Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Methicillin'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Methicillin.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Methicillin.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Al-Thani, Roda. "Interstrain comparison of some methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive strains of staphylococcus aureus." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246109.
Full text
2
Velasco, Valeria. "Detection and Molecular Typing of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/24928.
Full textAbstract:
Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus, and the serotype (ST) 398 have been associated with human and livestock infections, being also detected in retail meat. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and molecular types of S. aureus strains from animals, retail raw meat, deli meat, and humans, determining the genetic similarity between the strains. A two-step selective enrichment followed by selective plating were used to isolate S. aureus from animals (n=167), retail raw meat (n=145), and deli meat (n=46). In addition, S. aureus from healthy people (n=550) was isolated by culture method. Positive isolates and MRSA isolates from clinical cases (n=108) were subjected to multiplex PCR (16S rRNA, mecA, and PVL genes), molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. In addition, a real-time PCR assay was developed in order to decrease the time of detection of target genes of S. aureus in animal and meat samples, comparing the results with the standard culture/PCR method. The prevalence of S. aureus was 34.7% in animals, 47.6% in meat, and 13.0% in deli meat. The mecA gene was detected in S. aureus isolated from five pork meat samples and exhibited penicillin resistance. The ST398 was found in sheep, pigs, and pork meat. The S. aureus nasal carriage in healthy people was 7.6%. A total of 105 MRSA strains (97.2%) from clinical cases harbored the mecA gene and 11 (10.2%) the PVL gene. The rate of MDR was 70% in humans. A genetic similarity between strains from animals and meat, and from humans and meat was observed. Total agreement between the culture/PCR method and real-time PCR for detection of S. aureus was 68.9 to 97.8% (k=0.68-0.88), and the mecA gene, 86.7 to 98.7% (k=0-0.49). Therefore, the real-time PCR assay may be recommended as a rapid method for the detection of S. aureus, with confirmation of MRSA using the standard culture method. The presence of emerging S. aureus strains in the meat production chain and the genetic similarity between strains of different origin, suggests the contamination of meat, and a potential risk of transmission to humans.Dean?s Office, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University
3
Blank, Tiana. "Comparative Mid-term Outcomes of Pediatric Hematogenous Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626843.
Full text
4
Weiß, Susanne. "Mortalität und Morbidität von chronischen Dialysepatienten bei Besiedlung mit Methicillin-sensiblem Staphylococcus aureus sowie Methicillin-resistentem Staphylococcus aureus." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-197315.
Full textAbstract:
Systemische Infektionen mit S. aureus (MSSA und MRSA) und Infektionen des Gefäßzugangs bei HD-Patienten sind eine der wichtigsten Ursachen für Morbidität und Mortalität in dieser speziellen Population. Infektionsrisikos stellen die zunehmende Verwendung von Fremdkörpern, wie Katheter und Graft als Gefäßzugänge, sowie die intensivmedizinische Behandlung bei älteren und multimorbiden Patienten dar. Unter den bakteriell bedingten Infektionen bleiben Staphylokokken der am häufigsten nachgewiesene Stamm. Mit dem zunehmenden Gebrauch von Vancomycin zur Behandlung von MSSA-Infektionen hat das Vorkommen von MRSA zugenommen. Dies macht die Entwicklung von alternativen Antibiotikaregimen nötig, die eine Selektion von MRSA-Spezies verhindern. Unter dieser Überlegung wurde auf die Behandlung mit Vancomycin bei Zugangs-bezogenen Infektionen verzichtet. Es wurde im Jahr 2000 durch ein Standardregime bestehend aus Flucloxacillin und Rifampicin ersetzt. Mithilfe eines Screeningprogramms wurde nach MSSA- (n=88) und MRSA- (n=1) Kolonisationen gesucht. Dies gelang mit Hilfe von Querschnitts-Screenings und Indikations-Screeninguntersuchungen bei Aufnahme über den Zeitraum von 2000 bis 2010.
Eine Besiedlung mit MRSA wurde bei nur einem Patienten während des 10-Jahres-Screenings registriert. Die gefundenen MSSA-Kolonisationen bei HD-Patienten beeinflussten die Morbidität und Mortalität nicht. Die Anzahl an HD-Patienten mit MSSA-Kolonisation nahm während des Beobachtungszeitraums von zehn Jahren ab
Behandlungen mit dem Vancomycin-freien Regime waren generell erfolgreich und resultierten in einem Rückgang der klinischen und laborativen Infektionsmarker und/oder negativen Blutkulturen.
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mit dem Gebrauch von vancomycinfreien Antibiotikaregimen ein erfolgreiches Management von Staphylokokkus-assoziierten Zugangsinfektionen bei HD-Patienten möglich ist.
5
Gaisford, Wendy Caron. "Aspects of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus epidermis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302972.
Full text
6
劉昌志 and Cheong-chi Lau. "Epidemiology of community-associated methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infection in Hong Kong, 2007: a descriptive and analytical study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41710484.
Full text
7
Lau, Cheong-chi. "Epidemiology of community-associated methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infection in Hong Kong, 2007 a descriptive and analytical study /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41710484.
Full text
8
Alshami, Issam Abdulla. "The pathogenesis of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus infection." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595299.
Full textAbstract:
Outbreaks with strains of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) began in a London hospital in 1982 and continue to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These particular strains, termed epidemic methicillin resistant S. aureus (EMRSA), are recognised by their phage type and antibiogram. This study examined the ability of isolates representing EMRSA strains recovered from different outbreaks in England and Wales (EMRSA 1-16) to grow in escalating levels of vancomycin. A series of the EMRSA strains were subjected to passage-selection in vancomycin. Six strains became vancomycin resistant, three became vancomycin intermediate, and seven remained susceptible, which confirmed that EMRSA strains were able to develop resistance to vancomycin in vitro. The vancomycin MICs for the vancomycin-resistant derivatives ranged from 24 -32 ug/ml, were associated with decreased lysostaphin susceptibilities and increased cell wall thickness. The MICs of teicoplanin was also increased. Five of the six vancomycin-resistant derivatives became susceptible to methicillin with instability of the S. aureus mecA gene. There were no significant changes to other antimicrobial agents susceptibility, including Linezolid. During this study an attempt was made to elucidate the development of resistance to vancomycin by studying the heterogeneous phenotype of resistance. Population analysis profiles for the vancomycin-resistant derivatives demonstrated that four of them expressed a heterogeneous subpopulation. Bacteriophage typing failed to type vancomycin-resistant clones, while Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) gave good discrimination. In conclusion, we found that, although vancomycin is usually bactericidal against S. aureus, resistance can be common amongst MRSA isolates. Decreased susceptibility to vancomycin appeared to be a selective or inducible process that increased during persistent sublethal exposure to vancomycin. Thus, if this effect occurs in vivo, then not only is vancomycin therapy of serious EMRSA infection compromised, but the propensity to develop resistance may remain undetected by standard laboratory sensitivity testing.
