Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Métaux en traces'
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Ettajani, Hanane. "Transfert des éléments traces essentiels ou toxiques dans une chaîne trophique à mollusques." Tours, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOUR4007.
Full textAutret, Armelle. "Réponses de la communauté périphytique aux métaux-traces : impacts génétiques et fonctionnels." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES057.
Full textHuman activities have increased the contamination in aquatic ecosystems, especially in urban areas, with diffuse and chronic mixtures of micro-pollutants at low concentrations. Linking urban pollution to biological effects depends on the knowledge of biological-mechanisms of different aquatic indicators of stream ecological health. In contrast to single-species endpoints, the microbial community provides a good level of biological organization to evaluate the toxic impacts on living organisms with different levels of sensitivity. As the basis of aquatic systems, river biofilms allow assessing the possibility of toxic effects on the food-web of micro-pollutants currently affecting aquatic systems, such as early-warning indicators. A multidisciplinary approach has been applied to study at different level of response to bacterial periphytic communities to trace-metal exposure. The metallic adaptation of bacterial communities relies on the assumption: tolerant components of the community, such as species, genotypes or phenotypes, will replace sensitive components during metallic exposure. This adaptive response was appraised in one hand by the metallic-tolerance level and on the other hand by the research of the functional and genetic modification of the bacterial community. Then, the bacterial diversity was characterized by high-throughput sequencing and the occurrence and expression of specific genes involved in trace-metal tolerance were research within these communities. The functional diversity has been observed by the MicroResp™ approach, in order to study the community level physiological profile. A measure of the metallic bioaccumulation has been carried out, to distinguish the mechanism of resistance of the biofilm. The study was assessed on metallic-exposed periphytic communities in a microcosm approach, as mono- or bi-metallic exposure to cadmium and/or zinc and to silver and/or copper. For both exposures, the bacterial response was reform according to the metal and the type of exposure (mono- or bimetallic). The composition and/or the structure of the bacterial periphytic community were influenced, without altered the metallic-tolerance level measured for the most exposed-communities. Metallic exposure generated a genetic and functional adaptation of the bacterial component, which is dependent on the metal and its pressure of selection on the periphyton. These results allow establishing a genetic fingerprint of the metallic contamination, which can be used for characterization of the future periphytic biomarker
Dubuis, Simon. "Développement d’un verre à base d'oxydes de métaux lourds pour applications dans l'infrarouge." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67762.
Full textOptical telecommunications require the development of new materials to increase information exchange. Among the materials regularly used, glass occupies an important place. Its transparency allows signals to be sent over long distances. Its low cost and simple manufacture make it usable on a large scale. Common oxide glasses such as phosphates (1200 cm⁻¹), silicates (1100 cm⁻¹) or borates (1400 cm⁻¹) have a limited transmission in the mid-IR region due to their high phonon energy. On the other hand, oxide-free glasses with low phonon energy and high transparency in the mid-IR are characterized by low thermal stability. To fill these gaps, glass based on barium, germanium and gallium oxide (BGG) is studied, characterized by low phonon energy, wide transmission window, high thermal stability, and good chemical and mechanical properties. The master’s project explores its thermal, optical and structural properties with the aim of developing a new optical fiber for infrared applications. The first part of this master’s thesis determines an optimal glass composition. The transmission window is maximized, the thermal stability is high, and the composition must support purification. Among the various compositions, the composition 40GeO₂ - 20Ga₂O₃ - 40BaO was selected to carry out the study of bismuth and thulium doping. The second part studies 40GeO₂ - 20Ga₂O₃ - 40BaO glass as a host matrix for the doping of these two ions. Doping with bismuth exhibits a remarkably wide photoluminescence band in the spectral range of 1000-1600 nm. XPS analysis shows that the Bi³⁺ is responsible for this issue. Finally, the first optical fiber tests carried out with samples of BGG show its potential for the manufacture of optical fibers.
Paucot, Hugues. "Distribution et comportement biogéochimique des métaux traces dans la matière particulaire des systèmes marins." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212251.
Full textChandrasekaran, Yogesh. "Élaboration de capteurs fluorescents pour la quantification de traces de métaux lourds dans l'eau." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S151.
Full textThe main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with the exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic. These heavy metals cause adverse environmental and health problems because of their tendency to bioaccumulate. Although many analytical methods offer precise quantitative measurements, they suffer from several drawbacks, including selectivity, sensitivity, response times and high cost. There is a real need to develop fast, cheap and real-time monitoring methods for heavy metals detection. The process of liquid-liquid extraction by ionic liquids in the presence of a chelating agent offer very high Nernst coefficients, but suffer from limitations like possible return of the ionic complex (chelating agent + ion) into the aqueous phase, thereby decreasing the extraction efficiency. The problem is solved by supporting the chelating functions on the ionic liquids in order to form Task Specific Ionic Liquids (TSILs). We decided to graft a special functional group, fluoroionophore onto the onium salt, so that fluorogenic and chelating properties can be integrated. Herein, we adopted this concept of binary task specific ionic liquids (BTSILs), where there is immobilization of TSOS (Task Specific Onium Salt) containing selective and sensitive fluoroionophores, in an ionic liquid stationary phase. This should ensure both efficient extraction of the heavy metal ions from the aqueous phase and sensitive detection. Such immobilization of the metal binding unit in a hydrophobic IL would also greatly decrease the risk of loss into the aqueous phase compared to the classical ligands. Thus, we report the synthesis and characterization of task specific onium salts bearing metal ion specific fluoroionophores. The final goal is to incorporate these TSOSs in a microfluidic system to perform extraction concentration and detection for continuous real time monitoring of heavy metal cations in water. Keywords: Heavy metals, Fluoroionophore, Task specific ionic liquids, Chelating agent
Yoon, Yi Yong. "Spéciation et bilans géochimiques des métaux traces en Méditerranée occidentale et zones côtières méditerranéennes." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066456.
Full textLerat, Antoine. "Dynamique des éléments traces métalliques à l’interface ville-estuaire : métaux classiques et terres rares." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0005.
