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Olivier, Chomette, Raymond Armante, Cyril Crevoisier, Thibault Delahaye, Dimitri Edouart, Fabien Gibert, Frédéric Nahan, and Yoann Tellier. "CH4 IPDA Lidar mission data simulator and processor for MERLIN: prototype development at LMD/CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique." EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817602016.
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The MEthane Remote sensing Lidar missioN (MERLIN), currently in phase C, is a joint cooperation between France and Germany on the development of a spatial Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) LIDAR (LIght Detecting And Ranging) to conduct global observations of atmospheric methane. This presentation will focus on the status of a LIDAR mission data simulator and processor developed at LMD (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique), Ecole Polytechnique, France, for MERLIN to assess the performances in realistic observational situations.
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Joussaume, Sylvie. "Simulation of Airborne Impurity Cycles Using Atmospheric General Circulation Models." Annals of Glaciology 7 (1985): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500006042.
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Atmospheric general circulation models are believed to be appropriate tools for studying airborne impurity cycles in order to supplement observations and to improve our knowledge of gaseous and particulate pollutant cycles in the atmosphere. The main aspects of the modelling of tracer cycles are reviewed and illustrated by two particular examples: desert dust particles in the 1 μm range and water isotope species HDO and H218O. Some results from a first simulation including desert dust and water isotope cycles using the model developed at the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) are presented and compared to observations, with particular emphasis on ice-sheet data. The relatively good agreement with observations obtained so far is encouraging and should stimulate further applications to other types of tracers.
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Joussaume, Sylvie. "Simulation of Airborne Impurity Cycles Using Atmospheric General Circulation Models." Annals of Glaciology 7 (1985): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500006042.
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Atmospheric general circulation models are believed to be appropriate tools for studying airborne impurity cycles in order to supplement observations and to improve our knowledge of gaseous and particulate pollutant cycles in the atmosphere. The main aspects of the modelling of tracer cycles are reviewed and illustrated by two particular examples: desert dust particles in the 1 μm range and water isotope species HDO and H2 18O. Some results from a first simulation including desert dust and water isotope cycles using the model developed at the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) are presented and compared to observations, with particular emphasis on ice-sheet data. The relatively good agreement with observations obtained so far is encouraging and should stimulate further applications to other types of tracers.
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Diatta, Samo, Frédéric Hourdin, Amadou Thierno Gaye, and Nicolas Viltard. "Comparison of Rainfall Profiles in the West African Monsoon as Depicted by TRMM PR and the LMDZ Climate Model." Monthly Weather Review 138, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 1767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3092.1.
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Abstract Vertical rainfall profiles obtained with TRMM-PR 2A25 standard products are compared with rain profiles deduced from the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique second generation global climate model (LMDZ, the Z stands for zoom capability) with two parameterization schemes: Emanuel’s and Tiedke’s. This paper focuses on the low layers of the atmosphere over West Africa during the monsoon [June–September (JJAS)]. The precipitation decrease above 4 km is systematically not represented in rainfall profiles generated by Emanuel’s parameterization scheme. However, Emanuel’s scheme shows a decrease similar to the observation from 4 km down to the surface, especially in the Sahel (proper depth of the layer dominated by reevaporation). As for Tiedtke’s scheme, it best describes the downward increase in the upper levels of the atmosphere, whereas the downward decrease in the lower levels begins too low when compared to the observations. Tiedtke’s parameterization shows an overestimation of liquid water production over the ocean and over the Guinean region and a slightly too strong reevaporation in the Sahara and Sahel. The zonal distribution of vertical rain profiles is then biased with this model scheme compared to the 2A25-PR product. On the other hand, although Emanuel’s scheme detects too much reevaporation over the Sahara and underestimates liquid water production over the ocean compared to PR observation, it shows a good meridional distribution of these parameters. This is especially true in the Sahel where Emanuel’s scheme gives the best representation of reevaporation.
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Ramstein, G., F. Fluteau, and V. Masson. "Existence of an ice cap during the mid-Cretaceous period (120–90 Ma): an AGCM investigation." Annals of Glaciology 25 (1997): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500014038.
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Many questions remain concerning whether or not an ice cap existed during the mid-Cretaceous period (120–90 Ma). Other than data and observations from ice-rafted materials, atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) may be appropriate tools to investigate whether changes in atmospheric composition, land-sea distribution, or oceanic circulation (used as boundary conditions to constrain the model), provide the climatic conditions that enable ice caps to be formed.This study uses an AGCM developed by the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) to perform a set of numerical sensitivity experiments to investigate plate tectonics (land–sea distribution and orography), CO2 partial pressure in the atmosphere and changes in prescribed sea-surface temperatures. The main goals are to quantify the effect of each forcing factor on the increase of Northern Hemisphere high-latitude temperatures, and to investigate whether combining these factors produce temperatures that would allow the ice-sheet formation.
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Ramstein, G., F. Fluteau, and V. Masson. "Existence of an ice cap during the mid-cretaceous period (120–90 Ma): an AGCM investigation." Annals of Glaciology 25 (1997): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500014038.
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Many questions remain concerning whether or not an ice cap existed during the mid-Cretaceous period (120–90 Ma). Other than data and observations from ice-rafted materials, atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) may be appropriate tools to investigate whether changes in atmospheric composition, land-sea distribution, or oceanic circulation (used as boundary conditions to constrain the model), provide the climatic conditions that enable ice caps to be formed. This study uses an AGCM developed by the Laboratoire Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) to perform a set of numerical sensitivity experiments to investigate plate tectonics (land-sea distribution and orography), CO2 partial pressure in the atmosphere and changes in prescribed sea-surface temperatures. The main goals are to quantify the effect of each forcing factor on the increase of Northern Hemisphere high-latitude temperatures, and to investigate whether combining these factors produce temperatures that would allow the ice-sheet formation.
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Verma, S., O. Boucher, M. S. Reddy, S. K. Deb, H. C. Upadhyaya, P. Le Van, F. S. Binkowski, and O. P. Sharma. "Tropospheric distribution of sulphate aerosol mass and number concentration during INDOEX-IFP and its transport over the Indian Ocean: a GCM study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2005): 395–436. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-395-2005.
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Abstract. An interactive sulphate aerosol chemistry module has been incorporated in the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique General Circulation Model (LMD-GCM) to simulate the sulphur chemistry during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) Intensive Field Phase-1999 (INDOEX-IFP). The originality of this module is its ability to predict particle mass and number concentration for the Aitken and accumulation modes. The model qualitatively reproduces the spatial patterns of observations on sulphate aerosol during INDOEX. On the basis of size distribution retrieved from the observations made along the cruise route during 1998 and 1999, the model successfully simulates the order of magnitude and the general north-south gradient in aerosol number concentration. The result shows the southward migration of minimum concentrations, which follows ITCZ (Inter Tropical Convergence Zone) migration. Sulphate surface concentration during INDOEX-IFP at Kaashidhoo (73.46° E, 4.96° N) gives an agreement within a factor of 2 to 3. Predicted sulphate aerosol optical depth (AOD) matches reasonably with measured values, indicating the capability of this model to predict the vertically integrated column sulphate burden. The Indian contribution to estimated sulphate burden over India is more than 60% with values upto 40% over the Arabian Sea.
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Coindreau, O., F. Hourdin, M. Haeffelin, A. Mathieu, and C. Rio. "Assessment of Physical Parameterizations Using a Global Climate Model with Stretchable Grid and Nudging." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 1474–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3338.1.
