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Weber, Lloyd E. "The illicit methamphetamine landscape of Franklin County, Missouri application and analysis of a GIS-based risk assessment model /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4513.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 21, 2009.) Includes bibliographical references.
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Chen, Chih-Ken. "Predisposing factors to methamphetamine psychosis." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274936.
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Cotton, Sarah May. "Executive functioning in methamphetamine psychosis." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8714.
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Includes bibliographical references.An association between methamphetamine dependence and neurocognitive impairment has long been established. However, there are a number of research gaps. First, while evidence suggests that the primary cognitive domains affected in methamphetamine dependence are executive functions; previous research fails to employ a comprehensive battery of executive functioning tests. Second, there is little research investigating the specific neuropsychological impairments associated with methamphetamine psychosis in particular. Third, ADHD is highly co-morbid with substance dependence. Symptoms of ADHD were therefore investigated as possible confounders in this study. Fourth, few studies of methamphetamine dependence have explored relationships between neuropsychological data and cortical thickness data; the current study therefore investigated this further. The current study employed a neuropsychological test battery to compare executive functioning across three groups; a methamphetamine dependent group without psychosis (n = 20), a methamphetamine dependent group with psychosis (n =19) and a healthy control group (n = 20); demographically matched. Brain images were acquired using a Siemens Magnetom Allegra 3T system with a high-resolution, T1-weighted, 3D-multiecho MPRAGE sequence with the following scan parameters: TR=2530ms; graded TE=1.53, 3.21, 4.89, 6.57ms; flip angle=7°; FOV=256mm; slice thickness=1mm; 160 slices; and acquisition duration of 10.49 min. Cortical thickness was assessed employing a surface-based cortical reconstruction and automatic labelling tool in the FreeSurfer software package. Four executive domains were identified and evaluated, namely decision making and impulsivity; inhibitory control and setshifting; attention and working memory; and verbal fluency. One-way ANOVAs were conducted in order to assess differences between groups. Analyses indicated significant between group differences on most tasks of executive functioning. Overall the methamphetamine psychosis (MA+) group performed more poorly than the methamphetamine non-psychosis (MA-) group and the controls (NC). Statistically significant between-group differences were observed on inhibitory control and set-shifting (p < .001), attention and working memory (p = .006), and on tasks of generativity (p < .001). Spearman's correlational analyses revealed that in general, executive impairment was associated with cortical thinning of frontal regions in the MA+ group and cortical thickening of frontal regions in the MA- group. This may be reflective of a compensatory response to methamphetamine toxicity in the MA- group. In conclusion, executive functioning was significantly impaired in the MA- group and even more so in the MA+ group. Symptoms of ADHD were not found to be significantly correlated with executive functioning data. Therefore executive dysfunction is more likely the result of MA toxicity than a pre-existing ADHD disorder. An improved understanding of the neuropsychology and neuroanatomy of methamphetamine dependence may ultimately contribute to the clinical management of these individuals.
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Halpin, Laura E. "The Contribution of Ammonia to Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1370868834.
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Herring, Nicole Reneé. "Effects of Methamphetamine in the Adult Rat." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1187007484.
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Herring, Nicole Renee. "Effects of Methamphetamine in the Adult Rat." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc//view?acc_num=ucin1187007484.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2007.Advisor: Dr. Michael T. Williams PhD (Committee Chair), Charles V. Vorhees PhD, Ton J. Degrauw MD, PhD, Kim B. Seroogy PhD, Gary A. Gudelsky PhD. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Mar. 28, 2009). Keywords: Methamphetamine; Path Integration; Spatial Navigation; Corticosterone; Adrenalectomy. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Lapworth, Kely Narelle. "An Investigation of Aggression in Methamphetamine Users." Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366564.
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Methamphetamine (MA) use is associated with increased aggression, though the specific mechanisms through which this association operates remain unclear. Research has demonstrated an association between MA, heightened impulsivity and reduced behavioural control. Similarly, there is strong evidence of a link between MA use and psychotic symptoms. Despite research efforts examining these independent associations, there is a paucity of studies examining how these factors interact to influence the relationship between MA use and aggression. Study 1 was conducted to examine the independent and combined roles of impulsivity and positive psychotic symptoms on the relationship between MA and aggression. In this study, 237 injecting MA users completed a range of self-report measures of hostility, impulsivity, and dependence. Higher levels of MA dependence were associated with increased hostility, higher levels of impulsivity and greater positive psychotic symptoms. Furthermore, the relationship between MA use and aggression was mediated by both impulsivity and positive symptoms of psychosis. Synergistic effects of impulsivity and positive psychotic symptoms on hostility were also observed, with substantially higher levels of hostility being associated with the presence of positive symptoms in conjunction with heightened impulsivity. The results of Study 1 are important in increasing our current understanding of the relationship between MA dependence and aggression, but the reliance on self-report measures does present a problem because of the susceptibility of such measures to report biases. Study 2 was therefore designed to extend previous research by exploring the relationship between MA and aggression using a behavioural measure of aggression, as well as self-report measures. Behavioural and self-report measures of impulsivity were also included. Results revealed that MA users, compared with non-MA users, not only reported higher levels of aggression, but they actually behaved more aggressively when competing with a (fictitious) opponent. Furthermore, some evidence of a dose-response relationship between MA and aggression was apparent. Unexpectedly, no group differences were evident on either the behavioural or self-report measures of impulsivity. Taken together, the present research attests to the robustness of the relationship between MA use and aggression, and points to the need for increased understanding of the complex and multifaceted nature of factors such as impulsivity and positive psychotic symptoms that contribute to this relationship.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Psychology
Griffith Health
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Kennedy, Kelsey Marie. "The Relapse Cycles of Female Methamphetamine Users." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579257.
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Methamphetamine use, especially in rural populations, has vast implications on the community and the individuals that comprise it. It has been found that men and women display diverse methamphetamine habits as well as varied effectiveness in treatment. Due to the higher intake and drug-seeking behavior of female methamphetamine users, this qualitative study focused on the relapse and quitting cycles of women in rural Wyoming. Through analysis of forty five semi-structured interviews, it was found that the five major themes of relationships, health, treatment, Department of Corrections, and lifestyle were the most prevalent indicators of becoming clean or relapsing for female methamphetamine users. Furthermore, it was found that women who were pregnant or who had moved away from their home displayed extensive periods of staying clean. By targeting triggers and understanding the reasons behind chronic quitting behaviors, a more comprehensive and individualized treatment plan can be implemented for women struggling with methamphetamine addiction.
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Weeden, Christy Samantha Star. "Neuroprotective Potential of Methamphetamine: Behavioral and Histological Analysis." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/weeden/WeedenC0507.pdf.
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Stroke is a leading cause of death and ischemic stroke is the most common form. The deficits that follow ischemic stroke include memory and learning impairment. There are presently no treatments that can combat the effects of ischemia after the attack has occurred. Immediately following insult, locomotor activity increases in rodent models. The goal of the current research is to determine if methamphetamine administration following ischemic attack will have neuroprotective effects and prevent changes in locomotor behavior that are observed following insult. Ischemic insult was induced in gerbils by clamping the carotid arteries for 5 mins. Subjects in the sham surgical condition underwent similar surgical procedures, but the carotids were not clamped. Then, subjects were assigned randomly to saline or methamphetamine (5 mg/kg) injection groups. Drug treatment was administered within 2 mins of surgery. Measures of distance traveled, average speed, and number of line crossings were evaluated. Differences in levels of locomotion during the first and second halves of testing were also evaluated. Finally, sections containing the hippocampal CA1 region were rated on a 4-point scale for level of damage. Results show that subjects in the ischemic and saline condition traveled significantly further than those in the sham conditions and ischemic and methamphetamine condition. The speed of ischemic subjects treated with saline was significantly higher than ischemic subjects that received methamphetamine and sham conditions. Also, subjects in the ischemic and saline treatment group crossed more lines than sham and ischemic animals treated with methamphetamine. Analysis of cresyl violet-stained brain sections of ischemic animals treated with saline were rated as having less neuronal cell bodies in the CA 1 region. Ischemic and methamphetamine treated subjects' sections were similar to sham and saline treatment sections. These results suggest that methamphetamine, when injected after transient ischemic attack, may provide neuroprotection from damage that occurs to the CA1 region and prevent the impairments in locomotor behavior.
