Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Métaux – Additifs'
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Filimonenkov, Ivan. "Electrocatalyse de la réduction de l’oxygène et de l’oxydation de l’eau par des oxydes de métaux de transition : cas des pérovskites de Mn et Co." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAF072.
Full textA study of electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions is closely related with a development of cathodic and anodic materials for fuel cells and elec-trolyzers. An objective of this thesis is to develop and investigate Mn, Co-oxide-based elec-trode materials active and stable in both the ORR and OER. Relationships between electro-chemical characteristics of perovskite/carbon compositions and properties of their compo-nents are stated and experimentally substantiated in the thesis. It is found a corrosion re-sistance of carbon materials under OER conditions is influenced not only by their crystalline order, but also by their intrinsic OER activity. It is shown the ORR and OER activity of Mn, Co-based perovskites linearly depends on the number of rechargeable Mn and Co cations, respectively. It is revealed a reversible oxygen intercalation through a crystal structure of Co-based perovskites occurs under OER conditions as well as at lower potentials
Andurand, Lewis. "Développement d'une méthode de génération de trajectoire versatile pour la réalisation de pièces par procédés DED multi-axes à partir de surfaces facettisées." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOUL0001.
Full textAdditive manufacturing is a category of processes that allows the production of mechanical parts by the adding of material. Directed Energy Deposition (DED) processes can be combined with multi-axis robots and are a promising option to obtain parts with complex structures. However, the path generation methods and the machine structures used remain an issue. With innovations in these areas, the industrial possibilities would increase tenfold.This thesis presents a numerical and systematic path generation method based on meshed surfaces and adapted to DED processes. The method was validated through simulations on minimal triply periodic surfaces and allows the creation of a first deposition path that meets the distance constraint between the part and the tool. This first path can be combined with region prioritization feedback to obtain a final path adapted to the physical warnings provided by the robot, the manufacturing material and the tool
Lai, Thi Thanh Huong. "Lanthanides and time-resolved fluorescence based technologies for chemicals quantification and tagging in oil industry." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1174.
Full textThe application of photoluminescence is receiving an increasing interest from researchers coming from many fields. The previous laboratory works introduced a time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) detection method for the quantification of chemicals in complex medium (petroleum, production brine, and synthetic sea water) tagged with lanthanides, the additives form complexes that exhibit specific TRF signal which overcomes autofluorescence of sample and provide a high signal to noise ratio. The subject of this thesis concerns the development of specific methods based on patented technique to answer problematics arising in the oil industry from the extraction of crude product to the distribution of fuels. In the first part of the document, we focus on the monitoring of residual amount of chemical additives such as scale inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, viscoelastic polymers in different synthetic and production waters. The impacts of some key factors were analyzed in order to improve the sensitivity and performance, also proves that under optimized conditions it is possible to quantify simultaneously two products in the same matrix. We successfully quantified various types of chemical additives with satisfying precision. Furthermore, the matrix effect was controlled by the development of two standard addition strategies. In addition to the determination of the concentration of chemical additives, we will also introduce a method to determine the anionicity of a polymer in difficult conditions. In the second part of the manuscript we follow the development of lanthanide complex markers and their detection for anti-counterfeiting on different crude oils and refined fuels. The synthesis, incorporation process and stability of three types of photoluminescence markers in different fuels have been discussed. The obtained results will prove that the technology can be used to detect fraud on fuels. This work has a potential great impact for both the academic and industrial domains. All studies focus on the creation of a simple procedure, with high sensitivity and low cost. All method are relying in the end on a specific field apparatus developed during my thesis to support the exportation of the technologies from the laboratory to the industry: The Inibox™
Ksari-Habiles, Younal. "Magnétisme dans les fullerènes : contribution à l'étude de nouvelles phases magnétiques dérivées de l'intercalation des métaux de terres rares dans le réseau du C60." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10120.
Full textPicard, Loïc. "Mise au point d'additifs siliciés pour l'adhérisation d'élastomères silicone sur supports métalliques." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0114.
