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1
Jacobson, Olle. Methods of analysis for trace amount of CFC in polymeric foams. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1991.
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2
Akhtar, Yasmeen. What determines payment methods and deal amount in corporate merger and acquisitions in Pakistan. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 2014.
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3
Singh, Sarbjit. Development of a method for the estimation of low amount of plutonium in 200 litre waste drums in presence of high amount of beta gamma activity. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2011.
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4
Mishchenko, Aleksandr, and Elena Miheeva. Methods of assessment of efficiency of management of production and financial activity of the enterprise. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/monography_5d1ae60d82d6d9.87533425.
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The proposed book describes the static and dynamic models of optimization of production and financial activities of the enterprise in the conditions of deterministic source data, and taking into account the uncertainty and risk. In the latter case, when choosing a management decision, not only the amount of expected profit, but also various types of risks, as well as such an indicator as the stability of the selected option of production and economic activity to changes in the market environment, are taken into account.
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Ishkov, Aleksandr, Mihail Vikulov, and Yuriy Bochkarev. Operation of mining and transport vehicles in the quarries of the North. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1077325.
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The textbook discusses the features of the operation of mining and transport machines in open-pit mining in a cold climate zone, highlights previously unexplored problems of operation of this type of equipment, and describes methods for determining the operational reliability of equipment.
The proposed methods of operation are based on the analysis of a significant amount of statistical material on failures of equipment operating at large mining enterprises of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The influence of low temperatures on the reliability indicators and technical and economic results of the operation of mining and transport machines was determined quantitatively and qualitatively.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty 21.05.04 "Mining", it can also be useful for graduate students, researchers and practitioners specializing in the technical operation of mining and transport machines.
6
Shaydenko, Nadezhda, and Svetlana Kipurova. Learning theory. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1077726.
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The textbook is devoted to one of the sections of pedagogy - the theory of learning. The leading issues are the content of education; forms, methods, means of teaching; forms of organization of training. The main attention is paid to the educational system of Russia and modern trends in the development of education. The study of the theory of learning is important not only for the future teacher to master the system of knowledge, but also for the formation of students' didactic competencies. To do this, in addition to theoretical material, the textbook contains a significant amount of practical tasks, material for consolidating what has been studied, test questions and tasks.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For undergraduate students studying in psychological and pedagogical specialties, as well as for undergraduates of pedagogical specialties who do not have a basic pedagogical education.
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Terehin, Valeriy, and Viktor Chernyshov. Efficiency and effectiveness of the penitentiary system: assessment and planning. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1079434.
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The issues of setting goals, planning and forming a system of indicators of the effectiveness and efficiency of the penal system are considered. The criteria for determining the goals-tasks that are adequate to the public goals of the system are justified. Quantitative indicators corresponding to the criteria were developed, based on the contribution of the criminal justice System to reducing the socio-economic losses of society from recidivism. The contribution of the system is determined by changes in the criminal potential of convicted persons during the period of serving a sentence under a court sentence. Criminal potentials are estimated by predictive values of the aggregate of three groups of characteristics of the criminal potential of convicts, determined by the stages of the cycle of recidivism. The practical results of the use of sound methods and developed tools are based on the use of a significant amount of empirical data on the institutions of the criminal justice system and its systematic expert and statistical analysis. The monograph is a generalization and development of the works carried out by the authors during 2012-2017 in the process of preparing masters of Management for the penal system. It is intended for managers and specialists of the bodies and institutions of the Criminal Justice System, researchers, teachers of higher educational institutions who train specialists for law enforcement agencies.
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Mercati, Flavio. York’s Solution to the Initial-Value Problem. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789475.003.0008.
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In this chapter I briefly review York’s method (or the conformal method) for solving the initial value problem of (GR). This method, developed initially by Lichnerowicz and then generalized by Choquet-Bruhat and York, allows to find solutions of the constraints of (GR) (in particular the Hamiltonian, or refoliation constraint) by scanning the conformal equivalence class of spatial metrics for a solution of the Hamiltonian constraint, exploiting the fact that, in a particular foliation (CMC), the transverse nature of the momentum field is preserved under conformal transformations. This method allows to transform the initial value problem into an elliptic problem for the solution for which good existence and uniqueness theorems are available. Moreover this method allows to identify the reduced phase space of (GR) with the cotangent bundle to conformal superspace (the space of conformal 3-geometries), when the CMC foliation is valid. SD essentially amounts to taking this phase space as fundamental and renouncing the spacetime description when the CMC foliation is not available.
