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Journal articles on the topic 'Methadone maintenance'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Dole, Vincent P. "Methadone Maintenance:." Journal of Addictive Diseases 13, no. 1 (March 18, 1994): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j069v13n01_01.

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2

Blaney, Timothy, and Robert J. Craig. "Methadone Maintenance." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 16, no. 3 (April 1999): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0740-5472(98)00031-2.

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3

Newman, Robert G. "Methadone Maintenance." Journal of Addiction Medicine 8, no. 4 (2014): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/adm.0000000000000046.

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4

Macaro, Antonia. "Methadone maintenance." Clinical Psychology Forum 1, no. 77 (March 1995): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpf.1995.1.77.10.

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5

Glass, Richard M. "Methadone Maintenance." JAMA 269, no. 15 (April 21, 1993): 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03500150107038.

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6

Kell, Michael Jon. "Methadone Maintenance." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 19 (November 18, 1988): 2835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410190083022.

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7

Kell, M. J. "Methadone maintenance." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 19 (November 18, 1988): 2835–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.260.19.2835.

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8

Senay, Edward C. "Methadone Maintenance Treatment." International Journal of the Addictions 20, no. 6-7 (January 1985): 803–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826088509047754.

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9

Powell, Keith. "Methadone maintenance therapy." Medical Journal of Australia 152, no. 2 (January 1990): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb124496.x.

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10

Newman, Robert G. "Methadone maintenance therapy." Medical Journal of Australia 152, no. 2 (January 1990): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb124497.x.

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11

Foy, Aidan, Allan White, and Vince Drinkwater. "Methadone maintenance therapy." Medical Journal of Australia 152, no. 2 (January 1990): 106–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb124498.x.

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12

Nichols, James J. "Methadone maintenance therapy." Medical Journal of Australia 152, no. 7 (April 1990): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb125249.x.

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13

White, Allan, Aidan Foy, and Vince Drinkwater. "Methadone maintenance therapy." Medical Journal of Australia 152, no. 7 (April 1990): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb125250.x.

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14

Mattick, R., W. Hall, J. Ward, M. Farrell, M. Gossop, J. Strang, and G. Stimson. "Methadone maintenance treatment." BMJ 310, no. 6991 (May 27, 1995): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6991.1408.

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15

DeMaria, Peter A., and Stephen P. Weinstein. "Methadone maintenance treatment." Postgraduate Medicine 97, no. 3 (March 1995): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1995.11945971.

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16

Trujols, Joan, Núria Siñol, and José Pérez de los Cobos. "Methadone Maintenance Treatment." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 30, no. 1 (February 2010): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181c8b439.

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17

Sutlovic, Davorka, Zeljko Kljucevic, Livia Sliskovic, Helena Susnjar, Ivo Viskovic, and Marija Definis-Gojanovic. "Methadone Maintenance Treatment." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 40, no. 4 (August 2018): 486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ftd.0000000000000519.

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18

Caplehorn, J. "Methadone maintenance treatment." BMJ 310, no. 6977 (February 18, 1995): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6977.463.

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19

Kernan, Kathy, and Mike Scully. "Methadone maintenance programmes." Psychiatric Bulletin 30, no. 6 (June 2006): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.30.6.234-b.

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20

Novick, David M. "Methadone Maintenance-Reply." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 19 (November 18, 1988): 2836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410190083023.

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21

Hagman, George. "Methadone maintenance counseling." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 11, no. 5 (September 1994): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0740-5472(94)90093-0.

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22

Lua, Pei Lin, Nor Samira Talib, and Zabidah Ismail. "Methadone Maintenance Treatment Versus Methadone Maintenance Treatment Plus Auricular Acupuncture." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 26, no. 6 (June 13, 2013): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190013489574.