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Abstract The Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique atmospheric general circulation model with zooming capability (LMDZ) has been used in a nudged mode to enable comparison of model outputs with routine observations and evaluate the model physical parameterizations. Simulations have been conducted with a stretched grid refined over the vicinity of Paris, France, where observations, collected at the Trappes station (Météo-France) and at the Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique observatory, are available. For the purpose of evaluation of physical parameterizations, the large-scale component of the modeled circulation is adjusted toward ECMWF analyses outside the zoomed area only, whereas the inside region can evolve freely. A series of sensitivity experiments have been performed with different parameterizations of land surface and boundary layer processes. Compared with previous versions of the LMDZ model, a “thermal plume model,” in association with a constant resistance to evaporation improves agreement with observations. The new parameterization significantly improves the representation of seasonal and diurnal cycles of near-surface meteorology, the day-to-day variability of planetary boundary layer height, and the cloud radiative forcing. This study emphasizes the potential of using a climate model with a nudging and zooming capability to assess model physical parameterizations.
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Remaud, Marine, Frédéric Chevallier, Anne Cozic, Xin Lin, and Philippe Bousquet. "On the impact of recent developments of the LMDz atmospheric general circulation model on the simulation of CO<sub>2</sub> transport." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 4489–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4489-2018.
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Abstract. The quality of the representation of greenhouse gas (GHG) transport in atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) drives the potential of inverse systems to retrieve GHG surface fluxes to a large extent. In this work, the transport of CO2 is evaluated in the latest version of the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMDz) GCM, developed for the Climate Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) relative to the LMDz version developed for CMIP5. Several key changes have been implemented between the two versions, which include a more elaborate radiative scheme, new subgrid-scale parameterizations of convective and boundary layer processes and a refined vertical resolution. We performed a set of simulations of LMDz with different physical parameterizations, two different horizontal resolutions and different land surface schemes, in order to test the impact of those different configurations on the overall transport simulation. By modulating the intensity of vertical mixing, the physical parameterizations control the interhemispheric gradient and the amplitude of the seasonal cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, as emphasized by the comparison with observations at surface sites. However, the effect of the new parameterizations depends on the region considered, with a strong impact over South America (Brazil, Amazonian forest) but a smaller impact over Europe, East Asia and North America. A finer horizontal resolution reduces the representation errors at observation sites near emission hotspots or along the coastlines. In comparison, the sensitivities to the land surface model and to the increased vertical resolution are marginal.
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Krinner, Gerhard, and Christophe Genthon. "The Antarctic surface mass balance in a stretched grid general circulation model." Annals of Glaciology 25 (1997): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500013823.
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The Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) variable-grid atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) was used in this study for a five-year high-resolution simulation of the Antarctic climate. The horizontal resolution is about 100 km over a large part of the ice sheet. This study focuses on the simulated surface mass balance (precipitation-evaporation sublimation-melt) and on the spatial and temporal variability of snowfall in Antarctica. The simulated annual mean surface mass balance for the whole continent is close to the observed value, and the model simulates well the spatial distribution of the surface mass balance. The annual cycle of snowfall exhibits a clear minimum in summer over the high interior plateau as well as for Antarctica as a whole, in agreement with the observations. In the interior of the continent, the model produces a permanent light background snowfall that accounts for about 5% of the total annual precipitation. The bulk of the snowfall is produced irregularly during periods that generally last only two or three days that are caused by cyclones off the coast.
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Krinner, Gerhard, and Christophe Genthon. "The Antarctic surface mass balance in a stretched grid general circulation model." Annals of Glaciology 25 (1997): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500013823.
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The Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) variable-grid atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) was used in this study for a five-year high-resolution simulation of the Antarctic climate. The horizontal resolution is about 100 km over a large part of the ice sheet. This study focuses on the simulated surface mass balance (precipitation-evaporation sublimation-melt) and on the spatial and temporal variability of snowfall in Antarctica. The simulated annual mean surface mass balance for the whole continent is close to the observed value, and the model simulates well the spatial distribution of the surface mass balance. The annual cycle of snowfall exhibits a clear minimum in summer over the high interior plateau as well as for Antarctica as a whole, in agreement with the observations. In the interior of the continent, the model produces a permanent light background snowfall that accounts for about 5% of the total annual precipitation. The bulk of the snowfall is produced irregularly during periods that generally last only two or three days that are caused by cyclones off the coast.
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Gao, Jing, V. Masson-Delmotte, T. Yao, L. Tian, C. Risi, and G. Hoffmann. "Precipitation Water Stable Isotopes in the South Tibetan Plateau: Observations and Modeling*." Journal of Climate 24, no. 13 (July 1, 2011): 3161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3736.1.
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Abstract Measurements of precipitation isotopic composition have been conducted on a daily basis for 1 yr at Bomi, in the southeast Tibetan Plateau, an area affected by the interaction of the southwest monsoon, the westerlies, and Tibetan high pressure systems, as well as at Lhasa, situated west of Bomi. The measured isotope signals are analyzed both on an event basis and on a seasonal scale using available meteorological information and airmass trajectories. The processes driving daily and seasonal isotopic variability are investigated using multidecadal climate simulations forced by twentieth-century boundary conditions and conducted with two different isotopic atmospheric general circulation models [the isotopic version of the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique GCM (LMDZiso) and the ECHAM4iso model]. Both models use specific nudging techniques to mimic observed atmospheric circulation fields. The models simulate a wet and cold bias on the Tibetan Plateau together with a dry bias in its southern part. A zoomed LMDZ simulation conducted with ~50-km local spatial resolution dramatically improves the simulation of isotopic compositions of precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau. Simulated water isotope fields are compared with new data and with previous observations, and regional differences in moisture origins are analyzed using back-trajectories. Here, the focus is on relationships between the water isotopes and climate variables on an event and seasonal scale and in terms of spatial and altitudinal isotopic gradients. Enhancing the spatial resolution is crucial for improving the simulation of the precipitation isotopic composition.
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Locatelli, R., P. Bousquet, F. Chevallier, A. Fortems-Cheney, S. Szopa, M. Saunois, A. Agusti-Panareda, et al. "Impact of transport model errors on the global and regional methane emissions estimated by inverse modelling." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 19 (October 8, 2013): 9917–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9917-2013.
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Abstract. A modelling experiment has been conceived to assess the impact of transport model errors on methane emissions estimated in an atmospheric inversion system. Synthetic methane observations, obtained from 10 different model outputs from the international TransCom-CH4 model inter-comparison exercise, are combined with a prior scenario of methane emissions and sinks, and integrated into the three-component PYVAR-LMDZ-SACS (PYthon VARiational-Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique model with Zooming capability-Simplified Atmospheric Chemistry System) inversion system to produce 10 different methane emission estimates at the global scale for the year 2005. The same methane sinks, emissions and initial conditions have been applied to produce the 10 synthetic observation datasets. The same inversion set-up (statistical errors, prior emissions, inverse procedure) is then applied to derive flux estimates by inverse modelling. Consequently, only differences in the modelling of atmospheric transport may cause differences in the estimated fluxes. In our framework, we show that transport model errors lead to a discrepancy of 27 Tg yr−1 at the global scale, representing 5% of total methane emissions. At continental and annual scales, transport model errors are proportionally larger than at the global scale, with errors ranging from 36 Tg yr−1 in North America to 7 Tg yr−1 in Boreal Eurasia (from 23 to 48%, respectively). At the model grid-scale, the spread of inverse estimates can reach 150% of the prior flux. Therefore, transport model errors contribute significantly to overall uncertainties in emission estimates by inverse modelling, especially when small spatial scales are examined. Sensitivity tests have been carried out to estimate the impact of the measurement network and the advantage of higher horizontal resolution in transport models. The large differences found between methane flux estimates inferred in these different configurations highly question the consistency of transport model errors in current inverse systems. Future inversions should include more accurately prescribed observation covariances matrices in order to limit the impact of transport model errors on estimated methane fluxes.
