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1
Foutel--Rodier, Théo. "Genome-wide effects of T4 phage Ndd protein expression on the Escherichia coli nucleoid." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS553.
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La principale partie de ma thèse s’intéresse aux principes d'organisation du génome de la bactérie Escherichia coli. Le génome des bactéries est contenu dans le nucléoïde, un espace fortement organisé par de nombreux facteurs tels que la transcription, le sur-enroulement de l'ADN ou la présence de protéines spécifiques. Toutefois, les mécanismes précis qui régissent l'organisation du nucléoïde restent vaguent. La protéine Ndd du phage T4 provoque une désorganisation radicale du nucléoïde quand elle est exprimée chez E. coli. J'ai utilisé cette protéine Ndd pour tenter de révéler des structures encore inconnues liées à l'organisation du nucléoïde. En utilisant un nouveau système d'expression de Ndd chez E. coli il a été possible de montrer que cette protéine impacte l'ensemble du génome d'E. coli, aussi bien structurellement que transcriptionnellement. Des études en Hi-C ont permis de révéler que la structuration locale du nucléoïde n'est pas affectée par la présence de Ndd. Toutefois, l'expression de Ndd provoque une altération du profil de réplication d'E. coli avec une possible surreplication de la région proximale de l'origine de réplication. Nous avons aussi observé que l'expression de Ndd depuis le chromosome menait à des conséquences très différentes de son expression depuis un plasmide. La recherche de partenaires de Ndd qui pourraient expliquer ces effets par un screen dCas9 n'a donné que peu de candidats qui sont en cours de validation. Nous montrons ici que Ndd semble agir sur un ou des aspects précis mais encore indéterminés de l'organisation du nucléoïde et potentiellement indépendamment de la participation de gènes d'E. coliThe main project of my PhD concerned the principles of organization of the genome of the bacterium Escherichia coli. Bacterial genomes are held in the nucleoid, a space highly organized by many factors such as transcription, DNA supercoiling or the presence of specific proteins. However, some of the precise mechanisms that govern its organization remain unclear. The Ndd protein from phage T4 causes a radical disorganization of the nucleoid when expressed in E. coli. I used this Ndd protein to try to reveal previously unknown structures related to nucleoid organization. Using a novel expression system for Ndd in E. coli, it was possible to show that this protein impacts the entire genome of E. coli, both structurally and transcriptionally. Hi-C studies revealed that the Ndd-disrupted nucleoid remains locally structured in a manner similar to a normal nucleoid. However, Ndd expression causes an alteration in the replication profile of E. coli with possible over-replication at the origin of replication. We also observed that expression of Ndd from the chromosome leads to very different consequences than its expression from a plasmid. The search for a partner of Ndd that could explain these effects by a dCas9 screen yielded few candidates that are currently undergoing validation. Here we show that Ndd appears to act on one or more specific aspects of nucleoid organization and potentially independently of the involvement of genes from E. coli
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Drūlienė, Viltė. "Erdvinės metaforos Daiktavardinių frazių žodyne." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080804_095924-67945.
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Šiame magistro darbe analizuojamos erdvinės metaforos iš Daiktavardinių frazių žodyno. Jame užfiksuoti statistiniu metodu iš Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyno atrinkti tipiškiausi žodžių junginiai (arba kolokacijos) ir frazės, kuriose pavartotas bent vienas daiktavardis. Laikomasi nuostatos, kad abstrakčiųjų daiktavardžių kolokacijos yra kalbinių metaforų išraiška. Teorinėje darbo dalyje aptariamos plačios ir įvairialypės kolokacijos ir metaforos sąvokos. Čia kalbinė metafora arba metaforinis pasakymas suprantamas kaip kognityviosios kalbotyros šalininkų aprašomos žmogaus sąmonėje egzistuojančios konceptualiosios metaforos kalbinė išraiška.
Pasirinktos erdvinės metaforos – tai tos, kurių žodinėje rai�����koje randama įvairių erdvės elementų įvardijimų. Išsamesnei analizei darbo objektas susiaurintas iki vertikaliųjų metaforų, kuriomis metaforizuojamas objektas (reiškinys) projektuojama vertikalėje. Aprašius atrankos kriterijus ir problemas, sudarytas vertikaliųjų metaforų ir susijusių frazeologizmų sąrašas, tada junginiai suskirstyti į semantines grupes pagal nurodomą vietą vertikalėje ar judėjimą kuria nors jos kryptimi. Aptartos tipiškiausios kiekvienos grupės kolokacijos, sutelkiant dėmesį į vertikalumą žyminčius žodžius ir metaforizuojamus objektus išreiškiančius kolokatus.
Apibendrinus dažniausias kolokacijas, duomenys sisteminti, nustatytos ryškiausios konceptualiosios metaforos, kurios rodo analizuotos lietuvių kalbos vartotojų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Present research paper deals with the specific group of conceptual metaphors, derived from the Dictionary of Lithuanian Nominal Phrases. The dictionary is compiled from collocations, automatically extracted from the Corpus of Present Day Lithuanian Language. All collocations contain at least one noun. The dictionary is a suitable source for the extraction of metaphors since it contains a lot of abstract noun collocations that in most cases are metaphorical. The paper presents theoretical approaches towards both issues under analysis, i.e. metaphors and collocations. The specific object of investigation, however, is conceptual, or dead, metaphor. It is defined here as a linguistic expression of a conceptual model of a world view. Following the cognitive approach it is assumed that human conceptual system, comprising cognition, language and memory, is metaphorical in nature. The metaphors under investigation contain nominations space or spacial elements in their linguistic expressions in general and specifically those, that deal with vertical scale and motion along a vertical dimension. After describing the identification criteria and procedures, the outcome of analysis is presented, i.e. the list of metaphorical phrases and idioms that are further subdivided according to the spacial dimensions, specifically the place or direction in the vertical scale. The most typical collocations of every group are discussed paying attention to the semantics of verticality. The most vivid... [to full text]
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Rimeikytė, Sigita. "Sinestetinės metaforos anglų ir lietuvių kalbose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060531_162012-89994.
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Magistro darbo tyrinėjimų objektas – sinestetinės metaforos iš anglų ir lietuvių kalbų žodynų bei anglų romantikų ir lietuvių žemininkų poezijos. Ilgą laiką metafora buvo laikoma tik literatūros vaizdingumo priemone. Tačiau XX a. tapo aišku, kad ji ne tik suteikia papildomą informaciją apie daiktą ar reiškinį, bet perteikia metaforos kūrėjų bei vartotojų pasaulėvaizdį, apskritai tos kalbos tradiciją. Sinestetinėje metaforoje atsispindi skirtingas pasaulio suvokimas, būdingas skirtingoms kultūroms ar atskiriems individams. Sinestetinė metafora sudaroma sujungus skirtingus pojūčius (regos, klausos, skonio, kvapo ar lytėjimo) ar priskiriant vieną iš pojūčių abstrakčiai sąvokai. Žodynuose pateikiamos jau mirusios metaforos. Darbo tyrimas parodo, kad dauguma sinestetinių metaforų, paimtų iš anglų (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary) ir lietuvių (Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas) kalbų žodynų, jau yra tapusios universaliomis. Tai reiškia, kad galima rasti atitikmenis lietuvių bei anglų kalbose, tačiau skiriasi metaforiškas kai kurių būdvardžių dominavimas anglų ir lietuvių kalbose. Pavyzdžiui, sweet victory, soft pink, sharp practice, sound sleeper anglų kalboje, o sunkios mintys ‘heavy thoughts’, siaura tema ‘narrow subject’, žemi motyvai ‘low motives’ lietuvių kalboje (pavyzdžiai pateikiami su daiktavardžiais, kad atsispindėtų šių būdvardžių sinestetinis vartojimas). Magistro darbe metaforos pateikiamos ir aptariamos pagal pojūčių išsidėstymo eilę. Lyginant lietuvių ir anglų... [to full text]
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Andreis, Greice da Silva Lorenzzetti. "Solução via LES de chamas difusivas de metano, metanol e etanol." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/37392.
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Neste trabalho apresenta-se a modelagem de chamas difusivas na forma de jato, para baixo número de Mach e elevado número de Damköhler. O modelo é baseado na solução das equações na forma flamelet para a parte química e na fração de mistura para o fluxo. Este modelo descreve bem o comportamento de chamas difusivas, exceto na sua extremidade (ponta), onde geralmente surgem instabilidades. Resultados numéricos são apresentados para uma cinética química de uma e multietapas, utilizando a técnica LES (Large-Eddy Simulation) com o modelo de Smagorinsky para a viscosidade turbulenta. A discretização das equações governantes é feita em diferenças finitas, com a aplicação da técnica TVD (Total Variation Diminishing). Além disso, apresentamse mecanismos reduzidos multietapas para o metano, o metanol e o etanol, visando obter resultados realistas. A modelagem de chamas de metanol e etanol diferencia-se da modelagem de chamas de metano por ocorrer uma mudança de fase antes da combustão. Modela-se o efeito global das gotas usando uma descrição Lagrangeana que é incorporada à descrição Euleriana do escoamento, via termos fonte. Testes numéricos foram realizados para chamas difusivas de metano, metanol e etanol, e os resultados estão em concordância com os dados encontrados na literatura.This work presents a model for a jet diffusion flame, for low Mach and high Damköhler numbers. The model is based on the solution of the flamelet equations for the chemistry and on the mixture fraction for the flow. This model describes well the behavior of diffusion flames, except at the flame tip, where instabilities can often occur. Numerical results are presented for an one-step and multi-step chemical kinetic models, using the LES (Large-Eddy Simulation) technique with the Smagorinsky model for the turbulent viscosity. The discretization of the governing equations follows the finite difference method, with the application of the TVD (Total Variation Diminishing) technique. Besides, multi-step reduced mechanisms for the methane, the methanol and the ethanol are employed, obtaining realistic results. The flame modeling of methanol and ethanol differs from the modeling of methane flames because of a phase change occurs before the combustion. The droplets global effect is modeled based on a Lagrangian description, which is incorporated into the Eulerian description of the flow through source terms. Numerical tests were carried out for methane, methanol and ethanol diffusion flames, and the results compare well with data in the literature.
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Santos, Sávia Gavazza dos. "Utilização de metanol, etanol e metano como doadores de elétrons para a desnitrificação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-08062016-091952/.