9
Method to measure the amount of WEEE generated. Nordic Council of Ministers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2009-548.
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Edge, M. D. Statistical Thinking from Scratch. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827627.001.0001.
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In virtually every field, researchers find themselves navigating tremendous amounts of new data. Making sense of this flood of information requires much more than the rote application of traditional statistical methods. This book will train researchers to be creative and confident users of statistics by thinking hard about the application of simple methods to a small dataset. In particular, this book focuses on simple linear regression—a method with strong connections to the most important tools in applied statistics—using it as a detailed case study for teaching resampling-based, likelihood-based, and Bayesian approaches to statistical inference. This exercise imparts an idea of how statistical procedures are designed and implemented, a flavor for the philosophical positions one implicitly assumes when applying statistics, and an opportunity to probe the strengths and weaknesses of one’s statistical approach. Key to the book’s novel approach is its mathematical level, which is gentler than most texts for statisticians but more rigorous than most introductory texts for non-statisticians. Statistical Thinking from Scratch is suitable for senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students, professional researchers, and practitioners seeking to improve their understanding of statistical methods across the natural and social sciences, medicine, psychology, public health, business, and other fields.
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1932-, Kurtz David A., and American Chemical Society, eds. Trace residue analysis: Chemometric estimations of sampling, amount, and error. Washington, D.C: American Chemical Society, 1985.
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12
Wigmans, Richard. New Calorimeter Techniques. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786351.003.0008.
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This chapter is dedicated to calorimeter techniques that have been developed since the first edition of this monograph was published (2000). The Dual Readout Method (DREAM) aims to combine the advantages of compensation (linearity, excellent hadron resolution, Gaussian line shape) with a certain amount of design flexibility. This method, based on simultaneous detection of scintillation and Cherenkov light produyced in the shower development, eliminates some of the disadvantages of compensating devices, and in particular the dependence on efficient neutron detection of the latter. The Particle Flow Analysis method aims to combine the information provided by a good tracking system with that provided by a fine-grained calorimeter system to obtain excellent performance for the detection of jets. The results achieved with both methods, and the challenges faced in practice, are described in detail.
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Kurtz, David A. Trace Residue Analysis: Chemometric Estimations of Sampling, Amount, and Error (Acs Symposium Series). Amer Chemical Society, 1985.
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14
A method of estimating the amount of in-situ gas hydrates in deep marine sediments. Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey, 1992.
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15
Succi, Sauro. Extensions of the Pseudo-Potential Method. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0028.
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This chapter provides an account of subsequent extensions of the Shan-Chen pseudo-potential method, including more elaborated potentials which extend beyond the first Brillouin cell. These extensions permit us to lift a number of limitations of the original model and considerably expand its scope and range of applications. In Chapter 27, a variety of LB techniques for nonideal fluids have been discussed. As usual, each method comes with its ups and downs, but actual evidence shows that the Shan–Chen (SC) model has enjoyed increasing popularity over the years. Interestingly, such popularity stands in the face of a fair amount of substantial criticism. In this chapter, first the Shan–Chen model is revisited in some more detail along with a discussion of ways out of the above criticism. Subsequently, the extension of the SC technique to the case of multi-range potentials extending beyond the first Brillouin cell is discussed. This extension proves pretty effective in softening many of the weaknesses of the original formulation, thereby considerably expanding its scope and range of applications.
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Railroads--methods of valuing operating property and the amounts of tax payments: A report to the 1986 Minnesota Legislature. [Minneapolis]: The Department, 1986.
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17
executive, Health and safety. Development and Validation of an Analytical Method to Determine the Amount of Asbestos in Soils and Loose Aggregates. Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 1996.
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18
A, McKenzie Hugh, and Smythe Lloyd E, eds. Quantitative trace analysis of biological materials: Principles and methods for determination of trace elements and trace amounts of some macroelements. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988.
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19
Heithaus, Robert Evans, Almas Syed, and Chet R. Rees. Slow and Steady Method for Advancing Devices Through Tight or Tortuous Anatomy. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0059.