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Lowther, Courtney. "The Acute, Chronic, and Teratological Effects of Methamphetamine on Aggressive Behaviour in Adolescent Hooded Rats." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7044.
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Methamphetamine is a widely abused psychostimulant often associated with aggressive, violent, and criminal behaviour. Research into the effects of adolescent methamphetamine use on aggressive behaviour is limited. This study aimed to establish whether methamphetamine would induce aggressive behaviour following an acute dosing regimen and a chronic dosing regimen. It also aimed to establish a teratological or delayed effect on adult behaviour. To investigate this 20 male and 20 female adolescent rats were equally divided into treatment and control conditions. The treatment condition received a single dose of methamphetamine (2mg/kg) on postnatal day (PND) 35 followed by twice daily doses of methamphetamine (2mg/kg) from PND 36-46. This was done via intraperitoneal injection. The control condition received comparable doses of saline. Animals were tested using the resident intruder test following the single dose, after the completion of the final dose, and again in early adulthood (PND 90). Results found an acute dosing regimen significantly reduced aggressive-like behaviour. A chronic dosing regimen increased aggressive-like behaviour however, this relationship was less clear. Finally, the results found increased aggressive behaviour in adult animals following methamphetamine use in adolescence. This provides preliminary evidence for a teratological effect and support for the neuronal imprinting theory.
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Rocha, Angelica. "Methamphetamine self-administration in rats developmentally exposed to lead." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1370.
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Hagen, Gawie. "The impact of methamphetamine (tik) use on the workplace." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/14622.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There has been a dramatic increase in the use of the drug methamphetamine, also known locally as tik, in the Western Cape, specifically in Cape Town. This trend impacts the availability and the quality of labour as well as the productivity of current employees. The presence of tik abuse in the workplace represents both legal and ethical challenges to employers. The Labour Relations Act of 1995 states that employers must ensure a safe working environment for their employees. The actions of tik users tend to increase the risk of injuries at work and the occurrences of workrelated accidents that may harm others. Social responsibility requires employers to operate their business in an honourable manner, to provide good working conditions and to work actively to better the quality of life of the local communities where it operates. This responsibility translates into helping the tik users that they employ. The current relationship between employer and employee regarding tik is marred by conflict and misunderstanding. Employers seem unsure what to do and are unaware of how far-reaching tik abuse is. Tik abuse causes many problems for employees and also for their family and friends. By gathering information in a structured way the study aims to improve the understanding of employers so that they can help and prevent tik-related problems in the future. The study utilized descriptive qualitative research in the form of a questionnaire given to recovering tik users at two treatment centres in Cape Town, SANCA and De Novo. The research ran for about a month and gathered 82 usable questionnaires. Results, along with a literature study, were used to create a framework to guide employers on identifying tik users and on how to deal with them. The framework, the Tik Identification and Intervention Protocol (TIIP), contains criteria to help identify employees that may be using tik. The study showed that many international trends are evident in Cape Town. Approximately 40% of participants indicated that they were absent from work more often than prescribed by labour legislation; 70% of participants experienced that tik affected their ability to perform their duties; 32% of participants admitted that they stole to obtain funding for their drug habit. Some new findings became evident, such as the impact of the family on the participant's decision to go for treatment. The Western Cape's treatment centres are severely hampered by a lack of resources and are incapable at present of dealing with the current flood of patients. While plans are in place to rectify this, it is clear that in the short term at least, employers will have to take up more of the slack. The recovery process for a drug addict takes a long time; experts suggest it may take up to two years. Therefore employers need to be involved and create support programs at work to assist employees in their recovery. Employees can be cured from their dependency on tik, so that they can become healthy and contribute to the community and to their employer.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is 'n dramatiese toename in die voorkoms en gebruik van metaphetamien (plaaslik bekend as tik) in die Wes-Kaap, spesifiek in Kaapstad. Die tendens het 'n impak op die verskaffing en die kwaliteit van beskikbare arbeid, sowel as die produktiwiteit van huidige werknemers. Die voorkoms en gebruik van tik in die werksplek het beide wetlike en etiese uitdagings vir werkgewers. Die Arbeidswet van 1995 verklaar dat die werkgewer daarvoor verantwoordelik is om te verseker dat hul werksplek veilig is vir hul werknemers. Tik gebruikers verhoog die risiko en die voorkoms van werksbeserings en werksongelukke wat ander werknemers ook mag beinvloed. Sosiale verantwoordelikheid vereis van werkgewers om hul besighede op 'n eerbare wyse te bestuur, om goeie werksomstandighede te verseker en 'n aktiewe bedrae te lewer in die plaaslike gemeenskap waar hulle hul ook mag bevind. Die verantwoordelikheid sluit tik gebruikers in. Die huidige verhouding tussen werkgewers en werknemers in verband met die misbruik van tik word gekenmerk deur konflik. Werkgewers blyk onseker te wees ten opsigte van wat hul te doen staan en hoe verreikend die impak van die misbruik van tik mag wees. Die misbruik van tik veroorsaak 'n menigte probleme vir werknemers, sowel as vir hul vriende en families. Hierdie studie poog am deur 'n gestruktureerde wyse informasie te versamel met die doel om die begrip van werkgewers te verbeter, sodat hul tik gebruikers kan help en tik-verwante probleme in die toekoms kan voorkom. Die studie is beskrywend kwalitatief van aard en gebruik 'n vraelys om informasie te versamel by twee behandelingsentrums in Kaapstad, SANCA en De Novo. Die navorsing het vir omtrent 'n maand geduur waarna 82 bruikbare vraelyste ingewin is. Die resultate, sowel as die literatuurstudie wat gedoen is, is gebruik om 'n raamwerk op te stel wat werkgewers kan help om tik gebruikers te identifiseer, sowel as hoe om hulle te ondersteun. Die eerste gedeelte van die raamwerk, die Tik Identifikasie en Ingrypings Protokol (TIIP), bestaan uit kriteria wat gebruik kan word om werknemers te identifiseer wat tik gebruik. Hierdie studie het gewys dat verskeie internasionale tendense sigbaar is in Kaapstad. Ongeveer 40% van die deelnemers het aangewys dat hulle meer as die wetlike hoeveelheid dae afwesig was van die werk, 70% van die deelnemers het erken dat tik hulle vermoe am hul werk behoorlik te kan doen beinvloed het en 32% van die deelnemers het erken dat hulle gesteel het om geld te verkry am tik te koop. Die studie het daarop gedui dat die familie 'n integrale rol gespeel het in die deelnemers se besluit om vir behandeling te gaan. Dit blyk dat die Wes-Kaapse behandelings-hulpbronne ver te kort skiet om die saak te hanteer. Daar is tans planne in plek am die probleem die hoof te bied, maar dit is duidelik dat in die korttermyn, werkgewers 'n groter rol sal moet speel. Die herstelproses is van lange duur, en kenners meen dat dit tot twee jaar mag neem voor tik gebruikers volkome herstel het. Die werkemers het ondersteuning nodig gedurende hierdie moeilike proses. Die studie het bevind dat werknemers herstel en gesond kan word om weer 'n bydrae te kan lewer vir beide die werkgewer en die bree samelewing.