9
Sinclair, Grant Richard. "Characterisation of epidemic methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499572.
Full textAbstract:
Estuary is a unique area of important economic, cultural and environ- mental value. It is also a region with very complicated hydrodynamic mechanisms, partly due to the interaction of freshwater and seawater. Much research e®ort has been invested in improving the application of estuary and preventing estuarine environment from any undue damage. With the rapid development of computational resources, mathematical model has become a popular approach used for the investigation of es- tuarine hydrodynamics. The aim of this research study is to set up the numerical models which can be used for investigating the saline-wedge purging process, astronomical tidal circulation and typhoon-induced storm surge in the estuarine regions. Two mathematical models have been developed for this purpose. One objective of this project is to set up a two-dimensional model for exploring the °ushing process of trapped saltwater subject to upstream freshwater turbulent °ow. Most numerical simulations currently ap- plied are based on single-phase models, which are not suitable for the two-phase °ow before the mixture of saltwater and freshwater. The multiphase Eulerian model, a part of commercial code FLUENT6.2, has been applied for the ¯rst time to study this complex mixing inter- action in estuary. The distinguishing characteristic of this model is to treat saltwater and freshwater as two single miscible phases instead of a mixture phase with density variation, and the advantage of using a multiphase approach over a single-phase model is that it can e±ciently and accurately treat both the free water surface and relatively high density excess between two °uids simultaneously. The other objective of this project is to develop a three-dimensional model based on the FVCOM open source code, with the aim to better understand the estuarine hydrodynamics with or without the presence of typhoon. It is found that the original FVCOM code can not re- produce an accurate tidal hydrodynamics in estuary, mainly due to the inaccurate calculation of bottom friction in shallow water. To overcome this di±culty, an improved simulation of the bed friction has been in- corporated into the existing code for estuarine tide. This model has also been developed by including air-pressure gradient term to study the hydrodynamic response to cyclonic typhoon. To include the e®ect of typhoon (wind stress and pressure de¯cit), a symmetrical cyclone model is adopted. However, the typhoon-induced wind ¯eld has been predicted poorly when the typhoon enters the near-shore region. This is because the typhoon quickly loses its symmetrical property in the near-shore region. To overcome this di±culty, an asymmetrical cyclone model is derived on the basis of characteristic isobar. The accuracy of open sea boundary for storm surge model has also been improved by using large scale model. The numerical models have been compared with laboratory experiments or ¯eld observations. The comparison results show a good agreement numerical simulations and physical measurements. It is anticipated that the models developed in this research can make signi¯cant contribution in estuarine application and protection.
10
Shubin, P., and E. Nazbar. "The problem of proliferation methicillin-resistant S. aureus." Thesis, Sumy state university, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/54026.
Full textAbstract:
Staphylococci are natural inhabitant of human and animal skin but sometimes they can cause infections affecting many organs (endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, sepsis, pneumonia and arthritis). Most staphylococci are responsible for skin infections such as boil, carbuncle, and furuncle and some cause food poisoning resulting in severe vomiting and diarrhea. Staphylococci also cause mastitis in cow and also cause joint infection leading to edema and arthritis. An emerging problem in treating S. aureus infections is the increasing resistance against antibiotics.
11
Lim, Tien Tze. "Molecular characterization of Malaysian methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Thesis, Curtin University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2635.
Full textAbstract:
Seventy-four methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from two Malaysian hospitals were characterised by both phenotypic and genotypic techniques. These isolates were collected over an 18 year time period in the years, 1982, 1989, 1994 and 2000. All of the Malaysian MRSA isolates were found to be multiresistant and resistant to at least five different antimicrobial agents. Over 30% of them were non-typable by the International Basic Set of bacteriophages. The majority of the typable isolates were susceptible to the group III phages, especially phage 85. The majority of the isolates carried one to six plasmids. Only two isolates were plasmid free. The plasmid profiles of these isolates, other than the 1982 isolates, were very similar to each other. Contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) gel electrophoresis was used to examine the genetic relatedness of the isolates. Twenty-six CHEF patterns were found among the isolates. These CHEF patterns were closely related to each other. The predominant CHEF pattern A was found in the 1982, 1989 and 1994 isolates. The CHEF patterns of the year 2000 isolates were different to CHEF pattern A, but still closely related. All of the isolates were found to carry the Allotype III SCCmec and have coagulase-gene type 24. Multilocus sequence typing was preformed on the isolates with CHEF pattern A collected in different years. These isolates were found to have either sequence type 239 (ST239), or its single locus variant. The predominant Malaysian clone belongs to the pandemic clone ST239-MRSA-III that is pandemic in Asian countries. (Enright, 2003, Ko et al., 2005).A 1.5 kb cryptic plasmid found in Malaysian isolates was indistinguishable from a cryptic plasmid found in an Australian isolate. A 3.0 kb cryptic plasmid found in Malaysian isolates was undistinguishable from a 3.0 kb plasmid found in Singaporean isolates. Class II multiresistance plasmids of 28, 30.5 and 35 kb were commonly found together in many Malaysian MRSA isolates. Both the 28 and 30.5 kb plasmids encode resistance to the heavy-metals and nucleic acid-binding (NAB) compounds. The 35 kb plasmid carries heavy-metal and NAB resistance but also encodes β-lactamase. Structurally these three plasmids are almost identical and probably have the same origin. The differences observed between these plasmids is probably due to excision or partial deletion of the β-lactamase transposon of the original plasmid. The 28 kb plasmid is identical to the 28 kb plasmid of Singaporean and some Australian isolates. A 20 kb plasmid in Indonesian isolates was found to be closely related to these three plasmids. A conjugative plasmid, pWBG707, conferring trimethoprim-resistance was found in Malaysian isolates. It did not carry either of the two staphylococcal trimethoprim-resistance genes, dfrA and dfrD. (Lyon and Skurray, 1987, Dale et al., 1995b) It either encodes a novel resistance gene or the recently discovered dfrG gene. (Sekiguchi et al., 2005) pWBG707 was also found to mobilise a small 3.0 kb kanamycin-resistance plasmid during conjugation.The mecR1 and mecI genes regulating the transcription of the methicillin-resistance gene, mecA, were also examined in the isolates. The Malaysian isolate, WBG7422, with the predominant CHEF pattern A has a nonsense mutation in its mecI gene that disables it. However, its mecR1 gene is intact. The eastern Australia MRSA (EA MRSA), WBG525, has a CHEF pattern that is closely related to the Malaysian predominant CHEF pattern A and its mecI gene has a mutation identical to the Malaysian isolate. Unlike the Malaysian isolate however, its mecR1 gene