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Esta tese apresenta e discute os dados obtidos a partir de trabalho experimental projetado para avaliar comparativamente o desempenho de reatores desnitrificantes em batelada, tendo etanol, metanol e gás metano como doadores de elétrons. Os experimentos foram realizados em reatores em escala de bancada. Os ensaios com gás metano objetivaram verificar a efetividade deste sub-produto de reatores anaeróbios em substituir os doadores exógenos de elétrons comumente utilizados, tais como metanol e etanol. Para alcançar o objetivo principal deste trabalho, os parâmetros cinéticos de desnitrificação, para os doadores de elétrons ensaiados, foram determinados nas diferentes condições operacionais. Além disso, as alterações ocorridas na população microbiana, ao longo do período experimental, foram avaliadas em relação à diversidade microbiana, por meio de análises microscópicas (óptica, de fluorescência e eletrônica de varredura) e da técnica de Biologia Molecular de PCR/DGGE. A completa desnitrificação foi alcançada para todos os compostos testados, e o etanol foi o doador de elétrons mais eficiente para a desnitrificação. A melhor razão carbono-nitrogênio para a desnitrificação foi igual a 1,0. Contudo, este parâmetro foi encontrado ser inadequado para utilização no processo de desnitrificação, uma vez que não expressa a capacidade real do composto usado em doar elétrons. A desnitrificação com metano ocorreu tanto na presença como na ausência de oxigênio, embora a baixas velocidades quando comparado com os outros compostos. No entanto, a configuração do reator utilizado neste estudo não foi adequada para promover a efetiva dissolução do gás metano na fase líquida. Por essa razão, sugere-se o desenvolvimento de configurações de reatores apropriadas para minimizar as resistências à transferência de massa da fase gasosa para a líquida e também desta para a biomassa.This thesis presents and discusses the data obtained from an experimental work designed to evaluate the comparative performance of denitrifying batch reactors utilizing ethanol, methanol and methane gas as electron donors. The experiments were carried out at using bench-scale reactors. The experiments using methane gas were meant to verify the effectiveness of such a by-product of anaerobic reactors instead of exogenous electron donors commonly used, such as methanol and ethanol. To achieve this main objective, the kinetic parameters of denitrification for the distinct electron donors assayed were determined in different operating conditions. Besides, the microbial population changes inside the reactors along the experimental time were evaluated in respect to the microbial diversity, by means of microscopy analysis (optical, fluorescent and electronic scanning) and the Molecular Biology technique, PCR/DGGE. Complete denitrification was achieved with all the compounds tested, and ethanol was the most effective electron donor for denitrification. The best carbon to nitrogen ratio for denitrification was 1.0. However, this parameter was found to be inadequate for using in denitrification process, since it does not express the real capacity of the compound used to donate electrons. Denitrification with methane occurred in the presence and also in the absence of oxygen, although at lower velocities compared to those with the other compounds. However, the reactor configuration utilized in this study was not adequate to promote the effective methane gas dissolution in the liquid phase. Therefore, it is suggested the development of appropriate reactor configurations to minimize mass transfer resistances from the gas to the liquid phase and also from that to the biomass.
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Kauklytė, Ilmera. "Metaphor as a means of foregrounding and deviation in "Carry on, Jeeves" by P.G Wodehouse." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060529_132600-54564.
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Metaphor is of central importance to stylistics. The purpose of the present MA thesis is to analyze metaphor in the text of belles-lettres as a means of deviation and foregrounding. Metaphor theories and its background information are a few factors which have been taken into consideration while analysing and interpreting a metaphor. The analysis is carried out on the basis of the abundance of metaphor definitions and their adequate examples. The method of the research is descriptive-analytical, based on the analysis of theoretical statements and description of illustrations in belles-lettres style. The research covers a detailed description of metaphors according to the type of semantic connection between words. The work also reveals that metaphoric expressions are mostly found as the cases of dehumanizing metaphors, which ascribe animal or inanimate property to human beings. The obvious dominance of these metaphors relates to the fact that the kernel point of the novel Carry on Jeeves spins around the relationships between an Englishman Bertie Wooster and his butler Jeeves.
The linguistic analysis clears out that the majority of dehumanizing metaphors are employed in the novel in order to reflect the negative or taint qualities of a person. Most cases of the metaphorical transfer of this kind include human-animal, human-bird, human-plant, human-objects metaphor pairs. Though humanizing, concretive and synethetic metaphors are less in number they still tend to be original and... [to full text]
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Barauskaitė, Rasa. "Liūdesio konceptas anglų ir lietuvių kalbose ir jo vertimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050603_174907-27415.
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Magistrinio darbo tema yra “Liūdesio konceptas anglų ir lietuvių kalbose ir jo vertimas”. Darbo tikslas yra aprašyti liūdesio konceptą ir nustatyti liūdesio koncepto vertimo iš anglų kalbos į lietuvių kalbą ypatumus. Darbą sudaro literatūros apžvalga ir empyrinė dalis. Teorinėje dalyje nagrinėjama koncepto raiška kalboje, leksikografinis aprašymo lygmuo ir prototipinės situacijos lygmuo. Empyrinėje dalyje yra nagrinėjimi konceptualiųjų metaforų ir jų vertimo iš anglų kalbos į lietuvių kalbą ypatumai. Darbo pagrindas yra pavyzdžiai, rinkti iš anglų kalbos tekstyno Concordance ir lietuvių kalbos tekstyno, sudaryto Kauno Didžiojo universiteto kompiuterinės lingvistikos centre ir grožinės literatūros knygų Š. Brontės “Džeinė Eir”, T.Hardžio “Tesė d’Erbervilių giminės”, S.Kreino “Raudonas narsumo ženklas”, Jozefo Konrado “Lordas Džimas” bei “Iš klasikinės anglų poezijos”, kurios buvo skaitomos anglų ir lietuvių kalbomis. Kadangi liūdesys yra viena iš bazinių emocijų, išanalizavus liūdesio konceptą abiejose kalbose, paaiškėjo, kad liūdesio emocijos raiška kalbose yra panaši. Liūdesys dažniausiai konceptualizuojamas kaip neigiama emocinė būsena, kylanti dėl kažkieno stokos arba netekties. Liūdesio konceptas abiejose kalbose yra reiškiamas leksemomis, frazeologiniais posakiais, paprastais žodžių junginiais, konceptualiomis metaforomis. Konceptualiosios metaforos LIŪDESYS YRA KRYPTIS ŽEMYN, LIŪDESYS YRA SKYSTIS, LIŪDESYS YRA TALPYKLA, LIŪDESYS YRA NAŠTA, LIŪDESYS YRA STICHINĖ JĖGA... [to full text]
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Januškytė, Sigita. "Subjectivized Grammatical Metaphor in Translation." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080926_182420-93785.
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This paper focuses on the concept of a subjectivized grammatical metaphor and its practical application in the translation of English fiction. At first, it explains the theoretical concept of a grammatical metaphor in general, following Halliday and other scholars. Later it gives the wide array of translation transformations of subjectivized grammatical metaphor to illustrate this theoretical overview with the examples of its practical application.Šis darbas pristato gramatinės metaforos savoką ir atvejus, kai ji eina sakinyje veiksniu, bei jų vertimą į lietuvių kalbą iš anglų grožinės literatūros kūrinių. Darbo pradžioje aptariama teorinė gramatinės metaforos sąvoka, remiantis Halliday ir kitais mokslininkais. Antroje darbo dalyje nagrinėjami konkretūs gramatinės metaforos vertimo pavyzdžiai, iliustruojantys šią teorinę apžvalgą.
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Astrauskaitė, Karolina. "Konceptualioji meilės metafora anglų kalboje." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130802_142657-39305.
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16-20 amžių poezija atpindi įvairias konceptualiąsias metaforas, kurios atlieka svarbų vaidmenį kalboje. Konceptualioji metafora yra giliai įsišaknijęs kalbos fenomenas, susijęs su žmogaus mąstymu, kurį atspindi kalba. Meilė yra viena iš dažniausiai sutinkamų konceptualiųjų metaforų poezijoje, kuri yra įkūnyta tiek abstrakčiuose,tiek konrečiuose dalykuose.Poezija perteikia kasdienio gyvenimo realijas, o konceptualioji metafora leidžia jas perteikti neįprastu būdu.The poetry of the 16-20th centuries is abundant with various conceptual metaphors, which perform an important role in language. Conceptual metaphor is a deep rooted linguistic phenomenon which reflects human thinking, which is reflected through language. Love is one of the most frequently met conceptual metaphors in poetry where it is embodied in the abstract or concrete notions.Poetry conveys every day recurrences and conceptual metaphor enables us to see the world in a remarkable way.
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Sandström, Julia. "En kamp, en resa eller ett straff? : Konceptuella cancermetaforer i svenska tidningsartiklar." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-130667.
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Cancermetaforer är vanliga sätt att prata om och därmed tänka kring cancer. Trots detta saknas svensk forskning om ämnet. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka vilka olika slags konceptuella metaforer som används om cancer i svenska språket såsom det speglas i tidningstext, och om de kan sägas vara skadliga för cancersjuka och deras anhöriga. Materialet utgörs av 240 språkliga cancermetaforer från 101 svenska tidningsartiklar. Tidningsartiklarna har samlats in med hjälp av korpusen Mediearkivet och kommer från svensk storstadspress publicerad i januari 2016. De språkliga cancermetaforerna har identifierats med hjälp av metoden Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP). De 240 språkliga cancermetaforerna i materialet realiserar sammantaget 15 konceptuella cancermetaforer. De sex vanligaste av dessa är (i fallande ordning) cancer är kamp, cancer är människa, cancer är resa, cancer är krig, cancer är rättegång och cancer är jakt. Resultaten tyder på att svenskan innehåller flera och varierade metaforer för cancer, även om kampmetaforen verkar vara vanligast. Trots vissa skillnader verkar det dessutom finnas en övervägande mängd likheter mellan metaforanvändningen i svenskan jämfört med engelskan. Skadligheten hos de sex ovan nämnda konceptuella metaforerna har undersökts utifrån två infallsvinklar: vilket perspektiv metaforerna anlägger på cancererfarenheten samt vilken grad av agens de tillskriver de cancersjuka. Analysen av de sex konceptuella metaforernas skadlighet har visat att samtliga metaforer har såväl styrkor som svagheter, men för cancer är kamp, cancer är krig och cancer är rättegång överväger svagheterna styrkorna. I tidningsartiklarna är det betydligt vanligare att metaforerna sätter cancersjuka i en försvagad position där de saknar kontroll än i en stärkt position där de har möjlighet att påverka det som händer dem. Med tanke på de olika konceptuella metaforernas potentiella skadliga natur och potentiella skadliga användning verkar det finnas fog för den kritik som riktats mot kampmetaforen och rättegångsmetaforen.