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Advancing vascular sheaths, catheters, balloons, stent grafts, or drainage catheters can prove difficult in tight or tortuous anatomy, leading to prolonged procedure and fluoroscopy time. Overcoming the static forces of friction requires greater magnitude of force compared to the kinetic forces of friction. Static forces of friction can result in catheter or device kinking, particularly in tight or tortuous anatomy. By applying slow, steady force (as opposed to multiple isolated applications of force) in a manner described in this chapter, one can advance a device in a slow and steady manner, thus reducing the amount of pain, tissue damage, and potentially fluoroscopy time.
20
McKenzie, Hugh A. Quantitative Trace Analysis of Biological Materials: Principles and Methods for Determination of Trace Elements and Trace Amounts of Some Macro Elem. Elsevier Science Ltd, 1988.
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21
Queiroz, Sabrina. Mapas Mentais - Um novo conceito. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-148-6.
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This manual was created with the main objective of providing a study option for students who have the need to grasp a large amount of content in a short time, besides allowing the teacher to pass the desired content in a more objective and visual way. The whole method developed in the research entitled "Mind Maps – A new concept" offers the student a significant means of study, and the teacher a more dynamic and effective form of teaching. Students which want to get a place at University or specific schools, for instance, need to learn a lot of content in a short time, which causes the need to optimize this learning. Thus, it was concluded that the application of mind maps in the classroom would be the best way to solve this problem, both for students and teachers. For this, it is necessary to implement a new method in conjunction with existing pedagogical methods. We then created a new concept of mind maps. Thus, from research, the application of this methodology in class was developed, with the objective of facilitating the teacher's class and the student's learning; and a manual was created for the creation of mind maps in the classroom and outside it.
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Stornelli, Deborah. Synthetic phonics in kindergarten classrooms: Effects of size of phonological unit, type of phonics unit, and amount and timing of phonics instruction on literacy outcomes. 2002.
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23
Mesinger, Fedor, Miodrag Rančić, and R. James Purser. Numerical Methods in Atmospheric Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.617.
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The astonishing development of computer technology since the mid-20th century has been accompanied by a corresponding proliferation in the numerical methods that have been developed to improve the simulation of atmospheric flows. This article reviews some of the numerical developments concern the ongoing improvements of weather forecasting and climate simulation models. Early computers were single-processor machines with severely limited memory capacity and computational speed, requiring simplified representations of the atmospheric equations and low resolution. As the hardware evolved and memory and speed increased, it became feasible to accommodate more complete representations of the dynamic and physical atmospheric processes. These more faithful representations of the so-called primitive equations included dynamic modes that are not necessarily of meteorological significance, which in turn led to additional computational challenges. Understanding which problems required attention and how they should be addressed was not a straightforward and unique process, and it resulted in the variety of approaches that are summarized in this article. At about the turn of the century, the most dramatic developments in hardware were the inauguration of the era of massively parallel computers, together with the vast increase in the amount of rapidly accessible memory that the new architectures provided. These advances and opportunities have demanded a thorough reassessment of the numerical methods that are most successfully adapted to this new computational environment. This article combines a survey of the important historical landmarks together with a somewhat speculative review of methods that, at the time of writing, seem to hold out the promise of further advancing the art and science of atmospheric numerical modeling.
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Fisher, David. Graphene Composite Supercapacitor Electrodes. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901939.
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Graphene supercapacitors, also called ultracapacitors or electrical double-layer capacitors, have increasingly begun to rival conventional batteries. They allow to manipulate the nanoscale structure of carbon-based supercapacitors and offer the additional advantage of sequestering increasing amounts of carbon from the environment, thus helping to limit global warming. The book focuses on the choice of electrode materials, their properties and methods of fabrication. It references 494 original resources with their direct web links for in-depth reading.
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Strong, S. I. 9. Adapting IRAC for professional practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0009.
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This chapter explains how the IRAC method of legal essay writing can be adapted for professional practice, with particular reference to drafting original documents (letters, attendance notes, memoranda, briefs (instructions) and opinions) that do not rely on precedents. While the discussion does not go into the same amount of detail as a professional legal training course, it does outline the forms of documents that every law student will encounter in legal practice and demonstrate how the IRAC method can be used to create those types of documents. The chapter also provides a brief overview of various formatting issues that may arise in professional practice. Writing tips are provided throughout the chapter.
