Academic literature on the topic 'Météorites martiennes – Composition chimique'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Météorites martiennes – Composition chimique":
Deligny, Cécile. "Origine des éléments volatils et chronologie de leur accrétion au sein du Système Solaire interne : Apport de l'analyse in-situ des achondrites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0329.
Volatile elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen control the evolution of planetary bodies and their atmospheres, and are essential elements for the development of life on Earth. Nevertheless, the origin of volatile elements and the timing of their accretion by terrestrial planets formed in the inner solar system remains a subject of debate and controversy in planetary science. To answer these questions, the isotopic ratios of hydrogen (D/H) and nitrogen (15N/14N) are powerful tools to trace the origin (solar, chondritic or cometary) of volatile elements trapped in planetary bodies. Therefore, to constrain the source(s) of volatile elements trapped in rocky planets, we analyzed hydrogen and nitrogen contents and isotopic compositions by ion microprobe (LGSIMS) in achondrites that originate from asteroids or from planets that are assumed to have formed in the inner solar system. These meteorites preserve a record of the initial stages of the formation of their parent bodies and can constrain the early evolution of planetary volatile elements. In-situ analysis by SIMS is a quasi-non-destructive technique, which permits to measure the abundance and the isotopic composition of volatile elements of different phases in terrestrial, extraterrestrial and synthetic samples. The recent development of the protocol of nitrogen analysis in silicate samples by ion probe allows us to target tens of micron- sized objects (i.e., glassy melt inclusions). Volatile elements were measured in melt inclusions trapped in minerals and in interstitial glasses. Although the analysis of nitrogen in aubrites was unsuccessful, the analysis performed on Martian meteorites and angrites revealed the presence of a large amount of water and nitrogen within these meteorites. In particular, the study of angrites and more precisely the meteorite D'Orbigny allowed us to highlight the presence of water and nitrogen having isotopic composition similar to those of the primitive meteorites formed in the outer solar system (i.e., CM-like carbonaceous chondrites). These results imply that these volatile elements must have been present in the inner solar system within the first ~4 Ma after CAI formation (i.e., the first solids to form in the solar system) and may have been trapped by the terrestrial planets during their formation. Furthermore, the analysis of Martian meteorites and more particularly of Chassigny revealed the presence of nitrogen with an isotopic composition enriched in 15N compared to enstatite chondrites and terrestrial diamonds which are believed to record the most primitive value of nitrogen on Earth
Sanloup, Chrystèle. "Contribution à l'étude de la structure interne de Mars : expérimentation haute pression sur le fer liquide et ses alliages : isotopes du zirconium dans les météorites." Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ENSL0143.
Defouilloy, Céline. "Le rapport isotopique de l'hydrogène dans les météorites de fer." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0009.
Irons meteorites are generally considered as remains of differentiated planetesimal cores. Yet, there are still some uncertainties regarding their formation. One proxy that could be used to confirm or not the different hypothesis regarding the formation of Iron meteorites is the Hydrogen isotopic ratio. Indeed, the Hydrogen isotopic ratio varies according to the bearing species and the process that had happened on the parent bodies. The Hydrogen isotopic ratio, as well as its concentration, have been measured in several Iron meteorites using an ion microprobe IMS 3f. Hydrogen isotopic ratios vary from 93 ± 9 to 126 ± 11 x10-6, while the concentrations vary from 0,5 ± 0,1 ppb to 120 ± 130 ppb. Two groups can be distinguished in regard of the concentrations. The magmatic irons have a very low H content while the non-magmatic irons are systematically richer in H
Pinto, Gabriel. "Conditions of formation and agglomeration of dust in the early solar system." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0033.
The conditions for the formation and agglomeration of solar system solids are still relatively poorly understood. Chondrites are fragments of asteroids that were never sufficiently heated to melt their constituent and thus preserve primitive grains of the materials from which they agglomerated. These meteorites are constituted by chondrules, refractory inclusions and metal beads, all cemented together by a fine-grained material. In this thesis, we focus on three different features of agglomeration of chondritic material to (i) determine dust recycling through Mg-rich relicts in Fe-rich chondrules, (ii) decipher the origin and relationship between the rimmed bearing chondrules and fine-grained matrix, and (iii) constrain the aerodynamic sorting processes of chondrules during their accretion into planetesimals. To accomplish this, I performed a triple approach involving petrographic observation, major and minor element distribution, oxygen isotopes analysis, and astrophysical modeling. The main results and conclusions for each goal are: I. Mg-rich relicts in type II chondrules generally display Δ17O values of -5‰, -2.5‰, and 2‰ for CO, CR and ordinary chondrites. These values are similar to the host olivines in type I chondrules. Minor element composition of Mg-rich relicts tends to be MnO-poor and slightly CaO-rich, similar to the ranges of host grains in type I chondrules. We conclude that most Mg-rich relicts in type II chondrules were originate from a previous generation of type I chondrules before their accretion into planetesimals. II. The fine-grained rims around chondrules in CO, CM, CR, and CV carbonaceous chondrites revealed a positive correlation between (i) rim thickness and host chondrule radius and (ii) the abundance of rimmed chondrules and that of other fine-grained matrix material. Our data suggest that rims did not form during parent-body evolution but rather resulted from nebular processes, with the frequency and thickness of fine-grained rims directly related to the abundance of available dust in their respective chondrule formation regions. III. The particle-size distributions in various CO carbonaceous chondrites revealed that the mean spherical diameters of chondrules increase with increasing metamorphic degree. Combining our results with literature data, we show that this relationship was not established during post-accretion thermal metamorphism, but instead it records aerodynamic size-sorting of particles during the accretion of the CO parent body(ies). By modeling the self-gravitating contraction of clumps of chondrules, we show that the accretion processes generated a gradual change in chondrule size, with larger chondrules being more centrally concentrated in the parent body(ies) than smaller ones. Also, we explore the meteorological and geological conditions of the Atacama Desert surface to promote the accumulation and preservation of meteorites. Our results show that the morphotectonic unit's local climatic and geological conditions affect the accumulation and conservation of meteorites. A comparison with reported weathering data from other cold and hot deserts indicates that mean terrestrial weathering of Atacama chondrites (W1-2) is similar to that Antarctic meteorite collection (W1-2) and displays less alteration than other hot deserts (W2-3)
Biron, Katarzyna. "The Molecular structure of the Insoluble Organic Matter (MOI) deposited from organic plasma : Comparison with IOM isolated from carbonaceous meteorites." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0004/document.