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Cortés, Ortiz William Giovanni. "Obtención de metanol a partir de la oxidación selectiva de metano empleando materiales catalíticos de hierro y molibdeno soportados en óxido de silicio." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/149378.
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[ES] La oxidación catalítica de hidrocarburos es un proceso que se evalúa desde los inicios de la catálisis debido a la importancia de obtener productos de interés comercial que contribuyan con el desarrollo industrial y económico del mundo. En el presente documento se presentan los resultados de la síntesis y caracterización de materiales catalíticos de hierro, molibdeno y vanadio, así como, los resultados de actividad catalítica en la oxidación de metano y metanol.
Inicialmente se presenta una breve historia de la catálisis, así como de los procesos de oxidación selectiva de hidrocarburos. Se aborda los conceptos básicos involucrados en la catálisis heterogénea haciendo hincapié en el papel de los materiales catalíticos en procesos químicos de oxidación.Por otra parte, se presentan aspectos relacionados con la obtención de metanol a partir de gas de síntesis y se abordan algunas de las características más importantes de la oxidación catalítica de metanol, tales como condiciones de reacción, propiedades requeridas en los catalizadores y los productos de interés. Así mismo, se estudian las necesidades específicas requeridas para la oxidación selectiva de metano a metanol, partiendo de la premisa de la dificultad del proceso debido a la estabilidad de la molécula de metano.
Posteriormente, se presentan los resultados obtenidos en la síntesis de materiales catalíticos de hierro, molibdeno, vanadio y la mezcla de los tres, soportados en sílice por el método sol-gel. Tales materiales son empleados en las reacciones de oxidación selectiva de metanol y metano. Dentro de los resultados, se evidencia que la sílice empleada como soporte presenta dos formas de cuarzo dependiendo de la temperatura de calcinación a la cual se someta, α-cuarzo y β-cuarzo. Por otra parte, se identifica que los materiales preparados con diferentes cargas de hierro (0,5, 1,5 y 5,0 % en masa) y calcinados a 450 y 750°C presentan, además de una banda característica de la sílice, una serie de picos asignados a especies de hierro tipo hematita α-Fe2O3 lo cual permite concluir que la transformación térmica del precursor de hierro (acetato de hierro heptahidratado) permitió la obtención de óxidos de hierro con estado de oxidación Fe3+.
Una vez discutidos los resultados de la caracterización, se presenta los resultados de actividad catalítica en los procesos de oxidación de metanol y metano. Inicialmente se describe el sistema catalítico empleado, luego, se discuten los resultados catalíticos obtenidos empleando catalizadores de hierro, molibdeno y vanadio soportados en óxido de silicio en función de la carga de metales, temperaturas de calcinación y condiciones de síntesis. Para la oxidación de metanol se observan valores de conversión alrededor del 90 % en mol con selectividades a diferentes productos de reacción como formaldehído, dimetil éter, formiato de metilo. En cuanto a la oxidación catalítica de metano, se observan valores de conversión alrededor de 3,0 % en mol con selectividades principalmente a formaldehído y óxidos de carbono.
Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones generales de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, así como, recomendaciones que permitan orientar las siguientes actividades a realizar, direccionadas hacia la síntesis de materiales catalíticos y la evaluación en procesos de oxidación de metano y metanol.[CA] L'oxidació catalítica d'hidrocarburs és un procés que s'ha avaluat des del començament de la catàlisi per la importància d'obtenir productes d'interès comercial que contribueixin al desenvolupament industrial i econòmic del món. Aquest document presenta els resultats de la síntesi i la caracterització de materials catalítics de ferro, molibdè i vanadi, així com els resultats de l'activitat catalítica en l'oxidació de metà i metanol. Inicialment, es presenta una breu història de la catàlisi, així com dels processos selectius d'oxidació dels hidrocarburs. Es tracten els conceptes bàsics implicats en la catàlisi heterogènia, destacant el paper dels materials catalítics en els processos d'oxidació química. D'altra banda, es presenten aspectes relacionats amb l'obtenció de metanol a partir de gas de síntesi i algunes de les característiques més importants de l'oxidació catalítica del metanol, com ara les condicions de reacció, les propietats necessàries en els catalitzadors i els productes d'interès. Així mateix, s'estudien les necessitats específiques necessàries per a l'oxidació selectiva del metà al metanol, a partir de la premissa de la dificultat del procés per l'estabilitat de la molècula de metà. Posteriorment, es presenten els resultats obtinguts en la síntesi de materials catalítics de ferro, molibdè, vanadi i la barreja dels tres, recolzada sobre sílice pel mètode sol-gel. Aquests materials s'utilitzen en les reaccions d'oxidació selectiva de metanol i metà. Entre els resultats, és evident que la sílice utilitzada com a suport té dues formes de quars segons la temperatura de calcinació a la qual està sotmès, α-quars i β-quars. D'altra banda, s'identifica que els materials preparats amb diferents càrregues de ferro (0,5, 1,5 i 5,0% en massa) i calcinats a 450 i 750 ° C presenten, a més d'una banda característica de sílice, una sèrie de pics assignats. a espècies de ferro de tipus hematita α-Fe2O3, cosa que porta a la conclusió que la transformació tèrmica del precursor del ferro (heptahidrat d'acetat de ferro) va permetre obtenir òxids de ferro amb un estat d'oxidació de Fe3 +. Un cop discutits els resultats de la caracterització, es presenten els resultats de l'activitat catalítica en els processos d'oxidació de metanol i metà. Inicialment, es descriu el sistema catalític utilitzat, a continuació es discuteixen els resultats catalítics obtinguts amb catalitzadors de ferro, molibdè i vanadiu recolzats en òxid de silici, segons la càrrega del metall, les temperatures de calcinació i les condicions de síntesi. Per a l'oxidació del metanol, s'observen valors de conversió al voltant del 90% en mol amb selectivitats a diferents productes de reacció com ara formaldehid, dimetilèter, format de metil. Pel que fa a l'oxidació catalítica del metà, s'observen valors de conversió al voltant del 3,0% en mol amb selectivitats principalment per formaldehid i òxids de carboni. Finalment, es presenten les conclusions generals d'acord amb els resultats obtinguts, així com recomanacions per guiar les activitats a realitzar, dirigides a la síntesi de materials catalítics i a l'avaluació de processos d'oxidació de metà i metanol.
[EN] The catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons is a process that has been evaluated since the beginning of catalysis due to the importance of obtaining products of commercial interest that contribute to the industrial and economic development of the world. This document presents the results of the synthesis and characterization of catalytic materials of iron, molybdenum, and vanadium, as well as the results of catalytic activity in the oxidation of methane and methanol. Initially, a brief history of catalysis is presented, as well as of the selective oxidation processes of hydrocarbons. The basic concepts involved in heterogeneous catalysis are addressed, emphasizing the role of catalytic materials in chemical oxidation processes. On the other hand, aspects related to obtaining methanol from synthesis gas are presented and some of the most important characteristics of the catalytic oxidation of methanol, such as reaction conditions, properties required in the catalysts, and the products of interest. Likewise, the specific needs required for the selective oxidation of methane to methanol are studied, starting from the premise of the difficulty of the process due to the stability of the methane molecule. Subsequently, the results obtained in the synthesis of catalytic materials of iron, molybdenum, vanadium, and the mixture of the three, supported on silica by the sol-gel method, are presented. Such materials are used in the selective oxidation reactions of methanol and methane. Among the results, it is evident that the silica used as support has two forms of quartz depending on the calcination temperature to which it is subjected, α-quartz, and β-quartz. On the other hand, it is identified that the materials prepared with different iron charges (0.5, 1.5 and 5.0% by mass) and calcined at 450 and 750 ° C present, in addition to a characteristic band of silica, a series of peaks assigned to hematite-like iron species α-Fe2O3, which leads to the conclusion that the thermal transformation of the iron precursor (iron acetate heptahydrate) allowed obtaining iron oxides with a Fe3 + oxidation state. Once the results of the characterization have been discussed, the results of catalytic activity in the oxidation processes of methanol and methane are presented. Initially, the catalytic system used is described, then the catalytic results obtained using iron, molybdenum and vanadium catalysts supported on silicon oxide are discussed, depending on the metal load, calcination temperatures, and synthesis conditions. For the oxidation of methanol, conversion values of around 90% in mol are observed with selectivities to different reaction products such as formaldehyde, dimethyl ether, methyl formate. Regarding the catalytic oxidation of methane, conversion values of around 3.0% in mol are observed with selectivities mainly to formaldehyde and carbon oxides. Finally, the general conclusions are presented in accordance with the results obtained, as well as recommendations to guide the following activities to be carried out, aimed at the synthesis of catalytic materials and the evaluation of methane and methanol oxidation processes.
Cortés Ortiz, WG. (2020). Obtención de metanol a partir de la oxidación selectiva de metano empleando materiales catalíticos de hierro y molibdeno soportados en óxido de silicio [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/149378
TESIS
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Metayer, Myriam Vernois Solange Pigozzi Marinella. "La construction de l'histoire de l'art du XXè siècle analyse et étude comparative d'ouvrages français et italiens publiés entre 1945 et 1977 /." [Poitiers] : [I-médias], 2009. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2009/Metayer-Myriam/2009-Metayer-Myriam-These.pdf.
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Reproduction de : Thèse doctorat : Histoire de l'Art : Poitiers : 2009. Reproduction de : Thèse doctorat : Histoire de l'Art : Universita di Bologna : 2009.Thèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Titre provenant de l'écran titre. Bibliogr. p. 509-539. Notes bibliogr. Index.
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Silva, Fábio Adriano do Nascimento. "Modelagem e simulação de processos oxidativos do gás natural." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2005. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/6804.
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Previous issue date: 2005Simulações computacionais em regime transiente foram realizadas a fim de se estudar a oxidação parcial para a produção de gás de síntese e obtenção do metanol via gás de síntese em reatores de leito fixo catalítico. Os modelos matemáticos dinâmicos propostos para os reatores, formaram conjuntos de equações diferenciais parciais que foram solucionados através de técnicas numéricas implementadas no Software Matlab 6.5,. Dois dos modelos simulados foram resolvidos diretamente com a utilização do esquema de diferenças finitas explícito. Enquanto que o terceiro modelo, foi discretizado pelo método das diferenças finitas formando um sistema de equações algébricas não lineares que foi solucionado pelo método de aproximações sucessivas. Os resultados obtidos puderam evidenciar detalhes do mecanismo de oxidação parcial, que seriam difíceis de se verificar experimentalmente e são relatados na literatura por serem de grande importância para o projeto destes reatores
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Gabriel, Signe. "Visuelle metaforer i Mammas Hår - brugen af visuel metafor i kommunikation af komplekse emner til børn." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21501.