has a 166 bp deletion. Both WBG7422 and WBG525 express Class III heterogeneous methicillin resistance. However, WBG525 has more highly resistant cell in its population than WBG7422. The loss of aminoglycoside resistance, together with c. 114 kb of chromosomal DNA, was observed in some Malaysian isolates. The deleted segment was found to carry the aacA-aphD gene that encodes a bifunctional aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme conferring resistance to many of the aminoglycosides. The Malaysian isolates were compared with MRSA from different countries. These MRSA included 18 epidemic MRSA (EMRSA) from the United Kingdom, 15 Australian nosocomial MRSA, five classical MRSA, 22 community-acquired MRSA (CMRSA) from Australia and New Zealand and 46 nosocomial MRSAs from eight Asian-Pacific countries and South Africa. These Asian-Pacific countries were Australia, PR China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, Singapore and Taiwan.The CHEF patterns of most of the Asian-Pacific and South African isolates were closely related to the Malaysian isolates. Isolates from Singapore, Indonesia and Philippines were found to have an identical CHEF pattern to the Malaysian CHEF patterns A5. The Asian-Pacific and South African isolates, including the Malaysian isolates, were found to be closely related to EMRSA-1, -4 and -7. These EMRSA belong to the ST239-MRSA-III clone and are coagulase-gene type 24. The isolates from Japan were the only Asian-Pacific isolates not related to the other Asian-Pacific isolates and EMRSAs. EMRSA-1 and EA MRSA have the same 166 bp deletion in their mecR1 gene. Both of these strains have closely related CHEF patterns, the same sequence type, coagulase-gene type and SCCmec. These results indicate that these two strains belongs to the same clone and confirms the international spread of this clone in the early 1980s. However, the Malaysian isolates have CHEF patterns that are more closely related to EMRSA-4 than to EMRSA-1. Similar to the Malaysian isolates EMRSA-4 has an intact mecR1 gene. The CMRSA isolates were not related to any of the nosocomial MRSA. They also have very diverse genetic backgrounds but carry less diverse SCCmec allotypes. Most of the CMRSA carry either Allotype IV or V SCCmec These results show that the spread of Malaysian MRSA is due to a single clonal expansion. Infection control measures would have to have been more efficient if this clone was to have been contained. The Malaysian epidemic clone is the Asian pandemic clone, ST239-MRSA-III. The Malaysian isolates and EMRSA-4 probably share the same ancestor.The presence of the same MRSA strain in Malaysian hospitals and in the hospitals of neighbouring countries indicates that the inter-hospital spread of an epidemic MRSA has occurred. This observation also suggests that the infection control measures in Malaysian hospitals have not been totally effective. The ineffectiveness of infection control has left Malaysian hospitals vulnerable to the future importation of new pandemic clones and/or highly virulent or resistant clones.
12
Lim, Tien Tze. "Molecular characterization of Malaysian methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Curtin University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, 2007. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=17817.
Full textAbstract:
Seventy-four methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from two Malaysian hospitals were characterised by both phenotypic and genotypic techniques. These isolates were collected over an 18 year time period in the years, 1982, 1989, 1994 and 2000. All of the Malaysian MRSA isolates were found to be multiresistant and resistant to at least five different antimicrobial agents. Over 30% of them were non-typable by the International Basic Set of bacteriophages. The majority of the typable isolates were susceptible to the group III phages, especially phage 85. The majority of the isolates carried one to six plasmids. Only two isolates were plasmid free. The plasmid profiles of these isolates, other than the 1982 isolates, were very similar to each other. Contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) gel electrophoresis was used to examine the genetic relatedness of the isolates. Twenty-six CHEF patterns were found among the isolates. These CHEF patterns were closely related to each other. The predominant CHEF pattern A was found in the 1982, 1989 and 1994 isolates. The CHEF patterns of the year 2000 isolates were different to CHEF pattern A, but still closely related. All of the isolates were found to carry the Allotype III SCCmec and have coagulase-gene type 24. Multilocus sequence typing was preformed on the isolates with CHEF pattern A collected in different years. These isolates were found to have either sequence type 239 (ST239), or its single locus variant. The predominant Malaysian clone belongs to the pandemic clone ST239-MRSA-III that is pandemic in Asian countries. (Enright, 2003, Ko et al., 2005).A 1.5 kb cryptic plasmid found in Malaysian isolates was indistinguishable from a cryptic plasmid found in an Australian isolate. A 3.0 kb cryptic plasmid found in Malaysian isolates was undistinguishable from a 3.0 kb plasmid found in Singaporean isolates. Class II multiresistance plasmids of 28, 30.5 and 35 kb were commonly found together in many Malaysian MRSA isolates. Both the 28 and 30.5 kb plasmids encode resistance to the heavy-metals and nucleic acid-binding (NAB) compounds. The 35 kb plasmid carries heavy-metal and NAB resistance but also encodes β-lactamase. Structurally these three plasmids are almost identical and probably have the same origin. The differences observed between these plasmids is probably due to excision or partial deletion of the β-lactamase transposon of the original plasmid. The 28 kb plasmid is identical to the 28 kb plasmid of Singaporean and some Australian isolates. A 20 kb plasmid in Indonesian isolates was found to be closely related to these three plasmids. A conjugative plasmid, pWBG707, conferring trimethoprim-resistance was found in Malaysian isolates. It did not carry either of the two staphylococcal trimethoprim-resistance genes, dfrA and dfrD. (Lyon and Skurray, 1987, Dale et al., 1995b) It either encodes a novel resistance gene or the recently discovered dfrG gene. (Sekiguchi et al., 2005) pWBG707 was also found to mobilise a small 3.0 kb kanamycin-resistance plasmid during conjugation.
The mecR1 and mecI genes regulating the transcription of the methicillin-resistance gene, mecA, were also examined in the isolates. The Malaysian isolate, WBG7422, with the predominant CHEF pattern A has a nonsense mutation in its mecI gene that disables it. However, its mecR1 gene is intact. The eastern Australia MRSA (EA MRSA), WBG525, has a CHEF pattern that is closely related to the Malaysian predominant CHEF pattern A and its mecI gene has a mutation identical to the Malaysian isolate. Unlike the Malaysian isolate however, its mecR1 gene has a 166 bp deletion. Both WBG7422 and WBG525 express Class III heterogeneous methicillin resistance. However, WBG525 has more highly resistant cell in its population than WBG7422. The loss of aminoglycoside resistance, together with c. 114 kb of chromosomal DNA, was observed in some Malaysian isolates. The deleted segment was found to carry the aacA-aphD gene that encodes a bifunctional aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme conferring resistance to many of the aminoglycosides. The Malaysian isolates were compared with MRSA from different countries. These MRSA included 18 epidemic MRSA (EMRSA) from the United Kingdom, 15 Australian nosocomial MRSA, five classical MRSA, 22 community-acquired MRSA (CMRSA) from Australia and New Zealand and 46 nosocomial MRSAs from eight Asian-Pacific countries and South Africa. These Asian-Pacific countries were Australia, PR China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, Singapore and Taiwan.
