Pmax) of these devices uses the relation Pmax = U2/4RESR, where U stands for the cell voltage and RESR for the equivalent series resistance. Despite the relevance of RESR, one can observe a lack of consensus in the literature regarding the determination of this parameter from the galvanostatic charge-discharge findings. In addition, a literature survey revealed that roughly half of the scientific papers have calculated the RESR values using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique, while the other half used the galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) method. RESR values extracted from EIS at high frequencies (>10 kHz) do not depend on the particular equivalent circuit model. However, the conventional GCD method better resembles the real situation of the device operation, and thus its use is of paramount importance for practical purposes. In the latter case, the voltage drop (ΔU) verified at the charge-discharge transition for a given applied current (I) is used in conjunction with Ohm’s law to obtain the RESR (e.g., RESR = ΔU/ΔI). However, several papers have caused a great confusion in the literature considering only applied current (I). In order to shed light on this important subject, we report in this work a rational analysis regarding the GCD method in order to prove that to obtain reliable RESR values the voltage drop must be normalized by a factor of two (e.g., RESR = ΔU/2I).

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Tang, Ge, Mo Li, Peng Sun, Lei Wang, Kexin Peng, Jian Zhang, Peng Feng, and Biao Wei. "A Charge Collection Equivalent Method for Laser Simulation of Dose Rate Effects With Improved Performance." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 68, no. 6 (June 2021): 1235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2021.3073700.

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ARATYN, HENRIK, and ASHOK DAS. "THE sAKNS HIERARCHY." Modern Physics Letters A 13, no. 15 (May 20, 1998): 1185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732398001261.

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We study, systematically, the properties of the supersymmetric AKNS (sAKNS) hierarchy. In particular, we discuss the Lax representation in terms of a bosonic Lax operator and some special features of the equations and construct the bosonic local charges as well as the fermionic nonlocal charges associated with the system starting from the Lax operator. We obtain the Hamiltonian structures of the system and check the Jacobi identity through the method of prolongation. We also show that this hierarchy of equations can equivalently be described in terms of a fermionic Lax operator. We obtain the zero curvature formulation as well as the conserved charges of the system starting from this fermionic Lax operator which suggests a connection between the two. Finally, starting from the fermionic description of the system, we construct the soliton solutions for this system of equations through Darboux–Bäcklund transformations and describe some open problems.

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Jansen, P., D. Vergossen, D. Renner, W. John, and J. Götze. "Impedance spectra classification for determining the state of charge on a lithium iron phosphate cell using a support vector machine." Advances in Radio Science 13 (November 3, 2015): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-13-127-2015.

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Abstract. An alternative method for determining the state of charge (SOC) on lithium iron phosphate cells by impedance spectra classification is given. Methods based on the electric equivalent circuit diagram (ECD), such as the Kalman Filter, the extended Kalman Filter and the state space observer, for instance, have reached their limits for this cell chemistry. The new method resigns on the open circuit voltage curve and the parameters for the electric ECD. Impedance spectra classification is implemented by a Support Vector Machine (SVM). The classes for the SVM-algorithm are represented by all the impedance spectra that correspond to the SOC (the SOC classes) for defined temperature and aging states. A divide and conquer based search algorithm on a binary search tree makes it possible to grade measured impedances using the SVM method. Statistical analysis is used to verify the concept by grading every single impedance from each impedance spectrum corresponding to the SOC by class with different magnitudes of charged error.

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Schmeltzer, D. "THE HUBBARD U=∞ MODEL IN ONE DIMENSION - THE SLAVE BOSON METHOD AS ALTERNATIVE BOSONIZATION SCHEME." International Journal of Modern Physics B 05, no. 01n02 (January 1991): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979291000043.

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The Hubbard U=∞ in one dimension is equivalent to a non-interacting spinless fermion in a gauge field. The gauge field induced by spin fluctuations is described by a gas of instantons. This gas is in the plasma phase which leads to the decoupling of spin and charge at large distances.

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Liang, Zhen-gang, Bai-xu Chen, Yu-xiang Nan, Jian-wei Jiang, and Li Ding. "Research on the computing method for the forming velocity of circumferential multiple explosive formed projectiles." Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology 17, no. 2 (February 26, 2019): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548512919833187.

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To evaluate the damage capability of circumferential multiple explosive formed projectiles (MEFPs), it is required to predict the EFP forming velocity accurately and quickly. According to the circumferential MEFP liner characteristics of uniform circumferential distribution and layered axial structure, a simplified physical model of circumferential MEFPs is put forward innovatively. The Lagrange and Euler coupling algorithm is selected to simulate the simulation model, which is verified as equivalent to the circumferential MEFPs. Based on the energy conservation principle and the simplified equivalent physical model, the calculating model of the circumferential MEFP forming velocity is derived. The correctness and accuracy of the calculation model are verified by using the numerical simulation software and the test device of the round-shaped charge model.

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Li, Hangyang, Yunshan Zhou, Huanjian Xiong, Bing Fu, and Zhiliang Huang. "Real-Time Control Strategy for CVT-Based Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Drivability Constraints." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102074.