Carbonaceous meteorites are the most primitive objects of the solar system. They contain up to 4% of carbon, mainly occurring as insoluble organic matter (IOM). This IOM contains key information about the organo-synthesis processes taking place in the Solar System, which are so far poorly understood. A statistical model was recently proposed for the IOM molecular structure along with a possible synthesis pathway for its hydrocarbon backbone (Derenne and Robert, 2010).The first aim of this work was to test experimentally this pathway using an organic plasma as a source of CHx radicals. This device allowed the formation of both soluble and insoluble OM. The IOM was analyzed through the same techniques as those previously used for the chondritic IOM, revealing numerous similarities between both materials and thus supporting the proposed pathway. Moreover, NanoSIMS analyses revealed large isotopic variations at a sub-micrometric spatial resolution that are commensurable with those observed in chondritic IOM.Then, the source of heteroatoms (N and O) into the IOM was experimentally investigated through the addition of heteroelement-containing precursors to the hydrocarbonaceous radicals. As for nitrogen, two types of precursors were considered: hexylamine as a source of nitrogen hydrides and N2. Although both precursors led to nitrogen incorporation in the IOM, nitrogen hydrides seem to be more relevant based on the nitrogen speciation. Two types of experiments were performed to investigate the potential source of oxygen in the chondritic IOM. They were designed to address the two main scenarios proposed in the literature to account for the origin of the oxygen in the chondritic IOM: either aqueous alteration on the asteroidal parent body or O incorporation during the organo-synthesis in the primitive solar nebula. When the aqueous alteration is mimicked, the chemical composition of the SOM and IOM makes this pathway a reasonable source of the chondrite oxygen moieties. In contrast, no evidence for direct incorporation of O from OH radicals could be brought
Lévy, Dan. "Minéralogie et composition isotopique des phases d’altération des premières roches du Système Solaire." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS206.
Calcium and aluminium-rich inclusions (CAIs) are the first solid objects formed in the solar system 4.568 Ga ago. We can estimate that they formed at a temperature higher than 1200 °C in very reducing conditions near the young Sun. In contrast, secondary phases found in CAIs suggest oxidizing and/or low temperature conditions. Most of these phases were interpreted as formed lately. However, a nebular origin of some secondary phases is still debated. The purpose of the thesis is to test if some secondary phases could have formed during CAI formation in the nebula using coupled different techniques. A compound CAI, named E101.1, from the CV3 reduced chondritic meteorite Efremovka was studied. This CAI is relevant for the study because it contains FeO-rich phases enclosed in diopside enclosed itself in the host CAI. These phases were characterized as Fe-åkermanite, kirschsteinite, fine-grained assemblage associated with wollastonite. The petrologic and textural study of these phases carried out during the thesis suggests that kirschsteinite and wollastonite formed in the nebula within an anorthite and diopside-rich precursors. Fe-åkermanite likely crystallized during the precursor incorporation into the partially melted host CAI. This is consistent with the first results of petrologic experiments that were initiated. After developping NanoSIMS imaging of D/H ratio on FIB (Focused Ion Beam) sections in weakly hydrated minerals, the δD of E101.1 minerals were measured. The lowest values ever measured in a meteoritic sample were found in anorhite with a δD of -817 ± 185 ‰ (2σ). This value is consistent with a formation near the young Sun. The fine-grained assemblage has high δD values up to 1250 ± 516 ‰ (2σ). Kirschsteinite has chondritic δD value: 163 ± 201 ‰ (2σ). The high values were attributed to evaporation during the xenolith capture in agreement with petrologic obervations which implies that kirschsteinite and wollastonite formed in the nebula in a reservoir with a chondritic H isotopic composition. This means that the D/H ratio of the nebula water passed from a solar value to a nearly terrestrial value in several hundred thousand years maximum. These complementary approaches hence showed the presence of nebular alteration phases in a CAI and that a non-predicted thermodynamical oxidizing event occured in the nebula
Marrocchi, Yves. "Incorporation des gaz rares dans la matière organique primitive du système solaire." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00258016.
Piani, Laurette. "Origine des éléments volatils dans le Système Solaire : la matière organique et les argiles des chondrites." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770244.
Jacquet, Emmanuel. "Les solides du système solaire primitif : géochimie et dynamique." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00761687.