The CHEF patterns of most of the Asian-Pacific and South African isolates were closely related to the Malaysian isolates. Isolates from Singapore, Indonesia and Philippines were found to have an identical CHEF pattern to the Malaysian CHEF patterns A5. The Asian-Pacific and South African isolates, including the Malaysian isolates, were found to be closely related to EMRSA-1, -4 and -7. These EMRSA belong to the ST239-MRSA-III clone and are coagulase-gene type 24. The isolates from Japan were the only Asian-Pacific isolates not related to the other Asian-Pacific isolates and EMRSAs. EMRSA-1 and EA MRSA have the same 166 bp deletion in their mecR1 gene. Both of these strains have closely related CHEF patterns, the same sequence type, coagulase-gene type and SCCmec. These results indicate that these two strains belongs to the same clone and confirms the international spread of this clone in the early 1980s. However, the Malaysian isolates have CHEF patterns that are more closely related to EMRSA-4 than to EMRSA-1. Similar to the Malaysian isolates EMRSA-4 has an intact mecR1 gene. The CMRSA isolates were not related to any of the nosocomial MRSA. They also have very diverse genetic backgrounds but carry less diverse SCCmec allotypes. Most of the CMRSA carry either Allotype IV or V SCCmec These results show that the spread of Malaysian MRSA is due to a single clonal expansion. Infection control measures would have to have been more efficient if this clone was to have been contained. The Malaysian epidemic clone is the Asian pandemic clone, ST239-MRSA-III. The Malaysian isolates and EMRSA-4 probably share the same ancestor.
The presence of the same MRSA strain in Malaysian hospitals and in the hospitals of neighbouring countries indicates that the inter-hospital spread of an epidemic MRSA has occurred. This observation also suggests that the infection control measures in Malaysian hospitals have not been totally effective. The ineffectiveness of infection control has left Malaysian hospitals vulnerable to the future importation of new pandemic clones and/or highly virulent or resistant clones.
13
Frick, Johannes. "Prävalenz Methicillin-resistenter Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in bayerischen Schweinebeständen." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-115313.
Full text
14
Salmenlinna, Saara. "Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Finland." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2002. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/kansa/vk/salmenlinna/.
Full text
15
Lemons, Katherine Faye. "UV Light Inactivation of MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321792.
Full text
16
Nienhoff, Ulrike Barbara [Verfasser]. "Untersuchungen zu Vorkommen und Verbreitung von Methicillin-resistenten Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) und Methicillin-resistenten Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) bei Hund und Katze / Ulrike Nienhoff." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1019048034/34.
Full text
17
Marshall, Caroline. "Endemic methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in the intensive care unit." Monash University, Dept. of Medicine, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9505.
Full text
18
Sultan, Rania Mohammad Sabri. "Epidemiology and treatment of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureas in Jeddah." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550887.
Full textAbstract:
Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently isolated pathogen in hospitals and community and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) prevalence has increased in Saudi Arabian hospitals from 2% in 1989 to 33% in 1998. In this study, the prevalence of healthcare associated infections and the predominant organisms was investigated through survey of the infection control departments in three hospitals in Jeddah, namely King Abdul Aziz University Hospital (KAUH), King Fahad Hospital (KFH), and the Maternity and Children Hospital (MCH). Two hundred and seven MRSA isolates were collected from the three respective laboratories and their multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) profiles identified. Twenty three strains were selected for further investigation using Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Spa typing based on MAR profile and demographic data. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of some Saudi herbs and spices were assessed in vitro and in vivo as possible alternative treatments for MRSA. Data showed there was a similarity in infection control policies across the three hospitals. Collective data from all hospitals showed that MRSA was frequently isolated from wounds (36.7%) and respiratory tract infections (30.4%). They were resistant to penicillin (100%), oxacillin (100%), erythromycin (62.9%), gentamicin (51.2%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (54.6%) and ciprofloxacin (50.2%). All strains were sensitive to vancomycin, teicoplanin and rifampicin. Ten MAR profiles were identified. Two MAR profiles were endemic in KAUH and KFH and resistant to six out of nine antibiotics. One MAR profile was endemic in MCH and showed resistance to five out of nine antibiotics. The majority of strains were PFGE type 1 predicted as EMRSA 1 and spa type t-363, t-037 and these were seen in the eight of the ten MAR profiles. The minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal bacteriocidal concentration and time kill assays of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Pimenta dioica and Punica garantum singly or combination were active at 512mg/ml for 90% of MRSA strains. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the major components in both extracts were in the phenolic group. An in vivo study using both extracts and combinations as an aqueous wash and ointment showed some potential but would not be a suitable replacement for chlorhexidine or fucidin as decontamination treatment. Future work on determining the correct concentration for in vivo use needs to be undertaken.
19
Winbush, Deborah. "Correctional Nurses' Knowledge and Perceptions of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/366.
Full textAbstract:
Since 1999, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) outbreaks have occurred in many correctional facilities. Even after the Federal Bureau of Prisons developed clinical practice guidelines on the management of MRSA within correctional facilities, the prevalence of MRSA decreased only insignificantly. Other researchers suggested infection control compliance was equally as important as developing clinical practice guidelines in reducing the incidence of MRSA. Several studies identified the healthcare professionals' nonadherence and inconsistencies to clinical practice guidelines as contributors to MRSA transmission. Accordingly, this project was designed to develop evidence-based recommendations for improving nurse professionals' adherence to MRSA practice guidelines in correctional settings. Using the health belief model as the theoretical framework, this project examined the nurse professionals' perceptions as well as their level of knowledge regarding MRSA by using an original instrument, Knowledge and Health Beliefs Regarding MRSA Questionnaire. The study employed a quantitative design with a purposeful sample of 36 participants using social media. Through descriptive statistical analysis, it was determined that MRSA training and education were the greatest barriers among the nurse professionals in taking MRSA preventive action (64%, n = 23). Based on the findings, assessing the educational needs of the nurse professionals must become the priority when designing infection control programs. This study contributes to social change by recognizing the potential health impact of MRSA and cautions that if public health officials do not control MRSA within correctional settings, such behavior can affect the transmission of MRSA both nationally and globally.