Full textThis PhD work aimed at developing a stable primer of adhesion, allowing the bonding of all types of silicone elastomers onto a vast majority of metallic surfaces, in a reproducible way. In a first approach, a detailed bibliographic study was performed on the different primer based-silane formulations used for the adhesion of any types of silicone elastomers (HCR, RTV and LSR). To better understand the metal/primer/silicone elastomer system, three primer formulations, including a homemade formulation, and three silicone elastomers were analyzed and their compositions, and adhesive properties, were determined. The characterization of different silicone resins entering in the composition of the homemade primer formulation was also carried out. The latter was optimized by synthetizing new silicone resins, by adjusting the content of each component and by changing the type of catalyst. In a second step, the characterization of the physical chemistry of the primer formulations coated on a metal surface (aluminum) was performed. The topology of the primer films (thickness, roughness and uniformity) and their wettability were determined. These information were completed by the characterization of fracture profiles of the composite part metal/primer/silicone elastomer. Following these additional analyses, the parameter governing the selectivity of a primer formulation for a grade of HCR was isolated and a model curve for the formulation of a polyvalent primer was proposed. This curve was validated by the formulation of a primer which can bond the different grades of HCR selected for this study
Marais, Arthur. "Détection de traces d’éléments lanthanides par fluorescence en temps résolu : application industrielle au marquage anti contrefaçon et à l'analyse chimique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1012/document.
Full textTime-resolved fluorescence is an advanced spectrophotometric analysis method which allows the selection of emitted luminescent photons on a time-based parameters. It is possible to extract the signal of long-lived luminescent species even in complex and polluted matrix from the industry. This type of analysis is especially fitted for the detection of lanthanide ions. During this thesis two technologies based on time-resolved analysis were designed to answer specific industrial problematics. The first one yields the residual concentration of chemical additives used during oil and gas extraction. The second one aims at protecting crude oils and refined fuels from counterfeiting. They both rely on the use of lanthanide complex and the measurement of their luminescent properties. A prototype of time-resolved spectrofluorimeter was also built to transfer the technologies from the laboratory to the industrial world
Sehili, Mohamed. "Rôle de l'hydrogène introduit à haute température sur les propriétés mécaniques des alliages fer-nickel-carbone ainsi que sur la transformation martensitique." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0324.
Full textDurand, Pierre-Yves. "Modélisations multiphysiques à deux échelles du procédé de fabrication additive par fusion laser de lit de poudre." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4012.
Full textRegardless the industry, additive manufacturing processes for metallic materials have a great industrial potential, especially to product high added value parts. One of the main users of these processes, and more specifically the Selective Laser Melting (SLM), is the tooling industry for plastics processing. It make possible to reduce production costs and manufacturing times while increasing the complexity of manufactured parts. However, in order to improve the quality of the latter and ensure their certifications, a better insight into the related physical phenomena undergone by the material during the process is still needed. In this PhD thesis, the SLM process modeling is multiphysic and concerns two different scales. The first modeling scale uses the Volume Of Fluid method to model the powder bed melting and its ensuing solidification. The numerical powder bed is computed thanks to a specific generator enabling to take account for the experimental granulometry. Once some simplifying assumptions on the physical phenomena stated, the surface tension has been implemented requiring the "heights functions" method use. The second modeling scale corresponds to the building of laser tracks series through the finite element method. The thermomechanical approach uses the element birth method in order to meet as far as possible the experimental conditions. Following its assessment through experiment/simulation face off, model have enable to predict the temperature field and the melted zone width as well as the keyhole formation
Vinci, Valentin. "Accumulateurs Li/S : barrières organiques à la réactivité des polysulfures." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI043/document.
Full textThe objectives of this thesis work were to explore new strategies to improve the performance of Li / S accumulators, systems exhibit with high theoretical energy densities whose performance is limited by an electrochemical mechanism including soluble and reactive intermediates. These intermediates induce a low coulombic efficiency and a significant loss of capacity during cycling. Several strategies have been evaluated to create a barrier of organic nature, which mitigate the transport or the reactivity of these polysulfides. The solutions explored are versatile and simple to implement. Good results have been obtained in terms of coulombic efficiency and cyclability, in particular through the use of a polymeric material enables to form ionic interactions with the sulfur intermediates. The mechanism of lithium deposition and dendritic growth has also been studied, for a more complete understanding of the system
Guennou, de Cadenet Karine. "Etude de l'activation des liaisons carbone-fluor par des complexes du fer (i) - fonctionnalisation de molécules perfluorees par les métaux de transition induite par addition de nucléophiles." Brest, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BRES2086.