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Folberth, G. A., D. A. Hauglustaine, J. Lathière, and F. Brocheton. "Interactive chemistry in the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique general circulation model: model description and impact analysis of biogenic hydrocarbons on tropospheric chemistry." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 8 (June 21, 2006): 2273–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2273-2006.
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Abstract. We present a description and evaluation of LMDz-INCA, a global three-dimensional chemistry-climate model, pertaining to its recently developed NMHC version. In this substantially extended version of the model a comprehensive representation of the photochemistry of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) from biogenic, anthropogenic, and biomass-burning sources has been included. The tropospheric annual mean methane (9.2 years) and methylchloroform (5.5 years) chemical lifetimes are well within the range of previous modelling studies and are in excellent agreement with estimates established by means of global observations. The model provides a reasonable simulation of the horizontal and vertical distribution and seasonal cycle of CO and key non-methane VOC, such as acetone, methanol, and formaldehyde as compared to observational data from several ground stations and aircraft campaigns. LMDz-INCA in the NMHC version reproduces tropospheric ozone concentrations fairly well throughout most of the troposphere. The model is applied in several sensitivity studies of the biosphere-atmosphere photochemical feedback. The impact of surface emissions of isoprene, acetone, and methanol is studied. These experiments show a substantial impact of isoprene on tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide concentrations revealing an increase in surface O3 and CO levels of up to 30 ppbv and 60 ppbv, respectively. Isoprene also appears to significantly impact the global OH distribution resulting in a decrease of the global mean tropospheric OH concentration by approximately 0.7×105 molecules cm-3 or roughly 8% and an increase in the global mean tropospheric methane lifetime by approximately seven months. A global mean ozone net radiative forcing due to the isoprene induced increase in the tropospheric ozone burden of 0.09 W m-2 is found. The key role of isoprene photooxidation in the global tropospheric redistribution of NOx is demonstrated. LMDz-INCA calculates an increase of PAN surface mixing ratios ranging from 75 to 750 pptv and 10 to 250 pptv during northern hemispheric summer and winter, respectively. Acetone and methanol are found to play a significant role in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) budget of peroxy radicals. Calculations with LMDz-INCA show an increase in HOx concentrations region of 8 to 15% and 10 to 15% due to methanol and acetone biogenic surface emissions, respectively. The model has been used to estimate the global tropospheric CO budget. A global CO source of 3019 Tg CO yr-1 is estimated. This source divides into a primary source of 1533 Tg CO yr-1 and secondary source of 1489 Tg CO yr-1 deriving from VOC photooxidation. Global VOC-to-CO conversion efficiencies of 90% for methane and between 20 and 45% for individual VOC are calculated by LMDz-INCA.
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Arakelian, Ara, and Francis Codron. "Southern Hemisphere Jet Variability in the IPSL GCM at Varying Resolutions." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 3788–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0119.1.
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Abstract Fluctuations of the Southern Hemisphere eddy-driven jet are studied in a suite of experiments with the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, version 4 (LMDZ4) atmospheric GCM with varying horizontal resolution, in coupled mode and with imposed SSTs. The focus is on the relationship between changes in the mean state brought by increasing resolution, and the intraseasonal variability and response to increasing CO2 concentration. In summer, the mean jet latitude moves poleward when the resolution increases in latitude, converging toward the observed one. Most measures of the jet dynamics, such as skewness of the distribution or persistence time scale of jet movements, exhibit a simple dependence on the mean jet latitude and also converge to the observed values. In winter, the improvement of the mean-state biases with resolution is more limited. In both seasons, the relationship between the dominant mode of variability—the southern annular mode (SAM)—and the mean state remains the same as in observations, except in the most biased winter simulation. The jet fluctuations—latitude shifts or splitting—just occur around a different mean position. Both the model biases and the response to increasing CO2 project strongly onto the SAM structure. No systematic relation between the amplitude of the response and characteristics of the control simulation was found, possibly due to changing dynamics or impacts of the physical parameterizations with different resolutions.
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Cámara, Alvaro de la, François Lott, Valérian Jewtoukoff, Riwal Plougonven, and Albert Hertzog. "On the Gravity Wave Forcing during the Southern Stratospheric Final Warming in LMDZ." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 8 (July 26, 2016): 3213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0377.1.
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Abstract The austral stratospheric final warming date is often predicted with substantial delay in several climate models. This systematic error is generally attributed to insufficient parameterized gravity wave (GW) drag in the stratosphere around 60°S. A simulation with a general circulation model [Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique zoom model (LMDZ)] with a much less pronounced bias is used to analyze the contribution of the different types of waves to the dynamics of the final warming. For this purpose, the resolved and unresolved wave forcing of the middle atmosphere during the austral spring are examined in LMDZ and reanalysis data, and a good agreement is found between the two datasets. The role of parameterized orographic and nonorographic GWs in LMDZ is further examined, and it is found that orographic and nonorographic GWs contribute evenly to the GW forcing in the stratosphere, unlike in other climate models, where orographic GWs are the main contributor. This result is shown to be in good agreement with GW-resolving operational analysis products. It is demonstrated that the significant contribution of the nonorographic GWs is due to highly intermittent momentum fluxes produced by the source-related parameterizations used in LMDZ, in qualitative agreement with recent observations. This yields sporadic high-amplitude GWs that break in the stratosphere and force the circulation at lower altitudes than more homogeneously distributed nonorographic GW parameterizations do.
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Ryder, J., J. Polcher, P. Peylin, C. Ottlé, Y. Chen, E. van Gorsel, V. Haverd, et al. "A multi-layer land surface energy budget model for implicit coupling with global atmospheric simulations." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 1 (January 25, 2016): 223–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-223-2016.
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Abstract. In Earth system modelling, a description of the energy budget of the vegetated surface layer is fundamental as it determines the meteorological conditions in the planetary boundary layer and as such contributes to the atmospheric conditions and its circulation. The energy budget in most Earth system models has been based on a big-leaf approach, with averaging schemes that represent in-canopy processes. Furthermore, to be stable, that is to say, over large time steps and without large iterations, a surface layer model should be capable of implicit coupling to the atmospheric model. Surface models with large time steps, however, have difficulties in reproducing consistently the energy balance in field observations. Here we outline a newly developed numerical model for energy budget simulation, as a component of the land surface model ORCHIDEE-CAN (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems – CANopy). This new model implements techniques from single-site canopy models in a practical way. It includes representation of in-canopy transport, a multi-layer long-wave radiation budget, height-specific calculation of aerodynamic and stomatal conductance, and interaction with the bare-soil flux within the canopy space. Significantly, it avoids iterations over the height of the canopy and so maintains implicit coupling to the atmospheric model LMDz (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Zoomed model). As a first test, the model is evaluated against data from both an intensive measurement campaign and longer-term eddy-covariance measurements for the intensively studied Eucalyptus stand at Tumbarumba, Australia. The model performs well in replicating both diurnal and annual cycles of energy and water fluxes, as well as the vertical gradients of temperature and of sensible heat fluxes.