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Thrash, Bessy Suppiramaniam Vishnu Dhanasekaran Muralikrishnan. "Neuroprotection against methamphetamine induced neurotoxicity applications for Parkinson's disease /." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1718.
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King, Kristine M. "An evaluation of a methamphetamine intervention on drug markets." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1464445.
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Zabida, Omer Saleh. "The effect of methamphetamine on the blood-testis barrier." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6775.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScIntroduction The blood-testis barrier (BTB) is formed by tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells. The barrier formed by these tight junction helps to create a specialized environment for spermatogenesis and provide an immunological barrier to protect developing germ cells. Methamphetamine (Meth) is known as neurotoxin however, its effects on the male reproductive system, especially on Sertoli cells and, the BTB are not well established. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of Meth on the TM4 mouse testis Sertoli cell line and on the integrity of the BTB permeability. Materials and Methods This study investigated the effect of selected concentrations of Meth (0.1 μM, 1 μM, 10 μM, 20 μM and 100 μM) on TM4 mouse testis Sertoli cell line for 24 until 96 hours, using two treatments: an “acute” study (24 hrs exposure) and a “chronic” study, where treatment occurred on a daily basis over 96 hrs. The following parameters were investigated: viability, cell proliferation, mitochondrial activity, monolayer permeability.
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Brown, Stacy D. "Methods for Confirmatory Analysis of Methamphetamine in Biological Samples." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5333.
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Methamphetamine is the most common amphetamine used and, along with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy), is considered part of a worldwide drug epidemic. Monitoring metham-phetamine levels in the body is important for purposes of drug screening for employment, criminal investigations, and therapeutic drug monitoring. While methamphetamine is suitable for detection using immunoassay techniques, these methods tend to have significant cross reactivity with other compounds. Over the last decade, more than eighty different quantitative, confirmatory analytical methods for measuring methamphetamine in biological samples have been published in the scientific literature. Analytical instrumentation used in these methods includes gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), capillary electrophoresis (CE), among others. These assays are capable of quantifying methamphetamine concentrations in a variety of biological matrices, including blood, plasma, urine, hair, and fingernails. Some of these techniques can achieve detection as low as 0.1 ng/mL (1 ppb) concentra-tions. The strengths and limitations of these methodologies will be discussed in the context of methamphetamine analysis. Additionally, methods that can simultaneously measure methamphetamine levels as well as metabolites and other drugs of abuse will be highlighted.
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Swanke, Jayme Rae. "EMPLOYED VS UNEMPLOYED METHAMPHETAMINE USERS: SPECIFIC IMPLICATIONS FOR CASE MANAGERS." OpenSIUC, 2009. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/109.
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Substance abuse and dependence has been a problem in the United States for over 100 years (Whitebread, 1995). In the past two decades the abuse and dependence of methamphetamine has increased and the rates have remained steady (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2004). Advances have been made in the development of treatments for substance abuse and dependence. Research has continued to show that treatment modalities enhanced by case management services are more effective in the treatment of substance abuse and dependence. There has also been progress made in the research regarding the therapeutic benefits of employment for persons with substance abuse and dependence. However, the research regarding methamphetamine abuse and dependence is lacking in regards to the effects of employment, and the case management needs of this population. The aim of this study is to expand research on methamphetamine abuse, dependence, and treatment. By using variables including measures of demographics, education, income, utilization of substance abuse treatment services, healthcare coverage, measures of mental health status, measures of physical health status, and measures of arrest record to predict employment status of persons who report methamphetamine use, implications were developed for treatment providers and case managers to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of treatment. The present study utilized the 2006 and 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data to determine if measures of demographics, education, income, utilization of substance abuse treatment services, healthcare coverage, measures of mental health status, measures of physical health status, and measures of arrest record have significant associations to employment status of persons who report methamphetamine use. A chi-square analysis was used to determine which variables have significant associations to employment status. In addition, this study sought to determine if these independent variables are significant predictors of employment status among methamphetamine users. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to predict employment. The results of the study showed that several of the independent variables had significant associations to employment status of persons who report methamphetamine use. However, the binary logistic regression analysis only resulted in one significant predictor. The results of this study were used to develop implications for case managers.
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Roussell, Aaron. "Wyoming ice social disorganization and methamphetamine use in a rural state /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317343901&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Swanke, Jayme R. "Employed vs unemployed methamphetamine users : specific implications for case managers /." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1968461061&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Clavenstam, Isabell. "The Effect of Methamphetamine Abuse on Brain Structure and Function." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-3106.
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The great amount of METH abuse all over the world causes enormous social and criminal justice problems. In the human brain the abuse of METH causes implications on both structures and functions given rise to acute as well as long term symptoms. In this essay the effects of METH abuse is described in the manner of the drug mechanism such as the impact on neurotransmitters, structural deficits with decreased and increased volumes and the implication on attention, memory, decision making and emotions. Results from studies showing brain structural and cognitive impairments in METH abusers and in prenatal METH exposed children.
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Kalula, Asha Saidi. "Modelling the dynamics of methamphetamine abuse in the Western Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6817.
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Thesis (MSc (Mathematical Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.Includes bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The production and abuse of methamphetamine has increased dramatically in South Africa, especially in the Western Cape province. A typical methamphetamine use cycle consists of concealed use after initiation, addiction, treatment and recovery. The model by Nyabadza and Musekwa in [32], is extended to include a core group, fast and slow progression to addiction. The model is analysed analytically and numerically using mass action incidence function and non-linear incidence function. The analysis of the model with mass action incidence is presented in terms of the methamphetamine epidemic threshold R0. The analysis shows that the drug free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when R0 < 1 and drug persistent equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when R0 > 1. The model also exhibits a backward bifurcation. Sensitivity analysis of the model on R0 is performed. The most sensitive parameters are transmission rate and recruitment rate of individuals into the core group. The non-linear incidence incorporates innovators and behaviour change. Analytically, the model is analysed in the absence of behaviour change. With behaviour change two cases were considered. Firstly without innovators and secondly with innovators. In the absence of innovators the non-linear incidence reduced to standard incidence and similar results to the ones in the first model were obtained. With the presence of innovators there is no drug free equilibrium. Numerically we fit the model to data on the number of patients who enter into treatment centers for rehabilitation. Using the fitted model, we determine the prevalence and incidence of methamphetamine abuse. We investigate the impact of behaviour change, ‘reinfection’ rate as well as uptake rate into treatment on prevalence. Our results suggest that intervention and prevention programs focusing on behaviour change and uptake rate into treatment would reduce the prevalence. Projections are made to determine the possible long term trends of the prevalence of methamphetamine abuse in the Western Cape. We give suggestions related to data that should be collected from a modelling perspective.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vervaardiging en misbruik van metamfetamien het dramaties in Suid-Afrika toegeneem, veral in die Wes-Kaap provinsie. ’n Tipiese metamfetamien gebruiksiklus bestaan uit heimlike gebruik na aanvang, verslawing, behandeling en herstel. Die model deur Nyabadza en Musekwa in [32], is uitgebrei om ’n kerngroep in te sluit, vinnige en stadige verloop tot verslawing. Die model is analities en numeries ontleed deur van massa-aksie insidensie funksie en ’n nie-liniêre insidensie funksie gebruik te maak. Die ontleding van die model met massa-aksie insidensie word voorgestel in terme van die metamfetamien epidemiese drempel R0. Die ontleding toon dat die dwelmvrye ewewig lokaal asimptoties stabiel is as R0 < 1 en die dwelmblydende ewewig is lokaal asimptoties stabiel as R0 > 1. Die model beeld ook ’n terugwaartse bifurkasie uit. Sensitiwiteitsontleding van die model ten opsigte van R0 is uitgevoer. Die mees sensitiewe parameters is die oordraagbaarheidskoers en die rekrute koers van individue in die kerngroep in. Die nuwelinge en gedragsverandering word deur die nie-liniêre insidensie opgeneem. Analities, is die model ontleed in die afwesigheid van gedragsverandering. Met gedragsverandering is twee gevalle beskou. Eerstens sonder nuwelinge en tweedens met nuwelinge. In die afwesigheid van nuwelinge is die nie-liniêre insidensie herlei tot standaard insidensie en soortgelyke resultate is verkry, as dié wat in die eerste model verkry is. Met die aanwesigheid van nuwelinge is daar geen dwelmvrye ewewig nie. Numeries pas ons die model aan die data wat betrekking het met die aantal pasiënte wat in rehabilitasie sentra opgeneem word vir behandeling. Deur die gepaste model te gebruik, het ons die voorkoms en insidensie van metamfetamien misbruik bepaal. Ons ondersoek die impak van gedragsverandering, “re-infeksie” koers sowel as die koers van opname in behandeling op voorkoms. Ons resultate toon dat intervensie- en voorkomingsprogramme sal voorkoms verlaag, wat op die gedragsverandering en die koers van opname in behandeling konsentreer. Die model is ook gebruik om die aantal metamfetamien gebruikers te projekteer. Ons maak voorstelle verwant aan die data, wat vanuit ‘n modellerings-oogpunt ingesamel moet word.