Full textMargerit, Adrien. "Etude des effets combinés de l'uranium et du cadmium chez le nématode Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONT3509/document.
Full textUranium is a natural radioactive trace element for which elevated concentrations can be found in the vicinity of some nuclear fuel cycle facilities or of intensive farming areas. Due its co-occurrence with different trace metals, such as cadmium, in geological ores, U is generally found associated with other contaminants in the environment. The study of their combined effects on ecosystems is of interest to better characterize such multi-metallic polluted sites. The mixture toxicity assessment and the identification of synergistic or antagonistic interaction are generally performed on the basis of additive reference models integrated to descriptive and purely statistical approaches with no real biological basis. Recently, mechanistic models were proposed to better account for the dynamics of biological and toxicological processes. However, such models have only been put into practice in a few number of mixture toxicity case studies. The aim of this PhD project was to assess the chronic U/Cd combined toxicity on the life history traits of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using both a descriptive (MixTox) and a mechanistic (DEBtox) approach. To do so, nematodes were exposed during eleven days to different U and Cd concentrations, alone or in mixture. A strong antagonistic interaction between U and Cd was identified for length increase and brood size endpoints on the basis of both approaches. From the study of the U and Cd media-to-food transfer and of the U and Cd bioaccumulation by C. elegans, we showed that the co-presence of U reduced the available Cd fraction for nematodes. To identify a possible interaction at organism level, occurring during the toxicokinetic or toxicodynamic steps, data were re-analyzed on the basis of U/Cd concentrations in food, assumed to be more closely related to available concentrations for C. elegans. Overall additive effects, without interaction, were identified between U and Cd, even if slightly contrasted conclusions were obtained on the basis of the descriptive and mechanistic approaches. The present study underlines the complexity of studying mixture toxicity and identifying chemical interactions. Despite some application problems, the mechanistic approach DEBtox is particularly promising to describe the toxicity of chemical mixtures over time and to test hypothetical interaction mechanisms. In the future, the improvement of tools to analyze the combined toxicity of contaminants would allow to better address the issue of mixtures in ecotoxicological risk assessment processes
François, Mathieu. "Conception pour la fabrication additive, par fusion laser sur lit de poudre, de composants hyperfrequences." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE008.
Full textFor many years, passive microwave waveguide components have been used in communication systems, particularly for antenna feed chains. This kind of radiofrequency equipment is already widely operational in various fields such as satellite communications, radars, space observations, etc. Because of their low loss as well as their high energy management capacity. However, the emergence of new technologies and the significant degree of competition that occurs within the defense market, customers are increasingly calling for lower-cost products, shorter lead times, with requirements equally high.Over the past years, several institutions and industries have become more and more interested in additive manufacturing processes for passive waveguide components. Without any need for raw material or dedicated tools, additive technologies bring some new design perspectives. In particular, the addition of material layer by layer promotes the manufacture of monolithic parts, which would contribute to lighten the weight of antennas and save time and costs. On the other hand, it offers additional degrees of freedom during the design stage, encouraging the development of complex and innovative architectures, resulting in increased performance, which would be unachievable by conventional techniques. As such, additive manufacturing has been identified as being able to play a crucial role in the development of this type of part.However, like any other manufacturing process, additive processes involve several physical phenomena and so have their own manufacturing specificities and constraints to consider during the design phase to benefit fully from all the potential of additive manufacturing. Combined with the microwave requirements, the designer must then be able to identify the correlation between design, process and electromagnetic to guarantee a quality part conforming to the specifications.The objective of this study is twofold. The first one consists of identifying the specificities of the laser beam melting process with a major influence on electromagnetic properties, in order to be able to pay special attention during the design phase. The second concerns the development of a method that incorporates the constraints and opportunities of additive manufacturing while meeting the objectives arising from the microwave specifications
De, Formanoir De La Caze Charlotte. "Post-processing of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V: improving the mechanical properties of near-net shape parts." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/261961.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
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Pavlov, Mikhail. "Application des dispositifs de diagnostic optique multi-spectraux dans les procédés de fabrication additive : fusion sélective par laser et projection laser coaxiale." Ecole nationale d'ingénieurs (Saint-Etienne), 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENISE007.