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This study intended to (1) describe the baseline patient satisfaction level and preferred coping strategies and (2) assess patient satisfaction and coping mechanisms pre- and postintervention. Patients on methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in Terengganu, Malaysia, were randomized into either MMT or MMT plus auricular acupuncture (MMT + AA) groups. All received the standard MMT, while participants on MMT + AA underwent concurrent AA session thrice weekly for 2 months (each session = 30 minutes). Data analysis was carried out using SPSS 16.0, employing descriptive and nonparametric statistics. Participations were received from 97 eligible male patients (median age = 36.0 years; Malay = 97.9%). After screening for dropouts, only 69 patients were considered for subsequent analysis (MMT = 40; MMT + AA = 29). At preintervention, both groups did not differ significantly in the parameters investigated. During postintervention, no significant difference was detected for satisfaction level but coping-wise, substance use was significantly and frequently adopted by MMT + AA patients compared to MMT respondents ( P < .05). On separate analysis, those who received MMT alone adopted active coping, venting, and self-blame significantly more frequently postintervention ( P < .05). Nevertheless, no significant difference for coping styles of MMT + AA patients was exhibited over time ( P >.05). The addition of AA therapy into the standard MMT treatment did not seem to influence patient satisfaction and their coping ways.
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23

Wolff, K. "Plasma methadone monitoring with methadone maintenance treatment." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 36, no. 1 (August 1994): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(94)90012-4.

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24

Maddux, James F., and David P. Desmond. "Outcomes of Methadone Maintenance 1 Year after Admission." Journal of Drug Issues 27, no. 2 (April 1997): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269702700204.

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The authors followed a cohort of 610 opioid users for 1 year after admission to methadone maintenance. At the end of the year, 52% were on methadone and 48% were off methadone. Among subjects on methadone, days of intravenous drug use, crime, and needle-sharing decreased markedly from the month preceding admission to the month preceding the first anniversary of admission. Among subjects off methadone, days of these activities also decreased, but the decreases appeared in large part to be an effect of increased days of incarceration. Among those on methadone, days of productive activity increased markedly. Subjects with more years of intravenous drug use were more likely to be on methadone at the end of the year, and subjects under compulsory supervision were less likely to be on methadone. The findings confirm previous reports of decreased illicit opioid use, decreased crime, and decreased needle risk for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus among opioid users who remain on methadone.
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25

Murray, John B. "Effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance for Heroin Addiction." Psychological Reports 83, no. 1 (August 1998): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.1.295.

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Methadone maintenance programs have effectively reduced heroin dependency and are available in most countries affected by heroin addiction. Methadone, developed in Germany during World War II as a pain killer, does not have the euphoric effects of heroin and the goal of treatment is to substitute methadone for heroin use. Recidivism is probably a life-long risk. Methadone maintenance programs began in the 1960s in the United States in New York City. Once tolerance is developed, it may be used continually without harmful side effects. Dosage is important for effectiveness as are counseling, rehabilitation services, and employment support. Reduction in criminality and AIDS has been associated with methadone maintenance programs.
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26

Newman, Robert G., James F. Maddux, and David P. Desmond. "Methadone Maintenance and Recovery." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 19, no. 1 (January 1993): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00952999309002672.

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27

Westermeyer, Joseph, Gihyun Yoon, Paul Thuras, Tegan Batres-y-Carr, and Patricia Dickmann. "Pharmacotherapy in Methadone Maintenance." Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment 15, no. 4 (December 2016): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/adt.0000000000000093.

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28

Roberts, James R. "Methadone Maintenance: The Basics." Emergency Medicine News 31, no. 2 (February 2009): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.eem.0000345622.44884.91.

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29

Roberts, James R. "Deaths during Methadone Maintenance." Emergency Medicine News 31, no. 5 (May 2009): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.eem.0000351378.22473.93.

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30

Strang, J., and M. Farrell. "Maintenance treatment with methadone." BMJ 305, no. 6846 (July 18, 1992): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6846.182-b.

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31

Caplehorn, John R. M., and Robert G. Batey. "Methadone Maintenance in Australia." Journal of Drug Issues 22, no. 3 (July 1992): 661–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269202200314.