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Gryazin, V., C. Risi, J. Jouzel, N. Kurita, J. Worden, C. Frankenberg, V. Bastrikov, K. Gribanov, and O. Stukova. "To what extent could water isotopic measurements help us understand model biases in the water cycle over Western Siberia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 18 (September 17, 2014): 9807–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9807-2014.
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Abstract. We evaluate the isotopic composition of water vapor and precipitation simulated by the LMDZ (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique-Zoom) GCM (General Circulation Model) over Siberia using several data sets: TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer) and GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite) satellite observations of tropospheric water vapor, GNIP (Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation) and SNIP (Siberian Network for Isotopes in Precipitation) precipitation networks, and daily, in situ measurements of water vapor and precipitation at the Kourovka site in Western Siberia. LMDZ captures the spatial, seasonal and daily variations reasonably well, but it underestimates humidity (q) in summer and overestimates δD in the vapor and precipitation in all seasons. The performance of LMDZ is put in the context of other isotopic models from the SWING2 (Stable Water Intercomparison Group phase 2) models. There is significant spread among models in the simulation of δD, and of the δD-q relationship. This confirms that δD brings additional information compared to q only. We specifically investigate the added value of water isotopic measurements to interpret the warm and dry bias featured by most GCMs over mid and high latitude continents in summer. The analysis of the slopes in δD-q diagrams and of processes controlling δD and q variations suggests that the cause of the dry bias could be either a problem in the large-scale advection transporting too much dry and warm air from the south, or too strong boundary-layer mixing. However, δD-q diagrams using the available data do not tell the full story. Additional measurements would be needed, or a more sophisticated theoretical framework would need to be developed.
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Casado, M., P. Ortega, V. Masson-Delmotte, C. Risi, D. Swingedouw, V. Daux, D. Genty, et al. "Impact of precipitation intermittency on NAO-temperature signals in proxy records." Climate of the Past 9, no. 2 (March 27, 2013): 871–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-871-2013.
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Abstract. In mid and high latitudes, the stable isotope ratio in precipitation is driven by changes in temperature, which control atmospheric distillation. This relationship forms the basis for many continental paleoclimatic reconstructions using direct (e.g. ice cores) or indirect (e.g. tree ring cellulose, speleothem calcite) archives of past precipitation. However, the archiving process is inherently biased by intermittency of precipitation. Here, we use two sets of atmospheric reanalyses (NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) and ERA-interim) to quantify this precipitation intermittency bias, by comparing seasonal (winter and summer) temperatures estimated with and without precipitation weighting. We show that this bias reaches up to 10 °C and has large interannual variability. We then assess the impact of precipitation intermittency on the strength and stability of temporal correlations between seasonal temperatures and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Precipitation weighting reduces the correlation between winter NAO and temperature in some areas (e.g. Québec, South-East USA, East Greenland, East Siberia, Mediterranean sector) but does not alter the main patterns of correlation. The correlations between NAO, δ18O in precipitation, temperature and precipitation weighted temperature are investigated using outputs of an atmospheric general circulation model enabled with stable isotopes and nudged using reanalyses (LMDZiso (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Zoom)). In winter, LMDZiso shows similar correlation values between the NAO and both the precipitation weighted temperature and δ18O in precipitation, thus suggesting limited impacts of moisture origin. Correlations of comparable magnitude are obtained for the available observational evidence (GNIP (Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) and Greenland ice core data). Our findings support the use of archives of past δ18O for NAO reconstructions.
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Van Baelen, J., Y. Pointin, W. Wobrock, A. Flossmann, G. Peters, F. Tridon, and C. Planche. "Precipitation and microphysical studies with a low cost high resolution X-band radar: an innovative project prospective." Advances in Geosciences 20 (March 16, 2009): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-20-25-2009.
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Abstract. This paper describes an innovative project which has just been launched at the "Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique" (LaMP) in Clermont-Ferrand in collaboration with the "Meteorologische Institut" in Hamburg, where a low cost X-band high resolution precipitation radar is combined with supporting measurements and a bin microphysical cloud resolving model in order to develop adapted Z–R relationships for accurate rain rate estimates over a local area such as a small catchment basin, an urban complex or even an agriculture domain. In particular, the use of K-band micro rain radars which can retrieve vertical profiles of drop size distribution and the associated reflectivity will be used to perform direct comparisons with X-band radar volume samples while a network of rain-gauges provides ground truth to which our rain estimates will be compared. Thus, the experimental suite of instrumentation should provide a detailed characterization of the various rain regimes and their associated Z–R relationship. Furthermore, we will make use of the hilly environment of the radar to test the use of novel attenuation methods in order to estimate rainfall rates. A second important aspect of this work is to use the detailed cloud modeling available at LaMP. Simulations of precipitating clouds in highly resolved 3-D dynamics model allow predicting the spectra of rain drops and precipitating ice particles. Radar reflectivity determined from these model studies will be compared with the observations in order to better understand which raindrop size spectrum shape factor should be applied to the radar algorithms as a function of the type of precipitating cloud. Likewise, these comparisons between the modeled and the observed reflectivity will also give us the opportunity to further improve our model microphysics and the parameterizations for meso-scale models.
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Delire, Christine, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Adriana Sima, and Isabelle Gouirand. "Vegetation Dynamics Enhancing Long-Term Climate Variability Confirmed by Two Models." Journal of Climate 24, no. 9 (May 1, 2011): 2238–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3664.1.
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Abstract Two different coupled climate–vegetation models, the Community Climate Model version 3 coupled to the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (CCM3–IBIS) and the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique’s climate model coupled to the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems model (LMDz–ORCHIDEE), are used to study the effects of vegetation dynamics on climate variability. Two sets of simulations of the preindustrial climate are performed using fixed climatological sea surface temperatures: one set taking into account vegetation cover dynamics and the other keeping the vegetation cover fixed. Spectral analysis of the simulated precipitation and temperature over land shows that for both models the interactions between vegetation dynamics and the atmosphere enhance the low-frequency variability of the biosphere–atmosphere system at time scales ranging from a few years to a century. Despite differences in the magnitude of the signal between the two models, this confirms that vegetation dynamics introduces a long-term memory into the climate system by slowly modifying the physical characteristics of the land surface (albedo, roughness evapotranspiration). Unrealistic modeled feedbacks between the vegetation and the atmosphere would cast doubts on this result. The simulated feedback processes in the models used in this work are compared to the observed using a recently developed statistical approach. The models simulate feedbacks of the right sign and order of magnitude over large regions of the globe: positive temperature feedback in the mid- to high latitudes, negative feedback in semiarid regions, and positive precipitation feedback in semiarid regions. The models disagree in the tropics, where there is no statistical significance in the observations. The realistic modeled vegetation–atmosphere feedback gives us confidence that the vegetation dynamics enhancement of the long-term climate variability is not a model artifact.
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Massart, S., A. Agusti-Panareda, I. Aben, A. Butz, F. Chevallier, C. Crevoisier, R. Engelen, C. Frankenberg, and O. Hasekamp. "Assimilation of atmospheric methane products into the MACC-II system: from SCIAMACHY to TANSO and IASI." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 12 (June 23, 2014): 6139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6139-2014.