Full textThe manuscript contains four chapters including a general introduction presenting the optical diagnostics, followed by a chapter on the application of the selective laser melting and two chapters on a process of laser cladding. Chapter 1 is an introduction to optical diagnostics tools designed to measure the temperature of an object without physical contact. The importance of the choice of the spectral band as a function of temperature is also highlighted. Chapter 2 describes the study the process of selective laser melting. The first part concerns the description of the selective laser melting machine used. On this machine various optical elements have been added for visualization of powder layering process and the molten pool coaxially with the laser beam. Chapter 3 describes the study of laser cladding of titanium carbide and steel powders. This chapter begins with a bibliographical part. Thermal imaging camera (3-5 micron band) and a multi-wavelength pyrometer (1-1. 27 microns) were applied to monitor the zone of laser action. The effects of various operating parameters on the temperature profiles (true and brightness) were examined in detail. The fourth chapter describes the laser cladding on a substrate TA6V with powder of the same composition. A thermal imaging camera (3-5 microns) was applied to obtain the temperature distributions in the laser action zone
Soegijono, Bambang. "Etude des interfaces métal-céramique sur des alliages Co-Cr-Mo : Rôle d'une addition de tungstène (W) et de manganèse (Mn)." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1992. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1416_bsoegijono.pdf.
Full textGualco, Pauline. "Coordination originale de ligands phosphine-silanes sur le cuivre, l'argent et l'or : silanes comme ligands sigma-accepteurs et activation de liaisons sigma-SiSi." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1559/.
Full textThe aim of this PhD work was to study the coordination chemistry of silane and disilane ligand with coinage metals. In this perspective, we developed polyfunctional ligand incorporating (di)silane fragments and phosphine chelating groups in order to evidence new metal/ligand interactions. We used a joint experimental/theoretical approach to address these fundamental questions. In the first chapter, we evidenced that silane and stannane ligand could act as sigma-acceptor ligands by an Au->Si and Au->Sn interaction. During the study of the influence of silicon substituents we showed that a significant Au->Si interaction is only observed when the fluorine atom is positioned trans to the donor gold center. Indeed, it allows to optimize the overlap between the low-lying, accepting orbital centered at silicon (sigma*SiF) and the occupied, donating d orbital at gold. In the second chapter, we evidenced different coordination modes between sigma-SiSi bonds and copper, silver and gold. With copper we isolated and characterized the first sigma-complex of coinage metal structurally characterized. We also showed throughout the analogous silver complex, in which the sigma-SiSi bond remains pendant, that the sigma(SiSi)->Cu interaction is not imposed by the ligand structure. Finally, with gold an original process that is the sigma-SiSi oxidative addition to afford a gold (III) bissilyl complex was evidenced. In the third chapter, we further investigated the unusual behavior of gold toward sigma-SiSi bond. Thought, we showed that the oxidative addition is a general process, and was observed even in an intermolecular version. We also evidenced three types of original reactivities with gold complexes: (i) oxygen insertion into the Si-Si bond involving a Au(I)/Au(III) sequence, (ii) formal metathesis of sigma-SiSi bond and (iii) migratory insertion reaction of an alkyne with a gold(I) silyl complex
Nain, Vaibhav. "Efficient thermomechanical modeling of large parts fabricated by Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing processes." Thesis, Lorient, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORIS630.
Full textDirected Energy Deposition (DED) Additive Manufacturing technology offers a unique possibility of fabricating large-scale complex-shape parts. However, process-induced deformation in the fabricated part is still a big obstacle in successfully fabricating large-scale parts. Therefore, multiple numerical models have been developed to understand the accumulation of induced deformation in the fabricated part. The first model predicts the thermo-elastoplastic behaviour that captures the laser movement. The laser-material interaction and metal deposition are modeled by employing a double ellipsoid heat source and the Quiet/Active material activation method respectively. The model considers isotropic non-linear material hardening to represent actual metal behaviour. It also employs an instantaneous stress relaxation model to simulate the effects of physical phenomena like annealing, solid-state phase transformation, and melting. Using this model as a reference case, an efficient model is developed with an objective to reduce the computation time and make it feasible to simulate large-part. The model employs an Elongated Ellipsoid heat source that averages the heat source over the laser path which reduces the computational burden drastically. However, averaging over large laser path results in inaccurate results. Therefore, new parameters are developed that identify the best compromise between computation time reduction and accuracy. Both models are validated with experimental data obtained from several experiments with different process parameters. Finally, other Multi- scale methods such as the Layer-by-layer method and Inherent Strain-based methods are implemented and explored
Bigarre, Janick. "Effets des impuretés sur la charge d'espace dans l'alumine : application au frottement." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECDL0007.