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The history of methadone treatment in Australia has been and continues to be marked by conflict between two competing aims: harm minimisation and abstinence. The two approaches tend to be associated with high dose-long term and low dose-short term treatment, respectively. Most programmes fail to provide adequate ancillary services, often to the detriment of patient outcome. Despite chronic under-funding, a relative lack of staff training and, in some states, the absence of a system of clinical accountability, Australian methadone services have grown significantly in the last decade. Factors influencing the growth of programmes have been described using the New South Wales programme as the example as it represents the largest and most complex programme in the country. Current problems and the impact of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus on policy development are highlighted.
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32

NEWMAN, ROBERT G. "Fear of Methadone Maintenance." American Journal of Psychiatry 144, no. 3 (March 1987): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.144.3.394.

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33

Rosenbaum, Marsha. "Staying Off Methadone Maintenance." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 23, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1991.10471586.

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34

MILBY, JESSE B. "Methadone Maintenance to Abstinence." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 176, no. 7 (July 1988): 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198807000-00003.

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35

Chitasombat, Panupong, Mark L. Willenbring, Thomas Maddux, and Nina Severeide. "Reliability of Methadone Plasma Levels in Methadone Maintenance." American Journal on Addictions 4, no. 4 (October 1995): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.1995.tb00274.x.

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36

Elkader, Alexander K., Bruna Brands, Peter Selby, and Beth A. Sproule. "Methadone-Nicotine Interactions in Methadone Maintenance Treatment Patients." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 29, no. 3 (June 2009): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181a39113.

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37

Maremmani, Icro, Orietta Zolesi, Tommasa Agueci, and Paolo Castrogiovanni. "Methadone Doses and Psychopathological Symptoms During Methadone Maintenance." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 25, no. 3 (July 1993): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1993.10472277.

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38

Chitasombat, Panupong, Mark L. Willenbring, Thomas Maddux, and Nina Severeide. "Reliability of Methadone Plasma Levels in Methadone Maintenance." American Journal on Addictions 4, no. 4 (January 1995): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10550499508997452.

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39

Torrens, M., C. Castillo, L. San, E. del Moral, and R. de la Torre. "Methadone plasma levels in a methadone maintenance treatment." European Neuropsychopharmacology 6 (June 1996): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-977x(96)87856-4.

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40

Khosravi, Mohsen, and Rashya Kasaeiyan. "Reasons for Increasing Daily Methadone Maintenance Dosage among Deceptive Patients: A Qualitative Study." Journal of Medicine and Life 13, no. 4 (October 2020): 572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25122/jml-2020-0038.

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Methadone maintenance treatment might be commonly associated with lying for several causes or manipulating psychiatrists and therapists by a number of patients. Deceptive patients tend to manipulate their psychiatrists for multiple causes. This study aims to improve clinicians’ therapeutic decision-making by identifying the reasons for increasing daily methadone maintenance dosage among deceptive patients. One hundred ninety-six patients undergoing the Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) with no statistically significant difference between the overall Addiction Severity Index (ASI) scores at different doses of methadone (< 60 mg/d and ≥ 60 mg/d) and Ahvaz Reality Distortion Inventory (ARDI) scores > 30, were examined in the current qualitative study with multiple semi-structural interviews about the reasons for increasing daily methadone maintenance dosage. The investigation results revealed that the most common reasons for increasing daily methadone maintenance dosage among deceptive patients were opium craving, patient willingness to feel euphoria, fear of the withdrawal signs, earn money through the sale of surplus methadone, improve the symptoms of physical and psychiatric comorbidity, forgetting painful memories, curiosity, the influence of others, sexual issues, feeling of well-being, and appearance changes. Given these reasons, any increase in daily methadone maintenance dosage is not necessarily accompanied by improvement in the clinical condition of patients. However, clinicians can make the most appropriate therapeutic decision by putting the psychological assessments and clinical interviews into play.
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41

Magura, Stephen, Andrew Rosenblum, Carla Lewis, and Herman Joseph. "The Effectiveness of In-Jail Methadone Maintenance." Journal of Drug Issues 23, no. 1 (January 1993): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269302300106.