Full textControl of urban pollutants is a major issue, especially in coastal areas, in a context of rapidly growing urbanization and the emission of emerging potentially highly toxic contaminants, such as Rare Earth Elements (REEs). This study is a part of the REGARD project and aims at understanding the dynamics of “conventional” trace metals (Tms) and REEs in the Jalle River, the main urban hydrosystem draining the Bordeaux Metropole and to assess its influence on the Garonne section of the Gironde estuary after having characterized two major urban sources: domestic wastewater and stormwater runoff draining the Bordeaux Highway. Due to its use as a contrast agent for MRIs and its low removal in WWTPs, gadolinium (Gd) is an excellent tracer of the domestic/hospital urban source in the Jalle River. With an annual flux estimated at 27 kg.yr-1 (23 mg.hab-1.yr-1) of dissolved Gdantrh in the Garonne River, the Bordeaux Metropole contributes nearly 25% of the Gd in the main branch of the Gironde Estuary. This flux have probably evolved like those of the Garonne at its outlet (before Bordeaux Metropole) which have doubled over the past two decades (2003: 32 kg.yr-1; 2017: 75 kg.yr-1) due to the increase in MRIs on the Garonne watershed. The high temporal analysis of a major summer rainstorm showed that the relative contributions of the daily TM fluxes of the Jalle River ranged from: 5 %(Sr) - 40%(Cu) for dissolved phases and 30% (As) – 88% (Cu) for particulate phases. The first forty minutes of the event (<17% of time) accounted for 65% of the SPM flux (and associated particulate TMs) exported by the stormwater runoff because of the first-flush of road dust. If Cu and Zn fluxes had significant contribution for the Jalle River, they are not good tracers of traffic-related source because of their ubiquitous uses. Although cerium anomalies are still weak, it should be a future good tracer with higher traffic density and technological development in catalytic converters. Using a 2-year monitoring along the Jalle continuum, this study demonstrated the upstream watershed strongly influences the geochemical composition of the Jalle River for many majors and TMs (e.g. Al, Fe, REEs) and that it contributes the bulk of dissolved TM fluxes (Al: 96%; REEs: 96 - 99%). The domestic source, via the WWTP loads, continuously affects the quality of the Jalle waters by significantly increasing dissolved Ni, Sn, Cu, Ag and Gd concentrations, mainly during low water conditions due to lower dilution by the upstream Jalle River. Conversely, the traffic-related (highway) source influences the Jalle River only more intermittently with regard to dissolved and particulate Cu, Zn, Sb during major summer rainstorm. Finally, further works on geochemical cycles of TMs at the urban-estuarine interfaces will be essential to reduce dispersion of TMs in urban systems, in order to limit impacts on natural environmental systems and to develop methods for the recovery and recycling of technology-critical elements
Yan, Rong. "Partition des éléments traces dans les fumées de combustion du charbon." Perpignan, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PERP0345.
Full textMoudilou, Emmanuel. "Cinétiques et mécanismes de relargage des métaux lourds présents en traces dans les matrices cimentaires." Orléans, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ORLE2052.
Full textChatelain, Marion. "Métaux traces : réponses écophysiologiques et rôle dans le maintien du polymorphisme de coloration mélanique du plumage chez le pigeon biset." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066219/document.
Full textTrace metals, such as lead and zinc are mainly emitted by human activities, explaining their high concentrations in urban areas in comparison with rural environments. During my PhD, I first investigated the ecotoxicological effects of a chronic exposure to lead and/or zinc, two abundant metals in urban areas, in feral pigeons (Columba livia). I stressed deleterious effects of lead, while beneficial effects of zinc on immunity, body mass index maintenance and several parameters of reproduction. Because sensitivity to trace metals differs between individuals, trace metals may exert new selective pressures on urban populations and favour individuals with higher detoxification capacities and that are more tolerant to elevated environmental trace metals concentrations. My work puts ahead the role of melanin in the storage of zinc and lead in the feathers. Moreover, melanin-based plumage colouration seems to modulate the effects of lead and zinc on some of the physiological parameters measured and darker juveniles were more prone to survive than paler ones when exposed to lead. Whatever the underlying mechanism (i.e. the detoxification role of melanin or the pleiotropic effects associated with its synthesis), my results suggest a selective advantage of plumage melanism in environments polluted with trace metals, such as urban areas. This study brings key answers on the ecological impact of urbanization and on the mechanisms explaining melanin-based plumage colouration polymorphism maintenance
Migon, Christophe. "Étude de l'apport atmosphérique en métaux-traces et sels nutritifs en milieu côtier méditerranéen : implications biogéochimiques." Nice, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NICE4219.
Full textZhong, Xueqian. "Modélisation des bilans et des flux de métaux en traces dans les sols sous agriculture urbaine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0051.
Full textConsumption of vegetables grown in a soil contaminated by trace metals and direct soil inhalation pose a risk to human health. In order to maintain the sustainability of urban gardens, predicting the evolution of metals in soils should allow to identify risks related to metal contamination of soil, and thus to apply practices to better preserve the functions rendered by garden soils and target a more efficient rehabilitation of contaminated soils. We used a mass balance model to simulate the evolution of soil metals under the different gardening practices over time. The mass balance was improved to make it more applicable to vegetable gardens by considering the regular and intensive use of organic waste amendments. Leaching and plant uptake are the main flows of metals loss in soils. We incorporate the RothC and VSD+ models to simulate the changes in soil carbon and pH over time, respectively. Specific values of plant uptake factor for over 60 vegetable species have been collected from literature to simulate metal loss via plant uptake. Metal input flows are associated to chemical fertilizers, organic waste amendment, pesticides and atmospheric deposition. Soil tillage depth and crop rotation have also been considered in the model. We predicted the evolution of soil metal (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations in 104 French vegetable gardens over the next 100 years. If current gardening practices are maintained, an increase in soil Cd (35% on average), Cu (183%), and Zn (27%) contents should occur after a century. Soil Pb concentration should not vary consistently. The model has also been used to simulate the historical and future trends of soil metal concentrations in the King’s Vegetable Garden (Potager du Roi) in Versailles, which has more than 300 years of gardening practices since its creation in 1683. Simulated soil pH and OM by the integrated RothC and VSD+ modules are very close to measured values, with variation less than 10%. Soil Zn contents have been well simulated comparing to measured values, with a variation range of 3% to 25% in different scenarios. Less accurate results were found in the historical trend simulations of Cd, Cu and Pb content in soils. In the future trend simulations, the soil metal contents will increase by 39% for Cd, 20% for Cu, 5% for Pb, and 32% for Zn for the next century, while the current gardening practices will be maintained in King’s Vegetable Garden. Green waste compost contributes over 70% of the total input and output metal flows. Moreover, there would be a chronic over-exposure to Cd and Pb for people who would only consume vegetables grown in the King's Vegetable Garden in the future. According to the results of the simulations, current gardening practices can lead to accumulation of metals in French vegetable garden soils. A standard for gardening practices should be developed to prevent/mitigate soil metal contamination in order to ensure food safety
Tanguy, Virginie. "Spéciation colloïdale des éléments traces métalliques en milieu estuarien." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00708258.