20
Yanke, Shawna J. "Influence of in vitro bacterial urokinase responsiveness on the in vivo pathogenesis of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in mouse models." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0020/MQ49666.pdf.
Full text
21
Wild, Ursula. "Nachweis von Methicillin-resistentem Staphylococcus aureus mittles Realtime-PCR : ein Methodenvergleich /." Köln, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000252836.
Full text
22
Flint, James A. "Epidemiology of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in South Australian nursing homes /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MPM/09mpmf624.pdf.
Full text
23
Budd, Emma Louise. "Why are methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureau (MRSA) not fully drug-resistant?" Thesis, St George's, University of London, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.589958.
Full textAbstract:
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen in UK hospitals and MRSA is a major concern due to burgeoning multi-drug resistance. However these resistance genotypes have not accumulated into one fully-resistant MRSA clone. MRSA from St. George's Healthcare NHS trust (SGHT) over a period of ten years were investigated. Antibiotic resistance phenotypes, genotypes and lineage types of infective MRSA isolates, incidence of MRSA, records of antibiotic prescribing both before and after a change in antibiotic stewardship and implementation dates of infection control interventions were combined. These data established that a decline in MRSA incidence correlated with a decrease in prescription of fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins at SGHT and no other recorded infection control intervention. CC22 MRSA became the dominant lineage of MRSA at SGHT from 2006 onwards, this coincided with the sudden acquisition of new antibiotic resistances by this lineage and the ability to gain and lose these resistances in subsequent years. These changes did not correlate with a change in antibiotic stewardship and could not be associated with any other infection control intervention. No MRSA were fully drug resistant, the majority were multi-drug resistant. However resistance did not accumulate within any lineage over time. Antibiotic resistance genes in MRSA are often carried on mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Resistance genotypes of infective MRSA suggested that carriage of resistance genes differs between lineages. Barriers to horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between lineages such as restriction-modification systems have been previously characterised using laboratory isolates of S. aureus and restriction-deficient mutants. The effect of these barriers on the spread of naturally occurring MGEs between clinical MRSA has 3 • not been measured. The efficiency of barriers to HGT between clinical MRSA lineages was assessed by developing an in vitro model conjugation. A conjugative gentamicin resistance plasmid was transferred at high frequency within a lineage, but at low frequency between lineages. Barriers to HGT were also assessed by attempting to develop an in vitro model of transduction. Phage from isolated from local water sources were used to transfer antibiotic resistance genes within and between lineages of clinical MRSA by generalised transduction. Transduction was detected between clinical MRSA of different lineages at low frequency, however transductions were broadly unsuccessful. Further investigation is warranted as generalised transduction appears to be an important mechanism by which antibiotic resistance genes are exchanged among MRSA. The presence of efficient barriers to HGT in clinical MRSA contributes to our understanding of why antibiotic resistance has not been able to accumulate in MRSA and why we have not seen a fully drug resistant S. aureus. ", •
24
Siu, Tin-po Jacky, and 蕭天保. "Vancomycin heteto-resistance in blood isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46632153.
Full text
25
Rettberg, Jill Walker. "The molecular characterisation and rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311205.
Full text
26
Panchal, Viralkumar. "The molecular basis of high-level methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22036/.
Full text
27
Frick, Johannes Evangelist [Verfasser]. "Prävalenz Methicillin-resistenter Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in bayerischen Schweinebeständen / Johannes Frick." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2010121410078.
Full text
28
Addicks, Johann Philip [Verfasser]. "Methicillin-resistenter Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) : eine szientometrische Analyse / Johann Ph. Addicks." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/102551002X/34.
Full text
29
Frick, Johannes [Verfasser]. "Prävalenz Methicillin-resistenter Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in bayerischen Schweinebeständen / Johannes Frick." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2010. http://d-nb.info/100909551X/34.
Full text
30
Von, Dach Elodie. "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) : Prevention and fight against this pathogen." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS090/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le Staphylocoque aureus (S. aureus) est une bactérie pouvant causer des infections d’origine communautaire ou hospitalière. En plus des personnes pouvant être infectées par S. aureus, de nombreux individus environ 20-25% parmi les adultes en bonne santé, portent ce pathogène sur leurs corps (ils sont dits "colonisés"). Bien qu’asymptomatique et souvent bénigne, la colonisation à S. aureus peut rarement impliquer un risque d’infection secondaire grave mais représente un risque d’être transmise à une tierce personne. A l’hôpital, le risque d’infection et de transmission apparaît comme étant particulièrement haut pour la souche de S. aureus résistante à la méticilline (SARM). La prévention et la lutte contre le SARM est un problème de santé publique important. Les Nation Unis se sont récemment engagés dans cette lutte en créant le"Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance". Ce travail de thèse traite de trois différentes études dans la cadre de la prévention et du contrôle de ce pathogèneStaphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that can cause blood infections that can have a community or hospital origin. Among people infected with S.aureus, about 20-25% is healthy adults that carry the pathogen on their bodies, without suffering any symptom (they are said "colonized"). Although asymptomatic and often benign, colonization with S. aureus involves a risk of secondary infection and represents a serious risk of transmission to a third party. In hospitals, the risk of infection and transmission appears to be unusually high for methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA) and complications can be very severe. Prevention and the fight against MRSA is a major public health concern. The United Nations recently engaged in this struggle by creating the "Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance". This work is about three different studies in the prevention and control of this pathogen
31
Stephens, Alex J. "The development of rapid genotyping methods for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/20172/1/Alexander_Stephens_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important human pathogen that is endemic in hospitals all over the world. It has more recently emerged as a serious threat to the general public in the form of community-acquired MRSA. MRSA has been implicated in a wide variety of diseases, ranging from skin infections and food poisoning to more severe and potentially fatal conditions, including; endocarditis, septicaemia and necrotising pneumonia. Treatment of MRSA disease is complicated and can be unsuccessful due to the bacterium's remarkable ability to develop antibiotic resistance.
The considerable economic and public health burden imposed by MRSA has fuelled attempts by researchers to understand the evolution of virulent and antibiotic resistant strains and thereby improve epidemiological management strategies. Central to MRSA transmission management strategies is the implementation of active surveillance programs, via which unique genetic fingerprints, or genotypes, of each strain can be identified. Despite numerous advances in MRSA genotyping methodology, there remains a need for a rapid, reproducible, cost-effective method that is capable of producing a high level of genotype discrimination, whilst being suitable for high throughput use. Consequently, the fundamental aim of this thesis was to develop a novel MRSA genotyping strategy incorporating these benefits.