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Nuwer, Marc R., and Stephan Schuele. Electrocorticography. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0030.
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Electrocorticography (ECoG) is the method of recording electroencephalographic signals directly from surgically exposed cerebral cortex. It detects intraoperatively the cortical regions with substantial epileptiform interictal discharges. Direct cortical stimulation during ECoG provides a method of identifying language, motor, and sensory regions during a craniotomy. Both techniques—the identification of cortex with epileptic activity and cortex with important eloquent functional activity—help determine limits for surgical cortical resection. These are used most commonly during epilepsy and tumor surgery. Anesthetic agents can adversely affect the recording, and ECoG restricts the types of anesthesia that can be used. The amount of spiking from diffuse or remote cortical regions on ECoG can predict the success of postoperative seizure control.
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Borzu, Sabahi. 5 Compensation. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199601189.003.0005.
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This chapter examines compensation in investment treaty arbitration. It shows the development of principles of compensation for expropriation in customary international law, and how investment treaties have treated compensation for expropriation and for other breaches. It outlines the treatment of both unlawful and lawful expropriation prior to the milestone ADC v Hungary decision, and how that award has impacted thought and practice on compensation for expropriation since then. The chapter also outlines how the amount of compensation has been determined in investment arbitrations, focusing on the concept of Fair Market Value. It discusses the determination of the date of the injury and the proper date of valuation, central to setting the amount of compensation, as well as the treatment of post-act events. It outlines a number of valuation methods used to set the amount of compensation, both for valuing investments and for contractual and business interruption damages.
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Last, Carsten. From Global to Local Statistical Shape Priors: Novel Methods to Obtain Accurate Reconstruction Results with a Limited Amount of Training Shapes. Springer, 2018.
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29
Sapse, Anne-Marie, ed. Molecular Orbital Calculations for Biological Systems. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195098730.001.0001.
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Molecular Orbital Calculations for Biological Systems is a hands-on guide to computational quantum chemistry and its applications in organic chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology. With improvements in software, molecular modeling techniques are now becoming widely available; they are increasingly used to complement experimental results, saving significant amounts of lab time. Common applications include pharmaceutical research and development; for example, ab initio and semi-empirical methods are playing important roles in peptide investigations and in drug design. The opening chapters provide an introduction for the non-quantum chemist to the basic quantum chemistry methods, ab initio, semi-empirical, and density functionals, as well as to one of the main families of computer programs, the Gaussian series. The second part then describes current research which applies quantum chemistry methods to such biological systems as amino acids, peptides, and anti-cancer drugs. Throughout the authors seek to encourage biochemists to discover aspects of their own research which might benefit from computational work. They also show that the methods are accessible to researchers from a wide range of mathematical backgrounds. Combining concise introductions with practical advice, this volume will be an invaluable tool for research on biological systems.
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Kacorzyk, Piotr. Wartość gospodarcza okrywy roślinnej gleby w aspekcie nawożenia oraz zdolności retencyjnej płytki gleby górskiej. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-33-5.
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The aim of the study was to assess the impact of method management of mountain soil on the quantity and quality of waste water, and the amount of mineral nutrients it contains. I have analyzed the water, that was moved through the soil profiles of 0-20 cm and 0-40 cm depth. I have also evaluated the floristic composition, the productivity of grassland and arable land, and the use of fertilizers by vegetation and soil chemical properties. I have found that the type of plant cover of the soil had a significant effect on the amount and chemical composition of water moving through the soil profile. Arable land was characterized by an average of 5 percentage point higher drainage rates compared to meadows. The smallest outflow of water from the soil was found in the first research period (intensive vegetation), and the largest in the third period (non-vegetation). The largest amount of the mineral content carried out annually with a soaking water, was observed on the arable land and was on average more than 2 times larger than on other fertilizers. This evidenced by the greater variation in the composition of floristic vegetation and its productivity. Between 0-20 cm and 0-40 cm of soil profiles, significant differences in the amount of waste water and mineral components were observed. The water drainage coefficient from the shallow profile was on average 9 percentage points higher than from the deeper profile. The amount of the sum of mineral loads, excluding calcium from the shallow soil profile was 94,5% higher than the sum of loads taken from the deeper soil profile. In the unused meadow the improvement of soil chemical properties was observed. There was an increase in pH, and the accumulation of minerals resulted from the positive balance of most of the ingredients.
