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1
Winkler, Peter. "The early meteorological network of the Societas Meteorologica Palatina (1781–1792): foundation, organization, and reception." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 14, no. 2 (August 29, 2023): 93–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-14-93-2023.
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Abstract. The Societas Meteorologica Palatina arranged the first international meteorological network in a modern sense, being in operation between 1781 and 1792 during the last period of enlightenment. A total of 39 stations contributed observations. The original aim was to investigate influences of the moon and planets on the atmosphere. Instruments were provided free of charge; a physically very advanced instruction guaranteed reliable observational results, and the data collected at 3 different hours per day were printed at high cost in the Ephemerides Societatis Meteorologicae Palatinae (denoted Ephemerides hereafter) of Mannheim. This wealth of data has become a famous treasure trove for scientists and has been used later very often for climatic studies, for climatic comparisons of different locations in textbooks, for overcoming wrong but generally accepted or even outdated (e.g. scholastic) views; for finding new explanations for meteorological phenomena, and for studying extremes of meteorological parameters. Even in modern times, the data were evaluated and used to reconstruct historical weather maps. Although, meanwhile, some problems of the historical instruments have been recognized, most of the conclusions are still basically correct. The data were also used for verifying geomagnetic models or proxy data from tree-ring analysis. This network stimulated many scholars for special meteorological studies, and it was attractive for new stations to join the network. The early death of the meteorological secretary Johann Jakob Hemmer and the Napoleonic Wars brought about the end of the project. Nevertheless, many of the stations continued the observations using the available instruments.
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Li, Xin Di. "Meteorological Instruments Visualized Verification Integrated System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 475-476 (December 2013): 803–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.475-476.803.
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This Meteorological Instruments Visualized Verification Integrated System (MIVVIS) bases on existing conventional metrology business, using measurement verification image simulation technology, dynamic displays changes of the certification process and data acquisition in real-time, completes remote automatic measurement, control and regulation, improves work efficiency, and provides technical support to the new equipments of atmospheric monitoring automation projects.
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ROY, N. SEN. "Maintainability of electronic instruments for meteorological applications." MAUSAM 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v43i4.3500.
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The concept of Maintainability (M) of electronic instruments. though of recent origin, has Important application for meteorological equipments, which have special requirements. M is defined quantitatively in terms of mean time to repair and is Influenced by the failure behaviour of an equipment. An equipment goes through teething trouble, useful and terminal phase. Much of maintainability can be incorporated during design and production phase. This reduces the effective overall cost of the equipment during its life time. Special maintenance support system is necessary for meteorological Instruments. Some recent tools for trouble shooting in digital systems have been discussed.
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Goldberg, M., G. Ohring, J. Butler, C. Cao, R. Datla, D. Doelling, V. Gärtner, et al. "The Global Space-Based Inter-Calibration System." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 92, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010bams2967.1.
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The Global Space-based Inter-Calibration System (GSICS) is a new international program to assure the comparability of satellite measurements taken at different times and locations by different instruments operated by different satellite agencies. Sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization and the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites, GSICS will intercalibrate the instruments of the international constellation of operational low-earth-orbiting (LEO) and geostationary earth-orbiting (GEO) environmental satellites and tie these to common reference standards. The intercomparability of the observations will result in more accurate measurements for assimilation in numerical weather prediction models, construction of more reliable climate data records, and progress toward achieving the societal goals of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems. GSICS includes globally coordinated activities for prelaunch instrument characterization, onboard routine calibration, sensor intercomparison of near-simultaneous observations of individual scenes or overlapping time series, vicarious calibration using Earth-based or celestial references, and field campaigns. An initial strategy uses high-accuracy satellite instruments, such as the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT)'s Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), as space-based reference standards for intercalibrating the operational satellite sensors. Examples of initial intercalibration results and future plans are presented. Agencies participating in the program include the Centre National d'Études Spatiales, China Meteorological Administration, EUMETSAT, Japan Meteorological Agency, Korea Meteorological Administration, NASA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and NOAA.
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Insley, Jane. "‘Instruments well adapted to the work’: Meteorological instruments in 1850 and since." Weather 55, no. 8 (August 2000): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.2000.tb04074.x.
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Setvák, Martin, Blanka Piskala Gvoždíková, and Jindřich Šťástka. "Meteosat third generation (MTG) meteorological satellites." Meteorologické zprávy 76, no. 2 (May 18, 2023): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.59984/mz.2023.02.01.
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The article targets the Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) satellites, the first representative of which, MTG I1, was launched into orbit on 13 December 2022. It also describes briefly the Meteosat first and second generation satellites, the history of the MTG program preparations, and progress of development of the MTG satellites themselves. The paper also gives reasons for splitting the MTG program into two branches, MTG-Imager (MTG-I), focusing at imaging instruments, and MTG-Sounder (MTG-S), aimed at atmospheric soundings. Next, the paper focuses on detailed description of two main instruments of the MTG-I satellites, the Flexible Combined Imager (FCI) and the Lightning Imager (LI), and a brief description of two main instruments of the MTG-S satellites, the Infrared Sounder (IRS) and Sentinel-4. Furthermore, the paper also discusses commissioning of the MTG-I1 satellite and preparations for its operational use, foreseen for the end of 2023. Finally, the main expected benefits of the MTG satellites are briefly summarized.
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ZUIDERVAART, HUIB J. "An eighteenth-century medical–meteorological society in the Netherlands: an investigation of early organization, instrumentation and quantification. Part 2." British Journal for the History of Science 39, no. 1 (February 23, 2006): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087405007594.
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One of the most fascinating experiences gained by the meteorological observers of the Correspondentie Sociëteit concerned the practical use of new instruments. In the period after 1775 renewed interest in meteorology had stimulated the development of various new meteorological instruments. These instruments seemed at first to be a welcome addition or improvement in quantitative meteorology. How did the Correspondentie Sociëteit cope with these new developments? What factors determined whether or not the instruments were accepted as a useful addition to instruments already available? Four examples will be used to illustrate how this issue was tackled.
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Bhowmick, Debashis, Sandip K. Chakrabarti, Ritabrata Sarkar, Arnab Bhattacharya, and Arikkala Raghurama Rao. "Development of instruments for space exploration using meteorological balloons." Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems 5, no. 03 (July 17, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.5.3.036001.
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Shang, Jian, Lei Yang, Pan Huang, Huizhi Yang, Chengbao Liu, Jing Wang, Lei Zhao, Shengxiong Zhou, Xiaodong Chen, and Zhiqing Zhang. "Instrument observation strategy for a new generation of three-axis-stabilized geostationary meteorological satellites from China." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 8, no. 2 (July 18, 2019): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-161-2019.
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Abstract. The Fengyun-4 (FY-4) satellite series is a new generation of geostationary meteorological satellites from China. The newly adopted three-axis-stabilized attitude-control platform can increase observation efficiency and flexibility while bringing great challenges for image navigation as well as integrated observation mode design. Considering the requirements of earth observation, navigation and calibration as well as observation flexibility, instrument observation strategies are proposed. These include the earth, the moon, stars, cold space, blackbody and diffuser observations on which the instruments' in-orbit daily observations must be based. The most complicated part is the star observation strategy, while navigation precision is dependent on in-orbit star observations. A flexible, effective, stable and automatic star observation strategy directly influences star data acquisition and navigation precision. According to the requirement of navigation, two specific star observation strategies for the two main instruments on board FY-4A were proposed to be used in the operational ground system. The strategies have been successfully used in FY-4A in-orbit tests for more than a year. Both the simulation results and in-orbit application results are given, including instrument observation strategies, star observation strategies and moon observation tasks, to demonstrate the validity of the proposed observation strategies, which lay important foundations for the instruments' daily operation.