This thesis explored the possibility that the development of more efficient genotyping strategies could be achieved through careful identification, and then simple interrogation, of multiple, unlinked DNA loci that exhibit progressively increasing mutation rates. The baseline component of the MRSA genotyping strategy described in this thesis is the allele-specific real-time PCR interrogation of slowly evolving core single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The genotyping SNP set was identified previously from the Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) sequence database using an in-house software package named Minimum SNPs. As discussed in Chapter Three, the genotyping utility of the SNP set was validated on 107 diverse Australian MRSA isolates, which were largely clustered into groups of related strains as defined by MLST. To increase the resolution of the SNP genotyping method, a selection of binary virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance plasmids were tested that were successful at sub typing the SNP groups.
A comprehensive MRSA genotyping strategy requires characterisation of the clonal background as well as interrogation of the hypervariable Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) that carries the β-lactam resistance gene, mecA. SCCmec genotyping defines the MRSA lineages; however, current SCCmec genotyping methods have struggled to handle the increasing number of SCCmec elements resulting from a recent explosion of comparative genomic analyses. Chapter Four of this thesis collates the known SCCmec binary marker diversity and demonstrates the ability of Minimum SNPs to identify systematically a minimal set of binary markers capable of generating maximum genotyping resolution. A number of binary targets were identified that indeed permit high resolution genotyping of the SCCmec element. Furthermore, the SCCmec genotyping targets are amenable for combinatorial use with the MLST genotyping SNPs and therefore are suitable as the second component of the MRSA genotyping strategy.
To increase genotyping resolution of the slowly evolving MLST SNPs and the SCCmec binary markers, the analysis of a hypervariable repeat region was required. Sequence analysis of the Staphylococcal protein A (spa) repeat region has been conducted frequently with great success. Chapter Five describes the characterisation of the tandem repeats in the spa gene using real-time PCR and high resolution melting (HRM) analysis. Since the melting rate and precise point of dissociation of double stranded DNA is dependent on the size and sequence of the PCR amplicon, the HRM method was used successfully to identify 20 of 22 spa sequence types, without the need for DNA sequencing.
The accumulation of comparative genomic information has allowed the systematic identification of key MRSA genomic polymorphisms to genotype MRSA efficiently. If implemented in its entirety, the strategy described in this thesis would produce efficient and deep-rooted genotypes. For example, an unknown MRSA isolate would be positioned within the MLST defined population structure, categorised based on its SCCmec lineage, then subtyped based on the polymorphic spa repeat region. Overall, by combining the genotyping methods described here, an integrated and novel MRSA genotyping strategy results that is efficacious for both long and short term investigations. Furthermore, an additional benefit is that each component can be performed easily and cost-effectively on a standard real-time PCR platform.
32
Stephens, Alex J. "The development of rapid genotyping methods for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/20172/.
Full textAbstract:
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important human pathogen that is endemic in hospitals all over the world. It has more recently emerged as a serious threat to the general public in the form of community-acquired MRSA. MRSA has been implicated in a wide variety of diseases, ranging from skin infections and food poisoning to more severe and potentially fatal conditions, including; endocarditis, septicaemia and necrotising pneumonia. Treatment of MRSA disease is complicated and can be unsuccessful due to the bacterium's remarkable ability to develop antibiotic resistance.
The considerable economic and public health burden imposed by MRSA has fuelled attempts by researchers to understand the evolution of virulent and antibiotic resistant strains and thereby improve epidemiological management strategies. Central to MRSA transmission management strategies is the implementation of active surveillance programs, via which unique genetic fingerprints, or genotypes, of each strain can be identified. Despite numerous advances in MRSA genotyping methodology, there remains a need for a rapid, reproducible, cost-effective method that is capable of producing a high level of genotype discrimination, whilst being suitable for high throughput use. Consequently, the fundamental aim of this thesis was to develop a novel MRSA genotyping strategy incorporating these benefits.
This thesis explored the possibility that the development of more efficient genotyping strategies could be achieved through careful identification, and then simple interrogation, of multiple, unlinked DNA loci that exhibit progressively increasing mutation rates. The baseline component of the MRSA genotyping strategy described in this thesis is the allele-specific real-time PCR interrogation of slowly evolving core single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The genotyping SNP set was identified previously from the Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) sequence database using an in-house software package named Minimum SNPs. As discussed in Chapter Three, the genotyping utility of the SNP set was validated on 107 diverse Australian MRSA isolates, which were largely clustered into groups of related strains as defined by MLST. To increase the resolution of the SNP genotyping method, a selection of binary virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance plasmids were tested that were successful at sub typing the SNP groups.
A comprehensive MRSA genotyping strategy requires characterisation of the clonal background as well as interrogation of the hypervariable Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) that carries the β-lactam resistance gene, mecA. SCCmec genotyping defines the MRSA lineages; however, current SCCmec genotyping methods have struggled to handle the increasing number of SCCmec elements resulting from a recent explosion of comparative genomic analyses. Chapter Four of this thesis collates the known SCCmec binary marker diversity and demonstrates the ability of Minimum SNPs to identify systematically a minimal set of binary markers capable of generating maximum genotyping resolution. A number of binary targets were identified that indeed permit high resolution genotyping of the SCCmec element. Furthermore, the SCCmec genotyping targets are amenable for combinatorial use with the MLST genotyping SNPs and therefore are suitable as the second component of the MRSA genotyping strategy.
To increase genotyping resolution of the slowly evolving MLST SNPs and the SCCmec binary markers, the analysis of a hypervariable repeat region was required. Sequence analysis of the Staphylococcal protein A (spa) repeat region has been conducted frequently with great success. Chapter Five describes the characterisation of the tandem repeats in the spa gene using real-time PCR and high resolution melting (HRM) analysis. Since the melting rate and precise point of dissociation of double stranded DNA is dependent on the size and sequence of the PCR amplicon, the HRM method was used successfully to identify 20 of 22 spa sequence types, without the need for DNA sequencing.
The accumulation of comparative genomic information has allowed the systematic identification of key MRSA genomic polymorphisms to genotype MRSA efficiently. If implemented in its entirety, the strategy described in this thesis would produce efficient and deep-rooted genotypes. For example, an unknown MRSA isolate would be positioned within the MLST defined population structure, categorised based on its SCCmec lineage, then subtyped based on the polymorphic spa repeat region. Overall, by combining the genotyping methods described here, an integrated and novel MRSA genotyping strategy results that is efficacious for both long and short term investigations. Furthermore, an additional benefit is that each component can be performed easily and cost-effectively on a standard real-time PCR platform.
33
Bhandari, Kalpana. "Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among wrestlers at a private university in the Southern United States." Lynchburg, Va. : Liberty University, 2008. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.