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Opgaven tager udgangspunkt i en undersøgelse af, hvordan illustrator Svein Nyhus i billedbogen Mammas Hår, skrevet af Gro Dahle i 2007, benytter sig af visuelle metaforer til at kommunikere bogens depressionstema til børn. Formålet er at finde ud af, på hvilken måde visuelle metaforer kan bruges som kommunikationsværktøj af visuelle kommunikatører generelt. Som baggrund for undersøgelsen ligger teori omkring visuel retorik, metaforer, samt udviklingspsykologi og kognition. Ud fra denne teoretiske baggrund er opstillet en tese om brugen af metafor i kommunikationen af komplekse emner. Gennem såvel en indholdsanalyse som en semiotisk analyse af illustrationerne i Mammas Hår, samt en efterfølgende sammenligning af analyseresultaterne med tesen, fremgår det, at visuelle metaforer både kan fungere enkeltvis og interagere indbyrdes, og at visuel metafor både kan bruges til at introducere nye, ukendte emner, samt til at fremhæve visse aspekter af et emne. Endeligt lægges der op til en diskussion omkring den visuelle kommunikatørs ansvar samt om forholdet mellem teori og praksis.This essay is based on an investigation of illustrator Svein Nyhus’ use of visual metaphors in the children’s picture book Mammas Hår, written by Gro Dahle in 2007, in communicating the theme of depression to children. The purpose is to find out in which ways visual metaphor can be used as a communication tool for visual communicators in general. The essay starts with an introduction to visual rhetoric, metaphor as well as developmental and cognition theories. From this theoretical basis, a thesis on the use of metaphor in the communication of complex concepts is presented. Through a content analysis and a semiotic analysis of the illustrations in Mammas Hår, and a subsequent comparison of the analysis results with the thesis, it is found that visual metaphor can work both individually as well as through reciprocal interaction, and that visual metaphor can be used both to introduce new, unknown concepts as well as to highlight certain aspects of a concept. Finally, a discussion about the responsibility of the visual communicator and the relationship between theory and practice is introduced.
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Andrade, Gessie Maria Silva de. "Oxidação parcial de metano a compostos oxigenados (HCHO e CH3OH) sobre catalizadores oxidos MoOx/MgO-SiO2 e VOx-SiO2." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267468.
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Orientador: Gustavo Paim ValençaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: A utilização cada vez maior do gás natural como combustível deve-se ao aumento da demanda de energia nos países em crescimento acompanhado da disponibilidade crescente das reservas de gás em relação às de petróleo, o que pode tomá-Io uma fonte de energia de grande importância neste século XXI. O metano é o componente presente em maior quantidade no gás natural, constituindo mais de 90% da fração dos hidrocarbonetos. Um dos processos mais utilizados para funcionalização das moléculas de hidrocarbonetos, tais como o metano, é a oxidação parcial. Desta forma, no presente estudo foi realizada a oxidação parcial do metano a compostos oxigenados (HCHO e CH30H) a pressão atmosférica utilizando catalisadores de óxidos redutíveis de MoOx/MgO-Si02 e VOx/MgO-Si02 com a finalidade de investigar a influência da introdução de MgO no suporte dos catalisadores e da concentração superficial de Mo+n e V+n na atividade e seletividade destes catalisadores, assim como o efeito da razão CH4:O2 na cinética desta reação. Os óxidos mistos de MgO- Si02 foram preparados em razões atômicas preestabelecidas (Mg:Si = 1:0, 3:1,2:1, 1:1, 1:3, 1:2 e 0:1), secos e calcinados a 400 K por 12 horas e 1050 K por 5 horas, respectivamente. O método para a introdução da fase ativa Mo ou V nos suportes foi a impregnação incipiente, obedecendo-se seis diferentes percentagens em peso de Mo+6 ou V+5 nos sólidos finais: 0,1%, 1,67%, 2,2 %, 3,25%, 4,82%, 6,4%, os quais foram caracterizados por difração de raios-X, adsorção de N2 e adsorção seletiva de O2. Os principais produtos observados para a reação em estudo foram HCHO, CO, CO2, sendo que HCHO e CH30H (produtos de oxidação parcial) foram favorecidos por altas razões molares de CH4:O2. A formação de CH3OH foi observada em teores moderados de óxidos metálicos (0:l[Mg:Si]/0,I%Mo e 0:1[Mg:Si]/3,25%Mo), os quais apresentaram consideráveis seletividades para esse produto (32% e 18%, respectivamente). Os resultados obtidos para as constantes de velocidade demonstraram que para baixas conversões, a seletividade para HCHO se aproxima de 100%, enquanto a seletividade para CO2 se manteve em valores baixos, próximos de zero, mostrando que em condições diferenciais (conversão de CH4 < 10%) a velocidade de formação de HCHO é maior que a velocidade de formação de CO2
Abstract: Methane is the major component of natural gas, often present as more than 90% of the gas. Current1y it is primarily used as a fuel. In the chemical industry it is used in the production of synthesis gas, hydrogen, and in the manufacture of the halogen derivatives of methane, acetylene, hydrogen cyanide, technical carbon, and many other products. The direct conversion of methane to formaldehyde and methanol in a single catalytic step in sufficient1y high yield would give rise to new opportunities in the conversion of natural gas to other useful fuels and chemicals. Both the homogeneous and heterogeneous processes have been studied under various conditions although progress toward obtaining a yield that would make such a process industrially viable has been very slow. The majority of these studies have involved metal oxide catalysts. In this work, the selective oxidation of methane to oxygenated compounds (HCHO e CH3OH) at atmospheric pressure was studied on MoOxfMgO-SiO2 and VOx/MgO-SiO2. The mixed oxides of magnesia and silica were prepared in different atom ratios (Mg:Si = 1:0, 3:1,2:1, 1:1, 1:3, 1:2 or 0:1), dried at 400 K for 12 h and calcined at 1050 K for 5 h. The active phase, Mo (H24Mo7N6O24) or V (H4NO3 V), was added to the supports by the incipient wetness method. The percentages of Mo or V added to the mixed oxides were 0,1%, 1,67%,2,2%,3,25%,4,82% or 6,4%. The solids were characterized by X-ray diffraction, BET surface area and oxygen chemisorption. The objective of the present work was to study the influence of the introduction of MgO in the supports, of the amount of Mo and V on the surface of the supports and of the CH4:O2 molar ratios. Both supported Mo and V oxides were active in the conversion of methane to C1-oxygenates and Cox. The main products of the oxidation reaction were HCHO, CO and CO2. The partial oxidation products (HCHO, CH30H) were favored by high CH4:O2 molar ratios and formaldehyde was the first oxidation product, which was further oxidized to CO. The vanadium oxide catalysts were more active than the molybdenum oxide catalysts in conversion of methane. However, the higher reaction rate also resulted in a further oxidation of HCHO to CO
Doutorado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Gunnarsson, Hugo. "En bekant kontext : En kartläggning och jämförelse av ämnesspråk i Sveriges mest använda matematikbok samt i de nationella proven för elever i årskurs 6." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32796.
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A Familiar Context - a survey and comparison of mathematical language in the most widely-used mathematics textbook and in the standardized national tests for grade 6 students in Sweden. Studies have shown that language has a crucial role when students learn mathematics but there is a lack of empirical surveys mapping how mathematical language is used in different practices. One aspect of mathematical language called personification, which is associated with something that generates personal interest or contributes with a familiar context, seems to affect low-performing students in a negative way in their problem solving in the subjects of algebra and geometry. The overall aim of this study is to perform an empirical survey and analysis over how the personification of the mathematical language is used in the most commonly used mathematics textbook and the standardized national tests for students in grade 6 in Sweden. To answer this purpose, two research questions have been formulated: To what extent are natural language, mathematical imagery and mathematical symbols personalized in the field of algebra and geometry? How do typical mathematical tasks differ in the subjects of algebra and geometry? Method: Selected mathematical tasks from the most commonly used mathematics textbook and the national tests were analyzed in regards to personification. These selected tasks were also analyzed in regards to the concepts, metonymy and metaphor which can be used to distinguish the core of natural language in mathematical tasks. Results: There are differences between the uses of personification in the subjects of algebra and geometry. Personification was also found to be more common in the national tests than in the mathematics textbook. A comparison between the typical tasks from each subject area in the mathematics textbook and the national tests also showed that metaphorical form, a concept like personification associated with familiar context, is used more in the national tests than in the mathematics book. Conclusions: A clear difference in the use of personification and metaphorical form between textbooks and standardized national tests in mathematics for year 6 students was identified. Such differences in language usage may impair mathematics knowledge assessment. It is therefore important to make authors aware of how language use can affect a student's problem solving ability and raises the question as to whether personification and metaphorical form should be included in testing mathematical knowledge?
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Balčiūnaitė, Jovita. "Legitimization and delegitimization through metaphors." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120731_123932-31276.