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Klaes, K. Dieter, Marc Cohen, Yves Buhler, Peter Schlüssel, Rosemary Munro, Juha-Pekka Luntama, Axel von Engeln, et al. "An Introduction to the EUMETSAT Polar system." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 88, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1085–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-88-7-1085.
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The European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Polar System is the European contribution to the European–U.S. operational polar meteorological satellite system (Initial Joint Polar System). It serves the midmorning (a.m.) orbit 0930 Local Solar Time (LST) descending node. The EUMETSAT satellites of this new polar system are the Meteorological Operational Satellite (Metop) satellites, jointly developed with ESA. Three Metop satellites are foreseen for at least 14 years of operation from 2006 onward and will support operational meteorology and climate monitoring. The Metop Programme includes the development of some instruments, such as the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment, Advanced Scatterometer, and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding, which are advanced instruments of recent successful research missions. Core components of the Metop payload, common with the payload on the U.S. satellites, are the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and the Advanced Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) package, composed of the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS), Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit A (AMSU-A), and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS). They provide continuity to the NOAA-K, -L, -M satellite series (in orbit known as NOAA-15, -16 and -17). MHS is a EUMETSAT development and replaces the AMSU-B instrument in the ATOVS suite. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instrument, developed by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, provides hyperspectral resolution infrared sounding capabilities and represents new technology in operational satellite remote sensing.
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Bühl, J., R. Leinweber, U. Görsdorf, M. Radenz, A. Ansmann, and V. Lehmann. "Combined vertical-velocity observations with Doppler lidar, cloud radar and wind profiler." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 8 (August 31, 2015): 3527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3527-2015.
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Abstract. Case studies of combined vertical-velocity measurements of Doppler lidar, cloud radar and wind profiler are presented. The measurements were taken at the Meteorological Observatory, Lindenberg, Germany. Synergistic products are presented that are derived from the vertical-velocity measurements of the three instruments: a comprehensive classification mask of vertically moving atmospheric targets and the terminal fall velocity of water droplets and ice crystals corrected for vertical air motion. It is shown that this combination of instruments can up-value the measurement values of each single instrument and may allow the simultaneous sensing of atmospheric targets and the motion of clear air.
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Gao Taichang, 高太长, 江志东 Jiang Zhidong, 刘磊 Liu Lei, and 刘西川 Liu Xichuan. "Application Analysis of Ground Meteorological Instruments Based on Optical Techniques." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 48, no. 4 (2011): 040101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop48.040101.
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Sluis, W. W., M. A. F. Allaart, A. J. M. Piters, and L. F. L. Gast. "The development of a nitrogen dioxide sonde." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 4 (July 2, 2010): 2805–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-2805-2010.
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Abstract. A growing number of space-borne instruments measures nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations in the troposphere, but validation of these instruments is hampered by lack of ground-based and in-situ profile measurements. The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) has developed a working NO2 sonde. The sonde is attached to a small meteorological balloon and measures a tropospheric NO2 profile. The NO2 sonde has a vertical resolution of 5 m, and a measurement range between 1 and 100 ppbv. The instrument is light in weight (±700 g), cheap (disposable), energy efficient and not harmful to the environment or the person who finds the package after use. The sonde uses the chemiluminescent reaction of NO2 in an aqueous luminol solution. The NO2–luminol reaction produces faint blue/purple light (at about 425 nm), which is detected by an array of silicon photodiodes. The luminol solution is optimised to be specific to NO2. An on-ground comparison with measurements from a Photolytic Analyzer of RIVM shows that both instruments measure similar NO2 variations in ambient air. During the Cabauw Intercomparison campaign of Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI) in June/July 2009 six vertical profiles of NO2 from the ground to 5 km altitude were measured, which clearly show that the largest amount of NO2 is measured in the boundary layer. The measured boundary layer heights of the NO2 sonde are in good agreement with boundary layer heights determined by a LD40 Ceilometer at Cabauw.
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BRENNI, PAOLO. "IL METEOROGRAFO DI PADRE ANGELO SECCHI." Nuncius 8, no. 1 (1993): 197–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539183x00082.
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Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>During the 19th Century the systematic collecting of meteorological data became a general practice. Several scientists and instrument makers invented new meteorological instruments and improved the existing ones. Probably the most impressive and sophisticated recording apparatus was the meteorograph devised between 1855 and 1865 by the Italian astronomer Padre Angelo Secchi (1818-1878). This huge and complicated machine was presented to the 1867 Paris Universal Exhibition where it was considered the technological masterpiece. The instrument worked in Rome for several years and then, partially dismanteled, was finally stored in the Osservatorio Astronomico di Monte Porzio (Rome). Recently carried to Florence, the meteorograph is now beeing restored in the laboratories of the Opificio delle Pietre Dure under the supervision of the Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza. My paper will trace the history of this ingeniuos instrument which represented a technological achievement but an economic failure.
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Neneman, Maciej, Sébastien Wagner, Ludovic Bourg, Laurent Blanot, Marc Bouvet, Stefan Adriaensen, and Jens Nieke. "Use of Moon Observations for Characterization of Sentinel-3B Ocean and Land Color Instrument." Remote Sensing 12, no. 16 (August 7, 2020): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12162543.
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During the commissioning of the Sentinel-3B satellite, a single lunar observation was performed to assess the possible use of the moon for characterization and validation of onboard instruments. The observation was carried out in stable orientation after a roll maneuver, allowing the moon to be imaged by the Earth view of instruments. Data acquired by the Ocean Land Color Instrument (OLCI) allowed inflight verification of stray-light correction (SLC) performed by the Mission Performance Centre (MPC), and assessment of radiometric behavior of instrument in comparison with lunar irradiance models performed in cooperation between European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) and European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). This paper describes the results of those activities along with the proposed update of stray-light correction developed with the use of lunar data.
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Sluis, W. W., M. A. F. Allaart, A. J. M. Piters, and L. F. L. Gast. "The development of a nitrogen dioxide sonde." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 3, no. 6 (December 16, 2010): 1753–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1753-2010.
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Abstract. A growing number of space-borne instruments measures nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations in the troposphere, but validation of these instruments is hampered by the lack of ground-based and in situ profile measurements. The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) has developed a working NO2 sonde. The sonde is attached to a small meteorological balloon and measures a tropospheric NO2 profile. The NO2 sonde has a vertical resolution of 5 m and a measurement range between 1 and 100 ppbv. The instrument is light in weight (0.7 kg), cheap (disposable), energy efficient and not harmful to the environment or the person who finds the package after use. The sonde uses the chemiluminescent reaction of NO2 in an aqueous luminol solution. The NO2-luminol reaction produces faint blue/purple light (at about 425 nm), which is detected by an array of silicon photodiodes. The luminol solution is optimised to be specific to NO2. An on-ground comparison with measurements from a Photolytic Analyser of The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) shows that both instruments measure similar NO2 variations in ambient air. During the Cabauw Intercomparison campaign of Nitrogen Dioxide measuring instruments (CINDI) in June/July 2009, six vertical profiles of NO2 from the ground to a 5 km altitude were measured, which clearly show that the largest amount of NO2 is measured in the boundary layer. The measured boundary layer heights of the NO2 sonde are in good agreement with boundary layer heights determined by a LD40 Ceilometer at Cabauw.