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Linnemann, Travis. "Beyond the ghetto: methamphetamine and the punishment of rural America." Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/12021.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work
L. Susan Williams
Since the early 1970s, the United States has grown increasingly reliant on the criminal justice system to manage a wide array of social problems. Aggressive drug control policies and an over-reliance on imprisonment helped produce the world’s largest prison and correctional population, often described as mass imprisonment. Within this context, the study provides an explanatory account of the political, cultural, and social conditions that encourage states like Kansas to pursue methamphetamine as a major public concern, and to a greater degree than other states with relatively higher meth problems. Ultimately, and most important, the study makes a theoretical contribution by demonstrating how meth control efforts, analogous to previous drug control campaigns, extends punitive drug control rationalities to new cultural contexts and social terrains beyond the so-called ghetto of the inner city, thereby reinforcing and extending the logics of mass imprisonment.
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Darsamo, Arnalda Vanessa. "The societal costs of methamphetamine use in Western Cape Province." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20849.
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Methamphetamine (meth) use results in various costs accruing to the meth user, society, and government. Internal and external costs of the pandemic are widespread, affecting the healthcare and social welfare systems, policing, private security, and the judicial and corrective services system. This study quantifies these costs for the Western Cape; identifying the magnitude of the cost of illness and additional social costs by category and determines which interventions are likely to reduce these overall costs. This study used a combination of a top-down and a bottom-up approach for the costing of various categories. The meth prevalence rate used was derived from the number of primary meth users who sought meth treatment in 2013 as reported to SACENDU. Additional data on expenditure and costs were obtained from government annual reports, personal interviews and data from previous studies.
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Lederer, Katharina Johanna. "Relationship between white matter changes and aggression in methamphetamine dependence." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13802.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Methamphetamine (MA) abuse is a growing problem in the world and especially in South Africa’s Western Cape. Amphetamine-type stimulants have become the second most widely abused illicit drugs worldwide. Admission data from substance abuse treatment centres in the Western Cape show the fastest increase for any drug ever noted in the country in MA related admissions. MA has neurotoxic effects on the brain leading, amongst other effects, to white matter (WM) changes. Moreover, increased levels of aggression are commonly found in individuals with MA abuse. Although behavioural deficits are well described, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. While previous studies have examined WM abnormalities relating to cognitive impairment, none have investigated associations between WM integrity in individuals with MA dependence and aggression. Methods: Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) was used to investigate WM changes in 40 individuals with MA dependence and 40 matched healthy control subjects. Aggression was measured with the Buss & Perry Questionnaire in 40 MA users and 36 controls. Two approaches to assess WM integrity in the brain were employed. First, whole brain voxel wise comparison across subjects using tract based spatial statistics (TBSS) in FSL was used. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), parallel diffusivity (λ║) and perpendicular diffusivity (λ┴) were compared between the two groups. Second, a region of interest (ROI) approach was used, which focused on three WM tracts in the frontal brain, commonly found to play a role in aggressive behaviour: (1) the genu of the corpus callosum (CC), (2) the cingulum and (3) the uncinate fasciculus.
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Moodley, Aneshree. "Methamphetamine use and HIV risk among severely mentally ill inpatients." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10989.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references.Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 69% of the global HIV burden. Due to a variety of social, economic and behavioural factors, mentally ill patients are more likely to engage in high risk sexual behaviours. In turn, co-morbid substance use which is present in up to 75% of mentally ill patients is a leading risk factor for sexual risk behaviours. Worldwide methamphetamines are the most commonly used illicit stimulant. Both injectable and noninjectable methamphetamines have evidenced associations with high risk sexual behaviours. Smoking and inhalation of crystal methamphetamine is the predominant mode of use in South Africa. The use of crystal methamphetamine amongst mentally ill persons in Cape Town has escalated over the last decade. We aimed to determine the occurrence of methamphetamine use and risky sexual practices amongst mentally ill patients. In addition we aimed to explore the associations between methamphetamine use and HIV sexual risk behaviours in a sample of mentally ill inpatients in Cape Town, South Africa.
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Alshehri, Fahad. "Role of Glutamate Transporters in Alcohol and Methamphetamine Co-Abuse." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1433195506.
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Gutierrez, Arnold. "The role of dopamine receptors in methamphetamine-induced cognitive deficits." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1521189209471948.
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Baicy, Kate. "Dissociation between neural processing and negative emotion in methamphetamine dependence." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1666904001&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Jackson, Brian Joshua. "Cognitive function and excessive daytime sleepiness in methamphetamine-dependent individuals." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1679374131&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Yingling, Julie Smith. "The relationship between social bond and frequency of methamphetamine use." Click here for download, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1490085051&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Forrest-Lawrence, Pota. "Media, Policy and the Law: The Case of Crystal Methamphetamine." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15759.
Full textAbstract:
Crystal methamphetamine has been constructed by Australian media as the most dangerous illicit drug of the twenty-first century. Such representations, so readily available in print media commentary, have transformed the image of the drug from relative obscurity to a drug worse than heroin and a modern-day folk devil. Media calls for swift and urgent political action to address the methamphetamine problem have urged policymakers to respond to this ‘national drug threat’. This thesis explores the media construction of crystal methamphetamine, its users, manufacturers, importers and those who policed them over the period 2000-2009. It examines whether, and if so, to what extent, media have contributed to the development of illicit drug policies and legislation during this period. The state of NSW was selected as a case study for this analysis. A total of 433 print media articles and six methamphetamine-related policies and laws were subject to a discourse analysis. It is argued that media created a ‘new ice risk’ that encouraged punitive policy making. The research reveals that the media response to the drug during this period drew on law enforcement, public health and government discourses. Embedded within this media response were competing and contradictory discourses of the ‘methamphetamine user’, ‘the enforcers’ and ‘the folk devil drug’ and their respective discourse strands. These discourses and strands, fuelled by dramatic metaphors, research evidence and expert commentary, contributed to a media narrative that presented the public and policymakers with an image of a risky and dangerous drug. Through the convergence of these discourses, a ‘new ice risk’ was created that became part of the larger risk environment. This ‘risk’ fed off a ‘culture of control’ that had developed in government responses to problematic social issues. Media and policymakers thus worked together to produce a punitive response to a drug purported to be a major threat to society.