Full textMilton, Samuel. "Study on the machinability and surface integrity of Ti6Al4V produced by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Electron Beam Melting (EBM) processes." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4011/document.
Full textAdditive Manufacturing (AM) techniques based on powder bed fusion like Selective Laser Melting(SLM) and Electron Beam Melting processes(EBM) are being developed to make fully functional parts mainly in aerospace and medical sectors. There are several advantages of using AM processes like design freedom, reduced process steps, minimal material usage and reduced carbon footprint while producing a component. Nevertheless, the parts are built with near net shape and then finish machined to meet the demands of surface quality and dimensional tolerance
Jacques, Marjorie. "Développement d'une méthode de conception de moules et noyaux hybrides en fonderie." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS021.
Full textThe aim of this works is to define a design methodology of hybrids casting molds. This methodology is based on technical and economical limits of conventional process and 3D sand printing. Firstly, these limits were evaluated by mechanical and dimensional characterization of 3D sand printing molds. Mechanical characterization was realised by three points bending test and compression testing with different parameters. 3D printer dimensional capability was determined by samples measure printed in different directions. Secondly, the design method of conventional molds was established from smelters know-how which are ANR MONARCHIES project partner from different case study. Inherent design rules of sand 3D printer were defined from the ITHEMM laboratory research works and completed with parts studies. 3D printing molds design process was created by design rules and validated with studies cases. Manufacturing cost of printing molds was defined by analytic and parametric method. The hybrids molds design methodology relies on all previous works and on complexity index. Optimal manufacturing process for different molds parts was selected according to the complexity index value, mould assembly restraint and manufacturability cost. Finally, this methodology was tested on representative sample group of casting parts, allowed to evaluate the robustness
Arvieu, Corinne. "Influence de différents paramètres sur les caractéristiques mécaniques et structurales d'alliages cuivreux moulés sous pression." Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPD392.
Full textButel, Maurice. "Etude de nouveaux oxyhydroxydes de cobalt pouvant être utilisés comme additif conducteur électronique ajoutés à l'hydroxyde de nickel dans les accumulateurs nickel/cadmium et nickel/métal hydrure." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00133167.
Full textVillaret, Flore. "Développement d’une jonction austéno-martensitique à gradient de composition chimique par fabrication additive." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI104.
Full textThis PhD work concerns the problem of bimetallic austenitic/martensitic steel connections. This research action focuses on a 316L austenitic steel (X2 CrNiMo 18-12-02) / Fe-9Cr-1Mo (X10 CrMo 9-1) martensitic steel connection. The objective is to understand the metallurgical problems related to the assembly of these two steels and to evaluate the possibilities of using powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing to produce austenitic/martensitic steel transitions. A weld obtained by electron beam is used as a reference for this study which focuses on the interest of powder metallurgy to achieve a transition between two steels. Materials with a chemical composition gradient have been consolidated by HIP and SPS and show very good mechanical properties and an excellent junction between the two steels. By additive manufacturing (DED-LB or PBF-LB), we also obtain very good bonds between the two steels, but the microstructures are much more complex. Curiously, we observe that the higher the cooling rate, the higher the ferrite fraction in the martensitic steel. Different calculations based on the nucleation and growth of the austenitic phase have made it possible to propose a coherent scenario to explain the phase fractions present in the materials. The transition zone between the two steels shows strong variations in hardness. These variations are explained by changes in chemical composition, leading to modifications in phase change temperatures, and the particular thermal cycles seen during building. From a technological point of view, materials obtained by additive manufacturing have tensile performances very similar to those obtained by electron beam welding. It is shown that additive manufacturing also makes it possible to control the composition gradient between a martensitic and an austenitic steel
Vert, Rénald. "Propriétés magnétiques et structurales des composés magnétiques anisotropes de la famille RFe12-xMxZy (R= élément de terre rare, M = élément stabilisateur, Z = élément interstitiel)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10220.