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Obleitner, Friedrich, and Jan De Wolde. "On Intercomparison Of Instruments Used Within The Vatnajökull Glacio-Meteorological Experiment." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 92, no. 1 (July 1999): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1002074627334.
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Cartwright, Laura, Andrew Zammit-Mangion, Sangeeta Bhatia, Ivan Schroder, Frances Phillips, Trevor Coates, Karita Negandhi, et al. "Bayesian atmospheric tomography for detection and quantification of methane emissions: application to data from the 2015 Ginninderra release experiment." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 9 (September 2, 2019): 4659–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4659-2019.
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Abstract. Detection and quantification of greenhouse-gas emissions is important for both compliance and environment conservation. However, despite several decades of active research, it remains predominantly an open problem, largely due to model errors and assumptions that appear at each stage of the inversion processing chain. In 2015, a controlled-release experiment headed by Geoscience Australia was carried out at the Ginninderra Controlled Release Facility, and a variety of instruments and methods were employed for quantifying the release rates of methane and carbon dioxide from a point source. This paper proposes a fully Bayesian approach to atmospheric tomography for inferring the methane emission rate of this point source using data collected during the experiment from both point- and path-sampling instruments. The Bayesian framework is designed to account for uncertainty in the parameterisations of measurements, the meteorological data, and the atmospheric model itself when performing inversion using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). We apply our framework to all instrument groups using measurements from two release-rate periods. We show that the inversion framework is robust to instrument type and meteorological conditions. From all the inversions we conducted across the different instrument groups and release-rate periods, our worst-case median emission rate estimate was within 36 % of the true emission rate. Further, in the worst case, the closest limit of the 95 % credible interval to the true emission rate was within 11 % of this true value.
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Awe, Samuel O., Martin Mahony, Edley Michaud, Conor Murphy, Simon J. Noone, Victor K. C. Venema, Thomas G. Thorne, and Peter W. Thorne. "Insights from 20 years of temperature parallel measurements in Mauritius around the turn of the 20th century." Climate of the Past 18, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 793–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-793-2022.
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Abstract. There is considerable import in creating more complete, better understood holdings of early meteorological data. Such data permit an improved understanding of climate variability and long-term changes. Early records are particularly incomplete in the tropics, with implications for estimates of global and regional temperature. There is also a relatively low level of scientific understanding of how these early measurements were made and, as a result, of their homogeneity and comparability to more modern techniques and measurements. Herein we describe and analyse a newly rescued set of long-term, up to six-way parallel measurements undertaken over 1884–1903 in Mauritius, an island situated in the southern Indian Ocean. Data include (i) measurements from a well-ventilated room, (ii) a shaded thermograph, (iii) instruments housed in a manner broadly equivalent to a modern Stevenson screen, (iv) a set of measurements by a hygrometer mounted in a Stevenson screen, and for a much shorter period (v) two additional Stevenson screen configurations. All measurements were undertaken within an ∼ 80 m radius of each other. To our knowledge this is the first such multidecadal multi-instrument assessment of meteorological instrument transition impacts ever undertaken, providing potentially unique insights. The intercomparison also considers the impact of different ways of deriving daily and monthly averages. The long-term comparison is sufficient to robustly characterize systematic offsets between all the instruments and seasonally varying impacts. Differences between all techniques range from tenths of a degree Celsius to more than 1 ∘C and are considerably larger for maximum and minimum temperatures than for means or averages. Systematic differences of several tenths of a degree Celsius also exist for the different ways of deriving average and mean temperatures. All differences, except two average temperature series pairs, are significant at the 0.01 level using a paired t test. Given that all thermometers were regularly calibrated against a primary Kew standard thermometer maintained by the observatory, this analysis highlights significant impacts of instrument exposure, housing, siting, and measurement practices in early meteorological records. These results reaffirm the importance of thoroughly assessing the homogeneity of early meteorological records.
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Stefani, Silvana, Gleda Kutrolli, Enrico Moretto, and Sergei Kulakov. "Managing Meteorological Risk through Expected Shortfall." Risks 8, no. 4 (November 10, 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks8040118.
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This paper focuses on weather derivatives as efficient risk management instruments and proposes a more advanced approach for their pricing. An “hybrid” contract is introduced, combining insurance properties, specifically tailored for the region under study and introducing Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) as appropriate measures for the strike price. The numerical results show that VaR and ES are both efficient ways for managing the so-called Tail Risk; further, being ES more conservative than VaR and due to its subadditivity property, it can be seen that seasonal contracts are generally better off than monthly contracts in reducing global risk.
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Lüdecke, Cornelia. "Neumayer’s impact on meteorology in Germany." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 123, no. 1 (2011): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs11035.
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When Georg von Neumayer (1826–1909) had a practical training with Johann von Lamont (1805-1879) at the observatory at Bogenhausen (today part of Munich), he learnt not only about astronomical observations and the construction of instruments, but also about magnetic and meteorological measurements, as well as the organisation of networks of stations and the importance of publication of measured data and their analysis. When he became first Director of the Deutsche Seewarte (German Maritime Observatory) in Hamburg (1876–1903) he subsequently introduced weather telegraphy and synoptic meteorology and installed a workshop for the development and calibration of meteorological and magnetic instruments and compasses. He also initiated the establishment of a weather service in Bavaria and the aerological (kite) station at Groß Borstel close to Hamburg (1903). Under his guidance the Deutsche Seewarte soon took over a leading role in Germany, which was confirmed in Neumayer’s membership in the International Meteorological Committee (1879–1888). Finally he became the founding President of the Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft (German Meteorological Society) in 1883. This can be regarded as a further important step for the institutionalisation of meteorology as a discipline in Germany.
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Strangeways, Ian. "Weather stations for Venus." Astronomy & Geophysics 62, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 5.19–5.23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/astrogeo/atab088.
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Brugnara, Yuri, Lucas Pfister, Leonie Villiger, Christian Rohr, Francesco Alessandro Isotta, and Stefan Brönnimann. "Early instrumental meteorological observations in Switzerland: 1708–1873." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): 1179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1179-2020.
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Abstract. We describe a dataset of recently digitised meteorological observations from 40 locations in today's Switzerland, covering the 18th and 19th centuries. Three fundamental variables – temperature, pressure, and precipitation – are provided in a standard format after they have been converted into modern units and quality-controlled. The raw data produced by the digitisation, often including additional variables and annotations, are also provided. Digitisation was performed by manually typing the data from photographs of the original sources, which were in most cases handwritten weather diaries. These observations will be important for studying past climate variability in Central Europe and in the Alps, although the general scarcity of metadata (e.g. detailed information on the instruments and their exposure) implies that some caution is required when using them. The data described in this paper can be found at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.909141 (Brugnara, 2020).