Full textDuta, Mariana. "Synthèse et études préliminaires de calixarènes modifiés en vue de leur application en immunoanalyse de traces." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13015.
Full textNguyen, Thanh Nho. "Dynamiques des éléments traces métalliques dans un estuaire tropical à mangroves (Can Gio, Vietnam)." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NCAL0006.
Full textMangroves are considered as efficient barriers between land and sea, being sinks for trace metals and protecting coastal water from pollutions. However this ability may depend on sediment characteristics and hydrology. The fate of trace metal is complex due to various biogeochemical processes across the intertidal zone. Because of their toxicity to mangrove biodiversity and also to human health, the trace metal cycling is a serious question addressed by many scientists during the last few decades and nowadays. In contrast to the rest of the world, trace metal distribution in Viet Nam’s mangrove forest has received little attention. The aim of this research was to characterize some trace metals dynamics in the Can Gio mangrove, which is located in the Southern Viet Nam, being situated at the edge of a densely populated megacity – Ho Chi Minh City (i.e. almost 10 million inhabitants) and the South China Sea. Along the Can Gio estuary, trace metals, which mainly originated from upstream lateritic soils, were transported mostly associated with suspended solids, mainly oxihydroxides forms. After being deposited in mangrove sediments, the oxihydroxides were dissolved by bacteria during organic matter decay processes under suboxic condition, releasing trace metals in pore-waters. The enrichment of mangrove derived-OM from the mudflat to the Rhizophora stand played a key role in controlling diagenetic processes. Dissolved metals were then reprecipitated with new bearing phases such as organometallic complexes, suphides, carbonate etc. depending on the redox condition and on metal characteristics. Furthermore, part of these dissolved metals were available for biota uptake or export to tidal creek by pore-water seepage. Consequently, this PhD thesis also demonstrated that mangrove ecosystems can be sources of trace metals for adjacent ecosystems
Flament, Pascal. "Les métaux-traces associés aux aérosols atmosphériques : apports au milieu marin du littoral Nord-Pas-de-Calais." Lille 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LIL10066.
Full textTapia, Zamora Joseline Soledad. "Sources, mobilité et biodisponibilité des métaux traces et métalloïdes dans la ville minière d'Oruro sur l'altiplano bolivien." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1813/.
Full textThis study was performed within the main altiplanic hydrological system constituted by the Lake Titicaca-Desaguadero River- Lake Poopó-Coipasa salar (TDPS) sub-basins. This region is characterized by the presence of two highly mineralized ranges: the Cordillera Occidental related to epithermal and sedimentary Cu deposits and the Cordillera Oriental associated with numerous metallogenic belts, where the Bolivian Tin Belt is very well known. The Oruro Department is located in the central part of this belt. This study has been motivated by the fact that despite this city has been exposed to intense mining activities since the XVIIth century, very little is known about the geochemical characteristics and the dispersion processes affecting this area. A detailed geochemistry study was performed in five lacustrine sedimentary cores (Lake Uru Uru). Statistical analyses of sediment and soil concentrations allowed us to propose a geochemical background and a present time geochemical baseline for the Altiplano sediments and has allowed us to propose that the upper continental crust (UCC) composition is not adequate to obtain enrichment factors in this region, naturally enriched in trace metals and metalloids. Furthermore, we propose that the anthropogenic impact in superficial soils is associated with trace elements dispersion from the Vinto Foundry, whereas Lake Uru Uru sediments are related to mining activities. Post-depositional redistribution of trace metals and metalloids during early diagenesis are related to a change in chemical speciation of these elements and moreover, authigenic enrichment, mainly as sulfides. Particularly, Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides destabilization plays a preponderant role in this redistribution. Early diagenesis is influenced importantly by seasonal precipitation variability, with an important role of evaporation. Trace elements diffusion into the water-sediment interface, controlled by concentration gradients resulting from redox reactions during early diagenesis, show that Lake Uru Uru sediments are a source of trace metals and metalloids, particularly arsenic, into the overlying water column. This work has also shown that trace metals and metalloids deposition within Lake Uru Uru sediments is mainly influenced by three sources : local geology, authigenic minerals formation during early diagenesis influenced probably by cold ENSO (La Niña) events and mining origin gangues and ores
Andre, Jean-Marc. "Recherche en écotoxicologie marine sur la contamination des Delphinidés par les micropolluants : métaux-traces et composés organochlorés." Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR10613.
Full textLesven, Ludovic. "Devenir des éléments traces métalliques au sein du sédiment : un compartiment clé de l'environnement aquatique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10112/document.