Full text
34
Chau, Oi-ting, and 周靄婷. "A review on the cost-effectiveness of preoperative methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) screening." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46934807.
Full text
35
Ho, Moon-lung, and 何滿龍. "Universal screening for methicillin-resistant staphylococccus [i.e. staphylococcus] aureus control by hospitals: a systematic review." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46936245.
Full text
36
Steer, Hannah M. "The MRSA experience : a psychological study of hospital nurses." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274215.
Full text
37
Jones, Steven Michael. "Nosocomial pathogens within biofilms." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370017.
Full text
38
Chan, Shut-wah. "Evaluation of MRSA surveillance system in public hospitals in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41709305.
Full text
39
Weiß, Susanne [Verfasser], Joachim [Akademischer Betreuer] Beige, Arne [Gutachter] Rodloff, and Bernd [Gutachter] Hohenstein. "Mortalität und Morbidität von chronischen Dialysepatienten bei Besiedlung mit Methicillin-sensiblem Staphylococcus aureus sowie Methicillin-resistentem Staphylococcus aureus / Susanne Weiß ; Gutachter: Arne Rodloff, Bernd Hohenstein ; Betreuer: Joachim Beige." Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1240395868/34.
Full text
40
Ruscher, Claudia [Verfasser]. "Molekulare Epidemiologie Methicillin-resistenter Staphylokokken der Intermedius-Gruppe / vorgelegt von Claudia Ruscher." Berlin : mbv, Mensch-und-Buch-Verl, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1011391023/34.
Full text
41
Anyakwo, Andrew. "Evaluation of mupirocin in the nasal decolonisation of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.726793.
Full text
42
Lindqvist, Maria. "Epidemiological and molecular biological studies of multi-resistant methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för mikrobiologi och molekylär medicin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-103679.
Full textAbstract:
Antibiotic resistance is increasingly recognised as a major problem and threat. During the last decades Gram-positive bacteria in general, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in particular, have been in focus both concerning matters of antibiotic resistance and as pathogens causing health care-associated (nosocomial) infections. In contrast to MRSA, studies on clonal distribution of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) are scarce. However, interest in MSSA has increased since it was shown that MRSA emerges from susceptible backgrounds by acquisition of a staphylococcal cassette chromosome element, carrying the mecA gene encoding methicillin-resistance (SCCmec). In an outbreak investigation of MRSA in Östergötland County, Sweden, in 2005, a high incidence of MSSA isolates with concomitant resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin and tobramycin (ECT-R) was detected. Analysis showed that 91 % of the investigated isolates were genetically related (clonal). The ECT-R clone was divided into four different but closely related patterns with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and was designated spa type t002. Whole genome sequencing revealed that the ECT-R clone carried a pseudo-SCC element estimated to be 12 kb in size, showing a resemblance of more than 99 % with the SCCmec type II element of MRSA strain N315 (New York/Japan clone). This suggested a probable derivation from a highly successful MRSA strain, which had partially excised its SCCmec. The clonal outbreak was concentrated in eight hospital departments and two primary care centres, all located in the city of Linköping. Despite a high exchange of patients with the hospitals in the neighbouring counties in southeast Sweden (Jönköping- and Kalmar County), the ECT-R clone seemed to be limited to Östergötland County. However, a tobramycin-resistant clone predominated by isolates of spa type t084 was found in all three counties in southeast Sweden, and in particular among newborns, suggesting inter-hospital transmission. The ECT-R clone has survived as an abundant MSSA clone for a decade in Östergötland County, which indicates an insufficiency in the maintenance of basic hygiene guidelines, and that the clone probably possesses mechanisms of virulence and transmission that are yet to be discovered.
43
Walther, Birgit [Verfasser]. "Molekulare Epidemiologie Methicillin-resistenter S. aureus (MRSA) in der Veterinärmedizin / Birgit Walther." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2007. http://d-nb.info/1022495267/34.
Full text
44
Davies, Sarah Elisabeth. "Development of antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter spp and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4388.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represent the most worrying Gram-negative and Gram-positive nosocomial pathogens of the present age. They are of increasing concern in the clinical environment due to their multi-drug resistance and the dwindling therapeutic options available. A. baumannii is the most frequently isolated clinical species of the genus, and is able to rapidly acquire resistance. Hypermutators, most frequently deficient in mismatch repair (MMR) via defects in the mutS gene, have been associated with antimicrobial resistance in several bacterial populations. To date, however, the potential role of MMR-deficient mutators in the development of resistance in clinical Acinetobacter spp. has not been investigated. Biocides, most notably chlorhexidine (CHX), are increasingly used in the hospital environment to prevent bacterial spread. This has led to concerns about the development of reduced biocide susceptibility and associated antibiotic resistance in hospital bacterial populations, where there is frequent exposure to both of these factors. The effect of CHX upon defined clinical MRSA isolates is examined here. Methods: The mutS gene of clinical Acinetobacter spp. isolates with varying sensitivities was sequenced and compared to establish whether any variations were present. Mutation studies were performed on isolates by challenging them with ciprofloxacin to determine whether different mutS types correlated with any variation in their ability to develop significant fluoroquinolone resistance. The response of clinical MRSA isolates to a range of CHX concentrations was examined with susceptibility testing methods, and effects were compared with standard strains. Determination of post-exposure minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of a range of antibiotics enabled evaluation of whether exposure to CHX had an effect on susceptibility to antibiotics. Results: Variation was observed in the mutS gene of clinical Acinetobacter spp. isolates, with greater homology observed as resistance increased. A highly conserved and previously unreported amino acid sequence was discovered in resistant isolates. Nonresistant isolates with this ‘R-type’ mutS sequence appeared to have a greater ability to develop significant ciprofloxacin resistance. Clinical MRSA isolates had varying susceptibility to CHX, and there were differences in the susceptibility of standard strains compared to clinical isolates. CHX residues exerted a prolonged minimal inhibitory effect, and several increases in antibiotic MICs following CHX exposure were observed. Conclusions: The correlation of the mutS sequence with mutation ability suggests that defects in the mutS gene may have a role to play in the ability of certain Acinetobacter spp. to rapidly acquire resistance. This could have implications for the treatment of Acinetobacter spp. infections, and may enable quick determination of which clinical isolates have the potential to develop clinically significant resistance. Incomplete eradication due to the prolonged minimal effect of CHX residues may act as a selective pressure in the hospital environment, allowing survival of reduced susceptibility MRSA isolates. Increases in antibiotic MICs following CHX exposure is of grave concern for the future of biocide usage.
45
Rittler, Megan Elizabeth. "Perceptions of Certified Athletic Trainers regarding Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Prevention Strategies." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27821.