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Piters, A. J. M., K. F. Boersma, M. Kroon, J. C. Hains, M. Van Roozendael, F. Wittrock, N. Abuhassan, et al. "The Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI): design, execution, and early results." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 5, no. 2 (February 27, 2012): 457–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-457-2012.
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Abstract. From June to July 2009 more than thirty different in-situ and remote sensing instruments from all over the world participated in the Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI). The campaign took place at KNMI's Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) in the Netherlands. Its main objectives were to determine the accuracy of state-of-the-art ground-based measurement techniques for the detection of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (both in-situ and remote sensing), and to investigate their usability in satellite data validation. The expected outcomes are recommendations regarding the operation and calibration of such instruments, retrieval settings, and observation strategies for the use in ground-based networks for air quality monitoring and satellite data validation. Twenty-four optical spectrometers participated in the campaign, of which twenty-one had the capability to scan different elevation angles consecutively, the so-called Multi-axis DOAS systems, thereby collecting vertical profile information, in particular for nitrogen dioxide and aerosol. Various in-situ samplers and lidar instruments simultaneously characterized the variability of atmospheric trace gases and the physical properties of aerosol particles. A large data set of continuous measurements of these atmospheric constituents has been collected under various meteorological conditions and air pollution levels. Together with the permanent measurement capability at the CESAR site characterizing the meteorological state of the atmosphere, the CINDI campaign provided a comprehensive observational data set of atmospheric constituents in a highly polluted region of the world during summertime. First detailed comparisons performed with the CINDI data show that slant column measurements of NO2, O4 and HCHO with MAX-DOAS agree within 5 to 15%, vertical profiles of NO2 derived from several independent instruments agree within 25% of one another, and MAX-DOAS aerosol optical thickness agrees within 20–30% with AERONET data. For the in-situ NO2 instrument using a molybdenum converter, a bias was found as large as 5 ppbv during day time, when compared to the other in-situ instruments using photolytic converters.
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Keller, L. M., K. A. Baker, M. A. Lazzara, and J. Gallagher. "A Comparison of Meteorological Observations from South Pole Station before and after Installation of a New Instrument Suite." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 1605–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecha1220.1.
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Abstract The Amundsen–Scott South Pole surface meteorological instrument suite was upgraded in 2004. To ensure that the new and old instruments were recording similar information, the two suites of instruments ran simultaneously for a year. Statistical analysis of the time series of temperature, pressure, and wind was performed to determine if there were any significant differences in the observations. Significant differences were found in some of the winter months for temperature and wind speed. No differences were found for the wind direction distribution. There are also noticeable differences in wind speed between the Clean Air platform near the Clean Air facility and the platform at the approach end of the skiway. Wind speeds are lower at the skiway tower when the wind is from the northeast quadrant and at the Clean Air tower when the wind is from the southwest quadrant, reflecting the effect of increased surface roughness and flow distortion over and around the station structures. Because of a change in elevation of the pressure sensor, the pressure data were recalculated at a common station elevation (2836 m). Although the resulting differences are small (around 0.1 hPa), there is a systematic sign change between summer and winter. The results of this analysis, while revealing some significant differences, show that the new instrumentation at South Pole station is generally reporting observations that are similar to those of the old instrumentation, and most of the differences are within the accuracy of the instruments. However, the instrument placement and construction of official aviation routine weather reports (METARs) do have an impact on the usefulness of the data for research.
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Stübi, René, Herbert Schill, Eliane Maillard Barras, Jörg Klausen, and Alexander Haefele. "Quality assessment of Dobson spectrophotometers for ozone column measurements before and after automation at Arosa and Davos." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 4203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4203-2021.
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Abstract. The longest ozone column measurement series are based on the Dobson sun spectrophotometers developed in the 1920s by Gordon B. W. Dobson. These instruments still constitute an important part of the World Meteorological Organization's global network due to their optical qualities and ruggedness. The primary drawback of this instrument is the effort needed for its manual operation. In industrialized and some less developed countries, most stations have made the choice to replace the Dobson by the automated Brewer sun spectrophotometers, but some are still relying on the Dobson instrument. One of them is the Arosa station where both instrument types are run in parallel. Here, an automated version of the Dobson instrument was developed and implemented recently. In the present paper, the results of the analysis of simultaneous measurements from pairs of Dobson instruments that were either collocated at Arosa or Davos or operated one at each location are presented for four distinct time periods: 1992–2012 – manual vs. manual operation of collocated Dobson instruments (MMC); 2012–2013 – manual vs. automated operation of collocated Dobson instruments (MAC); 2012–2019 – automated vs. automated operation of collocated Dobson instruments (AAC); 2016–2019 – automated vs. automated operation of distant Dobson instruments (AAD). The direct comparison of two instruments using the standard operation procedure during the MMC period gives a metric necessary to validate the automated version of Dobson instruments. The direct comparison of two collocated instruments using the standard manual operation procedure reveals random differences of coincident observations with a standard deviation of ∼ 0.45 % and monthly mean differences between −1.0 % and +0.8 %. In most cases the observed biases are not statistically significant. The same analysis of two automated Dobson instruments yields significantly smaller standard deviation of ∼ 0.25 % and biases of between −0.7 % and 0.8 %. This demonstrates that the repeatability has improved with the automation, while the systematic differences are only marginally smaller. The analysis of the AAD period of coincident measurements from the distant sites Arosa and Davos reveals a small positive bias (not significant) compatible with the 250 m altitude difference. The description of the automated data acquisition and control of the Dobson instrument is presented in a separate paper (Stübi et al., 2020).
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Toihir, A. M., H. Bencherif, V. Sivakumar, L. El Amraoui, T. Portafaix, and N. Mbatha. "Comparison of total column ozone obtained by the IASI-MetOp satellite with ground-based and OMI satellite observations in the southern tropics and subtropics." Annales Geophysicae 33, no. 9 (September 16, 2015): 1135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1135-2015.
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Abstract. This paper presents comparison results of the total column ozone (TCO) data product over 13 southern tropical and subtropical sites recorded from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer (IASI) onboard the EUMETSAT (European organization for the exploitation of METeorological SATellite) MetOp (Meteorological Operational satellite program) satellite. TCO monthly averages obtained from IASI between June 2008 and December 2012 are compared with collocated TCO measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the OMI/Aura satellite and the Dobson and SAOZ (Système d'Analyse par Observation Zénithale) ground-based instruments. The results show that IASI displays a positive bias with an average less than 2 % with respect to OMI and Dobson observations, but exhibits a negative bias compared to SAOZ over Bauru with a bias around 2.63 %. There is a good agreement between IASI and the other instruments, especially from 15° S southward where a correlation coefficient higher than 0.87 is found. IASI exhibits a seasonal dependence, with an upward trend in autumn and a downward trend during spring, especially before September 2010. After September 2010, the autumn seasonal bias is considerably reduced due to changes made to the retrieval algorithm of the IASI level 2 (L2) product. The L2 product released after August (L2 O3 version 5 (v5)) matches TCO from the other instruments better compared to version 4 (v4), which was released between June 2008 and August 2010. IASI bias error recorded from September 2010 is estimated to be at 1.5 % with respect to OMI and less than ±1 % with respect to the other ground-based instruments. Thus, the improvement made by O3 L2 version 5 (v5) product compared with version 4 (v4), allows IASI TCO products to be used with confidence to study the distribution and interannual variability of total ozone in the southern tropics and subtropics.