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The purpose of this research was to investigate how political leaders of the United Kingdom and Lithuania, David Cameron and Andrius Kubilius legitimize themselves and delegitimize their opponents through metaphors. To achieve this aim Critical Metaphor Analysis was employed and the following objectives were set: to identify metaphorical expressions used in political speeches; to interpret them and to classify them according to their underlying conceptual metaphor; finally, to explain the way conceptual metaphors and metaphorical expressions convey how political leaders legitimize themselves and delegitimize the opponents. The results of the study demonstrated that the conceptual metaphors used for legitimization and delegitimization are the same in both political leaders’ speeches. However, metaphorical expression used for legitimization and delegitimization displays different characteristics. It also demonstrated that politicians tend to use more metaphorical expressions to convey legitimization than delegitimization.Magistro darbo tema „Konceptualios metaforos raiška legitimizacijos ir delegitimizacijos procesuose“. Šio tiriamojo darbo tikslas yra išsiaiškinti kokiomis konceptualiosiomis metaforomis Davidas Cameronas ir Andrius Kubilius legitimizuoja save ir delegitimizuoja savo oponentus. Buvo iškelti šie tiriamojo darbo uždaviniai: pirmiausia, surasti metaforinius pasakymus politinėse kalbose, tuomet suklasifikuoti šiuos pasakymus pagal priklausymą konceptualiąjai metaforai ir, galiausiai, paaiškinti kaip metaforiniai pasakymai atskleidžia būdus, kuriais politikai legitimizuoja save ir delegitimizuoja savo oponentus. Tyrime buvo naudojamas Kritinis metaforos analizės metodas pasiūlytas Charterio-Blacko, kuris susideda iš trijų dalių, tai: metaforinių pasakynų suradimas, jų priskyrimas konceptualiąjai metaforai ir galiausiai, paaiškinimas. Pagrindinis tyrimo klausimas buvo išsiaiškinti, kuo skiriasi konceptualiųjų metaforų naudojimas legitimizacijai ir delegitimizacijai Davidas Cameronas ir Andriaus Kubiliaus politinėse kalbose. Tyrimas parodė, kad tiek legitimizacijai tiek delegitimizacijai abu politikai naudoja tas pačias konceptualiąsias metaforas: POLITIKA YRA KARAS, POLITIKA YRA KELIONĖ, ir POLITIKA YRA PASTATAS. Taip pat tyrimas parodė, kad Davidas Cameronas ir Andrius Kubilius naudoja daugiau metaforinių pasakymų išreikšti legitimizacijai nei delegitimizacijai. Tai buvo pastebėta, kai delegitimizuodami savo oponentus politikai nenaudojo kai kurių konceptualiųjų atitikmenų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Eriksson, Ingrid. "Retaining or losing the conceptual metaphor : A study on institutional translation of metaphors in political discourse from English into Swedish and Spanish." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Tolk- och översättarinstitutet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-171437.
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The translation of metaphors has been analyzed and discussed for several decades, but there are not many multilingual studies that examine how metaphors are translated. The present study takes a cognitive approach to metaphor and investigates how translators at the European Commission handle metaphorical expressions and the underlying conceptual metaphors in political discourse. The source text is the English language version of the policy document A European Agenda on Migration, and the Swedish and Spanish language versions of it are included as target texts. The study identifies the conceptual metaphors that conceptualize migration and other topics that are closely related to the European migrant and refugee crisis of 2015 and the translation procedures that are used. A total of six translation procedures were found in the target texts, and the most used procedure in the Spanish target text was to retain both the conceptual metaphor and the metaphorical expression, whereas the most used procedure in the Swedish target text was to replace the metaphorical expression with a completely different one and thereby using a different conceptual metaphor. The parallel analysis of all three language versions also revealed that non-metaphorical expressions in the source text were occasionally replaced with metaphorical expressions in the target texts, which proves that adding a conceptual metaphor is one of many translation procedures. The most frequently used source domains in the source text, i.e. water, enemy and applied force, were transferred to both target texts. Some source domains were eventually lost, but a couple of new ones, such as disease and weight, were added instead.
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Kamsten, Lina. ""Du brinner för att vara en hjälpande hand" : En analys av metaforer i platsannonser." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136224.
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I den här studien undersöks metaforer i 15 platsannonser. Syftet är att undersöka hur metaforer används, om det finns någon koppling mellan källdomän och yrkesområde samt vilken bild metaforerna skapar av den arbetssökande och arbetsgivaren. För att avgöra vad som är metaforiskt i texterna används Metaphor Identification Procedure. För att hitta samband mellan källdomän och yrkesområde och för att kunna säga något om den syn som arbetsgivarna förmedlar tolkas metaforerna utifrån användningen i annonsen och med hjälp av litteratur om metaforer. Med hjälp av Metaphor Identification Procedure kunde 97 metaforer plockas ut ur platsannonserna. 12 varianter av dessa sorterades ut som beskrivningar av den arbetssökande och 3 varianter som beskrivningar av arbetsgivaren. Analysen av metaforerna visar att det inte verkar finnas någon särskild koppling mellan metaforernas källdomäner och yrkesområde, och att metaforerna bland annat förmedlar bilden av en arbetssökande som har en stark känsla för det hen gör och en vilja att utvecklas, samt bilden av en arbetsgivare som försöker undvika att uttrycka krav.
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Olsson, Isak. "Metaforer : När ordet betraktas som metafor." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kommunikation, medier och it, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-9185.
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The metaphor has been among us since a very long time, but despite over 1.000 years of reflection it is still uncertain how one should understand the concept. There are few, if any, doubts how to understand the definition of metaphor, but is it possible to find a real distinction between the metaphorical and the non-metaphorical? In this essay I seek an answer to when a metaphor is a metaphor or when it is instead a generally accepted concept of how something actually is. I will use previous research on the topic from Aristotle, Friedrich Nietzsche, Paul Ricoeur and George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. These persons have given me a wide perspective and approach to the metaphor – and when a word should be considered as a metaphor or not. Through deep discussion on these theories I work out my own view on the issue: It is not the words themselves that are metaphors; it is we, in combination with the context, discourse and expressions that determines the metaphor and when it shall be considered as a metaphor.Metaforen har funnits ibland oss under en lång tid, men trots över 1 000 år av begrundan är det fortfarande ovisst hur man bör förstå begreppet. Själva definitionen i sig råder det inga större tvivel om, men kan vi finna en riktig distinktion mellan det metaforiska och det ickemetaforiska? I uppsatsen undersöks när en metafor är en metafor eller när det istället är ett allmänt vedertaget begrepp om hur något faktiskt förhåller sig. Tidigare forskning kring ämnet som jag valt att använda mig av har jag hämtat från Aristoteles, Friedrich Nietzsche, Paul Ricoeur och George Lakoff och Mark Johnson. Dessa personer har givit mig olika perspektiv och synsätt på metaforen – och när ett ord bör betraktas som metafor eller inte. Genom djupgående diskussion kring dessa teorier arbetar jag fram min egen uppfattning angående frågan: Det är inte orden i sig som är metaforer, det är vi, i kombination med sammanhang, diskurs och uttryckssätt som avgör metaforen och när den skall betraktas som just metafor.
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Morovic, Peter Michael. "Metamer sets." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251574.
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Kennedy, Catherine. "Metaphor : Library." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8071.
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Includes bibliographical references.This literature review identifies and examines metaphorical concepts that have been associated with the word 'library' historically in an attempt to identify the possible role and function of libraries and librarians in the twenty-first century. Drawing on contemporary theories of metaphor, the various ways in which libraries have been represented metaphorically within literature are considered as external perspectives of the institution and profession. These images are compared and contrasted to those library metaphors evident in the professional literature - that is, internal perspectives of the library. Examples of other professions adopting the concept 'library' as a metaphor, most notably within the online environment, are also discussed in order to hone in on those concepts perceived to be represented by the label 'library' by those choosing to employ the term. The cross-cu!tural applicability of library metaphors is also considered, drawing on examples from African librarianship, and a cluster of metaphorical concepts likely to inform future library development are identified.
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Oliveira, Lorena Cristina Alves de. "Oxidação parcial do metanol : influencia das relações molares agua/metanol e oxigenio/metanol na seletividade." [s.n.], 1998. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267290.
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Orientador: Jose Claudio MouraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: A reação de oxidação parcial do metanol para a produção de formaldeído sobre catalisador de ferro-molibdênio é estudada em um microrreator tubular de leito fixo, com o objetivo de analisar a influência das relações molares água/metanol e oxigênio/metanol na taxa de reação e na seletividade. Já foi demonstrado que o nitrogênio do ar, utilizado no processo convencional de produção de formaldeído como inerte que tem a função de auxiliar o processo convectivo de remoção de calor, pode ser substituído por vapor de água e dessa forma reduzir a emissão de VOCs. na atmosfera. A coleta de dados cinéticos foi conduzida à pressão atmosférica em condições consideradas isotérmicas na faixa de temperatura entre 300 e '340 GRAUS¿C, razão molar oxigênio-metanol (Ro) entre 0,5 e 0,95, razão molar água-metanol (Ra) entre 1.3 e 1.9 e o tempo espacial modificado (W/¿F IND. Ao¿) entre 8,5 e 34,93 'g IND. cat.¿ min/¿¿NL IND. metanol.¿ Um modelo de reação é proposto para gerar a equação da taxa e a partir dos dados cinéticos experimentais realizar o ajuste dos parâmetros. Os resultados experimentais chegam a apresentar conversão total de metanol, com o rendimento praticamente total em formaldeído. Demonstra-se que o efeito das relações água-metanol na reação principal, nestas condições operacionais, é pequeno, e é compensado por um aumento de temperatura em torno de ¿25 GRAUS¿C... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: The partial oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde over an iron molybdenum oxide catalyst has been studied in a continuous flow packed bed microreactor. In the present work it was investigated the influence of molar ratios water/methanol and oxygen/methanol over reaction rate and selectivity. The air¿s nitrogen is used at conventional process of production of formaldehyde like inert and remover of heat released by reaction; however it can be replaced by water vapor decreasing the emission of VOCs in the atmosphere. The collect of kinetics data was led in the atmospheric pressure and isothermal conditions between 300 and '340 DEGREES¿C, molar ratio oxygen/methanol (Ra) between 0,5 and 0,95, molar ratio water/methanol between 1,3 and 1,9 and residence time (w/¿F IND. Ao¿) between 8,5 and 34,93 'g IND. cat.¿ min/¿¿NL IND. metanol.¿ A rate model has been proposed for generating the rate expression and as from kinetic data, realize the fit as parameters. The experimental results showed total convertion of methanol, with a pratically total yield in formaldehyde. It is showed that the effect of molar ratios water/methanol over main reaction, in this operation conditions, is very small, and is compensated by an increase of about ¿25 DEGREES¿C in temperature... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Willman, Fanny. "Mer än metaforer : En studie av slavmetaforiken i de autentiska paulusbreven." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nya testamentets exegetik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412403.
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Jarra, Silvana Lapietra [UNESP]. "Metáforas, memórias e narrativas: aproximações e distâncias na formação de professores : uma análise de narrativas de professores de artes do Programa REDEFOR." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86832.