Full textThe pollution of aquatic ecosystems by trace metals (TM) is one of the major problems to which is faced our present society. These metals pass in transit through the water column and are finally trapped in sediments. From then on, they are involved in several biogeochemical reactions that likely modify more or less significantly their speciation and therefore their (bio)availability for the whole trophic chain. My researches are involved in this environmental topic and take part in the European Program INTERREG-III, Stardust. Three cross-border sites between France and Belgium have mainly been considered for this thesis: Scheldt, Lys and Spierre rivers. Trace metal analysis in the three sites sediments have pointed out high contamination by cadmium. However the metals (mainly Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) are mostly trapped in the reduced sulphur pool in these sediments. Conversely, Co and Ni are less trapped in these sediments due to their higher availability. Several sediment and porewater quality indexes have been used and shown that Spierre sediments seem to have a low toxicity according to the high AVS concentrations whereas interstitial waters are more polluted because of the low water hardness. Furthermore, the DGT -AgI technique used for the determination of dissolved sulphides has been deployed successfully in the North Sea sediment core to emphasize the sëasonal effect on the sulphides production. ln the same way, our work on gold microelectrodes results finally in the monitoring on line of Zn and Pb concentration in Deùle river, and sorne preliminary measurements directly in the Deûle sediments
Ferreira, Araujo Daniel. "Investigations into isotope biogeochemistry of Zn in coastal areas and mangroves." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30368/document.
Full textCoastal areas worldwide are under strong pressure from anthropogenic contamination, as most of the global population and of economic activities are concentrated along the coasts and estuaries. The threaten of contaminant releasing into these ecosystems makes imperative the development of tools capable of detecting biogeochemical changes in order to help prevention, monitoring and prediction of risks in environmental studies. In this way, this thesis investigates the isotope biogeochemistry of Zinc (Zn) in order to develop a tool capable of tracing natural and anthropogenic sources, identifying biogeochemical processes and enabling the biomonitoring of metal contamination in coastal areas and mangroves. To this end, Zn isotopes compositions were determined in several natural samples collected from Sepetiba bay (southeastern Brazil), an estuarine-lagoon impacted by an industrialized coastal area near Rio de Janeiro. This bay constitutes an ideal natural laboratory for evaluating the Zn isotopic system to environmental issues, since it hosts important ecosystems of commercial and ecological interest - estuaries, mangroves and tidal flats - threaten by the metal contamination resultant of old electroplating activity and other anthropogenic diffuse sources. The collected samples include sediment cores, surface mangrove sediments, suspended particulate matter (SPM), leaves of mangrove's trees, tissues of bivalve mollusks (oysters and mussels) and rocks. Ores from Vazante deposit, Brazil were collected to represent the raw material used in the old electroplating industry. Firstly, an initial laboratory work established a method for accurate and precise determinations of Zn isotope compositions in natural samples by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). Spatial and temporal analysis of Zn isotope compositions of sediment and rock samples fits well in a model of mixing between three main end-members: i) continental materials brought via rivers; ii) marine sources; and iii) a major anthropogenic source associated to the old electroplating wastes released into the bay. Sediment cores collected in the mud flat showed high correlation between Zn isotope compositions and Zn enrichment factors, suggesting (i) good preservation of isotopic records of natural and anthropogenic sources and (ii) no significant isotopic fractionation during sediment transport or as a result of diagenetic reactions post-deposition in the estuarine system. The sediment core sampled from a mangrove located in the zone impacted by the old electroplating activity presented levels of Zn up to 4% (dry weight) and preserved the isotopic signatures of electroplating wastes. However, there is evidence that biogeochemical processes triggered by hydrodynamics, bioturbation or rhizosphere processes slightly changed the isotopic signatures in some layers. Calculations based in this mixing model quantified contributions of the major anthropogenic source of Zn, ranging from negligible values in the pre-industrial period to nearly 80% during periods of electroplating activities between the 60's and 90's
Camarillo, Ravelo Danté. "Détection et caractérisation par rayons X des éléments traces dans les fruits et légumes." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0050/these.pdf.
Full textThis study refers to the detection of heavy metals by using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as the detection method. We evaluate the characteristics of a high energy nondestructive device for detection and quantification of trace elements in fruits and vegetables. Ln the first part, we present a synthesis on the state-of-the-art concerning the european norms and the destructive and nondestructive references methods. Ln the second part, after revising the theory of photon-matter interaction with a more precise description of the X-ray fluorescence phenomenon, we describe commercial devices using X-ray fluorescence. At the end of this part we discuss about the opportunity of using XRF for detection on heavy metal traces on fruits and vegetables. Thereafter, a set of law energy simulations carried out with the Monte-Carlo PENELOPE code, make it possible to highlight a linear relation between the ratio of fluorescence photopeak on scatter photopeak and the concentration of the various studied elements. The code used is confronted to a set of XRF measurements carried out at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facilily (ESRF), which helped in the interpretation of spectra and enabled us to evaluate the variations between simulation and experiment. We then test this tool with the aim of anticipating the performances of a measurement system at higher energy in the case of a practical experience with a polychromatic source. Ln the last part of this thesis, we present a complementary study of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS and XANES) as a technique able to show the chemical speciation of the trace elements in the biological systems. The spectra analysis (EXAFS and XANES), carried out on Phaseolus vulgaris samples obtained by hydroponic culture, shows that the chemical environment is almost identical between the leaves, the stems and the roots but different from the solution employed for doping. We compared our EXAFS spectra with a data base obtained of the bibliographical references. The analysis of lead composite is difficult because of the high variability of its coordination numbers, but the method nevertheless makes it possible to appreciate its chemical environment which is directly related to the product toxicity
Pelfrêne, Aurélie. "Spéciation des métaux traces (Cd., Cu, Pb, Zn) dans les eaux d'un Planosol non pollué (Massif Central, France)." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4008.
Full textNo summary avalaible
Serclerat, Ivan. "Les métaux traces dans le clinker de ciment Portland : rétention dans les mortiers et fixation dans les hydrates." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0140.