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Process and outcome evaluation results are reported for a unique in-jail methadone maintenance program in New York City with three thousand admissions annually. The main study examined inmates who were not enrolled in methadone at arrest. Eighty percent were drug injectors (usually both heroin and cocaine) who admitted committing an average of 117 property crimes and nineteen violent crimes in the six months before jail. Methadone program participants' post-release outcomes were compared with outcomes for similar addicts who received seven-day heroin detoxification in jail. Multivariate analyses indicated that program participants were more likely than controls to apply for methadone or other drug abuse treatment after release and to be in treatment at a 6.5-month follow-up. Moreover, being in treatment at follow-up was associated with lower drug use and crime, but rates of retention in community treatment after release were modest. KEEP participants have more chronic and severe social and personal deficits than other addicts applying for treatment. The in-jail program was most effective in maintaining post-release continuity of methadone treatment for inmates already enrolled in methadone at arrest. The process evaluation yielded several recommendations to help overcome client-centered, administrative, and systemic obstacles to improved outcomes for this difficult-to-treat population of criminally-involved addicts.
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42

Tjagvad, Christian, Svetlana Skurtveit, Kristian Linnet, Ljubica Vukelic Andersen, Dorte J. Christoffersen, and Thomas Clausen. "Methadone-Related Overdose Deaths in a Liberal Opioid Maintenance Treatment Programme." European Addiction Research 22, no. 5 (2016): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000446429.

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Background/Aims: Increasing rates of overdose deaths involving opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) medications and particularly methadone have been observed concurrently with the implementation of liberal OMT strategies (i.e. minimum of control and high doses prescribed). This study examined methadone-related overdose deaths in a liberal OMT programme. Methods: Drug-overdose deaths (n = 130) with detection of methadone in Copenhagen, Aarhus, and Odense Municipality, Denmark, during the period 2008-2011 were identified from a registry. Cases with and without prescribed methadone as OMT were compared. Treatment delivery strategy among OMT-prescribed methadone cases was investigated. Results: Methadone was detected in 130 overdose deaths (71.4% of all overdose deaths). Among these, 63.1% were receiving methadone maintenance treatment. Of these, 79.3% had co-detection of benzodiazepines. Concomitant detection of heroin, non-prescribed benzodiazepines, and younger age were associated with having non-prescribed methadone in the toxicological findings (adjusted OR 3.1, 4.0 and 9.5, respectively). Of the decedents, 43.8% were prescribed a higher methadone dose than recommended (>120 mg daily), of which 80.0% did not have supervised intake of methadone. Conclusions: Liberal OMT access does not necessarily prevent overdose deaths overall. Prescription of higher doses of methadone combined with benzodiazepines may result in an increased risk of overdose for individuals in as well as outside OMT.
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43

Musnelina, Lili, Jenny Pontoan, and Bagus Atmana Prasetya. "Relationship between Dose and Retention of Methadon Maintenance Therapy to Drug Dependence Patients in Primary Health Care." JURNAL MANAJEMEN DAN PELAYANAN FARMASI (Journal of Management and Pharmacy Practice) 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmpf.57922.

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Methadon maintenance therapy is one of the substitution therapies needed as an approach to harm reduction or the reduction of the adverse effects of drug abuse. This study aims to fix the infinitive relationship doses with retention of drug dependence patients on methadon maintenance therapies program (PTRM) in Kramat Jati Primary Health Care in 2009-2018. A cross-sectional study is conducted using secondary data from medical records subsequently significance analysis. This research involves 136 patients who were included in the inclusion criteria. Results shown mean initial doses received is 27,65 mg (10-40 mg), after 2 weeks of therapy mean doses received are 51,6 mg (range 22,5 – 85 mg). Average lowest and highest maintenance dose which received is 30,9 mg (range 0,25-115 mg) dan 84,39 mg (range 7,77-126,92 mg). This research shows the retention value 1 year or more reaches 64,71%. Maintenance doses 2 weeks (P=0,005), lowest maintenance doses (P=0,000), average maintenance doses (P=0,004), and history misses doses (P=0,000) have significance with retention. The conclusion that the more optimal maintenance doses received, even more in methadone maintenance therapies. Otherwise, lower missed doses frequency better to patients retention in methadon maintenance therapies.
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44