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Northrop, Nicole Alia Fazo. "The role of neuroinflammation in stress & methamphetamine-induced damage." Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12543.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.Methamphetamine (Meth) is a widely abused psychostimulant that causes damage to monoamine nerve terminals, marked by long-term depletions of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), but the exact mechanisms by which this damage occurs remain unclear. Drug abuse and stress are highly co-morbid in society and therefore, stress should be considered a co-factor in mediating the deleterious effects of Meth. In fact, recent studies illustrate that stress enhances Meth-induced toxicity to monoamine nerve terminals. As both chronic stress and Meth produce a pro-inflammatory state, the current studies examined the role of neuroinflammation in mediating the effects of chronic stress and/or Meth in rats. Exposure to 10 days of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) increased proinflammatory transcripts and protein expression of the inflammatory mediator, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. COX activity, in turn, mediated the stress and Meth-induced increases in the proinflammatory enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). COX and MMP-9, however, were not responsible for the depletions of 5-HT in the hippocampus observed after the serial exposure to CUS and Meth. In contrast, COX activity mediated the enhancement of Meth-induced striatal monoaminergic damage produced by CUS. In addition to damaging monoaminergic terminals, COX activity could mediate blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Thus the effects of stress and Meth on the BBB were examined. Twenty-four hours after the administration of Meth, only rats pre-exposed to CUS showed evidence of BBB disruption reflected by decreases in occludin and claudin-5 and increases in truncation of β-dystroglycan, FITC-dextran extravasation, and brain edema. Except for FITC-dextran extravasation, these effects were blocked by the inhibition of COX. All changes other than β-dystroglycan and edema persisted 7 days later, were paralleled by increases in the inflammatory biomarker, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and were blocked by COX inhibition during and after Meth treatment. These results indicate that stress and Meth synergize to produce a persistent inflammatory state that damages striatal monoaminergic nerve terminals and creates a long-lasting structural and functional BBB disruption. Furthermore, these results suggest that stress can render non-toxic insults toxic through neuroinflammatory mechanisms and implicate the use of anti-inflammatory drugs in combating the neurotoxic effects of chronic stress and drug abuse.
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Bardon, James. "A Phenomenological Study of Methamphetamine and Heroin Users’ Arrest Experiences." Diss., NSUWorks, 2018. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cahss_jhs_etd/11.
Full textAbstract:
The costs in terms of both monetary and human lives lost due to substance abuse in the United States is well documented and it is publicized that it is increasing. There has been a large amount of research completed that has examined methamphetamine users, heroin users, and the drug-crime nexus; however, there is a paucity of research that provides insight into these users’ arrest experiences. Using a phenomenological approach, this research examined methamphetamine and heroin users’ incidents of being arrested to gain a greater understanding of their lived experiences. The analysis was based on interviews that were conducted with five adults that had been regular users of methamphetamine and/or heroin and had been arrested for an offense that was either directly or indirectly a result of their drug use. The results revealed four general themes that indicated: (1) the users felt they were living self-destructive lifestyles at the time of their arrest; (2) they experienced shock and confusion at the time of the arrest and afterwards; (3) interactions with the police were commonplace and they each had mixed experiences dealing with the police; (4) each of the participants expressed directly or indirectly that they needed to be arrested, complete long term confinement, or the possibility of long-term confinement, after a charge to successfully achieve sobriety and positive changes in their lives. These findings were discussed, reviewing evaluations of drug court diversion, incarceration, or the concept of an individual hitting rock-bottom as a prerequisite for lasting positive change and rehabilitation. Future research comparing the success of these post-arrest outcomes is suggested.
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Wahl, Troy Andrew. "Developing Thyronamine Analog Pharmaceuticals Targeting TAAR1 to Treat Methamphetamine Addiction." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1109.
Full textAbstract:
As a part of the overall program in the Grandy laboratory at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), studying the underlying chemical biology of methamphetamine (Meth) addiction, this dissertation reports on the development of six new thyronamine analogs which were synthesized and assayed against trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), giving preliminary results consistent with the analogs being inverse agonists. Due to highly variable TAAR1 expression levels in the assays, based on inter-assay response to control Meth stimulation as well as other possible factors, kinetic models were developed to qualitatively explain the assay results. The models set approximate limits on the analogs' binding and disassociation rates relative to those of Meth. Analysis of the assays also provides more evidence of TAAR1's basal activity. Based on the models, the conversion rate of ligand-free inactive TAAR1 to ligand-free active TAAR1 is less than 6% of the binding rate of Meth to TAAR1. The models also suggest that the inverse agonists bind to the inactive ligand-free form of TAAR1 between 10 and 100 times faster than Meth binds to the inactive ligand-free form of TAAR1. Three of the new analogs, G5-110s8, G5-112s5, and G5-114s5, bind to the ligand-free active form of TAAR1 faster than they bind to the inactive ligand-free form of TAAR1. The models do not suggest an upper limit on the binding rate of those 3 analogs to the ligand-free active form of TAAR1. A control assay lacking TAAR1 revealed an electrophysiological off-target effect caused by G5-109s8. Also, a novel synthetic route was developed for ET-92, the lead compound for this project, which reduced the number of synthetic steps from 14 to 5 and improved the overall yield from 15.3% to 18.3% (77.4 mg) with the hope that further improvements in yield are possible.
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Apollonio, Luigino Giuseppe, and n/a. "INNOVATIONS IN SYSTEMATIC TOXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS: AMPHETAMINETYPE SUBSTANCES AND DESIGNER ANALOGUES." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20081030.110007.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, several novel technologies have emerged with substantial benefits in
toxicological analysis. These include the development of beadbased
multiplex
immunoassay (Suspension Bead Array, SBA), the use of reduced-volume
centrifugal ion-exchange
extraction (SpinSPE),
and Ultra-Performance
(TM) liquid chromatographic
separation coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC(TM)/MS n ). This work sought to investigate
the efficacy and practicality of these innovative approaches against a benchmark of
established methods and instrumentation for the screening and confirmation of
amphetaminetype
substances.
This study begins with a statistical survey of amphetaminetype
substances encountered in
an accredited forensic laboratory supporting the Australian Capital Territory and regional
New South Wales. Over the 5year
period 2001-2005, it was determined that 6683 case
submissions required presumptive screening for amphetamines. Of these cases, 1269
(19.0%) required confirmative analysis of amphetaminetype
substances, including
amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, MDEA, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine,
and phentermine. Such analytical needs were then used in comparative assessment of the
novel and established methodologies, including examination of immunoassay specificity,
extraction efficiency, chromatographic resolution, general resource efficiency, and total
analysis time.
Development of a beadbased
immunoassay platform (SBA) for multiplex amphetamines
analysis proved to be a complex task. Efforts to multiplex the amphetamine and
methamphetamine immunoassay models into a single assay exhibited a significant degree
of non-specific
antibody cross-reactivity.
However, the merits of the individual bead
assays were demonstrated. Upon comparison with commercially available enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assays for amphetamine or methamphetamine (ELISA), it was observed
that the SBA models exhibited specificity comparable to that of the ELISA assays and
linearity over a concentration range of toxicological relevance (0-1000 ng/mL
amphetamine or methamphetamine). In addition, the results indicated the practical
applicability of the individual SBA assays for an oral fluid matrix, and demonstrated
significant reductions in the volumes of reagents required and length of time of analysis.
Additionally, in an optimised multiplex system, the amount of sample required for
screening could be reduced as the SBA technology theoretically permits analysis of up to
100 different drugs or metabolites from one volume of sample.
The aspect of forensic sample conservation was further explored with investigation of
reduced-volume
extraction techniques, such as the application of centrifugal ionexchange
extraction columns (SpinSPE).
Following initial development, the SpinSPE
technique
was applied to the isolation of amphetaminetype
substances from oral fluid and compared
with a mixedmode
SPE method for both extraction and resource efficiency. From the
observed results, both extraction methods were demonstrated to be effective in the
isolation of amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, PMA, MDA,
MDMA, MDEA, MBDB, and 2CB from an oral fluid matrix with detection by
heptafluorobutyric acid derivatisation (HFBTA) and GC/MS. The SpinSPE
model
demonstrated comparable efficacy with reduced sample volume (200 쌩, as well as
significant reductions in the volumes of reagents required for column conditioning,
washing, and elution. In addition, the linear working range (0-2000 ng/mL) and
sensitivity of the method indicated the potential to further reduce sample volume.