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Taberlet, Pierre, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger, and Eric Coissac. DNA metabarcoding data analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.003.0008.
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DNA metabarcoding generates huge amounts of data containing noise introduced by molecular methods. Chapter 8 “DNA metabarcoding data analysis” discusses the analytic steps and available software to curate and evaluate DNA metabarcoding data prior to final ecological analyses. It provides command lines to perform primary analyses of Illumina sequencing data with the OBITools, ranging from read assignment to samples to the formation of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) and their assignment to a taxon through comparison against reference databases. Chapter 8 also develops several methods to further curate sequencing data from contaminants or dysfunctional PCRs by using DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing blank controls as well as PCR/biological replicates. It also presents several classical analyses to ensure that the diversity of the sample or the study site is appropriately covered. Finally, this chapter considers what conclusions on biodiversity and ecological processes can be really drawn from metabarcoding data.
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Baade, Robert A., and Victor A. Matheson. Understanding Drivers of Megaevents in Emerging Economies. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.11.
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Emerging economies have hosted sports mega-events with increased frequency. This chapter provides possible motivations for this development, and assesses the extent to which the expected outcomes from hosting have been realized. Outcomes have often fallen short of expectations by a considerable amount, and probable reasons for that shortfall are identified and analyzed. Methods of ensuring that outcomes from hosting more closely align with expectations are discussed, and conclusions are drawn about the wisdom of emerging economies hosting sports mega-events.
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Allsop, Cheryl. Setting the Scene. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747451.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the reader to cold case investigations and sets out the key concepts that will be explored in the book, including an explanation of what constitutes a cold case and a cold case review. It outlines the crimes most likely to be the subject of a cold case review, namely murder and ‘stranger rape’. There is also a brief introduction to the role of DNA in these reviews, as advanced DNA profiling techniques and methods of amplifying minute amounts of biological material have led to the opening of new lines of enquiry in cold cases. The introduction of the National DNA Database (NDNAD) has also been instrumental to the success of cold case reviews, especially in sexually motivated offences.
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Armstrong, D., and K. Narayan. Using Groundwater Responses to Infer Recharge - Part 5. CSIRO Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105379.
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Analytical methods of assessing the response of groundwater levels to a range of factors, including elastic (barometric and tidal) influences in confined aquifers and recharge to unconfined aquifers due to infiltration of rain and other surface water, are presented. Responses in a confined aquifer to distant recharge events and the associated time lag is discussed. Also covered are responses to changes in storage volume resulting from direct recharge at the outcrop of an unconfined aquifer system both seasonally and on a single recharge event basis. Worked examples and case histories are used to illustrate methods of estimating the amount of recharge at different sites within a catchment. The application of vertical cross-sectional flow nets to the estimation of recharge is presented in the context of recharge/discharge profiles.
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Volcheck, Gerald W. Allergy. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0018.
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Standard allergy testing relies on identifying the IgE antibody specific for the allergen in question. Two classic methods of doing this are the immediate wheal-and-flare skin prick tests (a small amount of antigen is introduced into the skin and evaluated at 15 minutes for the presence of an immediate wheal-and-flare reaction) and in vitro testing. Allergy testing that does not have a clear scientific basis includes cytotoxic testing, provocation-neutralization testing or treatment, and "yeast allergy" testing. Allergy-related conditions such as asthma, chronic rhinitis, urticaria and angioedema, anaphylaxis, food allergy, stinging insect allergy, and drug allergy are reviewed.
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Kahn, S. Lowell. Balloon-Assisted Thrombin Injection for Pseudoaneurysms with Wide or Short Neck Morphology. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0021.
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Pseudoaneurysms after cardiac catheterizations are not uncommon. Although most commonly they occur superficial to the common femoral artery, they are reported to occur at any location intentionally or unintentionally accessed. Ultrasound-assisted thrombin injection is a mainstay of therapy in appropriate patients. Although variations exist regarding the optimal location and amount of thrombin injection, the superior outcomes, low complication rate, and low cost associated with this method render great appeal to its utilization. This chapter describes an adjunctive technique (as well as a simple modification) to prevent the entrance of thrombin to the vasculature using a balloon to isolate the pseudoaneurysm. Although typically not necessary, this technique is valuable in the treatment of high-risk pseudoaneurysms and is well described in the literature.