Full textDomfang, Ngnekou Julius-Noël. "Étude expérimentale de la tenue en fatigue de l’alliage AlSi10Mg élaboré par fusion laser de lit de poudre Influence of as-built surface and heat treatment on the fatigue resistance of Additively Layer Manufacturing (ALM) AlSi10Mg alloy Fatigue resistance of selectively laser melted aluminum alloy under T6 heat treatment Fatigue properties of AlSi10Mg produced by Additive Layer Manufacturing." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ESMA0015.
Full textThis work shows the impact of defects and microstructure on the fatigue limit of AlSi10Mg produced by Additive Layer Manufacturing (ALM). Samples are produced according to three orientations with respect to the construction plate (0 °, 45 ° and 90 °); the studied surfaces are machined or left as-built (AB) in the gauge section. The specimens are studied with or without T6 heat treatment. The study surfaces are machined or as built. Some specimens are subjected to T6 heat treatment. Before any others study, the material is characterized in connection with the process parameters through several techniques (microscopes and 3D X-ray microtomography). Regarding the fatigue, the S-N curves are established before and after T6, mainly at R = -1 under uniaxial loading. For all the fatigue test specimens, fracture surfaces analysis shows that it is always a defect that cause fatigue failure. Thus, a criterion is applied to define these critical defects (type, size morphology and position) and the fatigue limit is analyzed through the Kitagawa type diagrams. The role of the building direction on the fatigue strength is studied, before and after T6 heat treatment, for both machined and as-built surfaces. For this purpose, a sketch based on the characteristic grain size is proposed to explain post-T6 orientation effects. The contribution of the precipitation structure is also studied; as well as the role of defects (type, size, morphology and position) on the fatigue limit at different microstructural states: before and after T6. In order to understand the surface fatigue damage mechanisms, the replica method is used on a polished specimen. In this context, a propagation law of natural cracks, that is to say due to a defect inherited from the process, is identified. It makes it possible to separate the initiation and propagation phases, thus feeding the discussions on the phenomena of priming in the presence of defects. In addition, some fatigue criteria are also discussed and the Defect Stress Gradient (DSG) approach is adapted to the studied material, by taking into account the size of the crystallographic grains. In the specific case of specimens with as-built useful sections, the role of the process of suppression of the building supports on the initiation of fatigue cracks is studied; the definition of the concept of defect size in the presence of roughness, at the scale of the surface undulation, is discussed. Knowing that initiation can occurs on a surface undulation or on an isolated defect (porosity or lack-of-fusion), an experimental method is proposed to analyze the competition between these factors. In a context of industrial development, the influence on the fatigue limit of the process parameters, related to the laser (scanning speed, power and hatching distance), or powder bed (chemical composition, particle size, bed thickness) is studied, in order to feed the discussions towards the process optimization regarding the fatigue strength
Minvielle, Marie. "Etude de la commutation résistive d'oxydes binaires (HfO2, TiO2) élaborés par dépôt par jets moléculaires et intégrés dans des dispositifs de type memristifs métal-oxyde-métal : effets du dopage et de l'implantation." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC023.