In the confirmative separation and identification of drug compounds, the technological
advancement of UltraPerformance
(TM) liquid chromatography (UPLC(TM)) has recently
evolved from efforts to improve LC resolution, sensitivity, and time of analysis. In this
research, UPLC(TM) coupled to mass spectrometry was demonstrated to be capable of
rapidly identifying several amphetaminetype
substances (phenylethylamine,
amphetamine, phentermine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, PMA, 4MTA,
MDA, MDMA, MDEA, MBDB) and ketamine in an analysis time of less than five
minutes. In addition, UPLC(TM)/MS demonstrated a resolving power comparable to GC/MS
with significantly reduced instrumental analysis time.
This research reveals the promise of these new applications in advancing towards a more
efficient and modernised systematic toxicological approach. The continued development
and optimisation of SBA multiplex immunoassays will permit customisable systems
capable of simultaneously detecting numerous compounds with antibodybased
sensitivity
and selectivity. In circumstances where low sample volumes are required for confirmation
of drug use, such as in roadside saliva drug testing for driving under the influence
offences, reducedvolume
SpinSPE
has been demonstrated to be a practical and effective
alternative for sample preparation. In addition, a more streamlined procedure is further
enhanced with the use of UPLC(TM) coupled to mass spectrometry for analyte separation
and molecular identification.
It is expected that illicit drug use will remain a significant public concern. With the
continued desire for more rapid and comprehensive methodologies, further study of these
and other innovative technologies will be of considerable future benefit to laboratories
such as that serving the Australian Capital Territory region.
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Prinsloo, Tarryn Kay. "In vitro effects of rooibos herbal tea (Aspalathus linearis) against methamphetamine on the mouse blood brain barrier." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4356.
Full textAbstract:
>Magister Scientiae - MScMethamphetamine (MA), also known as ‘Tik’, has detrimental short- and long-term psychological and morphological effects on the central nervous system (CNS). The lipophilic nature of MA allows it to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which normally plays a protective role in limiting solute exchange (including narcotics) into the neuronal tissue. Numerous studies have indicated that MA not only crosses the BBB but is implicated in distorting its crucial role in that it increases the permeability of the endothelial cells and thereby compromises its core homeostatic function. The speculated mechanism by which MA elicits its effects involves elevated ROS production which may be reversed by antioxidant treatment. Rooibos herbal tea (Aspalathus linearis) which is well documented for its antioxidative properties and ROS scavenging abilities may therefore be the ideal candidate to reverse the harmful ROS-induced effects of MA. The aim of the study was to investigate the in vitro ameliorating potential of fermented rooibos (Rf) against the MA-induced effects on mouse brain endothelial (bEnd5) cells by utilizing various assays (trypan blue exclusion and XTT viability assays) and physiological parameters (cell numbers, viability, monolayer permeability and cell cycle phases) over a period of 96 hrs. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test with P<0.05 denoted as significant. Once-off exposure to physiological MA concentrations and Rf resulted in % viability similar to controls by 96 hrs with suppression observed only when the cells were exposed to daily MA (0.1-1000 μM) (P≤0.0063). Exposure to supraphysiological concentrations (≥100 μM) of MA greatly suppressed viability (P≤0.0463). Both daily and once-off treatment to the combinations initially resulted in increased viability however by 96 hrs was similar to- or exceeding the controls (P≤0.0180). MA exposure also resulted in decreased live cell numbers (P≤0.0339) with no effect when exposed to Rf by 96 hrs. The combinations resulted in cell numbers comparable to controls. Dose-dependent increases in electrical resistance were observed in response to singular MA and Rf treatment with lower MA concentrations displaying significant decreases (P≤0.0064). Similar trends were observed with combinations however greater resistance was observed. Increased G1-phase populations (P≤0.0495) in response to singular MA and Rf exposure was noted followed by decreased S-phase fractions (P≤0.0356). While MA decreased G2-M phase cells (P≤0.0498) it was unaffected by Rf. In contrast, the combination of MA and Rf decreased events in the G1-phase (P≤0.0483), with an increased S-phase population (P≤0.0415). In conclusion, the single compounds displayed mirroring effects, decreasing the cells’ permeability and causing G1-phase arrest. The modulatory effects of Rf in combination with MA was illustrated with the restoration of viability and live cell numbers comparable to that of controls, and a more restrictive monolayer as well as reversal of the G1-phase arrest. Findings suggest that Rf may reverse the adverse effects of MA on the BBB.
37
Pike, Erika. "REINFORCING, SUBJECTIVE, AND COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF METHAMPHETAMINE DURING D-AMPHETAMINE MAINTENANCE." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/15.
Full textAbstract:
Translational research suggests that agonist replacement may be a viable treatment approach for managing methamphetamine dependence. This study sought to determine the effects of d-amphetamine maintenance on methamphetamine self-administration in stimulant using participants. A cognitive battery was used to determine the performance effects of methamphetamine alone and during d-amphetamine maintenance. During each maintenance condition, participants first sampled a dose of intranasal methamphetamine then had the opportunity to respond on a progressive ratio task to earn portions of the sampled dose. Subject-rated drug-effect and physiological measures were completed prior to and after sampling methamphetamine. Methamphetamine was self-administered as function of dose regardless of the maintenance condition. Methamphetamine produced prototypical subject-rated effects, some of which were attenuated by d-amphetamine maintenance. Methamphetamine was well tolerated during d-amphetamine maintenance and no adverse events occurred. The self-administration results are concordant with those of clinical trials that show d-amphetamine did not reduce methamphetamine use. Generally, there was no difference in cognitive performance after methamphetamine administration during both placebo and d-amphetamine maintenance. Overall d-amphetamine does not appear to be a viable treatment for preventing methamphetamine relapse, but translational literature suggests that other agonist medications or the combination of pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapies may be effective.
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Jones, Lashonda P. "Case menagers' perceptions of the association between methamphetamine and child neglect." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2008. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/20.
Full textAbstract:
This study describes case managers' perceptions of the association between methamphetamine and child neglect. The analysis indicates that out of 30 women, 100.0% agreed that the use of methamphetamine is associated with child neglect. Children are being neglected due to methamphetamine causing impairment in the parents' ability to appropriately care for their children. The study findings note a statistically significant relationship between the variables at the .05 level of probability.
39
Jauregui, Ana. "A study of methamphetamine and other illicit drug usage among youth." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527713.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to examine the demographic differences in methamphetamine usage among youth and how methamphetamine users engaged in the use of other illegal drugs including, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, ecstasy and also engage in risk taking behaviors. The study utilized secondary data from the National Institute of Health, Youth Behavioral Risk Survey (YRBS) of20011. Sample size consisted of 294 both male and female youth who are methamphetamine users. The findings revealed that drug use amongst youth continues to be on the rise. Findings noted that male meth users had the highest rates of cocaine, ecstasy and heroin use compared to female meth users. The highest rate among female meth users was seen in cocaine use. Findings also revealed that cocaine use was the highest among Hispanic/Latino meth users and ecstasy use was the highest among Non-Hispanic/Latino meth users. In addition findings revealed that a significant association was found in youth's drug use and their involvement in risk taking behaviors. Prior research and findings from this study help society have a more proactive approach when helping youth who suffer from the disease of addiction.
40
Lal, Ritu Anilkumar 1968. "Plasma protein binding and blood to plasma partitioning studies of methamphetamine." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277954.