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Finger, Frederick G., and Francis J. Schmidlin. "Upper-Air Measurements and Instrumentation Workshop." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-72.1.50.
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The tremendous interest in upper-air measurement quality by the meteorological community brought together experts from many agencies at a Workshop on Upper-Air Measurements and Instruments. The workshop was held at NASA's Wallops Island facility on 14–15 November 1989. The purpose of the workshop was to establish a forum for the interchange of information to discuss mutual problems and to provide a basis for future work. A major recommendation of the workshop was for the development of a reference radiosonde instrument. A description of the workshop highlights are presented.
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BRENNI, PAOLO. "IL BAROMETRO RITROVATO." Nuncius 9, no. 2 (1994): 670–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539184x01008.
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Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>In 1860 two large meteorological instruments, a metallic thermometer and a balance barometer, were installed in the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence. The two public apparatus were dismanteled in the late 1930s and, apart of a few pieces of the dials, they were considered lost. A few months ago, during some restoration works, the balance barometer was discovered in a small room behind the Loggia. The instrument was removed, and after a careful restauration, it was recently displayed in the Museum of History of Science.
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Tudorache, George-Stelian. "Parametric Classification of Iași and Botoșani Meteorological Stations Sites According to W.M.O. Regulations." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pesd-2018-0025.
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Abstract Selecting a meteorological platform siting is established according to World Meteorological Organization (W.M.O.) regulations so that the measurements are done in optimal conditions, thus ensuring a high quality meteorological data. The environmental characteristics of a meteorological platform can sometimes generate measurement errors that exceed the automatic meteorological station (A.W.S.) sensors tolerances. Due to the urban development in the vicinity of the meteorological station the measurement conditions of a meteorological parameter may suffer adverse changes due to the emergence of large obstacles or heat sources. At the Technical Conference of W.M.O. regarding the Observing Instruments and Methods in 2013, meteorological platform classification criteria was established, regulated by Annex 1B of W.M.O. No. 8 Guide. The classification uses the detailed documentation of the obstacles in a 100 m around the A.W.S. and assigning a class number for each measured meteorological parameter. The classification has been established to help standardize the representativeness of a meteorological platform at a small scale. Among the results of the site classification include the user's knowledge of the conditions for measuring the meteorological parameters in the initial phase of the use or implementation of a data string. The site classification needs to be applied for all weather stations in Romania's national network and in this paper a proposal for the implementation method is presented for two meteorological stations located in Moldavia, Iași and Botoșani.
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Mariani, Zen, Laura Huang, Robert Crawford, Jean-Pierre Blanchet, Shannon Hicks-Jalali, Eva Mekis, Ludovick Pelletier, Peter Rodriguez, and Kevin Strawbridge. "Enhanced automated meteorological observations at the Canadian Arctic Weather Science (CAWS) supersites." Earth System Science Data 14, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 4995–5017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4995-2022.
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Abstract. The changing Arctic climate is creating increased economic, transportation, and recreational activities requiring reliable and relevant weather information. However, the Canadian Arctic is sparsely observed, and processes governing weather systems in the Arctic are not well understood. There is a recognized lack of meteorological data to characterize the Arctic atmosphere for operational forecasting and to support process studies, satellite calibration/validation, search and rescue operations (which are increasing in the region), high-impact weather (HIW) detection and prediction, and numerical weather prediction (NWP) model verification and evaluation. To address this need, Environment and Climate Change Canada commissioned two supersites, one in Iqaluit (63.74∘ N, 68.51∘ W) in September 2015 and the other in Whitehorse (60.71∘ N, 135.07∘ W) in November 2017 as part of the Canadian Arctic Weather Science (CAWS) project. The primary goals of CAWS are to provide enhanced meteorological observations in the Canadian Arctic for HIW nowcasting (short-range forecast) and NWP model verification, evaluation, and process studies and to provide recommendations on the optimal cost-effective observing system for the Canadian Arctic. Both sites are in provincial/territorial capitals and are economic hubs for the region; they also act as transportation gateways to the north and are in the path of several common Arctic storm tracks. The supersites are located at or next to major airports and existing Meteorological Service of Canada ground-based weather stations that provide standard meteorological surface observations and upper-air radiosonde observations; they are also uniquely situated in close proximity to frequent overpasses by polar-orbiting satellites. The suite of in situ and remote sensing instruments at each site is completely automated (no on-site operator) and operates continuously in all weather conditions, providing near-real-time data to operational weather forecasters, the public, and researchers via obrs.ca. The two sites have similar instruments, including mobile Doppler weather radars, multiple vertically profiling and/or scanning lidars (Doppler, ceilometer, water vapour), optical disdrometers, precipitation gauges in different shielded configurations, present weather sensors, fog monitoring devices, radiation flux sensors, and other meteorological instruments. Details on the two supersites, the suites of instruments deployed, the data collection methods, and example case studies of HIW events are discussed. CAWS data are publicly accessible via the Canadian Government Open Data Portal (https://doi.org/10.18164/ff771396-b22c-4bc3-844d-38fc697049e9, Mariani et al., 2022a, and https://doi.org/10.18164/d92ed3cf-4ba0-4473-beec-357ec45b0e78, Mariani et al., 2022b); this dataset is being used to improve our understanding of synoptic and fine-scale meteorological processes in the Arctic and sub-Arctic, including HIW detection and prediction and NWP verification, assimilation, and processes.
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Piters, A. J. M., K. F. Boersma, M. Kroon, J. C. Hains, M. Van Roozendael, F. Wittrock, N. Abuhassan, et al. "The Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI): design, execution, and early results." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 5 (September 16, 2011): 5935–6005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-5935-2011.
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Abstract. From June to July 2009 more than thirty different in-situ and remote sensing instruments from all over the world participated in the Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI). The campaign took place at KNMI's Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research in the Netherlands. Its main objectives were to determine the accuracy of state-of-the-art ground-based measurement techniques for the detection of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (both in-situ and remote sensing), and to investigate their usability in satellite data validation. The expected outcomes are recommendations regarding the operation and calibration of such instruments, retrieval settings, and observation strategies for the use in ground-based networks for air quality monitoring and satellite data validation. Twenty-four optical spectrometers participated in the campaign, of which twenty-one had the capability to scan different elevation angles consecutively, the so-called Multi-axis DOAS systems, thereby collecting vertical profile information, in particular for nitrogen dioxide and aerosol. Various in-situ samplers simultaneously characterized the variability of atmospheric trace gases and the physical properties of aerosol particles. A large data set of continuous measurements of these atmospheric constituents has been collected under various meteorological conditions and air pollution levels. Together with the permanent measurement capability at the Cabauw site characterizing the meteorological state of the atmosphere, the CINDI campaign provided a comprehensive observational data set of atmospheric constituents in a highly polluted region of the world during summertime. First detailed comparisons performed with the CINDI data show that slant column measurements of NO2, O4 and HCHO with MAX-DOAS agree within 5 to 15%, vertical profiles of NO2 derived from several independent instruments agree within 25%, and MAX-DOAS aerosol optical thickness agrees within 20–30% with AERONET data. For the in-situ NO2 instrument using a molybdenum converter, a bias was found as large as 5 ppbv during day time, when compared to the other in-situ instruments using photolytic converters.