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Abstract. The Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate Interim Implementation (MACC-II) delayed-mode (DM) system has been producing an atmospheric methane (CH4) analysis 6 months behind real time since June 2009. This analysis used to rely on the assimilation of the CH4 product from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument onboard Envisat. Recently the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) CH4 products from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and the SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research CH4 products from the Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observation (TANSO) were added to the DM system. With the loss of Envisat in April 2012, the DM system now has to rely on the assimilation of methane data from TANSO and IASI. This paper documents the impact of this change in the observing system on the methane tropospheric analysis. It is based on four experiments: one free run and three analyses from respectively the assimilation of SCIAMACHY, TANSO and a combination of TANSO and IASI CH4 products in the MACC-II system. The period between December 2010 and April 2012 is studied. The SCIAMACHY experiment globally underestimates the tropospheric methane by 35 part per billion (ppb) compared to the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) data and by 28 ppb compared the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) data, while the free run presents an underestimation of 5 ppb and 1 ppb against the same HIPPO and TCCON data, respectively. The assimilated TANSO product changed in October 2011 from version v.1 to version v.2.0. The analysis of version v.1 globally underestimates the tropospheric methane by 18 ppb compared to the HIPPO data and by 15 ppb compared to the TCCON data. In contrast, the analysis of version v.2.0 globally overestimates the column by 3 ppb. When the high density IASI data are added in the tropical region between 30° N and 30° S, their impact is mainly positive but more pronounced and effective when combined with version v.2.0 of the TANSO products. The resulting analysis globally underestimates the column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of methane (xCH4) just under 1 ppb on average compared to the TCCON data, whereas in the tropics it overestimates xCH4 by about 3 ppb. The random error is estimated to be less than 7 ppb when compared to TCCON data.
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Ostler, Andreas, Ralf Sussmann, Prabir K. Patra, Sander Houweling, Marko De Bruine, Gabriele P. Stiller, Florian J. Haenel, et al. "Evaluation of column-averaged methane in models and TCCON with a focus on the stratosphere." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 9 (September 28, 2016): 4843–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4843-2016.
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Abstract. The distribution of methane (CH4) in the stratosphere can be a major driver of spatial variability in the dry-air column-averaged CH4 mixing ratio (XCH4), which is being measured increasingly for the assessment of CH4 surface emissions. Chemistry-transport models (CTMs) therefore need to simulate the tropospheric and stratospheric fractional columns of XCH4 accurately for estimating surface emissions from XCH4. Simulations from three CTMs are tested against XCH4 observations from the Total Carbon Column Network (TCCON). We analyze how the model–TCCON agreement in XCH4 depends on the model representation of stratospheric CH4 distributions. Model equivalents of TCCON XCH4 are computed with stratospheric CH4 fields from both the model simulations and from satellite-based CH4 distributions from MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) and MIPAS CH4 fields adjusted to ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer) observations. Using MIPAS-based stratospheric CH4 fields in place of model simulations improves the model–TCCON XCH4 agreement for all models. For the Atmospheric Chemistry Transport Model (ACTM) the average XCH4 bias is significantly reduced from 38.1 to 13.7 ppb, whereas small improvements are found for the models TM5 (Transport Model, version 5; from 8.7 to 4.3 ppb) and LMDz (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique model with zooming capability; from 6.8 to 4.3 ppb). Replacing model simulations with MIPAS stratospheric CH4 fields adjusted to ACE-FTS reduces the average XCH4 bias for ACTM (3.3 ppb), but increases the average XCH4 bias for TM5 (10.8 ppb) and LMDz (20.0 ppb). These findings imply that model errors in simulating stratospheric CH4 contribute to model biases. Current satellite instruments cannot definitively measure stratospheric CH4 to sufficient accuracy to eliminate these biases. Applying transport diagnostics to the models indicates that model-to-model differences in the simulation of stratospheric transport, notably the age of stratospheric air, can largely explain the inter-model spread in stratospheric CH4 and, hence, its contribution to XCH4. Therefore, it would be worthwhile to analyze how individual model components (e.g., physical parameterization, meteorological data sets, model horizontal/vertical resolution) impact the simulation of stratospheric CH4 and XCH4.
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Sepulchre, Pierre, Arnaud Caubel, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Laurent Bopp, Olivier Boucher, Pascale Braconnot, Patrick Brockmann, et al. "IPSL-CM5A2 – an Earth system model designed for multi-millennial climate simulations." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 7 (July 8, 2020): 3011–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3011-2020.
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Abstract. Based on the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5)-generation previous Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) Earth system model, we designed a new version, IPSL-CM5A2, aiming at running multi-millennial simulations typical of deep-time paleoclimate studies. Three priorities were followed during the setup of the model: (1) improving the overall model computing performance, (2) overcoming a persistent cold bias depicted in the previous model generation and (3) making the model able to handle the specific continental configurations of the geological past. These developments include the integration of hybrid parallelization Message Passing Interface – Open Multi-Processing (MPI-OpenMP) in the atmospheric model of the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMDZ), the use of a new library to perform parallel asynchronous input/output by using computing cores as “I/O servers” and the use of a parallel coupling library between the ocean and the atmospheric components. The model, which runs with an atmospheric resolution of 3.75∘×1.875∘ and 2 to 0.5∘ in the ocean, can now simulate ∼100 years per day, opening new possibilities towards the production of multi-millennial simulations with a full Earth system model. The tuning strategy employed to overcome a persistent cold bias is detailed. The confrontation of a historical simulation to climatological observations shows overall improved ocean meridional overturning circulation, marine productivity and latitudinal position of zonal wind patterns. We also present the numerous steps required to run IPSL-CM5A2 for deep-time paleoclimates through a preliminary case study for the Cretaceous. Namely, specific work on the ocean model grid was required to run the model for specific continental configurations in which continents are relocated according to past paleogeographic reconstructions. By briefly discussing the spin-up of such a simulation, we elaborate on the requirements and challenges awaiting paleoclimate modeling in the next years, namely finding the best trade-off between the level of description of the processes and the computing cost on supercomputers.
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Seck, Ibrahim, and Joël Van Baelen. "Geostatistical Merging of a Single-Polarized X-Band Weather Radar and a Sparse Rain Gauge Network over an Urban Catchment." Atmosphere 9, no. 12 (December 14, 2018): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9120496.
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Optimal Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) of rainfall is crucial to the accuracy of hydrological models, especially over urban catchments. Small-to-medium size towns are often equipped with sparse rain gauge networks that struggle to capture the variability in rainfall over high spatiotemporal resolutions. X-band Local Area Weather Radars (LAWRs) provide a cost-effective solution to meet this challenge. The Clermont Auvergne metropolis monitors precipitation through a network of 13 rain gauges with a temporal resolution of 5 min. 5 additional rain gauges with a 6-minute temporal resolution are available in the region, and are operated by the national weather service Météo-France. The LaMP (Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique) laboratory’s X-band single-polarized weather radar monitors precipitation as well in the region. In this study, three geostatistical interpolation techniques—Ordinary kriging (OK), which was applied to rain gauge data with a variogram inferred from radar data, conditional merging (CM), and kriging with an external drift (KED)—are evaluated and compared through cross-validation. The performance of the inverse distance weighting interpolation technique (IDW), which was applied to rain gauge data only, was investigated as well, in order to evaluate the effect of incorporating radar data on the QPE’s quality. The dataset is comprised of rainfall events that occurred during the seasons of summer 2013 and winter 2015, and is exploited at three temporal resolutions: 5, 30, and 60 min. The investigation of the interpolation techniques performances is carried out for both seasons and for the three temporal resolutions using raw radar data, radar data corrected from attenuation, and the mean field bias, successively. The superiority of the geostatistical techniques compared to the inverse distance weighting method was verified with an average relative improvement of 54% and 31% in terms of bias reduction for kriging with an external drift and conditional merging, respectively (cross-validation). KED and OK performed similarly well, while CM lagged behind in terms of point measurement QPE accuracy, but was the best method in terms of preserving the observations’ variance. The correction schemes had mixed effects on the multivariate geostatistical methods. Indeed, while the attenuation correction improved KED across the board, the mean field bias correction effects were marginal. Both radar data correction schemes resulted in a decrease of the ability of CM to preserve the observations variance, while slightly improving its point measurement QPE accuracy.