Full textAbstract:
Methamphetamine is a sympathomimetic drug with CNS, cardiovascular and anorectic effects. We examined the Blood to Plasma (Blood/Plasma) partitioning and plasma protein binding (PB) of d-Methamphetamine (d-MAP), using whole rat blood. The mean Blood/Plasma ratio was around 1.2 and the fraction unbound (fᵤ) was 0.8. Further, we studied the influence of concentration, pH and the presence of 1-MAP on the Blood/Plasma ratio and PB of d-MAP. There was no significant change in the Blood/Plasma ratio and the PB values at different concentrations of d-MAP or in the presence of 1-MAP. There was a slight increase in the Blood/Plasma ratio and a slight but insignificant decrease in fᵤ with pH. The equilibrium binding constants (KA) of d-MAP with human serum albumin and α₁ -acid glycoprotein were also determined and they were found to be 213 and 2461 M⁻¹ respectively.
41
Freeman, Carla Patricia. "White matter correlates of neuropsychological function in young adult methamphetamine users." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22762.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Methamphetamine (MA) abuse is a global health concern due to widespread use and harmful effects, which includes neurotoxicity. This study aimed to describe neurocognitive deficits associated with MA dependence in young adults and to explore whether these deficits correlate with white matter (WM) microstructural abnormalities using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Methods: Twenty-one MA dependent individuals recently enrolled in an outpatient rehabilitation program and nineteen healthy controls participated in the study. Each participant completed a neuropsychological evaluation and underwent diffusion tensor imaging within one week of testing. Average whole-brain fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusion (MD) measures derived from DTI data were compared between groups. Group differences in performance within specific neurocognitive domains and in a composite global neurocognitive score (GNS) were tested using non-parametric univariate statistics and within a linear regression framework, adjusting for age and gender. Correlation analyses were conducted to test associations between the neuropsychological data and selected frontal white matter (WM) tracts, including the genu and body of the corpus callosum (CC); right and left cingulum bundle (CB); right and left uncinate fasciculus (UF); right and left anterior corona radiata (CR) and the right and left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). Results: No significant between-group differences were detected for performance in any of the neuropsychological domains assessed. No relationship between FA or MD and the GNS was demonstrated in the tracts of interest. After adjusting for age and gender, significant group differences in FA and MD were detected across several regions of interest (ROI), however, these did not survive corrections for multiple comparisons. Conclusion: Cognitive performance and white matter integrity did not differ between young MA dependent subjects and healthy controls. Whatever differences that were found in white matter did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. These findings may reflect one or more of several possibilities: that brain function and structure is relatively preserved in younger individuals; or that differences were too small to be detected in this sample. Further studies should explore the effects of aging, poly-substance abuse and HIV coinfection on neurocognitive functioning and structural brain integrity in methamphetamine users.
42
Burger, Antoinette. "Investigating the Influence of Methamphetamine on brain metabolism using 1H-MRS." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21000.
Full textAbstract:
Methamphetamine (MA) has been shown to have a detrimental relationship with on neuronal integrity and viability, and has been associated with decreased executive function. The association of acute and short-term MA abstinence on brain metabolism, in adult MA abusers, is understudied. Negative relationships with brain metabolism, cognitive development and executive functioning in prenatally MA exposed children are reported, however these studies are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between MA and brain metabolism in adults after acute and short-term abstinence. An additional aim was to investigate neurometabolite changes and relationship with general cognitive ability over time in prenatally MA exposed children.
43
Garvis, Pamela J. "Assessing methamphetamine withdrawal symptoms in the residential substance abuse treatment patient." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1605148101&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Vincent, Kathryn B. "The ecstasy and methamphetamine drug epidemics implications for prevention and control /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3269.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Chen, Mei-yin, and 陳美吟. "Development on Production of Antibodies against Methamphetamine and an Immunochromatographic Strip for Methamphetamine." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61964801770606585027.
Full textAbstract:
碩士嘉南藥理科技大學
生物科技系暨研究所
96
Abstract Methamphetamine ( Meth ) is a drug that was initially synthesized to treat central nervous system ( CNS ) disorders such as schizophrenia. This psychostimulant has now become a major drug of abuse worldwide. In high doses, methamphetamine causes hyperactivity, agitation, hyperthermia, hypertension, cardiotoxicity and psychotic disorder such as paranoia. The objective of this study was to produce polyclonal antibody against methamphetamine. The antibody will be used for the application in the development of a nano-particle colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip. In this study, firstly, the drug-proteins bioconjugates had been successfully produced. Meth-BSA bioconjugate was as the immunogen and Meth-sericin bioconjugate was as the antigen. Secondly, production and purification of polyclonal antibody against methamphetamine were made. The pAb concentration was 5.68 mg/mL. Finally, a self-assembled nano-gold immunochromatographic strip was established. The sample required was 80 μL. The concentration range for detection of Meth using this self-assembled immunochromatographic strip was 10 ～50 mg/mL and determination time was 15～30 min. The storage time could be up to 28 days at 4 ℃. The Meth immunochromatographic strip could be applied to test coffee, Coca-Cola, green tea, urine and mice serum. The advantages of the self-assembled immunochromatographic strip are high specificity, high sensitivity, no pretreatment, low sample requirement, easy operation, rapid determination, low price, no cross-reaction, long-term preservation and no machine needed etc.
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"Methamphetamine and Novel "Legal High" Methamphetamine Mimetics: Abuse liability, Toxicity, and Potential Pharmacobehavioral Treatments." Doctoral diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.27393.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: Globally, addiction to stimulants such as methamphetamine (METH) remains a significant public health problem. Despite decades of research, no approved anti-relapse medications for METH or any illicit stimulant exist, and current treatment approaches suffer from high relapse rates. Recently, synthetic cathinones have also emerged as popular abused stimulants, leading to numerous incidences of toxicity and death. However, contrary to traditional illicit stimulants, very little is known about their addiction potential. Given the high relapse rates and lack of approved medications for METH addiction, chapters 2 and 3 of this dissertation assessed three different glutamate receptor ligands as potential anti-relapse medications following METH intravenous self-administration (IVSA) in rats. In chapters 4 through 7, using both IVSA and intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedures, experiments assessed abuse liability of the popular synthetic cathinones 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) , methylone, α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP) and 4-methylethylcathinone (4-MEC). Results from these seminal studies suggest that these drugs possess similar abuse potential to traditional illicit stimulants such as METH, cocaine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Finally, studies outlined in chapter 8 assessed the potential neurotoxic or adverse cognitive effects of METH and MDPV following IVSA procedures for the purpose of identifying potential novel pharmacotherapeutic targets. However, results of these final studies did not reveal neurotoxic or adverse cognitive effects when using similar IVSA procedural parameters that were sufficient for establishing addiction potential, suggesting that these parameters do not allow for sufficient drug intake to produce similar neurotoxicity or cognitive deficits reported in humans. Thus, these models may be inadequate for fully modeling the adverse neural and psychological consequences of stimulant addiction. Together, these studies support the notion for continued research into the abuse liability and toxicity of METH and synthetic cathinones and suggest that refinements to traditional IVSA models are needed for both more effective assessment of potential cognitive and neural deficits induced by these drugs and screening of potentially clinically efficacious pharmacotherapeutics.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Psychology 2014
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Papageorgiou, Marco. "The Immunomodulatory Effects of Methamphetamine." Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/41838/.