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Obregón, M. A., M. T. Rodas, A. M. M. Farrona, F. Domínguez-Castro, M. C. Gallego, R. García-Herrera, and J. M. Vaquero. "On the Value of Early Marine Weather Observations: The Malaspina Expedition (1789–94)." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 103, no. 7 (July 2022): E1684—E1695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-21-0051.1.
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Abstract Great advances in meteorological science were made in the late eighteenth century. In particular, meteorological instruments were carried on ships and the first systematic meteorological readings over the oceans were made. One of these collections of instrumental meteorological readings was carried out by the Malaspina expedition (1789–94), organized by the Spanish Crown to study its vast possessions around the world. We have recovered meteorological variables such as air temperature (maximum and minimum), atmospheric pressure (maximum and minimum), wind (intensity and direction), and appearance (state of the sky) from the documentation generated by the explorers during the journey. In total, nearly 13,000 instrumental data have been digitized and rescued from this maritime expedition. The comparison of daily temperature and pressure observations with reanalysis and weather stations data shows a good overall agreement. Moreover, apparent discrepancies during several anchored periods have allowed for testing the consistency and quality of these early instrumental marine weather readings.
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Dai, Lindong, Jinyuan Xin, Hongchao Zuo, Yongxiang Ma, Lei Zhang, Xinrui Wu, Yongjing Ma, Danjie Jia, and Fangkun Wu. "Multilevel Validation of Doppler Wind Lidar by the 325 m Meteorological Tower in the Planetary Boundary Layer of Beijing." Atmosphere 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101051.
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The high-frequency monitoring of three-dimensional wind fields is crucial in planetary boundary layer meteorology. Doppler wind lidar and meteorological towers are the most important instruments for site observations of three-dimensional wind fields. This study systematically investigated and compared the performances of three wind measurement instruments: A Doppler wind lidar (Windcube 100s), cup anemometer/wind vane and sonic wind anemometer mounted on the 325 m meteorological tower in the polluted urban city of Beijing. The horizontal wind speed measurements of the Doppler wind lidar closely matched those of the cup anemometer and the sonic wind anemometer with high coefficients of determination (R2: 0.79–0.96 and 0.90–0.97, respectively). Moreover, the results also showed good agreement between the three measurements of the prevailing horizontal wind direction. Conversely, there were weak correlations between the vertical wind speeds of the Doppler wind lidar and sonic wind anemometer with low coefficients of determination (R2: 0.30–0.46). With increasing temporal scale, the consistency in the vertical wind increased. In addition, the Doppler wind lidar seemed to correlate better with the sonic wind anemometer at heights exceeding 300 m (R2: 0.48–0.77). Note that there was a remarkable difference between the Doppler wind lidar and 325 m meteorological tower observations as the aerosol concentrations changed rapidly. Different wind measurement instruments have unique advantages and are thus irreplaceable. The Doppler wind lidar is better at measuring larger turbulent eddies.
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Borghi, Francesca, Andrea Spinazzè, Davide Campagnolo, Sabrina Rovelli, Andrea Cattaneo, and Domenico M. Cavallo. "Precision and Accuracy of a Direct-Reading Miniaturized Monitor in PM2.5 Exposure Assessment." Sensors 18, no. 9 (September 13, 2018): 3089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093089.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the precision, accuracy, practicality, and potential uses of a PM2.5 miniaturized monitor (MM) in exposure assessment. These monitors (AirBeam, HabitatMap) were compared with the widely used direct-reading particulate matter monitors and a gravimetric reference method for PM2.5. Instruments were tested during 20 monitoring sessions that were subdivided in two different seasons to evaluate the performance of sensors across various environmental and meteorological conditions. Measurements were performed at an urban background site in Como, Italy. To evaluate the performance of the instruments, different analyses were conducted on 8-h averaged PM2.5 concentrations for comparison between direct-reading monitors and the gravimetric method, and minute-averaged data for comparison between the direct-reading instruments. A linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate whether the two measurement methods, when compared, could be considered comparable and/or mutually predictive. Further, Bland-Altman plots were used to determine whether the methods were characterized by specific biases. Finally, the correlations between the error associated with the direct-reading instruments and the meteorological parameters acquired at the sampling point were investigated. Principal results show a moderate degree of agreement between MMs and the reference method and a bias that increased with an increase in PM2.5 concentrations.
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DRY, SARAH. "Safety networks: fishery barometers and the outsourcing of judgement at the early Meteorological Department." British Journal for the History of Science 42, no. 1 (July 15, 2008): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087408001192.
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AbstractIn 1854 Admiral FitzRoy, acting as the first head of the Meteorological Department of the Board of Trade, initiated a project to distribute fishery barometers to poor fishing communities. Over the next eleven years until his untimely death in 1865, FitzRoy oversaw the distribution of dozens of barometers. The distribution continued after his death and many of the original barometers are still in place. FitzRoy's tenure at the Met Department is today remembered for his innovative and controversial development of weather forecasts, the first of their kind in Britain, which were telegraphed to coastal towns to warn of impending storms. Against the backdrop of this dramatic attempt to predict the weather using the tools of telegraphy and synoptic mapping, the barometer distribution project looks like an unexceptional piece of administration, a routine shuttling of correspondence and instruments. Closer inspection reveals a case study in Victorian governance that shows how individuals could contribute to elite forms of science by remaining independent of them in key respects. Rather than providing disciplined and trustworthy registrations of nature's language, the fishery barometers distributed by FitzRoy and the Met Department were explicitly excluded from the wider project to map British and global weather. By being thus excluded, they helped augment the autonomy of their intended users, the poor fishermen who were thereby made into better, more independent, interpreters of the Met Office forecasts. By revealing the potential for an instrument to be useful when not registering, this episode suggests that instruments could augment as well as replace the autonomous judgements of individuals.
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BIJU, PS, RR MALI, and RD VASHISTHA. "An indigenous design of Integrated Automated Current Weather Instruments System (IACWIS) for aeronautical meteorological observations." MAUSAM 59, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v59i4.1279.
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There is an urgent need for modernisation of aeronautical meteorological instruments considering the exponential growth of aviation industry in India. As a part of modernization, an attempt has been made by the authors to design and develop an Integrated Automated Current Weather Instruments System (IACWIS) for the continuous monitoring of wind direction and speed, temperature and dew point at the touchdown zone of the runway. This system being digital has a lot of advantages such as vector averaging for wind direction and wind speed, data archival and amenable for further analysis etc. The system after successful field trials has been installed at seven international airports in the country (Bangalore, Calicut, Diu, Hyderabad, Lucknow, Nagpur and New Delhi). The system meets the operationally desirable accuracy requirements of International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO, 2004) and vector averaging of wind data as recommended by World Meteorological Organisation (WMO, 1992). The system design capabilities and scope for expansion have been presented in this paper.
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Zhao, Xiaoyi, Vitali Fioletov, Michael Brohart, Volodya Savastiouk, Ihab Abboud, Akira Ogyu, Jonathan Davies, et al. "The world Brewer reference triad – updated performance assessment and new double triad." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 2261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2261-2021.