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Pajunen, Anneli, and Mari Honko. Suomen kielen hallinta ja sen kehitys. Peruskoululaiset ja nuoret aikuiset. SKS Finnish Literature Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21435/skst.1472.
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The topic of the book is the incremental growth of linguistic knowledge from lexical to structural-cum-textual during the so-called later language development. Language mastery does not presuppose any acquaintance with prescriptive grammar but, instead, concerns the core of language which the so-called consensus principle applies to: the most frequent words and structures are mastered with certainty by everybody, but uncertainty increases as less frequent and more variable phenomena are taken into consideration. It is the goal of the study to make explicit the knowledge that is common to school children of different age groups, and to show how it develops both in its core and in its fringe areas. The mastery of less common aspects exhibits considerable statistical variation. The research embodies methodological pluralism insofar as it has been carried out by means both of the corpus method and the experimental method. Here experimental subsumes writing tasks, paper-and-pencil tests, and behavior under experimental conditions. The amount of participants native in Finnish varies from 300–2000. The book has a bipartite structure: mastery of meanings (Part I), and mastery of forms (Part II).
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Hollins, Timothy J., and Nathan Weber. Monitoring and Regulation of Accuracy in Eyewitness Memory. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.22.
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Eyewitness metacognition has been studied in two broad areas, event memory and identification decisions. Event memory research has focused primarily on metacognitive control over what is reported, while identification research has focused primarily on metacognitive monitoring. Event memory studies show that witnesses can control the accuracy and precision of answers that they choose to report but control is limited by social factors such as perceived informativeness or concerns with self-presentation. Contrary to prior claims, recent eyewitness identification research shows that confidence is predictive of the likely accuracy of a selection from a lineup, but is not informative about the accuracy of lineup rejections. The few studies to examine the control in identification suggest that the option to respond don’t know offers a practical method to improve the quality of identification evidence with minimal impact on the amount of trustworthy evidence obtained.
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Irmgard, Marboe. Part V Remedies and Costs, 25 Compensation and Damages in Investment Treaty Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0025.
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Investor-state arbitration is different from commercial arbitration between two private entities in that the involvement of a state or a state entity may entail considerations connected to sovereignty. States as sovereigns have certain rights and prerogatives stemming from the right to self-determination and their responsibility to safeguard public interests. On the other hand, states are also bound by the obligations they have freely decided to enter into. This chapter provides an overview of some important issues and problems in the calculation of compensation and damages in investor-state arbitration. It starts with the legal rules applicable and then addresses some important issues which must be identified in practice, such as causation and the valuation date. Thereafter, it discusses the circumstances which might limit the amount of compensation or damages before concluding with some remarks about the appropriate valuation method.
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Information Display Measurement Standard. Society for Information Display, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55410/ogjr2337.
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This document consists of standard measurement procedures to quantify electronic display characteristics and qualities. However, it is also a document that discusses display metrology or the science of display measurements in that it reveals some of the problems associated with making display measurements, contains diagnostics to reveal those problems, and offers solutions to these measurement difficulties. In general, we avoid setting any performance criteria or performance minima. The hope is to serve standards organizations that wish to minimize the amount of space dedicated to measurement descriptions and make reference to this document instead. Consider the measurements in this document to be a buffet from which the desired measurement methods can be selected depending upon the needs of the user.
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Information Display Measurement Standard. Society for Information Display, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55410/kmnv4563.
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This document consists of standard measurement procedures to quantify electronic display characteristics and qualities. However, it is also a document that discusses display metrology or the science of display measurements in that it reveals some of the problems associated with making display measurements, contains diagnostics to reveal those problems, and offers solutions to these measurement difficulties. In general, we avoid setting any performance criteria or performance minima. The hope is to serve standards organizations that wish to minimize the amount of space dedicated to measurement descriptions and make reference to this document instead. Consider the measurements in this document to be a buffet from which the desired measurement methods can be selected depending upon the needs of the user.
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Information Display Measurement Standard. Society for Information Display, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55410/rodv2343.