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Castebrunet, H., P. Martinerie, C. Genthon, and E. Cosme. "A three-dimensional model study of methanesulphonic acid to non sea salt sulphate ratio at mid and high-southern latitudes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 24 (December 16, 2009): 9449–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9449-2009.
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Abstract. The Antarctic and sub-Antarctic methanesulphonic acid (MSA) to non sea salt sulphate (nssSO4) ratio is simulated with the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Atmospheric General Circulation Model including an atmospheric sulphur chemistry module. Spatial variations of the MSA/nssSO4 ratio in different regions have been suggested to be mostly dependent on temperature or sulphur source contributions. Its past variations in ice cores have been interpreted as related to the DMS precursor source location. Our model results are compared with available field measurements in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions. This suggests that the MSA/nssSO4 ratio in the extra-tropical south hemisphere is mostly dependent on the relative importance of various DMS oxidation pathways. In order to evaluate the effect of a rapid conversion of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) into MSA, not implemented in the model, the MSA+DMSO to nssSO4 ratio is also discussed. Using this modified ratio, the model mostly captures the seasonal variations of MSA/nssSO4 at mid and high-southern latitudes. In addition, the model qualitatively reproduces the bell shaped meridional variations of the ratio, which is highly dependent on the adopted relative reaction rates for the DMS+OH addition and abstraction pathways, and on the assumed reaction products of the MSIA+OH reaction. MSA/nssSO4 ratio in Antarctic snow is fairly well reproduced except at the most inland sites characterized with very low snow accumulation rates. Our results also suggest that atmospheric chemistry plays an important role in the observed decrease of the ratio in snow between coastal regions and central Antarctica. The still insufficient understanding of the DMS oxidation scheme limits our ability to model the MSA/nssSO4 ratio. Specifically, reaction products of the MSIA+OH reaction should be better quantified, and the impact of a fast DMSO conversion to MSA in spring to fall over Antarctica should be evaluated. A better understanding of BrO source processes is needed in order to include DMS + BrO chemistry in global models. Completing the observations of DMS, BrO and MSA at Halley Bay with DMSO measurements would better constrain the role of BrO in DMS oxidation. Direct measurements of MSA and nssSO4 dry deposition velocities on Antarctic snow would improve our ability to model MSA and nssSO4 in ice cores.
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Massart, S., A. Agusti-Panareda, I. Aben, A. Butz, F. Chevallier, C. Crevoisier, R. Engelen, C. Frankenberg, and O. Hasekamp. "Assimilation of atmospheric methane products in the MACC-II system: from SCIAMACHY to TANSO and IASI." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 2 (January 27, 2014): 2553–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-2553-2014.
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Abstract. The Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate Interim Implementation (MACC-II) delayed-mode (DM) system has been producing an atmospheric methane (CH4) analysis 6 months behind real time since June 2009. This analysis used to rely on the assimilation of the CH4 product from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument on board Envisat. Recently the \\textit{Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique} (LMD) CH4 products from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and the SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research CH4 products from the Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observation (TANSO) were added to the DM system. With the loss of Envisat in April 2012, the DM system has to now rely on the assimilation of methane data from TANSO and IASI. This paper documents the impact of this change in the observing system on the methane tropospheric analysis. It is based on four experiments: one free run and three analyses from respectively the assimilation of SCIAMACHY, TANSO and a combination of TANSO and IASI CH4 products in the MACC-II system. The period between December 2010 and April 2012 is studied. This corresponds to a period during which the performance of SCIAMACHY was deteriorating. The SCIAMACHY experiment globally underestimates the tropospheric methane by 35 part per billion (ppb) compared to the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) data and the methane column by 23 ppb compared the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) data, when the global bias of the free run against the same HIPPO and TCCON data is respectively −5 ppb and 4 ppb. The assimilated TANSO product changed in October 2011 from version v.1 to version v.2.0. The analysis of version v.1 globally underestimates the tropospheric methane by 18 ppb compared to the HIPPO data and the column by 11 ppb compared to the TCCON data. In contrast, the analysis of version v.2.0 globally overestimates the column by 10 ppb. When the high density IASI data are added in the tropical region between 30° N and 30° S, the resulting analysis is slightly less biased in the troposphere than the TANSO analysis when compared to the HIPPO data. In the meantime, this IASI plus TANSO analysis presents the worst correlation with the HIPPO data. In terms of column, the addition of the IASI data to the version v.2.0 of the TANSO data has a significant impact, mainly over extratropical regions, reducing the global bias to 6 ppb. The analysis based on the assimilation of the combination of TANSO and IASI products as well as the SCIAMACHY analysis should nevertheless be used with caution when looking at the seasonal cycle or inter-hemispheric gradient because of the unavailability of the measurements over large regions during the local winter period.
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Peylin, Philippe, Cédric Bacour, Natasha MacBean, Sébastien Leonard, Peter Rayner, Sylvain Kuppel, Ernest Koffi, et al. "A new stepwise carbon cycle data assimilation system using multiple data streams to constrain the simulated land surface carbon cycle." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 9 (September 20, 2016): 3321–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3321-2016.
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Abstract. Large uncertainties in land surface models (LSMs) simulations still arise from inaccurate forcing, poor description of land surface heterogeneity (soil and vegetation properties), incorrect model parameter values and incomplete representation of biogeochemical processes. The recent increase in the number and type of carbon cycle-related observations, including both in situ and remote sensing measurements, has opened a new road to optimize model parameters via robust statistical model–data integration techniques, in order to reduce the uncertainties of simulated carbon fluxes and stocks. In this study we present a carbon cycle data assimilation system that assimilates three major data streams, namely the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) observations of vegetation activity, net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and latent heat (LE) flux measurements at more than 70 sites (FLUXNET), as well as atmospheric CO2 concentrations at 53 surface stations, in order to optimize the main parameters (around 180 parameters in total) of the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamics Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) LSM (version 1.9.5 used for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) simulations). The system relies on a stepwise approach that assimilates each data stream in turn, propagating the information gained on the parameters from one step to the next. Overall, the ORCHIDEE model is able to achieve a consistent fit to all three data streams, which suggests that current LSMs have reached the level of development to assimilate these observations. The assimilation of MODIS-NDVI (step 1) reduced the growing season length in ORCHIDEE for temperate and boreal ecosystems, thus decreasing the global mean annual gross primary production (GPP). Using FLUXNET data (step 2) led to large improvements in the seasonal cycle of the NEE and LE fluxes for all ecosystems (i.e., increased amplitude for temperate ecosystems). The assimilation of atmospheric CO2, using the general circulation model (GCM) of the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMDz; step 3), provides an overall constraint (i.e., constraint on large-scale net CO2 fluxes), resulting in an improvement of the fit to the observed atmospheric CO2 growth rate. Thus, the optimized model predicts a land C (carbon) sink of around 2.2 PgC yr−1 (for the 2000–2009 period), which is more compatible with current estimates from the Global Carbon Project (GCP) than the prior value. The consistency of the stepwise approach is evaluated with back-compatibility checks. The final optimized model (after step 3) does not significantly degrade the fit to MODIS-NDVI and FLUXNET data that were assimilated in the first two steps, suggesting that a stepwise approach can be used instead of the more “challenging” implementation of a simultaneous optimization in which all data streams are assimilated together. Most parameters, including the scalar of the initial soil carbon pool size, changed during the optimization with a large error reduction. This work opens new perspectives for better predictions of the land carbon budgets.