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The energy management strategy has a great influence on the fuel economy of hybrid electric vehicles, and the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) has proved to be a useful tool for the real-time optimal control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). However, the adaptation of the equivalent factor poses a major challenge in order to obtain optimal fuel consumption as well as robustness to varying driving cycles. In this paper, an adaptive-ECMS based on driving pattern recognition (DPR) is established for hybrid electric vehicles with continuously variable transmission. The learning vector quantization (LVQ) neural network model was adopted for the on-line DPR algorithm. The influence of the battery state of charge (SOC) on the optimal equivalent factor was studied under different driving patterns. On this basis, a method of adaptation of the equivalent factor was proposed by considering the type of driving pattern and the battery SOC. Besides that, in order to enhance drivability, penalty terms were introduced to constrain frequent engine on/off events and large variations of the continuously variable transmission (CVT) speed ratio. Simulation results showed that the proposed method efficiently improved the equivalent fuel consumption with charge-sustaining operations and also took into account driving comfort.

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Şahin, Mustafa. "Modelling of Supercapacitors Based on Simplified Equivalent Circuit." CPSS Transactions on Power Electronics and Applications 6, no. 1 (March 2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24295/cpsstpea.2021.00003.

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The need for energy storage devices especially in renewable energy applications has increased the use of supercapacitors. Accordingly, several supercapacitor models have been proposed in previous researches. Nevertheless, most of them require an intensive test to obtain the model parameters. These may not be suitable for an initial simulation study, where a simple model based on the datasheet is required to evaluate the system performance before building the hardware prototype. A simplified electrical circuit model for a supercapacitor (SC) based on the voltage-current equation is proposed in this paper to address this issue. This model doesn’t need an intensive test for accuracy. The structural simplicity and decent modelling accuracy make the equivalent electrical circuit model very suitable for power electronic applications and real-time energy management simulations. The parameters of the proposed model can be obtained from the datasheets value with a minimum test requirement. The experimental method to provide the parameters of the supercapacitor equivalent circuit is described. Based on the proposed method, the supercapacitor model is built in Matlab/Simulink, and the characteristics of equivalent series resistance (ESR) measurement and cycle life are compared with datasheets. The simulation results have verified that the proposed model can be applied to simulate the behaviour of the supercapacitor in most energy and power applications for a short time of energy storage. A supercapacitor test circuit is given to test the charge and discharge of supercapacitor modules. The experimental results are suitable for simulation results.

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Sechenova, M. V. "Modeling an investment process from taxation perspective under inflation." International Accounting 23, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 1404–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ia.23.12.1404.

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Subject. The article discusses a model to evaluate the performance of investment projects taking into account taxation in the context of inflation. Objectives. The aim is to develop formal tools for investment project efficiency evaluation to unveil the impact of various taxation schemes on project performance under main types of inflation. Methods. The study draws on methods of systems analysis, economic-mathematical modeling, financial mathematics, statistical economics, and mathematical analysis. Results. The paper provides a detailed analysis of the impact of inflation on tax payments under various tax regimes when evaluating the investment project performance. I developed a method to calculate indicators of project performance under the main types of inflation, using an analytical model that considers tax expense under various tax treatment. Conclusions. The analytical model enables to elaborate the generalizing record of formal tools for investment process efficiency evaluation as applied to the specifics of tax payments in the investing activity of some enterprises. Calculations of investment project efficiency in the conditions of inflation in nominal and real cash flows are not equivalent because of the existence of non-indexed taxes and amortization charges. When calculating in real prices, it is necessary to consider this adjustment.

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Sun, Gang, Jin Ding Lu, Qing Ye, Li Ren, Jing Shi, and Yue Jin Tang. "State of Charge Estimation Using EKF Method for VRB." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 986–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.986.

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Vanadium redox battery (VRB) system is a new type of energy storage system, which can be used to shave power grid peak, improve power quality, and smooth fluctuations of power and Voltage in photovoltaic and wind power systems. The state of charge (SOC) of VRB is an indication of how much energy is stored in the battery. Estimating the VRB SOC accurately in real time is very important when the battery is used to power system. In consideration of deficiencies of existing methods, a new approach is introduced to use Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) method. In this paper, state space model of VRB based on its equivalent circuit model is proposed, and SOC Estimation Using EKF Method for VRB is described in detail. By using Matlab software, it can be proved that the EKF method can estimate real-time SOC of VRB and is more accurate than existing methods.

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Wang, Michael Y., Matthew D. Cummock, Yong Yu, and Rikin A. Trivedi. "An analysis of the differences in the acute hospitalization charges following minimally invasive versus open posterior lumbar interbody fusion." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 12, no. 6 (June 2010): 694–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.12.spine09621.