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jarra_sl_me_ia.pdf: 1604511 bytes, checksum: 0297fea1e5a7707f593f94045272d9e1 (MD5)A presente dissertação analisa seis contos elaborados no âmbito de uma disciplina do Programa REDEFOR (programa de formação a distância, com alguns encontros presenciais, para professores da rede estadual paulista) e aborda a potência da Metáfora, da Memória/Esquecimento e da Narrativa de histórias pessoais e profissionais dos professores visando trazer à cena da formação a racionalidade imaginativa e o conhecimento como experiência. Neste sentido, promove aproximações entre Metáfora, Memória/Esquecimento e Narrativa com o conceito de experiência estética defendido por Dewey/Larossa/Paulo Freire. Faz emergir um pensamento vivo pela memória, pela metáfora e pela narrativa, concebendo a circularidade existente entre elas como possibilidade de alargamento da experiência de conhecimento. Reconhece o homem como ser de razão e de emoção e integra aspectos conscientes e inconscientes nos processos formativos. Utiliza como método de pesquisa a escuta psicanalítica (Freud e Lacan) e a intuição (Bergson). Faz interface entre a Arte – Educação – Psicanálise. Defende “a formação épica” (a formação pela experiência, pela metáfora, pela memória e pela narrativa) como possibilidade de romper a relação “embrutecedora” com a vida e com o conhecimento e como forma de emancipação dos “seres aprendentes e ensinantes”. Propõe uma formação que “erotize” o sujeito, produzindo sentidos que possam ser ampliados e compartilhados no encontro com o outro e com o mundo. Viver, narrar, trazer a experiência para o espaço da formação pelo viés estético, metafórico, rememorando-a, problematizando-a, reconstruindo-a, investigando-a, recriando-a, incorporando-a ou não no diálogo com outras narrativas, gerando deslocamentos no sujeito professor e, consequentemente, a transformação do currículo e da forma de conceber e ensinar artes.
Esta tesis analiza seis historias producidas bajo un Programa REDEFOR (programa de aprendizaje a distancia con algunas reuniones presenciales para los profesores del Estado de São Paulo) y se analiza el poder de la metáfora, de la memoria/olvido y de la narración de las histórias personales y profesionales de los profesores, para llevar a la escena de la formación de los mismos, la racionalidad imaginativa y el conocimiento así como una experiencia. En este sentido, promueve las similitudes entre la metáfora, la memoria/olvido y la narrativa com el concepto de la experiencia estética defendida por Dewey/Larossa/Paulo Freire. Saca um pensamiento vivo por la memoria, por la metafora y por la narrativa de manera a concebir la circularidade entre ellos, como la posibilidad de ampliar el conocimiento. Reconoce al hombre como un ser de la razón y la emoción e integra los aspectos conscientes y inconscientes em los procesos de formación. Se utiliza como método de investigación psicoanalítica escucha (Freud y Lacan) y la intuición (Bergson). Interfaces entre las Artes – Educación – Psicoanálisis. Defiende “el entrenamiento épico” (formación por la experiência, la metáfora, por la memoria y la narración) como una posibilidad de romper el vínculo “embrutecedor” con la vida y con el conocimiento, y como una forma de emancipación de los profesores y alumnos. Propone uma formación que “erotize” el sujecto, produciendo sentidos que se pueden extender y compartir en el encuentro com el outro y con el mundo. Vivir, recuento llevar la experiencia al sesgo entrenamiento espacio estético, metafórico, recordando que, hablando se él, lo reconstruyó, investigarlo, recrearlo, la incorporación o no, en el diálogo con otras narrativas generar cambios en el profesor de la asignatura y, em consecuencia, la transformación del plano de estúdios y la forma de enseñar artes.
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Bronušaitė, Indrė. "Metų laikų metaforizacija vokiečių ir lietuvių kalbose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120817_131148-83039.
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Kalba neatsiejama nuo žmonių mąstymo. Tik tiriant kalbą galima atkurti ir suprasti žmogaus sąmonėje esantį pasaulio vaizdą, tautos mentalitetą, daugiau išsiaiškinti apie tam tikros tautos vertybes. Visa informacija užfiksuota kalboje konstruoja mentalinius darinius, atspindinčius pasaulio daiktus, reiškinius, didesnes ar mažesnes jų klases. Tokie mentaliniai dariniai kognityvinėje lingvistikoje vadinami konceptais. Kiekviena tauta turi savitą supratimą apie tam tikrus objektus, todėl įvairūs konceptai ne visada suprantami vienodai skirtinguose pasaulio kraštuose.The subject of the paper is Seasons Metaphorization in Lithuanian and German Languages. Methods have been used are: comparative analysis and conceptual analysis.
Auf der Welt gibt es mehr als 6000 verschiedene Sprachen. Die Sprache nennt man oft als das wichtigste Instrument des sozialen Handelns und des Denkens der Menschen in allen Kulturen. Sie hilft den Menschen Information und Kenntnisse den anderen zu vermitteln. Nur bei der Untersuchung der Sprache werden die Volksidentität, das Volksdenkmodell und das Weltbild verstanden. Das erwähnte Weltbild, das sich in der Sprache widerspiegelt, wird in der kognitiven Linguistik als „das sprachliche Weltbild“ bezeichnet. Ein Resultat des sprachlichen Weltbildes im menschlichen Denken sind die Konzepte, die ein konzeptuelles System bilden.
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Burke, Thora Maria Elizabeth. "Metaforiese funksies in die rolmodelskap van die Christenonderwyser: 'n pastorale studie / deur Thora Maria Elizabeth Burke." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4392.
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The objective of this practical theological study was to explore to what extent a pastoral
accentuation of Christian teachers as role models can result in a new perspective on the
teacher-learner relationship in the South African school context. For this purpose, a research
question was formulated with the eye on identifying elements of pastoral knowledge and skills
to equip the Christian teacher to lead learners by means of a metaphorical deployment of
his/her function as a role model towards spiritual maturity.
Basic theoretical guidelines were formulated from Scripture to describe the metaphorical
functions in the pastoral role of Christian teachers. The function of biblical metaphors such as
shepherd, servant, comforter, priest, prophet and king were described. A literary investigation
was conducted to explain the educational milieu in which teachers in the South African
schooling system operate. In this section of the study, as a result of investigations into related
sciences, the following aspects came to light: the question regarding the essence of
education; the role and function of the teacher; the role of the learner and also the role of the
school as an educational institution.
An empirical study was done to gain further perspective on the realities, with which teachers
in South African schools are faced with on daily basis, and how they visualise their role in this
context. A qualitative research method was done by interviewing Christian teachers.
The methodological model of Zerfass was used as a framework, to establish hermeneutical
interaction between basic-theoretical, meta-theoretical and empirical aspects. Thereafter my
own model was designed to provide guidelines to the Christian teacher to fulfil his/her role, as
a role model for learners. Research findings indicate that a Christian teacher?s metaphorical deployment of his/her
function as role model can indeed play a vital role in the education situation in the context of
the current South African school system. However, there seems to be some uncertainty in the
midst of teachers about what exactly the metaphorical functions comprise and the need for
further equipment in this regard proved to be necessary.Thesis (Ph.D. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Gudačiauskaitė, Dovilė. "Balta balta diena." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140703_155402-72946.
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Šiame esė formos rašto darbe, keliauju simbolinę kelionę, kuri neturi aiškaus, konkretaus tikslo, nei uždavinių. Būtis, laikas, atmintis, praeitis, Dievas, gimimas, mirtis, laikinumas, amžinybė – padriki egzitenciniai klausimai, į kuriuos įsižiūriu, bet neatsakinėju. Vadovaujuosi fragmentiškais atminties žemėlapiais, menininkų kūriniais ir jų atsiradimo sąlygomis. Remiuosi fenomenologiniu metodu, kuris pagrįstas refleksija ir reikalauja pakartoti esmines intuicijas, siekia išugdyti dėmesingumą, leidžia naujai įprasminti, kaip ir ką mes išgyvename. Darbo skyrius žymiu dienoraštį primenančiais pavadinimais. Šis fragmentiškas dienoraštis – be pradžios ir be pabaigos (prasidėjęs labai seniai, pasibaigia sugrįžimu į pradžią). Jis tampa svarbia praktinio darbo dalimi, paaiškinimu.In this work written as an essay, I make a symbolic trip which doesn‘t have a clear, precise goal nor aim. Existence, time, memory, past, God, birth, death, temporality, eternity – such are the unbound existential questions which I do look at but do not try to answer. I follow fragmented maps of memory, consider artists‘ creations and the conditions of their appearance. I base myself on phenomenological method which relies on reflection and demands to repeat the essential intuitions, asks to grow attentiveness, permits to give sense to what we experience and how we do it. I give titles to the parts of this work similar to personal diary titles. This fragmented diary is without beginning and without end (it started very long ago and it ends with returning to it‘s starting point). It becomes an important part of the practical work, it‘s explanation.
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Keršytė, Raminta. "Metaforų suvokimas reklamoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140626_181841-45577.
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Sparčiai auganti prekių pasiūla sąlygojo metaforų naudojimą reklamose. Ši viena iš daugelio stilistinių priemonių rinkodaros specialistų yra vadinama instrumentu, formuojančiu rinkodaros mintis ir praktiką. . Jei vartotojai sėkmingai suvokia metaforą, reklama gali pasiekti papildomą efektą, to, kaip jie priima naudą ir kultūrinę reikšmę. Metaforos skatina gilesnius reikšmės svarstymo lygmenis, todėl labai svarbu ištirti, kaip vartotojai suvokia reklamos, kuriose yra pasinaudota metaforos, kaip analogijų perkėlimo pamatu, esmę. Metaforų supratimas yra svarbus kintamasis metaforų reklamoje studijavime – kad reklaminė žinutė būtų efektyvi, reklaminė metafora turi būti bent minimaliai suvokta jos numatytos tikslinės auditorijos. Darbo objektas – metaforos reklamoje. Uždaviniai - atlikti metaforinės reklamos suvokimo teorines studijas, įvertinant suvokimą įtakojančius elementus. Ištirti, ar vartotojai pateiktose reklamose įžvelgia metaforas ir kokie elementai labiausiai daro įtaką jų suvokimui. Darbo tyrimas parodė, kad vartotojų smegenyse metaforos slypi dešiniajame pusrutulyje, anot G. Zaltman emocijos daro įtaką metaforinių reklamų suvokimui. Daugelis vartotojų matydami reklamą ieško papildomos, perkeltinės ar paslėptos užkoduotos reikšmės. Metaforinę reklamą suvokia visi vartotojai, tik jų suvokimo lygis nevienodas. Vartotojų nuomone, jie suvokia metaforines reklamas ir mano, kad jos yra efektyvi priemonė, siekiant sudominti tikslinę auditoriją. Labiausiai suvokimui įtaką daro... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Rapidly growing offer of the goods stipulates usage of metaphors in advertisements. This one of the most stylistic means by marketing specialists is called the instrument forming thoughts and practice of the marketing. If consumers successfully perceive metaphor, advertising can reach an additional effect, that depends, how consumers accept benefit and cultural meaning. Metaphors encourage deeper levels of discussion of meaning, so it is very important to research, how consumer perceive advertisemets point. Perception of metaphors is very significant variable in studying of metaphors in advertisiments – in order to advertisement message would be effective, advertisement metaphor should be understood by it intended objective audience at the minimum. This study object - metaphors in advertising. The tasks of the study are to do academic studies of perception of metaphorical advertisement, by evaluating the elements influencing perception. Also, research, do the consumers view methaphors in the given advertisements. Which elements do the most influence of their perception? Do consumers prefer metaphorical ads, or direct? The study research has demonstrated that, methapors in consumers brains are in the right side, so according G.Zaltman, emocions do influence in perceptions of metaphorical ads. Quantitative analysis shows, that majority of consumers viewed ads are searching additional, figuratively or hidden encoded meaning. Metaphorical ads perceive all consumers, only the... [to full text]
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Šivickytė, Ieva. "„Vilties“ konceptualizavimas lietuvių ir anglų kalbose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140626_185911-78624.