Full textIn the age of big data and artificial intelligence, researches to find new ways to process and store the information multiply. In the field of non-volatile memories, this emulation has led to the emergence of new components, such as OxRAM (for oxide-based random access memories) in which we have been interested in during this PhD. It is a metal-oxide-metal stack where the oxide layer is able to switch between at least two stable resistance states under an applied voltage. In this work, we have studied sub-micrometer cross-point devices (500 x 500 nm2 or 100 x 100 nm2) with hafnium dioxide (HfO2) or titanium dioxide (TiO2) as dielectric oxide. The oxides have been deposited by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), a technique that has rarely been used so far in the OxRAM community. With this ultra-vide technique, we can obtain very pure films whereas with atomic layer deposition (ALD), precursors induce carbon, nitrogen or chlorine contaminations. For the electrical properties optimization, one of the keys is the concentration and distribution control of oxygen vacancies. Regarding that, we have explored the incorporation of various elements in HfO2 and TiO2 layers. The microstructure and the composition of these doped films have been analyzed, afterward OxRAM devices have been fabricated and their electrical characteristics (current-voltage) have been studied. For HfO2-based OxRAM (involving a filamentary mechanism), we have firstly optimized the MBE HfO2 deposition. The devices then obtained have electrical properties which are as good as those of the state-of-the-art components, in particular for the memory window. Moreover, these MBE deposited devices have a smaller forming voltage and a larger memory window than equivalent components that we have fabricated with ALD grown layers. So, we suggest a link between carbon impurities and memory width. In light of the state of the art, our objectives were to lower working currents and to reduce the variability between numerous cycles and between components too. To this end, we have examined the effects of adding Al, La or Ti elements in HfO2 (from few % to 30 %), by co-deposition with Hf. Thanks to these additions, we manage to decrease the reset current, the forming voltage and the variability of the reset current. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements show an increase of vacancies amount in La-HfO2, Ti-HfO2 and Al-HfO2 layers. Concerning TiO2-based components (for which the mechanism is interfacial and takes place at one of the two electrode interfaces, said active), our goals were to diminish working currents and to augment the number of accessible stable resistance states. For this purpose, we have also focused on material strategies. We have modified the active interface by heteroelements ion implantation (Ne, N and B). The oxygen vacancies content has been analyzed by XPS while the vacancies mobility has been quantified via their activation energy diffusion Ea. In order to determine Ea, we have developed an original experimental protocol. In this way, we establish that nitrogen, which is a p-type dopant in TiO2, heightens the oxygen vacancies mobility, whereas boron, which is a n-dopant, hinders it and the neon, inert, does not have any effect on vacancies mobility. The activation energy is minimal (0.4 eV) for a nitrogen dose of 1018 ions/cm3. However, the oxygen vacancies mobility is not the only parameter that we have to improve: the electronic transport through the TiO2/Pt Schottky barrier plays also a crucial role. The results achieved during this PhD attest to the pertinence of the MBE utilization and of an analysis that combines ionic and electronic aspects in order to improve the resistive switching phenomenon understanding and the OxRAM performances
Midrier, Camille. "Synthèse de nouveaux analogues de la Fosmidomycine : inhibiteurs potentiels de l'enzyme 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose-5-Phosphate Reductoisomerase (DXR)." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENCM0009.
Full textThe non-mevalonate pathway is widely found in higher plants and in many eubacteria, including pathogenic ones, but not in mammals. Identifying a non-mevalonate pathway inhibitor would greatly contribute to the search for new herbicides. The unique properties of 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase make it remarkable and rational target for drug design. The phosphonohydroxamic acid Fosmidomycin, which acts through inhibition of DXR, is a natural compound produced in the fermentation of Streptomyces and still remains, with its N-acetyl homologue FR900098, one of the most active compounds. First of all, the enzyme and all the potential inhibitors tested in literature were classified in order to understand the global quest for therapeutically useful compounds. In this context, we designed and synthesized five different families of Fosmidomycin analogues containing a new chelating unit. Two targets molecules families bearing a phosphinophonic acid as common core were imagined. Divergent approach allowed the introduction of the chemical diversity thank to powerful pallado-catalyzed coupling reaction. The other families containing carbonyl group and heterocycle in α‐ and β‐position were regarded as highly potent complexing units. Chemical diversity was introduced mainly at the end of the synthesis. For one of them convergent ring formation using three-components reaction was developed. Finally two modifications of the Fosmidomycin linker were performed by the introduction of fluorine atoms on the parent structure as well as the replacement of a carbon by a nitrogen atom in order to create a new point of modifications
Stolarz, Jacques. "Corrosion d'aciers inoxydables austénitiques au silicium dans les conditions tranpassives." Paris, ENMP, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ENMP0133.
Full textLhermet, Rudy. "Carbonickelations et carbolithiations intramoléculaires d'alcènes et d'alcynes fonctionnels." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES011.