Rooney, Siobhan, Aideen Freyne, Gabrielle Kelly, and John O'Connor. "Differences in the quality of life of two groups of drug users." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 19, no. 2 (June 2002): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700006960.

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AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to compare aspects of the quality of life of drug users on a methadone maintenance programme to drug users on a harm minimisation programme.Method: Thirty-six clients attending the harm minimisation programme in the National Drug Treatment Centre, Dublin, were matched for age and sex to 36 clients on the methadone maintenance programme. All were interviewed with the SF-36 Health Survey Questionnaire to measure health related quality of life and with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADs) to measure psychological morbidity.Results: More clients from the harm minimisation programme had previous psychiatric problems than clients on the methadone maintenance programme, with an odds ratio of 4.3 CI(1.2,15.2). On the HADs, clients on the methadone maintenance programme had significantly lower depression scores than clients on the harm minimisation programme. In addition more clients on the harm minimisation programme were severely depressed than clients on the methadone maintenance programme. On the UK SF-36 Scale, clients on the harm minimisation programme perceived a significantly greater deterioration in ‘change in health’ over the previous year than clients on the methadone maintenance programme.Conclusions: Although clients on a methadone maintenance programme had an improved perception of their quality of life in relation to psychological and overall health function from the previous year, compared to clients on a harm minimisation programme, there still existed varying degrees of psychopathology in both groups which need to be considered when providing future services for drug users.
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45

Tommasello, Anthony C. "Methadone Maintenance in the Treatment of Narcotics Addiction." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 4, no. 6 (December 1991): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009100400604.

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Despite numerous studies documenting its success, methadone maintenance is an often misunderstood and frequently maligned treatment approach for heroin addiction. By taking 40 to 60 mg of methadone orally every day, heroin addicts are able to achieve a degree of stability in their lives allowing them to pursue productive goals while decreasing risky behaviors such as needle sharing and street drug use. Strict admission criteria for methadone maintenance are spelled out in Food and Drug Administration regulations, and those ineligible for methadone maintenance must avail themselves of other forms of treatment. The emergence of Narcotics Anonymous is an encouraging development for heroin addicts who achieve abstinence through a variety of new pharmacotherapeutic options.
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46

Shidlansik, Lia, Miriam Adelson, and Einat Peles. "Knowledge and stigma regarding methadone maintenance treatment among personnel of methadone maintenance treatment and non-methadone maintenance treatment addiction facilities in Israel." Journal of Addictive Diseases 36, no. 1 (September 16, 2016): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2016.1235404.

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47

Joseph, Renju, and Hamdy F. Foselpy. "National survey of methadone prescribing for maintenance treatment: ‘opiophobia’ among substance misuse services?" Psychiatric Bulletin 29, no. 12 (December 2005): 459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.29.12.459.

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Aims and MethodThe aims of this study were to describe the characteristics of substance misuse services prescribing methadone for maintenance treatment of opioid dependence and to determine the average daily doses of methadone prescribed across England. A postal questionnaire survey of all substance misuse treatment centres in England was carried out.ResultsA total of 298 treatment centres were identified and contacted, 212 of which responded to the survey (response rate of 71%). Of these, 157 were prescribing methadone for maintenance treatment; the majority (71%) were community-based and 125 centres had doctors attached. The most common formulation of methadone prescription was oral methadone mixture (152 centres, 97%). The mean daily dose of methadone prescribed was 47 mg. Surprisingly, 37 (24%) of the respondents felt that methadone maintenance treatment should be time-limited and 21 teams (13%) stated that patients should receive only drug substitution and no psychosocial interventions.Clinical ImplicationsThere is currently a move among substance misuse services towards community-based treatment. In our survey, the mean daily dose of methadone prescribed was less than the dosage recommended by the Department of Health. This suggests that specialist addiction services are continuing to underprescribe heroin substitutes. The inadequate understanding of some of the respondents of the basic principles of methadone maintenance treatment also raises concerns, and highlights the need for further training and education.
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48