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Abadie, Camille, Fabienne Maignan, Marine Remaud, Jérôme Ogée, J. Elliott Campbell, Mary E. Whelan, Florian Kitz, et al. "Global modelling of soil carbonyl sulfide exchanges." Biogeosciences 19, no. 9 (May 11, 2022): 2427–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2427-2022.
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Abstract. Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is an atmospheric trace gas of interest for C cycle research because COS uptake by continental vegetation is strongly related to terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP), the largest and most uncertain flux in atmospheric CO2 budgets. However, to use atmospheric COS as an additional tracer of GPP, an accurate quantification of COS exchange by soils is also needed. At present, the atmospheric COS budget is unbalanced globally, with total COS flux estimates from oxic and anoxic soils that vary between −409 and −89 GgS yr−1. This uncertainty hampers the use of atmospheric COS concentrations to constrain GPP estimates through atmospheric transport inversions. In this study we implemented a mechanistic soil COS model in the ORCHIDEE (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems) land surface model to simulate COS fluxes in oxic and anoxic soils. Evaluation of the model against flux measurements at seven sites yields a mean root mean square deviation of 1.6 pmol m−2 s−1, instead of 2 pmol m−2 s−1 when using a previous empirical approach that links soil COS uptake to soil heterotrophic respiration. However, soil COS model evaluation is still limited by the scarcity of observation sites and long-term measurement periods, with all sites located in a latitudinal band between 39 and 62∘ N and no observations during wintertime in this study. The new model predicts that, globally and over the 2009–2016 period, oxic soils act as a net uptake of −126 GgS yr−1 and anoxic soils are a source of +96 GgS yr−1, leading to a global net soil sink of only −30 GgS yr−1, i.e. much smaller than previous estimates. The small magnitude of the soil fluxes suggests that the error in the COS budget is dominated by the much larger fluxes from plants, oceans, and industrial activities. The predicted spatial distribution of soil COS fluxes, with large emissions from oxic (up to 68.2 pmol COS m−2 s−1) and anoxic (up to 36.8 pmol COS m−2 s−1) soils in the tropics, especially in India and in the Sahel region, marginally improves the latitudinal gradient of atmospheric COS concentrations, after transport by the LMDZ (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique) atmospheric transport model. The impact of different soil COS flux representations on the latitudinal gradient of the atmospheric COS concentrations is strongest in the Northern Hemisphere. We also implemented spatiotemporal variations in near-ground atmospheric COS concentrations in the modelling of biospheric COS fluxes, which helped reduce the imbalance of the atmospheric COS budget by lowering soil COS uptake by 10 % and plant COS uptake by 8 % globally (with a revised mean vegetation budget of −576 GgS yr−1 over 2009–2016). Sensitivity analyses highlighted the different parameters to which each soil COS flux model is the most responsive, selected in a parameter optimization framework. Having both vegetation and soil COS fluxes modelled within ORCHIDEE opens the way for using observed ecosystem COS fluxes and larger-scale atmospheric COS mixing ratios to improve the simulated GPP, through data assimilation techniques.
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Stenni, Barbara, Claudio Scarchilli, Valerie Masson-Delmotte, Elisabeth Schlosser, Virginia Ciardini, Giuliano Dreossi, Paolo Grigioni, et al. "Three-year monitoring of stable isotopes of precipitation at Concordia Station, East Antarctica." Cryosphere 10, no. 5 (October 17, 2016): 2415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2415-2016.
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Abstract. Past temperature reconstructions from Antarctic ice cores require a good quantification and understanding of the relationship between snow isotopic composition and 2 m air or inversion (condensation) temperature. Here, we focus on the French–Italian Concordia Station, central East Antarctic plateau, where the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dome C ice cores were drilled. We provide a multi-year record of daily precipitation types identified from crystal morphologies, daily precipitation amounts and isotopic composition. Our sampling period (2008–2010) encompasses a warmer year (2009, +1.2 °C with respect to 2 m air temperature long-term average 1996–2010), with larger total precipitation and snowfall amounts (14 and 76 % above sampling period average, respectively), and a colder and drier year (2010, −1.8 °C, 4 % below long-term and sampling period averages, respectively) with larger diamond dust amounts (49 % above sampling period average). Relationships between local meteorological data and precipitation isotopic composition are investigated at daily, monthly and inter-annual scale, and for the different types of precipitation. Water stable isotopes are more closely related to 2 m air temperature than to inversion temperature at all timescales (e.g. R2 = 0.63 and 0.44, respectively for daily values). The slope of the temporal relationship between daily δ18O and 2 m air temperature is approximately 2 times smaller (0.49 ‰ °C−1) than the average Antarctic spatial (0.8 ‰ °C−1) relationship initially used for the interpretation of EPICA Dome C records. In accordance with results from precipitation monitoring at Vostok and Dome F, deuterium excess is anti-correlated with δ18O at daily and monthly scales, reaching maximum values in winter. Hoar frost precipitation samples have a specific fingerprint with more depleted δ18O (about 5 ‰ below average) and higher deuterium excess (about 8 ‰ above average) values than other precipitation types. These datasets provide a basis for comparison with shallow ice core records, to investigate post-deposition effects. A preliminary comparison between observations and precipitation from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis and the simulated water stable isotopes from the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Zoom atmospheric general circulation model (LMDZiso) shows that models do correctly capture the amount of precipitation as well as more than 50 % of the variance of the observed δ18O, driven by large-scale weather patterns. Despite a warm bias and an underestimation of the variance in water stable isotopes, LMDZiso correctly captures these relationships between δ18O, 2 m air temperature and deuterium excess. Our dataset is therefore available for further in-depth model evaluation at the synoptic scale.
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Hauglustaine, D. A., Y. Balkanski, and M. Schulz. "A global model simulation of present and future nitrate aerosols and their direct radiative forcing of climate." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 20 (October 21, 2014): 11031–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11031-2014.