Full textAbstract:
This document consists of standard measurement procedures to quantify electronic display characteristics and qualities. However, it is also a document that discusses display metrology or the science of display measurements in that it reveals some of the problems associated with making display measurements, contains diagnostics to reveal those problems, and offers solutions to these measurement difficulties. In general, we avoid setting any performance criteria or performance minima. The hope is to serve standards organizations that wish to minimize the amount of space dedicated to measurement descriptions and make reference to this document instead. Consider the measurements in this document to be a buffet from which the desired measurement methods can be selected depending upon the needs of the user.
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O'Donnell, Ian. Classifying Clemency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798477.003.0002.
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‘Clemency’ refers to a reduction, by politicians, in the severity of punishments lawfully imposed by judges. It includes reprieve, commutation, remission, pardon, and amnesty. A considerable amount can be learned from the primary sources about the attributes of those to whom clemency was shown and how they differed from those who were executed in terms of age, gender, homicide method, and motivation. It is suggested that there were three routes to clemency—justice, mercy, and caprice—and these are set out after the pertinent case characteristics are reviewed and the various stages between the imposition of a death sentence and its implementation are outlined. Justice was about tailoring the punishment to the individual’s circumstances so that variations in culpability and harm were taken fully into account. Mercy was when deserved punishment was softened out of compassion for the offender’s plight. Caprice was when clemency resulted from an unexpected turn of events.
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Rakhit, A. K. Heat Treatment of Gears. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.9781627083478.
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Heat Treatment of Gears: A Practical Guide for Engineers describes the processes and procedures used to harden alloy steel gears and explains how to optimize benefits, such as improved fatigue life, while minimizing distortion and costs. The first few chapters familiarize readers with the basic concepts of heat treating and its effect on the composition, structure, and properties of iron-carbon alloys. The chapters that follow compare and contrast the heat treatments typically used for gears, including through hardening, induction hardening, carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Carburizing and nitriding are covered in much greater depth than the other methods because of their extensive use and the advantages they offer. As the book explains, carburizing produces gears with three to four times the torque density than that achieved by other methods, while nitriding causes the least amount of distortion. The book also addresses the disadvantages of each process and, using examples, presents various ways to get around them. It also discusses secondary operations, such as shot peening and finish grinding, and provides insights on material and process selection as well as gear design. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-694-2, follow this link.
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Hall, Peter. Principal component analysis for functional data. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.8.
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This article discusses the methodology and theory of principal component analysis (PCA) for functional data. It first provides an overview of PCA in the context of finite-dimensional data and infinite-dimensional data, focusing on functional linear regression, before considering the applications of PCA for functional data analysis, principally in cases of dimension reduction. It then describes adaptive methods for prediction and weighted least squares in functional linear regression. It also examines the role of principal components in the assessment of density for functional data, showing how principal component functions are linked to the amount of probability mass contained in a small ball around a given, fixed function, and how this property can be used to define a simple, easily estimable density surrogate. The article concludes by explaining the use of PCA for estimating log-density.
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Rouse, Greg, Fredrik Pleijel, and Ekin Tilic. Annelida. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199692309.001.0001.
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Annelids (the segmented worms) exist in a remarkably diverse range of mostly marine but also freshwater and terrestrial habitats, varying greatly in size and form. This text provides. This text begins with an introduction to the phylum and an outline of annelid taxonomy. The book describes their collection and the methods to ensure their optimal preservation, and provides an overview of anatomy with its relevant terminology. It includes the latest molecular phylogenomic evidence and is organised based on a new, robust phylogenetic hypothesis. It looks at groups which include Clitellata (comprising more than a third of total annelid diversity), Sipuncula, and Thalassematidae (formerly Echiura). It reflects the enormous amount of research on these organisms that has burgeoned since the millennium, principally due to their use as model organisms to address wider and more general evolutionary and ecological questions.
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Ruback, R. Barry. Economic Sanctions in Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682583.001.0001.