MacManus, Edward, and Clare Fitzpatrick. "Alcohol dependence and mood state in a population receiving methadone maintenance treatment." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 24, no. 1 (March 2007): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700010107.

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AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of alcohol dependence and anxiety and depressive disorder symptomatology among heroin users in drug treatment.Method: Fifty-five clients on methadone maintenance treatment programmes in Dublin were interviewed.Results: Prevalence rates were found to be 56% [n = 31] for alcohol dependence, 56% [n = 31] for anxiety disorder symptomatology, and 42% [n = 23] for depressive disorder symptomatology. This finding of comorbid alcohol dependence and psychopathology among methadone maintenance treatment clients suggests that both clients' health and methadone maintenance treatment participation and completion rates may be compromised.Conclusions: Alcohol dependence and psychopathology among methadone maintenance treatment clients should be considered when providing effectively targeted services to the drug using population.
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49

Dunn, John. "A survey of methadone prescribing at an inner-city drug service and a comparison with national data." Psychiatric Bulletin 27, no. 5 (May 2003): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s095560360000204x.

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Aims and MethodSurveys suggest that UK drug services under-prescribe methadone to opiate-dependent patients. This study investigated methadone prescribing for 169 patients on long-term methadone at a specialist drug service.ResultsThe mean methadone dose for patients on maintenance was 65.8 mg, and 67.7% were taking 50 mg or more. Mean doses in relation to methadone formulation varied substantially: mixture 57.4 mg, tablets 81.8 mg and ampoules 113.0 mg. These figures are higher than those reported from national surveys. The proportion of urine screens positive for illicit opiates was inversely related both to methadone dose and length of time in treatment.Clinical ImplicationsThis survey shows the levels of methadone prescribing at an inner-city drug service and gives support to the effectiveness of high-dose methadone maintenance.
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50

Hsu, Wen-Yu, Nan-Ying Chiu, Jui-Ting Liu, Chieh-Hui Wang, Ting-Gang Chang, Yi-Cheng Liao, and Pei-I. Kuo. "Sleep quality in heroin addicts under methadone maintenance treatment." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 24, no. 6 (December 2012): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00628.x.

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Hsu W-Y, Chiu N-Y, Liu J-T, Wang C-H, Chang T-G, Liao Y-C, Kuo P-I. Sleep quality in heroin addicts under methadone maintenance treatment.Background: Sleep disturbance is a common phenomenon among opiate addicts. The side effects of opiate addiction or opiate withdrawal might result in sleep disturbance. However, their problems might be related to sedative medication abuse, alcohol abuse or heroin relapse. Sleep is an important issue in this population.Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of sleep disorders in heroin addicts receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and analyse the correlation between related factors, such as age at opiate exposure, opiate exposure duration, duration in MMT, methadone current dosage, methadone attendance rate and the severity of sleep disorders.Method: We enrolled 121 heroin addicts who were receiving MMT. We collected data on the duration of insomnia, hypnotic history, Visual Analogue Scale-10 of sleep quality, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), methadone dosage, methadone history and opiate history.Results: The mean of the PSQI was 9.1 ± 5.4, and 70.2% of patients had PSQI scores >5, indicating they were poor sleepers. We also found the PSQI scores were correlated significantly with the methadone dosage.Conclusions: The sleep disturbance prevalence rate of opiate addicts under MMT was high in Taiwan, as shown in the previous studies, and the severity of sleep disturbance has been underestimated.
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