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Abstract. The ammonia cycle and nitrate particle formation are introduced into the LMDz-INCA (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, version 4 – INteraction with Chemistry and Aerosols, version 3) global model. An important aspect of this new model is that both fine nitrate particle formation in the accumulation mode and coarse nitrate forming on existing dust and sea-salt particles are considered. The model simulates distributions of nitrates and related species in agreement with previous studies and observations. The calculated present-day total nitrate direct radiative forcing since the pre-industrial is −0.056 W m−2. This forcing corresponds to 18% of the sulfate forcing. Fine particles largely dominate the nitrate forcing, representing close to 90% of this value. The model has been used to investigate the future changes in nitrates and direct radiative forcing of climate based on snapshot simulations for the four representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios and for the 2030, 2050, and 2100 time horizons. Due to a decrease in fossil fuel emissions in the future, the concentration of most of the species involved in the nitrate–ammonium–sulfate system drop by 2100 except for ammonia, which originates from agricultural practices and for which emissions significantly increase in the future. Despite the decrease of nitrate surface levels in Europe and North America, the global burden of accumulation mode nitrates increases by up to a factor of 2.6 in 2100. This increase in ammonium nitrate in the future arises despite decreasing NOx emissions due to increased availability of ammonia to form ammonium nitrate. The total aerosol direct forcing decreases from its present-day value of −0.234 W m−2 to a range of −0.070 to −0.130 W m−2 in 2100 based on the considered scenario. The direct forcing decreases for all aerosols except for nitrates, for which the direct negative forcing increases to a range of −0.060 to −0.115 W m−2 in 2100. Including nitrates in the radiative forcing calculations increases the total direct forcing of aerosols by a factor of 1.3 in 2000, by a factor of 1.7–2.6 in 2030, by 1.9–4.8 in 2050, and by 6.4–8.6 in 2100. These results show that the agricultural emissions of ammonia will play a key role in the future mitigation of climate change, with nitrates becoming the dominant contributor to the anthropogenic aerosol optical depth during the second half of the 21st century and significantly increasing the calculated aerosol direct forcing. This significant increase in the influence that nitrate exerts on climate in the future will at the same time affect regional air quality and nitrogen deposition to the ecosystem.
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Tindan, Jacob Z., Qinjian Jin, and Bing Pu. "Understanding day–night differences in dust aerosols over the dust belt of North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, no. 9 (May 16, 2023): 5435–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5435-2023.
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Abstract. Utilizing the well-calibrated, high-spectral-resolution equal-quality performance of daytime and nighttime (09:30 and 21:30 local solar Equator-crossing time (local solar ECT)) products of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer (IASI) from the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD), this study investigates the day–night differences in dust aerosols over the global dust belt of North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Both daytime dust optical depth (DOD) and nighttime DOD at 10 µm show high consistency with solar and lunar observations of coarse-mode aerosol optical depth (CAOD) from AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) sites across the dust belt, with correlation coefficients of 0.8–0.9 for most sites. Both IASI DOD and dust layer height show a significant (95 % confidence level) day–night difference over the major dust sources within the dust belt. Daytime DOD over the central to northern Sahara, the central to eastern Arabian Peninsula, and the Taklamakan Desert is significantly higher than that of nighttime but lower than nighttime over the southern Sahel to the Guinea Coast and the western to central Indian subcontinent in the annual mean. The magnitude of the day–night differences in DOD is larger and more evident in boreal winter and spring than in other seasons. The positive day–night differences in DOD (i.e., higher daytime values than nighttime) over the central Sahara, the Middle East, and Asia are likely associated with greater dust emissions driven by higher dust uplift potential (DUP) and stronger wind speeds during daytime. Dust layer heights demonstrate negative day–night differences over dust source regions in the central Sahara, central Arabian Peninsula, and Taklamakan Desert and positive height differences in the southern Sahel to the Guinea Coast, southern parts of the Arabian Peninsula, and large parts of the Indian subcontinent. The higher dust layer height over the Guinea Coast and the Indian subcontinent during the daytime is associated with a deeper planetary boundary layer height and greater convective instability during daytime than nighttime, which promotes vertical transport and mixing of dust aerosols. The corresponding lower daytime DOD over the Sahel and the Indian subcontinent indicates a possible dilution of dust aerosols when they are transported to higher altitudes by convection where they are more susceptible to horizontal transport. Ground-based observations of dust show surface PM10 concentration and CAOD exhibit a spatially varying diurnal cycle across the dust belt. CAOD and PM10 concentrations generally peak in late morning and from late afternoon to midnight in the Sahel and in early afternoon and around early morning in the Middle East, the timings of which are largely consistent with the day–night differences in IASI DOD. It is also found that DOD from reanalysis products (e.g., Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) and ECMWF Atmospheric Composition Reanalysis 4 (EAC4)) failed to capture the day–night differences in IASI DOD in large parts of the dust belt except in small dust source hotspots over North Africa.
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Milcareck, Gwenaël, Sandrine Guerlet, Franck Montmessin, Aymeric Spiga, Jérémy Leconte, Ehouarn Millour, Noé Clément, et al. "Radiative-convective models of the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune: Heating sources and seasonal effects." Astronomy & Astrophysics, April 18, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202348987.
Full textAbstract:
The observations made during the Voyager 2 flyby have shown that the stratosphere of Uranus and that of Neptune are warmer than expected by previous models. In addition, no seasonal variability of the thermal structure has been observed on Uranus since Voyager 2 era and significant subseasonal variations have been revealed on Neptune. In this paper, we evaluate different realistic heat sources that can induce sufficient heating to warm the atmosphere of these planets and we estimate the seasonal effects on the thermal structure. The seasonal radiative-convective model developed by the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique was used to reproduce the thermal structure of these planets. Three hypotheses for the heating sources were explored separately: aerosol layers, a higher methane mole fraction, and thermospheric conduction. Our modelling indicates that aerosols with plausible scattering properties can produce the requisite heating for Uranus, but not for Neptune. Alternatively, greater stratospheric methane abundances can provide the missing heating on both planets, but the large values needed are inconsistent with current observational constraints. In contrast, adding thermospheric conduction cannot warm the stratosphere of both planets alone. The combination of these heat sources is also investigated. In the upper troposphere of both planets, the meridional thermal structures produced by our model are found inconsistent with those retrieved from Voyager 2/IRIS data. Furthermore, our models predict seasonal variations should exist within the stratospheres of both planets while observations showed that Uranus seems to be invariant to meridional contrasts and only subseasonal temperature trends are visible on Neptune. However, a warm south pole is seen in our simulations of Neptune as observed since 2003.
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Balhane, Saloua, Frédérique Cheruy, Fatima Driouech, Khalid El Rhaz, Abderrahmane Idelkadi, Adriana Sima, Étienne Vignon, Philippe Drobinski, and Abdelghani Chehbouni. "Towards an advanced representation of precipitation over Morocco in a global climate model with resolution enhancement and empirical run‐time bias corrections." International Journal of Climatology, February 26, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.8405.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractMorocco, as a Mediterranean and North African country, is acknowledged as a climate change hotspot, where increased drought and related water resource shortages present a real challenge for human and natural systems. However, its geographic position and regional characteristics make the simulation of the distribution and variability of precipitation particularly challenging in the region. In this study, we propose an approach where the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Zoom (LMDZ) GCM is run with a stretched grid configuration developed with enhanced resolution (35 km) over the region, and we apply run‐time bias correction to deal with the atmospheric model's systematic errors on large‐scale circulation. The bias‐correction terms for wind and temperature are built using the climatological mean of the adjustment terms on tendency errors in an LMDZ simulation relaxed towards ERA5 reanalyses. The free reference run with the zoomed configuration is compared to two bias‐corrected runs. The free run exhibits noticeable improvements in mean low‐level circulation, high frequency variability and moisture transport and compares favourably to precipitation observations at the local scale. The mean simulated climate is substantially improved after bias correction w.r.t. to the uncorrected runs. At the regional scale, the bias‐correction showed improvements in moisture transport and precipitation distribution, but no noticeable effect was observed in mean precipitation amounts, interannual variability and extreme events. To address the latter, model tuning after grid refinement and developing more “scale‐aware” parameterizations are necessary. The observed improvements on the large‐scale circulation suggest that the run‐time bias correction can be used to drive regional climate models for a better representation of regional and local climate. It can also be combined with “a posteriori” bias correction methods to improve local precipitation simulation, including extreme events.