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Economic sanctions are court-imposed financial obligations aimed at punishing offenders (fines), funding the government (costs/fees, forfeitures), and compensating victims (restitution). This book examines economic sanctions in the United States, with a focus on the multilevel, multimethod research my students and I conducted in Pennsylvania. The 15 studies described in the book are multiplistic in terms of academic discipline (social psychology, criminology, law), levels of analysis (individual, county, state), actors within the system (victims, offenders, probation officers, district attorneys, judges), type of process involved (imposition, payment, rearrest), and research methods (analyses of state-level computerized archives, coding of county-level paper court and probation records, surveys of individuals, a field-experiment, and follow-up involving probationers). Most of the studies examined the imposition, payment, and effect of paying restitution. Research across methods indicated that offenders are often unable to pay their court-ordered sanctions, that restitution is generally not paid in full, and that both offenders and victims are responsive to procedural justice. Experimental results indicated that randomly assigned probationers delinquent in making payments who received letters informing them of the restitution amounts they owed were more likely to pay restitution and less likely to commit a new crime as compared to randomly assigned delinquent probationers who did not receive letters or who received letters giving them a rationale for payment. Three policy recommendations are made concerning what is fair and effective for victims, offenders, and society: (1) mandating restitution, (2) making fines contingent on ability to pay, and (3) ending the imposition of costs and fees.
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Pierard, Luc A., and Lauro Cortigiani. Stress echocardiography: diagnostic and prognostic values and specific clinical subsets. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0015.
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Stress echocardiography is a widely used method for assessing coronary artery disease, due to its high diagnostic and prognostic value. While inducible ischaemia predicts an unfavourable outcome, its absence is associated with a low risk of future cardiac events. The method provides superior diagnostic and prognostic information than standard exercise electrocardiography and perfusion myocardial imaging in specific clinical subsets, such as women, hypertensive patients, and patients with left bundle branch block. Stress echocardiography allows effective risk assessment also in the diabetic population. The evaluation of coronary flow reserve of the left anterior descending artery by transthoracic Doppler adds diagnostic and prognostic information to that of standard stress test. Stress echocardiography is indicated in the cases when exercise electrocardiography is unfeasible, uninterpretable or gives ambiguous result, and when ischaemia during the test is frequently a false-positive response, as in hypertensive patients, women, and patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Viability detection represents another application of stress echocardiography. The documentation of a large amount of viable myocardium predicts improved ejection fraction, reverse remodelling, and improved outcome following revascularization in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Moreover, stress echocardiography can aid significantly in clinical decision-making in patients with valvular heart disease through dynamic assessment of primary or secondary mitral regurgitation, transvalvular gradients, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure, as well as before vascular surgery due to the excellent negative predictive value. Finally, stress echocardiography allows effective risk stratification in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy through evaluation of inducible ischaemia, coronary flow reserve, and intraventricular gradient.
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Garcia, Ernest V. Use of Artificial Intelligence Including Decision Support Systems in Cardiac Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0030.
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Artificial intelligence methods, including clinical decision support systems will continue to evolve with, and adapt to, nuclear cardiology and the changing needs of physicians in specific, and to nuclear medicine technology and the health care system in general. The high level of automation already achieved in myocardial perfusion imaging is unmatched by any other cardiac imaging modality, and continues to be its major strength. In addition, strong statistical evaluations of the accuracy and validity of the various techniques have been made possible simply because of the large amount of objectivity and standardization in the automated processes. These strengths when applied to decision support systems that are affordable and easily accessible should allow most nuclear cardiology physicians to perform at a high level of expertise when interpreting imaging studies to demonstrate the value of nuclear cardiology in patient management, and most importantly, to maintain the highest quality clinical care.
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Jakob, Stephan M., and Jukka Takala. Oxygen transport in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0137.
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Adequate oxygen delivery is crucial for organ survival. The main determinants of oxygen delivery are cardiac output, haemoglobin concentration, and arterial oxygen saturation. The adequacy of oxygen delivery also depends on oxygen consumption, which may vary widely. Mixed venous oxygen saturation reflects the amount of oxygen not extracted by the tissues, and therefore provides useful information on the relationship between oxygen delivery and oxygen needs. If not in balance, tissue hypoxia may ensue and arterial lactate concentration increases. This occurs at higher oxygen delivery rates in acute compared with chronic diseases where metabolic adaptions often occur. Arterial and mixed venous oxygen saturation are related to each other. The influence of mixed venous saturation on arterial saturation increases with an increasing intrapulmonary shunt. This chapter discusses interactions between the components of oxygen transport and how they can be evaluated. Various methods for measuring tissue oxygenation and oxygen consumption are also presented, together with their limitations.