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Abstract. The Brewer ozone spectrophotometer (the Brewer) was designed at Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) in the 1970s to make accurate automated total ozone column measurements. Since the 1980s, the Brewer instrument has become a World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) standard ozone monitoring instrument. Now, more than 230 Brewers have been produced. To assure the quality of the Brewer measurements, a calibration chain is maintained, i.e., first, the reference instruments are independently absolutely calibrated, and then the calibration is transferred from the reference instrument to the travelling standard, and subsequently from the travelling standard to field instruments. ECCC has maintained the world Brewer reference instruments since the 1980s to provide transferable calibration to field instruments at monitoring sites. Three single-monochromator (Mark II) type instruments (serial numbers 008, 014, and 015) formed this world Brewer reference triad (BrT) and started their service in Toronto, Canada, in 1984. In the 1990s, the Mark III type Brewer (known as the double Brewer) was developed, which has two monochromators to reduce the internal instrumental stray light. The double-Brewer world reference triad (BrT-D) was formed in 2013 (serial numbers 145, 187 and 191), co-located with the BrT. The first assessment of the BrT's performance was made in 2005, covering the period between 1984 and 2004 (Fioletov et al., 2005). The current work provides an updated assessment of the BrT's performance (from 1999 to 2019) and the first comprehensive assessment of the BrT-D. The random uncertainties of individual reference instruments are within the WMO/GAW requirement of 1 % (WMO, 2001): 0.49 % and 0.42 % for BrT and BrT-D, respectively, as estimated in this study. The long-term stability of the reference instruments is also evaluated in terms of uncertainties of the key instrument characteristics: the extraterrestrial calibration constant (ETC) and effective ozone absorption coefficients (both having an effect of less than 2 % on total column ozone). Measurements from a ground-based instrument (Pandora spectrometer), satellites (11 datasets, including the most recent high-resolution satellite, TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument), and reanalysis model (the second Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, MERRA-2) are used to further assess the performance of world Brewer reference instruments and to provide a context for the requirements of stratospheric ozone observations during the last two decades.
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Yan, Yixun. "Optical coatings for the FY-1 Meteorological Satellite and airborne remote sensing instruments." Optical Engineering 33, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.152020.
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赵, 勇. "Comparison and Analysis of the Consistency of Two New Meteorological Rainfall Observation Instruments." Climate Change Research Letters 12, no. 03 (2023): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ccrl.2023.123051.
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Dines, L. H. G. "A simple electrical time marking system for use with self recording meteorological instruments." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 50, no. 212 (August 17, 2007): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49705021215.
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Brown, Molly E., and Charles Wooldridge. "Identifying and Quantifying Benefits of Meteorological Satellites." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00224.1.
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Abstract The Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) provides an international forum for the exchange of technical information on geostationary and polar-orbiting meteorological satellite systems. In 2013, the CMGS established the Socioeconomic Benefits Tiger Team (SETT) to develop a credible methodology and common terminology for articulating the socioeconomic benefits of satellite observing systems, and to explore the most effective ways to communicate the benefits to decision makers and stakeholders. As part of its first years’ activities, the SETT gathered examples of socioeconomic studies across all member organizations. This article describes key elements of these studies, and identified eight key themes that are presented. We welcome additional collaborations to identify opportunities to incorporate socioeconomic best practices, integrate these into additional or subsequent phases of work on new instruments and satellites, and develop recommendations for the way forward for the broader meteorological community.
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Dale, Ethan R., Stefanie Kremser, Jordis S. Tradowsky, Greg E. Bodeker, Leroy J. Bird, Gustavo Olivares, Guy Coulson, et al. "The winter 2019 air pollution (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) measurement campaign in Christchurch, New Zealand." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 2053–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2053-2021.
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Abstract. MAPM (Mapping Air Pollution eMissions) is a project whose goal is to develop a method to infer airborne particulate matter (PM) emissions maps from in situ PM concentration measurements. In support of MAPM, a winter field campaign was conducted in New Zealand in 2019 (June to September) to obtain the measurements required to test and validate the MAPM methodology. Two different types of instruments measuring PM were deployed: ES-642 remote dust monitors (17 instruments) and Outdoor Dust Information Nodes (ODINs; 50 instruments). The measurement campaign was bracketed by two intercomparisons where all instruments were co-located, with a permanently installed tapered element oscillating membrane (TEOM) instrument, to determine any instrument biases. Changes in biases between the pre- and post-campaign intercomparisons were used to determine instrument drift over the campaign period. Once deployed, each ES-642 was co-located with an ODIN. In addition to the PM measurements, meteorological variables (temperature, pressure, wind speed, and wind direction) were measured at three automatic weather station (AWS) sites established as part of the campaign, with additional data being sourced from 27 further AWSs operated by other agencies. Vertical profile measurements were made with 12 radiosondes during two 24 h periods and complimented measurements made with a mini micropulse lidar and ceilometer. Here we present the data collected during the campaign and discuss the correction of the measurements made by various PM instruments. We find that when compared to measurements made with a simple linear correction, a correction based on environmental conditions improves the quality of measurements retrieved from ODINs but results in over-fitting and increases the uncertainties when applied to the more sophisticated ES-642 instruments. We also compare PM2.5 and PM10 measured by ODINs which, in some cases, allows us to identify PM from natural and anthropogenic sources. The PM data collected during the campaign are publicly available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4542559 (Dale et al., 2020b), and the data from other instruments are available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536640 (Dale et al., 2020a).
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Snow, John T., and Shawn B. Harley. "Basic Meteorological Observations for Schools: Temperature." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 486–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-68.5.486.
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This article addresses the measurement of temperature using easily fabricated and/or economical instruments. It describes techniques for measuring temperature with simple instrumentation, comments on our experiences in implementing the techniques, and provides a list appropriate references. The intent is to provide members of the Society with a ready reference to be used to respond to inquiries from earth and physical science teachers at the junior and senior high school level. The material should aid members who are interested in pursuing the educational initiatives described in Weather Education (Royal Meteorological Society, 1984) and in the AMS Guide to Establishing School and Public Educational Activities (American Meteorological Society, 1985). To assist members in advising teachers interested in including meteorology in science curricula, we will also include a few suggestions for student or class projects. Good references concerning meteorological observations and measurements in schools are the books by Trowbridge (1973) and Couchman et al. (1977), and the pamphlets by Geer (1975), Pedgley (1980) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1979). The review articles by Mazzarella (1985) and Brock (1985) contain much useful information, as do the handbooks by the Meteorological Office (1981) and United States Department of Agriculture (1976).
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Holmlund, K., J. Grandell, J. Schmetz, R. Stuhlmann, B. Bojkov, R. Munro, M. Lekouara, et al. "Meteosat Third Generation (MTG): Continuation and Innovation of Observations from Geostationary Orbit." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102, no. 5 (May 2021): E990—E1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0304.1.