Full textThis work aimed to assess the retention in the mortars of the heavy metals fed in a cement kiln with natural raw material, fossil fuels or waste derived fuels. Industrial cement has been studied, along with laboratory samples enriched during clinkering in lead, zinc and chromium. The relevant mortars were tested for metal release through leaching studies in various chemical contexts. Zinc appeared to be insoluble in the pH range 7-13. Lead is released only in alcaline medium above pH 12. 5. Hexavalent chromium whose salts are usually very soluble, is though retained in a hydrated phase that is stable in the chemical environment ensured by the cement matrix. Lead and chromium released are linked to the metal levels in the mortars. The solubility of the solid phases, in the chemical context of the pore fluid at the solid/liquid interface, appeared to be controlling the leaching rate of the metallic compounds. Fixation mechanisms of the heavy metals in the cement hydrates has been explored through the monitoring of the metal concentration in the liquid phase during cement hydration Chromate was found to substitute for sulfate in the ettringite crystal. The solubility studies of a chromate+sulfate ettringite revealed that chromium release is linked to its proportion in the crystal. A selective dissolution of the chromium part of ettringite has been pointed out. This Ieads to a lowering of the chromium level in such a solid contacted with water. These results improved the understanding of the release mechanisms of chromium by the mortar blocks
Durand, Cédric. "Caractérisation physico-chimique des produits de l'assainissement pluvial : origine et devenir des métaux traces et des polluants organiques." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2287.
Full textThe objective of this multidisciplinary work was to characterise the mineral and organic matters in the sediments from storm water drainage systems. Several physical chemical techniques were used to study the mineral fraction of sediments from retention ponds and street sweeping. This study concerned major elements and trace metals. The results show that the sediments are often polluted, with concentrations higher than the reference values for polluted soils. The study of organic matter shows that the lipid fractions are mainly composed of hydrocarbons and PAHs at high concentrations. Humic acids and humine were studied by global techniques and by thermochimiolysis with different alkyl agents. The TMAH technique shows that the studied humic substances contain biopolymers from plant and bacterial origins, as well as ligneous fibres. The use of TEAA allows to show that the released compounds are partly trapped in the humic macromolecular net and are released as soon as this one is altered. The last part of the work was devoted to trace metal mobility in the different organic fractions and using the BCR sequential extraction scheme. The mobility sequence of trace metals appears to be : Cr £ Ni < Pb £ Cu < Zn £ Cd. These results could be used as a basis for recommendations to local governments in order to improve the management of sediments from storm water drainage systems
Lebourg, Annie. "Etude de l'extraction des métaux en traces de sols pollués en vue de la détermination de leur biodisponibilité." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-244.pdf.
Full textRiso, Ricardo. "Evolution spatio-temporelle de quelques métaux traces dans les systèmes frontaux de l'Atlantique nord-est (côtes de Bretagne)." Brest, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BRES2004.
Full textDomart, Florelle. "Nano-imagerie corrélative de fluorescence X synchrotron et de super résolution des métaux et des protéines dans les synapses de neurones d’hippocampe." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0185/document.
Full textMetallic chemical elements such as Fe, Cu or Zn are present in minute quantities in the brain. The role of these trace metals in neuronal functions such as synaptic transmission and memory processes remains largely unclear. Moreover, metal dyshomeostasis is found in many neuropathologies, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The interaction mechanisms of trace metals at the neuronal level are difficult to describe because of the lack of analytical methods with appropriate resolution and sensitivity to determine metal distribution at the synaptic level. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (SXRF) is a multielemental chemical analysis method for describing the quantitative distribution of these elements at the sub-cellular scale with a nanometric resolution (40 nm at ESRF beamline ID16A ) and a very high sensitivity. In order to accurately interpret chemical imaging results, we have developed a protocol to correlate nano-SXRF imaging with stimulated emission depletion super resolution microscopy (STED), allowing the correlation of metal distribution and that of target proteins in super resolution. We labeled microtubules and F-actin of primary rat hippocampal neurons and imaged the cytoskeleton by STED microscopy before determining the distributions of P, S, Fe, Cu and Zn by SXRF spectrometry. We evidenced the colocalization of Zn and microtubules at the dendritic level and a localization of Cu mainly in the neck of dendritic spines rich in F-actin, and a distribution of Fe in the form of very localized points in the dendrites. These results highlight the crucial role of Zn in cytoskeleton architecture of hippocampal neurons and the developed correlative imaging method opens new perspectives for the study of metal dyshomeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases
Salomon, Stéphanie. "Optimisation du dosage d'ultra traces de métaux dans l'eau de mer par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique sans flamme (Al, Cu, Fe) : comparaison avec deux autres méthodes dans le cas de l'aluminium." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2038.
Full textPlanquart, Pierre (19. "Etude des mécanismes de transfert des métaux en traces dans le système boue compostée-sol-plante et recherche de perturbations induites." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX11012.
Full textTruphéme-Maisonnave, Virginie. "Caractérisation des éléments traces métalliques dans les amendements et dans les complexes amendements-sols et étude des transferts." Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT015C.
Full textDevallois, Valérie. "Transferts et mobilité des éléments traces métalliques dans la colonne sédimentaire des hydrosystèmes continentaux." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX11046.
Full textSchwager-Guilloux, Julie. "Les toitures végétalisées, puits et sources d’éléments en traces métalliques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0073/document.
Full textDespite the presence of a soil and plants, green roof impact on water quality has proven to be mixed, mainly because there are not designed to purify rainwater. To make suggestions for green roofs suitable for water treatment, it is important to better understand pollutant fluxes in these structures. Dedicated to metals, this thesis is based on two complementary steps : - the study of six green roofs built in 2010 (Nancy, France), thanks to rain and roof waters, plants and materials samplings. - a laboratory characterization of these materials via microscopic scale observations, sorption and lixiviation tests. Material characteristics are mostly favorable to metal storing but several of them have been identified as sources of metals via leaching of fine particles or lixiviation of available ions. Even if they have no specific ability to store metals, plants can have direct and indirect impacts on metal retention. Several technical suggestions are drawn from these scientific results
Biscéré, Tom. "Effets des métaux et des changements climatiques sur les coraux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS382.