Full textAbstract:
The psychostimulant, METH causes central nervous system damage, along with short and long-term changes to the innate and adaptive immune system. METH was investigated for its impact(s) across a range of physiological contexts. Specifically, crystal METH was investigated for its immune-modulatory effects, in cells of the innate immunity, as well as gene expression modifications in the mouse colon using open- source gene ontology programs. In this regard, changes in differential gene expression and subsequent enrichment in gene ontology groups allowed for a deeper understanding of how METH impacts ontological pathways. Metagenomics was also employed to track changes to colon bacteria upon an escalating dose, followed by a withdrawal period. Together, results indicated that METH causes changes to some genes involved in innate immunity, and minor shifts to abundant bacterial species in the colon. Moreover, gene ontology networks showed several significantly up- and down-differentially regulated genes across functional, molecular and biological processes according to open-source software. Overall, this work represents a significant milestone in the amalgamation of bioinformatics, next-generation sequencing technology and metagenomic diversity profiling. Lastly, this work can initiate further research into how chronic METH use, and withdrawal could help construct models on weaving the relationship between mental health outcomes in METH users.
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"Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in cultured astrocytes." 1999. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5889985.
Full textAbstract:
by Josephine Wing Sze Lau.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-112).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Acknowledgment --- p.iii
Abstract --- p.iv
List of Abbreviations --- p.viii
Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1.1 --- Methamphetamine (METH) --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Historical Background and Epidemiology --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Physical Effects of METH --- p.4
Chapter 1.1.3 --- Neurochemical Alternation of METH --- p.6
Chapter 1.2 --- Mechanisms of METH Toxicity
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Oxidative Stress --- p.8
Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Superoxide (O2-) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) --- p.10
Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- "Hydrogen Peroxide (H202), Catalase and Glutathione (GSH)" --- p.11
Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Hydroxyl Radical (OH.) --- p.12
Chapter 1.2.1.4 --- Nitric Oxide (NO) --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Apoptosis --- p.16
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Excitotoxicity --- p.17
Chapter 1.2.4 --- Mitochondrial Dysfunction --- p.18
Chapter 1.2.5 --- Hyperthermia --- p.21
Chapter 1.2.5.1 --- Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) --- p.23
Chapter 1.2.5.2 --- Heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) --- p.25
Chapter 1.2.5.3 --- The Effects of Nitric Oxide (NO) on COX-2 and HO-1 Expressions --- p.27
Chapter 1.3 --- Astrocytes
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Characteristics of Astrocytes --- p.29
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Astrocyte Functions --- p.30
Chapter 1.3.3 --- The Role of Astrocytes in METH-induced Neurotoxicity --- p.34
Chapter 1.4 --- Aim of Project --- p.37
Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chapter 2.1 --- Cell Cultures
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Astrocyte Cultures --- p.42
Chapter 2.1.2 --- CATH.a Cell line and Astrocytes Co-cultures --- p.43
Chapter 2.2 --- Treatment
Chapter 2.2.1 --- METH Treatment --- p.44
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) --- p.44
Chapter 2.3 --- Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Assay --- p.45
Chapter 2.4 --- Assay for Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Formation --- p.47
Chapter 2.5 --- Assay for Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Content --- p.48
Chapter 2.6 --- Determination of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (Δ Ψm) --- p.50
Chapter 2.7 --- Determination of Nitrite Levels in Cultured Astrocytes --- p.51
Chapter 2.8 --- Western Blot Analysis --- p.52
Chapter 2.8.1 --- COX-2 --- p.53
Chapter 2.8.2 --- HO-1 --- p.53
Chapter 2.9 --- Viability Assay of CATH.a-Astrocyte Cocultures --- p.54
Chapter 2.10 --- Statistics --- p.55
Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- RESULTS
Chapter 3.1 --- The Effects of METH Treatment on Cultured Astrocytes
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activities --- p.56
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Morphological Changes --- p.56
Chapter 3.1.3 --- The Production of Reactive Oxygen Species
Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Rate of change (0-120 min) --- p.57
Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Time course (0 - 48 h) --- p.57
Chapter 3.1.4 --- Change in ATP Content --- p.58
Chapter 3.1.5 --- Change in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (Δ Ψm) --- p.59
Chapter 3.1.6 --- Nitrite levels after METH treatment
Chapter a) --- Striatal astrocytes --- p.59
Chapter b) --- Mesencephalic astrocytes --- p.60
Chapter c) --- Cortical astrocytes --- p.60
Chapter 3.1.7 --- The Effects of Aminoguanidine (AG) on Nitrite Levels
Chapter a) --- Striatal astrocytes --- p.61
Chapter b) --- Mesencephalic astrocytes --- p.62
Chapter c) --- Cortical astrocytes --- p.62
Chapter 3.1.8 --- The Effects of Indomethacin (INDO) on Nitrite Levels
Chapter a) --- Striatal astrocytes --- p.63
Chapter b) --- Mesencephalic astrocytes --- p.64
Chapter c) --- Cortical astrocytes --- p.64
Chapter 3.1.9 --- Change in Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Protein Levels
Chapter a) --- Striatal astrocytes --- p.65
Chapter b) --- Mesencephalic astrocytes --- p.65
Chapter c) --- Cortical astrocytes --- p.66
Chapter 3.1.10 --- Change in Heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) Protein Levels
Chapter a) --- Striatal astrocytes --- p.66
Chapter b) --- Mesencephalic astrocytes --- p.66
Chapter c) --- Cortical astrocytes --- p.67
Chapter 3.2 --- Cell Viability on CATH.a-Astrocyte Cocultures After METH Treatment --- p.67
Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION --- p.69
REFERENCES --- p.84
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Chiang, Chih-yuan, and 江致遠. "Anatomical Substrates of the Methamphetamine Memory." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39030262073261658667.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
行為醫學研究所
96
Immunohistochemical Fos staining has proved to be a method to identify the loci of activated neurons specific to a stimulus. Although the methamphetamine (MA)-conditioned place preference (CPP) is a long-term memory, how and where the MA-CPP memory was stored and retrieved remained unknown. In this study, a conditioning procedure comprising of vehicle (saline) injection and previously-conditioned environment presentation, not performance test, was used as a way to reactivate the MA-CPP memory. Activated neurons in the limbic system following this MA-CPP memory reactivation were examined by employing immunohistochemical Fos staining. We demonstrated that the current conditioning procedure produced reliable MA-CPP memory and performance. Moreover, enhanced Fos expressions were obviously found in medial prefrontal cortex and the core of nucleus accumbens while the MA-CPP memory was reactivated. Different from many findings, familiarity with environmental cues/context in a novel surrounding (the CPP chamber) was found to significantly enhance neuronal activity in dorsal part of the striatum and the dentate gyrus. Nucleus accumbens shell, basolateral or lateral amygdala, in this regard, did not seem to be involved in the MA-CPP memory storage or retrieval. These results, taken together, suggest that medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens core are anatomical substrates responsible for storage and reactivation of the MA-conditioned cues/context-associated memory in the limbic system.
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"Methamphetamine: Examining Arizona's Drug Endangered Children." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.8951.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: Children removed from methamphetamine laboratories are a severely understudied population despite the widespread deprivation parental methamphetamine abuse has on children, particularly in homes where methamphetamine is produced. Arizona's children are uniquely affected by the use and manufacturing of methamphetamine due to the geographic location and landscape of the state. A sample of 144 children removed from their homes during the seizure of methamphetamine laboratories, as part of the Arizona Drug Endangered Children program between 1999 and 2003, was investigated. Results indicate that younger children were more likely to be reported by Child Protective Services as high or moderate risk of further abuse, test positive for methamphetamine, and have maternal alleged perpetrators of abuse. Older children were more likely to be reported as low risk for further abuse, test negative for methamphetamine, and have paternal alleged perpetrators of abuse. Results also show that children initially placed in foster care were more likely to remain in foster care at the final assessment than to be living with a parent or kin. These findings have implications for individuals working with children removed from methamphetamine laboratories, including Child Protective Services case workers, medical personnel, temporary and permanent child caregivers (i.e., foster care, kin care, adoptive parents, and shelters), and community members (i.e., teachers). Recommendations based on study findings are offered to child and family advocates and interventionists.Dissertation/Thesis
M.S. Family and Human Development 2011