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Magistro darbo objektas yra vienas žodis lietuvių ir anglų kalbose: viltis ir hope, kuris panašus, ar tapatus, tiek turiniu, tiek forma. Šio žodžio reikšmės tyrimas atliekas vis labiau populiarėjančiu tekstynų lingvistikos metodu. Darbe didelis dėmesys kreipiamas į vilties kolokacijas, rastas lyginamuose tekstynuose, nes būtent tekstynuose yra randama įprastinė abstrakto raiška. Kognityvinės metaforos, rinktos iš kolokacijų, pagrindžiamos ne bet kokiais, o įprastiniais kasdienės kalbos posakiais. Dėl šios priežasties darbo šaltiniais pasirinkti British National Corpus ir Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Interneto vartotojams šiuose tekstynuose prieinama po 100 mln. žodžių, ir tai pakankamai didelis pavyzdžių skaičius tokio pobūdžio tyrimams. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti abstraktaus daiktavardžio viltis konceptualizavimą lietuvių ir anglų kalbose. Kadangi konceptualiosios metaforos yra sietinos ne tik su žmogaus jutimine, bet ir su visos tautos kultūrine patirtimi, manoma, kad žodžio viltis konceptualizavimas gretinamose kalbose turėtų skirtis. Pasirinktoji magistro darbo tema aktuali, nes žodžio viltis konceptualizavimas lietuvių kalboje ligi šiol nėra nagrinėtas ar lygintas su anglų kalbos atitikmeniu hope.The master paper deals with one lexeme in Lithuanian, viltis, and its equivalent in English hope. The author provides the analysis of the selected words from the corpus using a corpus-based approach which becomes more and more popular. The paper demonstrates that metaphors, if they are to reflect the most popular understanding of a concept, should be obtained from collocations. On that score their concordances were compiled from the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian and the British National Corpus. They are both of the size of 100 million running words in their Internet versions and they offer a reliable source of data for this kind of analysis. The main goal of this paper is to describe the concept represented in Lithuanian and English by the word hope. As conceptual metaphors are linked not only with man‘s sensual, but also with the whole nation‘s cultural experience, the conceptualization of hope in languages should differ. The theme is relevant because conceptualization of hope had not been explores in Lithuanian and compared with its equivalent in English.
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Volková, Klára. "Na čekanou, Poslední leč." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta výtvarných umění, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232396.
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Annotation 1. Introduction to the environment of rural cemeteries. 2. The Watching most visited graves. 3. The establishing most visited gravis. 4. Getting to know the fate of the dead. 5. The working with photos borrowed from survivors. 6. The controversy over the intimacy and generalization of the cemetery as a place of final rest and prepare for oblivion.
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Arrigo, Michael Tood. "Image as metaphor, metaphor as meaning, meaning as existance." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1303412484.
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Gallelli, Beatrice <1989>. "metafora di una metafora: la retorica del "sogno cinese"." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/5551.
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Nel mutato contesto socio-economico, politico e culturale della Cina post-maoista, il linguaggio del discorso politico cinese subisce rapide e profonde trasformazioni: gli slogan usati dal Partito Comunista Cinese tendono a una graduale depoliticizzazione e, in essi, alla retorica marxista-leninista si affiancano sempre più riferimenti al repertorio della cultura tradizionale cinese.
Il “sogno cinese” promosso dall’attuale presidente Xi Jinping è piena espressione di questa tendenza.
Il presente studio si propone di indagare il progetto che si cela dietro questa metafora, così come le motivazioni che soggiacciono all’adozione di un linguaggio e di un universale ideologico che si presentano inusuali per il marxismo-leninismo. Al fine di agevolare la comprensione delle analogie e delle differenze del concetto di “sogno cinese” e della sua retorica rispetto a quelli usati in precedenza, il lavoro si apre con un excursus sulle elaborazioni teoriche promosse dalla dirigenza cinese all’indomani della politica di “riforme e apertura”, per ognuna delle quali sono stati selezionati degli estratti di discorsi. A seguire, muovendo degli importanti contributi di Lakoff e Johnson riguardo le metafore, si propongono l’analisi e l’interpretazione di due discorsi in cui il presidente Xi Jinping espone il concetto di “sogno cinese”. Le metafore riflettono e allo stesso tempo determinano la percezione della realtà, per tale ragione il loro esame rappresenta un apporto significativo all’individuazione degli obiettivi da raggiungere e delle strategie persuasive messe in atto nella Cina di oggi.
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Mosher, Lockwood Kimberly. "Metaphor, music and mind understanding metaphor and its cognitive effect /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1116947187.
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LOCKWOOD, KIMBERLY MOSHER. "METAPHOR, MUSIC AND MIND: UNDERSTANDING METAPHOR AND ITS COGNITIVE EFFECT." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1116947187.
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Messina, Arantxa. "Le metafore della crisi nella stampa economica spagnola e italiana: un'analisi corpus-based." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/10809/.
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La crisis financiera y económica que estalló en Europa en 2008 ha sido un auténtico campo de pruebas para recurrir a todo tipo de recursos expresivos, a la hora de explicar la compleja naturaleza de la coyuntura económica. De esta manera, lejos de ser un artificio de la ornamentación retórica, la metáfora adquiere un sentido simbólico que permite expresar conceptos de forma natural y a veces descontada.
El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la utilización de las metáforas en la prensa económica española e italiana en el discurso sobre la crisis en Europa, a través de un análisis basado en corpus. Además, se intenta descubrir semejanzas y diferencias a la vez que se destacan aspectos originales en ambos idiomas. La hipótesis general, de acuerdo con investigaciones previas sobre las metáforas económicas, es que cabe esperar una frecuente utilización de las metáforas.
La tésis está dividida en cuatro capítulos. En el primer capítulo se desglosan las principales teorías elaboradas acerca de la metáfora, desde un enfoque clásico hasta una visión cognitivista que se desarrolla a partir de la Teoría de la Metáfora Conceptual propuesta por Lakoff y Johnson (1980). El segundo capítulo se centra en la metáfora económica y los estudios basados en corpus sobre la metáfora, para comprender los diferentes dominios fuente utilizados en el discurso económico y financiero. En el tercer capítulo se proporciona toda información relativa al método de creación y a la metodología de análisis de los corpus, llevada a cabo a través de una minuciosa recolección de artículos de la prensa italiana y española en los diarios Il Sole 24 Ore y Expansión. Los artículos han sido analizados a través del programa informático AntConc. Finalmente, en el cuarto capítulo se presenta el análisis de las metáforas detectadas en los dos corpus periodísticos y los resultados obtenidos, en lo que respecta a semejanzas y diferencias en los dos idiomas. Por esta razón, se seleccionan cuatro dominios fuente: dos más frecuentes (medicina; naturaleza) y dos menos frecuentes (construcción; mecanismos). Además, se hace hincapié en algunos ejemplos del uso de metáforas muy utilizadas, o bien de casos novedosos o creativos en ambos idiomas, con miras a descubrir los principales dominios fuente y los contextos de uso en la cobertura de la crisis. Los resultados que surgen a raíz del análisis muestran una profunda difusión del dominio fuente de la medicina y de la naturaleza en ambos idiomas y una consiguiente creatividad metafórica. En general, el corpus italiano presenta una mayor creatividad metafórica y cadenas metafóricas
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con respecto al corpus español, a raíz de los hapaxes detectados. Asimismo, el corpus español presenta más casos creativos en el dominio de la construcción con respecto al italiano. El análisis ha permitido confirmar de forma empírica la hipótesis de gran uniformidad en el uso de la metáfora en los distintos periódicos, aun considerando algunas diferencias entre los dos idiomas.
Cabe reconocer que, debido al tamaño limitado de los corpus creados, dicho estudio representa un campo de pruebas ampliable y los resultados presentados abren una puerta a nuevas oportunidades de investigación en el discurso económico y financiero o incluso en la enseñanza de la economía.
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Bitinienė, Neringa. "The conceptual metaphors in political discourse and their translation from english into the lithuanian language in Hillary Rodham Clinton’s autobiography “Living history”." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_161837-07811.