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AbstractWithin the next couple of years, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) will start the deployment of its next-generation geostationary meteorological satellites. The Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) is composed of four imaging (MTG-I) and two sounding (MTG-S) platforms. The satellites are three-axis stabilized, unlike the two previous generations of Meteosat that were spin stabilized, and carry two sets of remote sensing instruments each. Hence, in addition to providing continuity, the new system will provide an unprecedented capability from geostationary orbit. The payload on the MTG-I satellites are the 16-channel Flexible Combined Imager (FCI) and the Lightning Imager (LI). The payloads on the MTG-S satellites are the hyperspectral Infrared Sounder (IRS) and a high-resolution Ultraviolet–Visible–Near-Infrared (UVN) sounder Sentinel-4/UVN, provided by the European Commission. Today, hyperspectral sounding from geostationary orbit is provided by the Chinese Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) satellite Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) instrument, and lightning mappers are available on FY-4A and on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) GOES-16 and GOES-17 satellites. Consequently, the development of science and applications for these types of instruments have a solid foundation. However, the IRS, LI, and Sentinel-4/UVN are a challenging first for Europe in a geostationary orbit. The four MTG-I and two MTG-S satellites are designed to provide 20 and 15.5 years of operational service, respectively. The launch of the first MTG-I is expected at the end of 2022 and the first MTG-S roughly a year later. This article describes the four instruments, outlines products and services, and addresses the evolution of the further applications.
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Francesca, Sanna, Deboli Roberto, and Calvo Angela. "Variability of tomato in protected environment in response to meteorological parameters." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 6 (May 31, 2018): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/772/2017-pse.
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An experimental site for the measurement of meteorological parameters in protected environment and the evaluation of the tomato cultivar variability is presented in this paper. The site was equipped with cultivation structures with different covering materials and calibrated sensors traceable to the International System of Units. The microclimate conditions were monitored by sensors for solar radiation (from 290 nm to 2800 nm), air temperature (from –10°C to 40°C) and relative humidity (from 10% RH to 98% RH) inside and outside the tunnels. Specific procedures were used to calibrate the instruments. The following aspects were evaluated: microclimate and solar radiation within different cultivations; morphological observations of the tomatoes in response to the different environments; optical and radiometric properties of the films used as covering material. High temperatures recorded (over 40°C) changed the transmissive feature of the films and consequently affected the growth, anthesis, leaf area index and fruit setting of tomatoes.
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Stagnaro, Mattia, Arianna Cauteruccio, Luca G. Lanza, and Pak-Wai Chan. "On the Use of Dynamic Calibration to Correct Drop Counter Rain Gauge Measurements." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 6321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186321.
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Dynamic calibration was performed in the laboratory on two catching-type drop counter rain gauges manufactured as high-sensitivity and fast response instruments by Ogawa Seiki Co. Ltd. (Japan) and the Chilbolton Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). Adjustment procedures were developed to meet the recommendations of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for rainfall intensity measurements at the one-minute time resolution. A dynamic calibration curve was derived for each instrument to provide the drop volume variation as a function of the measured drop releasing frequency. The trueness of measurements was improved using a post-processing adjustment algorithm and made compatible with the WMO recommended maximum admissible error. The impact of dynamic calibration on the rainfall amount measured in the field at the annual and the event scale was calculated for instruments operating at two experimental sites. The rainfall climatology at the site is found to be crucial in determining the magnitude of the measurement bias, with a predominant overestimation at the low to intermediate rainfall intensity range.
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Kim, D. H., and M. H. Ahn. "Introduction of the in-orbit test and its performance for the first meteorological imager of the Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 8 (August 12, 2014): 2471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2471-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The first geostationary Earth observation satellite of Korea – the Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) – was successfully launched on 27 June 2010. After arrival at its operational orbit, the satellite underwent an in-orbit test (IOT) that lasted for about 8 months. During the IOT period, the main payload for the weather application, the meteorological imager, went through successful tests for demonstrating its function and performance, and the test results are introduced here. The radiometric performance of the meteorological imager (MI) is tested by means of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the visible channel, noise-equivalent differential temperature (NEdT) for the infrared channels, and pixel-to-pixel nonuniformity for both the visible and infrared channels. In the case of the visible channel, the SNR of all eight detectors is obtained using the ground-measured parameters with the background signals obtained in orbit. The overall performance shows a value larger than 26 at 5% albedo, exceeding the user requirement of 10 by a significant margin. Also, the relative variability of detector responsivity among the eight visible channels meets the user requirement, showing values within 10% of the user requirement. For the infrared channels, the NEdT of each detector is well within the user requirement and is comparable with or better than the legacy instruments, except for the water vapor channel, which is slightly noisier than the legacy instruments. The variability of detector responsivity of infrared channels is also below the user requirement, within 40% of the requirement, except for the shortwave infrared channel. The improved performance result is partly due to the stable and low detector temperature obtained due to spacecraft design, i.e., by installing a single solar panel on the opposite side of the MI.
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Zellweger, Christoph, Lukas Emmenegger, Mohd Firdaus, Juha Hatakka, Martin Heimann, Elena Kozlova, T. Gerard Spain, Martin Steinbacher, Marcel V. van der Schoot, and Brigitte Buchmann. "Assessment of recent advances in measurement techniques for atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 9 (September 26, 2016): 4737–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4737-2016.
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Abstract. Until recently, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) measurements were made almost exclusively using nondispersive infrared (NDIR) absorption and gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC/FID) techniques, respectively. Recently, commercially available instruments based on spectroscopic techniques such as cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have become more widely available and affordable. This resulted in a widespread use of these techniques at many measurement stations. This paper is focused on the comparison between a CRDS "travelling instrument" that has been used during performance audits within the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) with instruments incorporating other, more traditional techniques for measuring CO2 and CH4 (NDIR and GC/FID). We demonstrate that CRDS instruments and likely other spectroscopic techniques are suitable for WMO/GAW stations and allow a smooth continuation of historic CO2 and CH4 time series. Moreover, the analysis of the audit results indicates that the spectroscopic techniques have a number of advantages over the traditional methods which will lead to the improved accuracy of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 measurements.
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Moeini, Omid, Zahra Vaziri Zanjani, C. Thomas McElroy, David W. Tarasick, Robert D. Evans, Irina Petropavlovskikh, and Keh-Harng Feng. "The effect of instrumental stray light on Brewer and Dobson total ozone measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 327–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-327-2019.
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Abstract. Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometers are the primary, standard instruments for ground-based ozone measurements under the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch program. The accuracy of the data retrieval for both instruments depends on a knowledge of the ozone absorption coefficients and some assumptions underlying the data analysis. Instrumental stray light causes nonlinearity in the response of both the Brewer and Dobson to ozone at large ozone slant paths. In addition, it affects the effective ozone absorption coefficients and extraterrestrial constants that are both instrument-dependent. This effect has not been taken into account in the calculation of ozone absorption coefficients that are currently recommended by WMO for the Dobson network. The ozone absorption coefficients are calculated for each Brewer instrument individually, but in the current procedure the effect of stray light is not considered. This study documents the error caused by the effect of stray light in the Brewer and Dobson total ozone measurements using a physical model for each instrument. For the first time, new ozone absorption coefficients are calculated for the Brewer and Dobson instruments, taking into account the stray light effect. The analyses show that the differences detected between the total ozone amounts deduced from Dobson AD and CD pair wavelengths are related to the level of stray light within the instrument. The discrepancy introduced by the assumption of a fixed height for the ozone layer for ozone measurements at high latitude sites is also evaluated. The ozone data collected by two Dobson instruments during the period of December 2008 to December 2014 are compared with ozone data from a collocated double monochromator Brewer spectrophotometer (Mark III). The results illustrate the dependence of Dobson AD and CD pair measurements on stray light.