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Object Minimally invasive spine (MIS) procedures are increasingly being recognized as equivalent to open procedures with regard to clinical and radiographic outcomes. These techniques are also believed to result in less pain and disability in the immediate postoperative period. There are, however, little data to assess whether these procedures produce their intended result and even fewer objective data to demonstrate that they are cost effective when compared with open surgery. Methods The authors performed a retrospective analysis of hospital charges for 1- and 2-level MIS and open posterior interbody fusion for lumbar spondylotic disease, disc degeneration, and spondylolisthesis treated at a single academic medical center. Patients presenting with bilateral neurological symptoms were treated with open surgery, and those with unilateral symptoms were treated with MIS. Overall hospital charges and surgical episode–related charges, length of stay (LOS), and discharge status were obtained from the hospital finance department and adjusted for multi-/single-level surgeries. Results During a 14-month period, 74 patients (mean age 55 years) were treated. The series included 59 single-level operations (75% MIS and 25% open), and 15 2-level surgeries (53% MIS and 47% open). The demographic profile, including age and Charlson Comorbidity Index, were similar between the 4 groups. The mean LOS for patients undergoing single-level surgery was 3.9 and 4.8 days in the MIS and open cases, respectively (p = 0.017). For those undergoing 2-level surgery, the mean LOS was 5.1 for MIS versus 7.1 for open surgery (p = 0.259). With respect to hospital charges, single-level MIS procedures were associated with an average of $70,159 compared with $78,444 for open surgery (p = 0.027). For 2-level surgery, mean charges totalled $87,454 for MIS versus $108,843 for open surgery (p = 0.071). For single-level surgeries, 5 and 20% of patients undergoing MIS and open surgery, respectively, were discharged to inpatient rehabilitation. For 2-level surgeries, the rates were 13 and 29%, respectively. Conclusions While hospital setting, treatment population, patient selection, and physician expectation play major roles in determining hospital charges and LOS, this pilot study at an academic teaching hospital shows trends for quicker discharge, reduced hospital charges, and lower transfer rates to inpatient rehabilitation with MIS. However, larger multicenter studies are necessary to validate these findings and their relevance across diverse US practice environments.

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Zhang, Li, Huachun Wu, Peng Li, Yefa Hu, and Chunsheng Song. "Design, Analysis, and Experiment of Multiring Permanent Magnet Bearings by Means of Equally Distributed Sequences Based Monte Carlo Method." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (July 18, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4265698.

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Load-carrying capacity analysis is an important procedure for designing the permanent magnet bearing (PMB). Generally, the magnetic force exerted between the ring magnets of PMB can be modeled by means of the equivalent magnetic charge method. In this case, the analytical methods are always simply compared to numerical methods; however, they are restricted by their applicability. The model based on the equivalent magnetic charge method contains multiple integrals; it is difficult to get the simulation results quickly through self-contained function of MATLAB. The equally distributed sequences based Monte Carlo method is used to simplify the complicated mathematical derivation and calculus of bearing capacity characteristics of multiring PMBs, and it might improve the computational efficiency of PMB structure design. The results of the Monte Carlo model are compared with the results of finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS, and the error correction factor is presented. The theoretical model is verified by the finite element analysis. Finally, the bearing forces in radial and axial directions of the PMBs with 4 pairs of magnetic rings were tested experimentally; the experiment result is approximately agreed with the simulation analysis. This method will be perfect for the engineering application involving multiring structural design of PMBs.

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Lin, Guo Min, Fei Zhou, and Chun Feng Li. "Research on Design and Nonlinear of Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 530-531 (February 2014): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.530-531.50.

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Measuring circuit and equivalent circuit of piezoelectric sensor and its parameters of voltage, capacitance and charge are analyzed. The intensity, the sensitivity and natural frequency of pressure sensor are designed. The influence factors and compensation method of pressure sensor nonlinear such as effective area of diaphragm, pre-tightening force, and temperature are analyzed. Key words: Sensor; Piezoelectric wafer; Measure circuit; Equivalent circuit; Nonlinear

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Chen, S. T., L. J. Zimmerman, and J. K. Tugnait. "Subsurface imaging using reversed vertical seismic profiling and crosshole tomographic methods." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 11 (November 1990): 1478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442795.

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A combined reversed vertical seismic profile (RVSP), crosshole, and surface seismic experiment was performed to image the subsurface between two 1000 ft wells separated by 600 ft. Explosives were used as downhole sources and a 24-channel hydrophone streamer provided the downhole receivers. Surface shots were 1/3 lb dynamite charges and the surface receivers were vertical geophones. RVSP data, consisting of 48 offsets ranging from 25 ft to 1200 ft, were processed with a ray‐tracing method to produce an equivalent stacked seismic section. The crosshole data were processed with an SIRT traveltime transmission tomography algorithm to produce a velocity cross‐section. The stacked RVSP subsurface image and the crosshole tomography velocity cross‐section both have higher resolution than does the surface seismic image. For example, the velocity map from tomography exhibits a rapid lateral velocity change that is not resolved by surface seismic. However, all three methods agree within the limits of their common resolution. The results indicate that RVSP and crosshole tomography can potentially be used to image steeply dipping beds or complex structures, such as small faults, pinchouts, steam‐flooded zones, reef boundaries, or the flanks of salt domes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Method of equivalent charges'

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