Full textThe carbometallation reaction is a powerful synthetic tool for the organic chemist to create new C-C bonds. Recently, two new methodologies of carbolithiation and nickelation were developed in our laboratory, enabling the heterocyclization of acetylenic compounds bearing various functionalities. The preliminary study of this work was to apply those two reactions to an original approach of the tetracyclic skeleton of morphine. Then, we wanted to extend the scope of the carbonickelation methodology with the NiBr2bipy complex to the formation of heterobicyles and to the construction of tricycles structures via a carbometallation/nucleophilic addition cascade sequence. Finally, we applied these conditions to the Heck coupling type of iodoarylethers and iodoarylanilines bearing an allylic chain. The intramolecular carbolithiation reaction was also studied. To this end a small library of substituted propargylic iodoarylethers have been prepared. Silicon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorine are the heteroelements which permitted the access to functionalized methylene-dihydrobenzofurans. The syn or anti selectivity was studied in parallel with DFT calculation, in order to understand the cyclization pathway. Finally, an interesting vinylcarbenoid intermediate was successfully exploited to access to various tetrasubstitued alkenes, among them two metallo-olefins were engaged in palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions
Yang, Jing. "Synthèse et évaluation en catalyse asymétrique de nouveaux complexes de terres rares." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112381.
Full textThis thesis is mainly devoted to the development of two families of rare earths chiral binaphtolate complex and their application in asymmetric catalysis such as Michael addition, Henry reaction, Strecker reaction and hydroalkoxylation reaction. At first, the preparation of a new family of rare earth bisbinaphtolate complexes has been optimized with complete characterizations including NMR, IR, mass spectroscopy and XRD studies on isolated single crystals. These new rare earths complexes are relative stable which can be used under air condition. The catalytic behavior of these new heterobimetallic complexes have been studied in detail: an isoinversion temperature was determined and the nonlinear effect was observed for asymmetric Michael additions of malonates on enones wich lead products with enantiomeric excess up to 83%. Secondly, a family of rare earth monobinaphtolate monoalkyl complexs has been synthesized and characterized. The first XRD structure of this family of complex was obtained. Steric substitutions of binaphtolate ligands on position 3,3’ have been proven to be essential for the formation of these complex. The selectivity of reaction of hydroalkoxylation of allene was studied with a proposed mechanism. First examples of asymmetric hydroalkoxylation of alkene catalyzed by rare earth complexes have been achieved by our rare earth monoalkyl monobinaphtolate complex
Tambosi, Reem. "Stress and toxicity of metal in photosynthetic bacteria : multi-scale study of the effects and the targets of metal ions and nanoparticles Silver and Copper Acute Effects on Membrane Proteins and Impact on Photosynthetic and Respiratory Complexes in Bacteria Silver Effect on Bacterial Cell Membrane Structure Investigated by Atomic Force and Scanning Electron Microscopes Cadmium and Copper Cross-tolerance. Cu+ alleviates Cd2+ toxicity, and both cations target heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway in Rubrivivax gelatinosus Additive effects of metal excess and superoxide, a highly toxic mixture in bacteria." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL070.
Full textThe extensive use of metal ions in industry and agriculture represents a serious threat to the environment and to all living being because of the acute toxicity of these ions. However, it can also be a promising tool, silver ions and nanoparticles are some of the most widely used metals in various industrial and health applications. The antimicrobial effect of these nanoparticles is in part related to the released Ag⁺ ions and their ability to interact with bacterial membranes. The goal of this project is to study the interaction between biological subject (the bacteria) and physical objects (metals), and more specifically to understand the impact of metals in different forms (ions, nanoparticles and nanostructures) on the growth of the bacterial cells using different approaches : physiology, biochemistry, genetics and cell biology. We used as biological models, principally the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rubrivivax (R.) gelatinosus, but also Escherichia coli; and for physical objects, we used silver as main metal but also other metals (copper, cadmium and nickel) for comparison. The main objectives are: 1- to study the impact and the mechanisms of toxicity of these metallic ions/NPs on the bacterial respiratory and photosynthesis metabolisms. 2- To identify the bacterial genes involved in response to excess silver. 3- To study the internalization and interaction of metals ions and NPs within biological membranes. The results showed that we were able to identify, both in vitro and in vivo, specific targets of Ag⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions within the membrane of bacteria. This include complexes involved in photosynthesis, but also complexes involved in respiration. Ag⁺ and Cu²⁺ were shown to specificaly target a solvent exposed bacteriochlorophyll in the light harvesting antennae of the photosystem. This also presents, in our knowledge, the first direct evidence of silver ions damages to membrane proteins involved in these metabolisms. We also carried out a microscopy (AFM/ SEM) comparative study of the effect of Ag⁺ ions or Ag-NPs synthesized in our laboratory, on the bacterial cell morphology