Full textCoral reefs have largely degraded in recent decades under the influence of human activities. Among those disturbances, the increase in metal concentrations affects many reefs worldwide (e.g. Australian Great Barrier Reef, Costa Rica, Red Sea, New Caledonia). Furthermore, reefs have now to face climate change, and more particularly temperature increase and ocean acidification. In this context, the aims of my thesis were to (1) determine the effects of the main metals present in lateritic sediments (iron, manganese, nickel and cobalt) on coral physiology using concentrations representative of those measured along the New Caledonian coastline, and to (2) define their potential roles in this context of climate change. My results showed that metals affect coral metabolism in different ways. While at ambient temperature, a nickel or manganese enrichment stimulates host metabolism and symbiont photosynthesis, conversely a cobalt enrichment inhibits calcification and becomes even toxic for the host and symbionts, from 1 μg L-1. Despite its importance in photosynthetic processes, an iron enrichment induces a decrease in Symbiodinium densities and an inhibition of calcification rates. Under thermal stress, manganese enhances coral tolerance to temperature increase, likely by stimulating their antioxidant defenses, while nickel worsens its effects by decreasing even more their growth. These works represent an important step towards a better understanding of coral responses to metal enrichment and would explain, to some extent, species susceptibility to climate change
Amblard-Gross, Géraldine. "Bryophytes et biomonitoring des retombées atmosphériques en métaux et éléments traces : caractérisation de la variabilité à différentes échelles d'utilisation." Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Amblard_Gross.Geraldine.SMZ0029.pdf.
Full textAmbatsian, Pierre. "Utilisation de métaux (majeurs et traces) et de radioéléments à vie courte dans l'étude des zones à dépôt rapide." Nice, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NICE4407.
Full textTessier, Erwan. "Diagnostic de la contamination sédimentaire par les métaux/métalloïdes dans la rade de Toulon et mécanismes controlant leur mobilité." Thesis, Toulon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUL0003/document.
Full textThis study deals with the assessment of sediment contamination levels by trace metals in the Toulon bay, a semi-closed Mediterranean area submitted to heavy anthropogenic inputs. The sampling of interface cores in 52 points located in thewhole bay allowed establishing a precise mapping of the sedimentary characteristics and the metals/metalloids contents. The obtained results from the surface sediments revealed a significant contamination of the bay (especially for Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn), mainly in the most enclosed parts of the small bay. There, the levels may exceed by several orders of magnitude the limits concerning dredging operations defined by the French legislation. The observed contamination distribution clearly indicated an export from the small to the large bay (normally less exposed) probably governed by hydrodynamic processes, responsible for the contaminated sediment resuspension. The sedimentary profiles of interface cores sampled in contrasted contamination areas revealed the presence of systematic contamination peaks in the first 20 cm. Taking into account the calculated sedimentation rate, this would demonstrate that the Toulon bay was submitted to a strong multi-contamination, probably linked to the 2nd world war. The analysis of interstitial waters (physico-chemical parameters,major, trace metals, and diagenetic tracers) allowed studying trace metals mobility. The obtained profiles appeared mainly controlled by diagenetic mechanisms and showed the major role of the main carrier phases present in the sediments (oxyhydroxides of Fe and Mn, sulphides). The modeling of these profiles led to the determination of the diffusive fluxes at the sediment/water interface, and so, to the action of the sediment as a sink or a source of contamination for the water column.The calculated outgoing diffusive fluxes appeared relatively low in comparison to the total contents measured in the sediment, proving that the main part of the studied trace metals remains in the sediment. Finally, resuspension experiments in lab and on field were performed with the aim to simulate different possible scenarios (storm,nautical traffic, dredging). Under the studied conditions, the remobilization can be low for some trace metals (e.g. As, Hg), but it may contrariwise be quite important for others (e.g. Cd, Cu, Pb) leading to a non-negligible contamination of the water column
Azimi, Sam. "Sources, flux et bilan des retombées atmosphériques de métaux en Ile-de-France." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007558.
Full textAblain, Frédérique. "Rôle des activités lombriciennes sur la redistribution des éléments traces métalliques issus de boue de station d'épuration dans un sol agricole." Rennes 1, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007433.
Full textRoméo, Michèle. "Contribution à la connaissance des métaux traces (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) dans l'écosystème marin au niveau du plancton : approches analytiques et expérimentales." Nice, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985NICE4050.
Full textDenayer, Franck-Olivier. "Écotoxicité des éléments traces métalliques chez les bryophytes : mise au point d'un bryocapteur des retombées atmosphériques à l'aide de Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid." Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Denayer.Franck_Olivier.SMZ0051.pdf.
Full textSterckeman, Thibault. "Caractérisation du fond géochimique en éléments en traces dans les sols issus de roches sédimentaires du Nord de la France." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL022N.
Full textSurface and deeper horizons developed in 22 parent materials were sampledin the agricultural and forest soils of Northern France. Total contents of 18 trace elements and two major elements (AI, Fe) were determined in 758 horizon samples, together with the pedological characteristics. Ln the deep horizons, the positive linear correlations of the less mobile trace elements (Bi, Co, Cr, Cu, ln, Ni, Pb, Sn, TI, V, Zn) contents with lutum(particles < 2μm), AI and Fe contents suggest that trace elements are closely associated to alumino-silicates and iron oxi-hydroxides of the finest solid phase. These correlations are close and are common to the deeper horizons of ail the parent materials, whatever their age and type. The processes of the sedimentary rock genesis, including ancient pedogenesis, did not cause any major segregation of the less mobile elements. The mobile elements (As, Cd, Hg, Mn, Mo, Sb Se) show less close relationship with the minerai phase, except Cd and As which seem particularly associated to Mn and Fe respectively. Mercury, Mn and Se show strong links with the organic matter in the deep horizons. Soit parent materials often show an enrichment with the mobile elements. Most of the calcareous rocks are enriched with Cd. Enrichments with ail trace elements, except with Co, Cr and Ni, were found in the surface horizons
Bell, Jérémy. "Capteurs fluorescents à base de liquides ioniques à tâche spécifique pour la quantification de traces de métaux lourds dans l’eau." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DENS0046.