Full textAbstract:
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) has been receiving significant attention, highlighting an increased risk of infectious transmission associated with athletic participation. As MRSA infections are becoming increasing virulent, athletic trainers are presented with immediate prevention challenges. While recommendations have been offered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outlining basic prevention procedures, adherence to proposed guidelines and actual perception of the threat still pose the greatest hurdles to eradication of MRSA. Success in control and prevention of transmission of MRSA in athletic environments can be furthered by first investigating the perceptions of the problem in one of the first line of defense for athletesâ their athletic trainers. Of particular importance are the perceptions of trainersâ adherence to guidelines, perceptions of protocol standards, and relative threat of MRSA in the athletic environment. This study attempts to determine these perceptions and predict how athletic trainers will receive and adhere to standardized guidelines through written policy for MRSA prevention. Results reflect an increase in the awareness of MRSA as a threat to athletics since 2004. Overall positive perception of the development of guidelines and protocols specifically targeted to prevention of MRSA transmission in the athletic environment were also defined through this study. Athletic trainers surveyed expressed strong desire for additional training in procedures specific to reducing transmission of MRSA to prevent outbreaks.Ph. D.
46
Kessler, Melissa Gail. "Risk Factors For Pediatric Community Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000253.
Full text
47
Male, Michael John. "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in midwestern swine herds and swine workers." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1016.
Full text
48
Leedom, Larson Kerry Reah. "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pork production facilities: occupational exposures and infections." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/539.
Full textAbstract:
This research focuses on occupational exposures associated with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in modern pork production facilities. This dissertation is composed of three related parts.
In Chapter II, "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pork production shower facilities" we documented the presence of MRSA in shower facilities of conventional swine production systems where pigs were colonized with MRSA. We tested farms involved in different production phases (sow, nursery, and finisher) and geographical locations. In the two swine production systems studied, 3% and 26% of shower samples were positive for MRSA. Overall, the prevalence in showers was 19%.
In Chapter III, "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pork production shower facilities: Adapting interventions from athletic facilities," we searched the literature for interventions designed to decrease MRSA infections in athletes. We then evaluated these interventions for adaptability to the pork production environment, and composed swine-specific guidelines for MRSA prevention. We implemented our intervention in a pilot study to reduce MRSA in showers and locker rooms and results were mixed. We recommend repeating this study with a larger sample, and better intervention management and oversight.
In Chapter IV, "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in pork production workers," we sought to determine if pork producers report veterinarian-diagnosed antibiotic-resistant skin infections in pigs, and physician-diagnosed antibiotic-resistant skin infections in workers (including MRSA). We then examined potential risk factors for infection associated with biosecurity, including shower and laundry procedures, farm-specific clothing use (clothing worn only while working on the farm), and personal hygiene. No significant risk factors were identified for either skin infections in pigs or skin infections in workers.
These studies provide evidence that MRSA can be found in pork production shower facilities, and that occupational exposures occur due to components of the biosecurity protocol. We designed and implemented an intervention to decrease the level of MRSA in showers. Our pilot intervention suggested that the impact of showers as environmental reservoirs can be reduced. We also reported the first prevalence estimate of MRSA infection in pork production workers in the United States. Livestock-associated MRSA remains an emerging issue and requires further study to determine the true occupational and public health risks.
49
Egan, Jonathon Todd. "Chiropractic Student Infection Control Practices and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2027.
Full textAbstract:
Chiropractic training involves many hours of skin contact, and chiropractors have manual contact with millions of patients annually, but chiropractic has only had professional clinical hygiene guidance since 2010. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most common cause of cultured skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) in the United States. Using the epidemiologic triad of person, place, and time as a framework, this quantitative, cross-sectional study obtained the first assessment of MRSA SSTI incidence among chiropractic students and its association with infection control behaviors (hand and table hygiene, sharing gowns, and sharing lotion) and initiation of patient care. The study obtained surveys from 312 students attending half (9/18) of U.S. chiropractic campuses. Associations were assessed by Ï?2 and Fisher's exact test. Stratum specific effects were assessed. Two logistic regression models were produced. The results were that attendance at Campus 6 was associated with postmatriculation MRSA SSTI in univariate analysis, p = 0.010. There was an interaction between campus attended, sharing lotion, and postmatriculation MRSA SSTI, with the Mantel-Haenszel pooled estimate varying significantly from unity, Ï?2 (1) = 6.75, p = 0.009. No other association between any assessed factor and MRSA SSTI was detected. Logistic regression models were significant (p < 0.05), but the composing variables were not. For social change, chiropractic colleges should instruct students and chiropractic associations could encourage members not to share massage lotions and emollients during the practice of manual therapy to help prevent MRSA SSTI.
50
Chan, Chi-fun, and 陳志芬. "Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients and their surrounding environment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4833327X.
Full textAbstract:
Background
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is endemic in healthcare settings in many countries of the world. Patients who have acquired MRSA serve as a source of transmission by contamination of their surrounding environments. Numerous studies illustrate that many different inanimate surfaces in hospitals can become a reservoir for MRSA.
Objectives
The objective of this study is to examine the presence of MRSA on environmental surfaces and its relationship between patients’ acquisition of MRSA by studying their molecular characteristics.
Methodology
The near-patient surfaces of 30 MRSA positive patients, 30 control patients and the ward environments were sampled from June 2011 to September 2011. The swabs were enriched and cultured for the presence of MRSA. The MRSA isolates obtained from environmental samples and from the clinical samples of the patients were then characterized by Spa typing.
Results
The MRSA found in case patients and control patients’ environmental surfaces was 97% (29/30) and 40% (12/30) respectively. Environmental surfaces that were highly contaminated by MRSA positive patients were bed sheets (70%), followed by pillows (55%), patient bed frames (52%) and patient lockers (52%). On the environmental surfaces other than the near-patient areas, ambulatory chair armrests had the highest amount of MRSA (21%), followed by fax machines which accounted for 14%. Among the 216 MRSA isolates (30 clinical isolates and 151 environmental isolates), eight spa types were found and the most predominant spa type was t1081 (63.3%) followed by t032 (17.6%) and t037 (7.4%). 27 patients were found to have the MRSA isolates with same spa type in the clinical samples and their surrounding environments. The agreement between the MRSA isolated from the clinical sample of patients and their surrounding environment was 93.1%.
Conclusion
Identical isolates were recovered from the patient and their environment (93.1%) which suggests possible environmental contamination of the ward cubicles, possibly contributing to endemic MRSA. More effective and rigorous use of current approaches to cleaning and decontamination is required and consideration of newer technologies to eradicate MRSA.published_or_final_version
Microbiology
Master
Master of Medical Sciences