Full textThe aim of this PhD is the realization of fluorescent sensors based on task specific ionic liquids for the extraction and the quantification of trace of heavy metals ions in water. As a first step, efficient fluorescent molecular probes for the detection of mercury, lead and cadmium were targeted. Two lariat ethers derivated from phosphine oxide show good affinity for lead and cadmium, while a phosphine selenide derivative has proven to be a very good chemodosimeter for mercury with a low detection limit of 3.4 nmol.L-1. Secondly, fluorescent molecular probes derived from 8-hydroxyquinoline having a phosphinate or thiophosphinate group are described. These molecules are able to coordinate mercury in aqueous medium and allow to detect a concentration of mercury in water of 0.1 nmol.L-1. Finally, a phenanthroline derivative for detection of cadmium in aqueous medium is described. With this compound, traces of cadmium can be detected. After identification of the most efficient probes for targeted heavy metals ions, they have been functionalized to be incorporated in a hydrophobic ionic liquid to form task specific ionic liquids for the extraction and detection of heavy metals ions. In parallel of this work on molecular probes, an portable analyzer of heavy metals ions has been developed, including a new optical detection module. This device can also detect sub-nanomolar traces of mercury
Varrault, Gilles. "Étude cinétique de l'extraction des métaux traces des sols : application à l'évaluation de l'efficacité de techniques de réhabilitation in situ." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077156.
Full textPrésent, Romain. "Biodisponibilité et dynamique de partition de métaux traces aux interphases microbiennes : effets de complexation intracellulaire et application aux biosenseurs bactériens." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0181/document.
Full textBioavailability of metal ions toward living organisms refers to the metal fraction they potentially adsorb and/or internalize. It is governed by the physicochemical medium composition, the nature of the biological surface considered and it is further mediated by the cellular response of the organisms. Within an environmental context, a fine understanding of the processes controlling metal biouptake is mandatory to predict bioavailability and toxicity of metallic contaminants. Here are detailed theoretical and experimental developments to broaden our knowledge on dynamic partitioning of metallic contaminants at microbial interfaces beyond the standard thermodynamic representation (BLM model). After an introduction and a state of the art section, the third chapter is devoted to the elaboration of a rationale for the evaluation of the processes governing metal biouptake under relevant out-of-equilibrium conditions. The formalism expresses the fluxes of contaminants from bulk medium to the biosurface via conductive diffusion, the biouptake and excretion fluxes with account of metal depletion kinetics in the extracellular medium. It also includes chemodynamics of intracellular metal complexation as described by a generalized Eigen scheme. In the fourth chapter, strains of \textit{Escherichia coli} were genetically modified to limit metal excretion ability and overexpress strong intracellular proteinaceous chelators. Quantitative interpretation of metal depletion kinetic data confort the bases of the theory developed in this PhD work on metal partitioning at soft charged biointerfaces. The final chapter deals with a development of a theoretical framework for understanding -on a mechanistic level- the response of metal-sensitive whole-cell bioreporters. The theory explicitly deciphers how the time derivative of bioreporters signal intensity is governed by the dynamics of metal biouptake, by the formation kinetics and stability of the intracellular complexes acting as transcriptional regulators, and by passive biosorption. The model predictions are successfully collated with cadmium detection data collected with genetically modified Escherichia coli luminescent bioreporters that exhibit various lipopolysaccharidic surface structures. The analysis dismisses the applicability of thermodynamic metal biopartitioning models and it clearly defines the physicochemical medium composition in line with optimum biosensing of the bioavailable metal fraction
Gounou, Catherine. "Mobilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sédiments : couplage et comparaison des approches chimique et microbiologique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0074/document.
Full textAntropic activities lead to the metallic contamination of river sediments. Most of trace metals are sorbed on sediments but a part of them can be released into aquatic environment when environmental conditions are modified. This is often due by the autochthonous microbial activity. Microbial activites and their consequences on the mobility of metals have been widely studied in soils. Metals are released through direct or indirect microbial mechanisms. Such studies in the case of sediments are very seldom. However, it can be usefull to understand the microbial mechanisms of metal release in sediments, and particularly for a good management of dredged sediments. In this environmental framework, the aim of this research work was to understand and to evaluate the role of the microbial and chemical mechanisms in the release of metals from river sediments in anaerobic conditions. Firstly, sediments from the Marne and Seine rivers were incubated in anaerobic conditions. A high solubilisation of iron and manganese occurred associated to the solubilisation of trace metals (Co, Cu, Ni, Pb). Meanwhile, organic acids were produced and the medium was acidified. Thus fermentation was supposed to be the main process of microbial metabolism. Furthermore these observations led us to suppose the presence of iron-reducing bacteria. In a second step, the extent of the iron-reducing activity was studied. The main iron-reducing bacteria identified in the Marne sediments belonged to the species Clostridium butyricum and Paenibacillus polymyxa. The use of a geochemical model revealed that fermentation and reduction of iron(III) were the main metabolic pathways. Finally direct (enzymatic reduction) and indirect (complexation with organic acids, acidification) impacts of iron-reducing bacteria on the release of metals were compared. Acidification and organic acids had a weak impact on metal solubility in the range of studied pH (between 6,5 and 5). Enzymatic reduction is the main mechanisms of metal release in anaerobic conditions. Indeed the metallic concentrations can be 40 times higher in the presence of iron-reducing bacteria
Albert, Quentin. "Sélection de souches fongiques performantes dans la biosorption de 3 éléments traces métalliques (Cd, Cu et Pb) et étude de leur spéciation minéralogique en microcosme de sol." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC202/document.
Full textSoil contaminations by trace metals are the second most frequent contamination in the world, counting more than 5 million polluted sites. This contamination represents a risk for the environment, the economy, the agriculture and the public health. Cd, Cu, and Pb are among the most frequent and/or toxic elements of this contamination. The hardly predictable behavior of trace metals in the soil matrix turn the remediation methods into a complex issue. Biological methods could be an economic, eco-friendly, and efficient alternative. The potential of the Fungi is more and more studied in this field.Our work aim is to evaluate the tolerance and the biosorption abilities of 28 fungi isolated from polluted soils, and to select the most efficient ones to perform microcosm's experiments of polluted soils. Thus, 3 fungal isolates have been selected. Absidia cylindrospora tolerates 1000 mg.L-1 in agar medium and biosorbs more than 50% of Cd and Pb after 3 days in liquid medium. Coprinellus micaceus biosorbs 100% of Pb in liquid medium. Finally, Chaetomium atrobrunneum biosorbs more than 50% of each metals after 3 days of exposure in liquid medium.The microcosm's experiments reveal that the colonization abilities of the isolates is crucial to enhance the influence of the fungal development on the potentially mobile metal fraction. Thus, A. cylindrospora shows the best potential among the tested isolates in bioaugmented microcosms in order to decrease the potentially mobile fraction of the metals. After 20 days, this isolate decrease the potentially mobile fraction of Cd and Cu respectively by 5 and 7%. Complementary experiments are needed to improve the process (longer experiment, higher fungal biomass) and to better understand the transfers of the metals in presence of fungal organisms
Azzi, Valérie. "Les apports des métaux traces par les fertilisants chimiques phosphatés dans les sols libanais : investigation sur leur devenir et leur transfert." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30093/document.
Full textSoil compaction and contamination with heavy metals were the response of the use of heavy machinery and phosphate fertilization to improve and expand agricultural productivity. The Eastern Mediterranean emerging countries suffer from lack in legislations and regulations organizing the chemical fertilizers use. This is due to the insufficient data on soil characteristics and agricultural practices. Thus, excessive fertilization can be considered as potential sources of soil contamination by trace metals susceptible to be transferred to the different food chains. One of the main occupations of the Lebanese Agriculture Research Institute (LARI) was to evaluate the associated risks to the trace metals inputs coming from phosphate fertilizers. The investigation of phosphate fertilizers used in Lebanon and neighboring countries showed that cadmium is well bonded to sulfate-phase when sulfate is present in the fertilizers. The annual average of the deposition of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil was found lower than the recommended limits in some countries like Brazil and Britain but such contribution is relatively high when considering the alkaline nature of the soil. Thus, norms and legislations for acidic soil cannot be necessarily adaptable and used for alkaline soil knowing that such soil is the best environment to stabilize the metals and limit their bioavailability. Lactuca sativa (lettuce), widely consumed specie in Mediterranean countries, has been chosen as target specie to be studied in order to follow cadmium in different parts of the plants and its partition between water, soil and plants. The effects of the compaction, cadmium and phosphate fertilizers were evaluated on morphological and physiological characteristics of Lactuca sativa cultivated in columns. Cadmium mobility in soil and its transfer to lettuce, the microbial population (the number of total bacteria, total fungi, cadmium resistant bacteria CRB and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms PSM) and the enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) were also studied. Cadmium mobility was decreased in the soil amended with cadmium and phosphorus and compaction increased the Cd accumulation in the lettuce's aerial part and the nitrate infiltration. A decrease of the number of total bacteria, fungi, ALP and an increase in the number of PSM, CRB and acid phosphatase activity were observed in the treatment where the soil was compacted and amended with cadmium and phosphate fertilizers. In absence of any interactive matrix with the metals and the phosphate fertilizers other than the lettuces, the effects of cadmium and phosphate fertilizer were evaluated on morphological and physiological characteristics of lettuces grown in hydroponic culture. Cadmium absorption and transfer to aerial part was also studied. The lettuces development's was important in the hydroponic culture more than in soil cultivation in presence of phosphate fertilizer. Despite the rapid growth of lettuces in hydroponic culture, this system is a potential source of bioavailable cadmium that is absorbed by lettuces and transferred to roots and aerial parts conducting to morphological changes
CASAS, Stellio. "Modélisation de la bioaccumulation de métaux traces (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu et Zn) chez la moule, Mytilus galloprovincialis, en milieu méditerranéen." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009551.
Full textCasas, Stellio. "Modélisation de la bioaccumulation de métaux traces (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu et Zn)chez la moule, MYTILUS GALLOPROVINCIALIS, en milieu méditerranéen." Toulon, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009551.
Full textMonitoring coastal contamination of trace metals using bivalve molluscs as quantitative bioindicators is widely used in many international monitoring programs. The bioaccumulation of metal within an organism results from the interaction between physiological (growth, loss of weight, absorption, accumulation), chemical (metal concentration, speciation) and environmental factors (temperature, SPM, chlorophyll). For this purpose, modeling metal dynamics in mussels is a reliable tool. A bioaccumulation model has been coupled with a growth model (Dynamic Energy Budget model) in order to consider the changing physiological conditions of the mussel and their impact on metal concentration in tissue. To build and calibrate it, in situ experiments to measure uptake and elimination kinetics (6 and 3 months) were conducted at three Mediterranean sites. By combining environmental and biological data, it constitutes an optimised biomonitoring tool which can be applied to various coastal environments
Nafeh, Kassir Lina. "Les métaux lourds dans les engrais phosphatés et les sulfates rejetés par les industries des fertilisants : recherche sur leur transfert et leur mobilité dans les sols libanais." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0332/document.
Full textTo determine the impact and risk of chemical fertilizers, from their manufacture to their amendment, on soil contamination by trace metals, the study of their mobility and transfer would be necessary. The objective of this work was to evaluate the source of soil contamination by trace elements around the industry of chemical fertilizers, and to follow the temporal evolution of mobility and transfer of these elements in the profile of agricultural soil amended by superphosphate (SSP) fertilizers or phosphogypsum. To achieve our objective, we used techniques allowing the determination of structural and mineralogical characterization of collected soil samples, such as X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Chemical characterization related to the total concentration of trace and major elements of collected soils was established. As mobility was unstable over time, depending on several physico-chemical parameters such as pH, redox potential, and organic matter content, a sequential extraction was adopted throughout the study over time in the amended soil profile to a depth of 55 cm. In addition, the absorption of trace elements by agricultural crops cultivated over land amended with fertilizer or phosphogypsum was analyzed over time to assess the risk of their transfer to the food chain, especially the human food chain, imposing health hazards. A comparison between the effects of the application of phosphogypsum and phosphate fertilizer was carried out in concluding this work