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The present research investigates political conceptual metaphors and their translation in Hillary Rodham Clinton autobiography “Living History” (2003). It sets out to explore conceptual metaphors in political discourse. As the study of political discourse covers a broad range of subject matters, herewith politicians’ memoirs, this book has been taken as source material. The analysis of a rather framed corpus allows to view and contrast distinguished conceptual metaphors in the source language and their rendering in the target language. The concept of politics has been taken as a source domain, in what have followed all possible classifications established. My investigation aims at already accepted conceptual metaphors (POLITICS IS WAR; POLITICS IS A JOURNEY, etc.) and less explored conceptual metaphors inherent in the above mentioned book and their translation into Lithuanian (POLITICS IS MEDICINE, POLITICS IS HUNTING, etc.).Magistrinio darbo tema „Konceptualiosios metaforos politiniame diskurse ir jų vertimas iš anglų kalbos į lietuvių. Darbo tikslas yra nustatyti kaip konceptualiosios metaforos yra verčiamos iš anglų kalbos į lietuvių kalbą Hillary Rodham Clinton autobiografijoje „Gyvoji istorija“ (2003). Darbas susideda iš dviejų pagrindinių dalių: teorinės ir praktinės. Pirmoje dalyje aptariamos kognityviosios kalbotyros atsiradimo prielaidos ir konceptualiosios metaforos teorija, analizuojamos metaforinės kalbos ypatybes politiniame diskurse. Tai pat joje pateikiama išsamesnė metaforos vertimo teorijos apžvalga. Antroji dalis yra empirinė, kurioje konceptualiosios metaforos ir jų vertimas nagrinėjamas freimų teorijos požiūriu. Darbas grindžiamas G. Lakoff‘o ir M. Johnson‘o kognityviniu konceptualiosios metaforos požiūriu, kuri konceptualiosios metaforos pagrindu laiko žmogaus mintis, kalbą, elgesį. Buvo surinkti ir palyginti 740 pavyzdžių (lingvistinių manifestacijų) bei jų vertimų į lietuvių kalbą. Remiantis lingvistinių elementų sistemiškumu bei teminiu kryptingumu buvo išskirtos devynios konceptualiosios metaforos, kurių tikslo sritis yra politika: POLITIKA YRA KARAS, POLITIKA YRA SPORTAS, POLITIKA YRA KELIONĖ, POLITIKA YRA VERSLAS, POLITIKA YRA MEDICINA, POLITIKA YRA TEATRAS, POLITIKA YRA ARCHITEKTŪRA, POLITIKA YRA MEDŽIOKLĖ ir POLITIKA YRA ŽAIDIMAS. Vertimų analizė atlikta remiantis trimis vertimo modeliais. Ši analizė leidžia teigti, kad lingvistinės manifestacijos verčiant iš anglų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Zimarina, Elena. "A comparison of economy-related conceptual metaphors in english and lithuanian popular economic discourse." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130606_104844-35877.
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The present thesis deals with the conceptual economy-related metaphors in the economic discourse. The aim of the thesis is to provide the comparative analysis on the economy-related conceptual metaphors in popular economic discourse in English and Lithuanian. The paper attempts to describe the concept of metaphor and how this rhetorical device is used in the economic discourse. The analysis aims at exploring which metaphoric constructions are dominant in the English and Lithuanian economic rhetoric as well as pointing out the differences or similarities in the usage of the linguistic expressions of these constructions and the functions of the metaphorical language in economic texts.
The paper consists of two parts, theoretical and analytical. Chapter 2 and 3 provides theoretical background for the analysis. Chapter 2 discusses the concept of metaphor. Section 2.1 deals with the traditional view of metaphor; whereas section 2.2 introduces cognitive linguistics and how this discipline describes metaphor. Next, section 2.3 provides a discussion on the conceptual metaphor. Section 2.4 cultural variation in metaphor is discussed briefly. Chapter 3 deals with the metaphors in economic discourse. Section 3.1 provides a brief discussion on economic discourse as a genre and its linguistic features. Section 3.2 looks at metaphors in economic discourse.
Chapter 4 presents the analysis of economy-related conceptual metaphors in English and Lithuanian... [to full text]Šis darbas nagrinėja konceptualiąsias su ekonomika susijusias metaforas anglų ir lietuvių ekonominiame diskurse. Analizės tikslas buvo išsiaiškinti, kurios konceptualiųjų metaforų konstrukcijos yra plačiausiai naudojamos lietuvių bei anglų ekonominėje retorikoje pabrėžiant vartojimo skirtumus bei panašumus koncentruojantis į funkcijas, kurias jos atlieka. Ekonominiame bei politiniame diskurse metafora dažnai suvokiama kaip ideologinė priemonė, kuria siekiama paveikti, įtikinti ir manipuliuoti žmonėmis. Atlikus straipsnių, kurių tema yra Lietuvos bei Didžiosios Britanijos stojimas bei požiūris į Euro zoną, populiariuose ekonominiuose leidiniuose, buvo nustatyta, jog dažniausiai ekonominė sistema yra konceptualizuojama kaip gyva būtybė, sodas bei mechanizmas arba mašina. Šios metaforos ekonomistams bei politikams padėjo ne tik paprastai ir suprantamai paaiškinti sudėtingus ekonominius procesus, bet ir įrėminti ir pateikti tam tikrą ekonominę pasaulėžiūrą ir politiką, taip pat sąmonigai ar nesąmonigai buvo naudojamos kaip įrankis įtikinti publiką savo politinių/ekonominių sprendimų teisingumu ir subtiliai paveikti ar pakeisti piliečių nuomonę bei manipuliuoti jų nuostatomis dėl narystės krizę patiriančioje monetarinėje sąjungoje.
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Raubickaitė, Saulė. "GILUMO KONCEPTAS LIETUVIŲ IR ANGLŲ KALBŲ PASAULĖVAIZDYJE." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090916_093653-01899.
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Magistro darbas „GILUMO konceptas lietuvių ir anglų kalbų pasaulėvaizdyje” yra bandymas pažvelgti į dar Lietuvoje beveik netyrinėtą erdvinių konceptų sritį. Darbas sudarytas iš įvado, penkių dalių ir išvadų. Įvade bendrais bruožais nusakoma tyrimo situacija, apibrėžiamas darbo tikslas, uždaviniai, metodai, hipotezė bei kaip buvo gauti tyrimo rezultatai. Pirmojoje dalyje aprašomas konkrečių konceptų vaidmuo abstrakčių konceptų struktūroje. Šioje dalyje apžvelgiama teorinė medžiaga, paaiškinamos pagrindinės sąvokos: kalbos pasaulėvaizdis, konceptas, konceptualizacija, konceptualioji sistema bei trumpai aptariama, kokį vaidmenį konceptualizacijos procese vaidina metaforos. Antroji dalis skirta aptarti, kas iki šiol nuveikta, tiriant GILUMO koncepto raišką kitose šalyse. Trečiojoje dalyje pristatoma GILUMO koncepto raiška lietuvių ir anglų kalbose. Aptariamas bendras gilumo suvokimo principas, gilumo prototipinė reikšmė. Remiantis tekstynų medžiaga, analizuojama konkretaus GILUMO koncepto struktūra, iliustruojant gretinamų kalbų pavyzdžiais. Ketvirtojoje dalyje GILUMAS analizuojamas kaip konceptualiųjų metaforų ištakos sfera. Penktojoje dalyje aprašoma, kaip GILUMAS vertinamas lietuvių ir anglų kalbų pasaulėvaizdyje. Darbas baigiamas išvadomis, naudotos literatūros sąrašu ir šaltiniais. Šis magistro darbas galėtų sudominti kalbininkus, vertėjus, kultūrologus, sociologus.Language is an important source of evidence to find out human understanding of the world. Our conceptual system, the way we think and act is metaphorical in nature. The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another. The paper is devoted to the concept DEEPNESS in Lithuanian and English. This concept in Lithuanian is presented by adjective gilus, in English by adjectives deep and profound as well as their derivatives. The aim of the paper is to investigate the concept DEEPNESS in Lithuanian and English worldview. To achieve this aim the following objectives have been set: 1) to present the main principals of understanding of deepness; 2) to provide theoretical background on investigation of the concept DEEPNESS and to show basic principles of investigation of spatial concepts; 3) to analyse examples with adverbs gilus and its derivatives in Lithuanian language, deep and profound and their derivatives in English; 4) to compare the expression of the concept DEEPNESS in Lithuanian and English. Methods have been used are: comparative analysis and conceptual analysis. The analysis is Corpus based. All examples have been cited from Lithuanian language online Corpus Donelaitis and The British National Corpus. The prototypical meaning of deep is the container located in space downwards. Close to it are meanings: layer (stratum), remoteness, penetration. The explications of the meaning: a big distance along the vertical... [to full text]
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Beneševičiūtė, Laura. "Konceptualiosios vilties ir nevilties metaforos lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120619_162103-12214.
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Bakalauro darbo tema – ,,Konceptualiosios vilties ir nevilties metaforos lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje“. Iš ,,Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyno“ buvo išrinkti ir suklasifikuoti 589 pavyzdžiai, juos analizuojant siekta atskleisti, kaip lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje suvokiamos viltis ir neviltis, su kokiais konkrečiais daiktais ar reiškiniais šie abstraktūs fenomenai siejami, kaip viltis ir neviltis charakterizuojamos. Šiame darbe konceptualiųjų vilties ir nevilties metaforų aprašymo tvarką nulėmė išrinktų pavyzdžių skaičius.The bachelor work topic – ,,Conceptual metaphors of hope and despair in Lithuanian worldview”. 589 examples were selected and classified from modern Lithuanian lexical dictionary. Analyzing them it was tried to disclose the meanings of hope and despair in Lithuanian language, with what concrete things and phenomena they are associated and characterized. In this work the description order of conceptual hope and despair metaphors was determined by member of selected examples.
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Zahri, Maysoon. "Metaphor and translation." Thesis, Online version, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.293785.
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Netshisaulu, Nthambeleni Charles. "Metaphor in TshiVenda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71920.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the cognitive, conceptual, linguistic, communicative and cultural nature of metaphors in Tshivenḓa in spoken discourse within the framework of conceptual metaphor theory extended to the framework of metaphor research on language, mind and culture, developed especially in the works of Kövecses (1999, 2000a,b, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2011a,b). This study on metaphor in Tshivenḓa assumes an intuitive method in that the analyst identified metaphor usage in Tshivenḓa introspectively, while a more data-driven methodology is also assumed through the systematic identification of metaphors within a pre-determined set of lexical-semantic items and the conceptual mappings of selected metaphors from previous metaphor research. The study systematically identifies metaphors in spoken communication in Tshivenḓa by considering the occurrence of the following types of nouns as source and/or target: (i) natural objects and phenomena, (ii) human beings, (iii) animals, (iv) body shape and colour, (v) body parts, (vi) medicine, (vii) diseases, (viii) food-related nouns, (ix) artifacts and possessions, (x) emotions, (xi) character traits and virtues, (xii) religious terms. The study gives evidence of the striking nature of metaphors as cultural products or constructs in the interpretations evoked by the source domain nouns and the cross-domain mappings posited for the source and target, thereby providing compelling evidence that metaphor research needs to take into account the cognitive, linguistic, communicative and cultural nature of metaphor usage.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie doen ‘n ondersoek van die kognitiewe, konseptuele, linguistiese, kommunikatiewe en kulturele aard van metafore in gesproke kommunikasie in Tsivenḓa binne die breë raamwerk van konseptuele metafoorteorie soos uitgebrei na die raamwerk van metafoornavorsing oor taal, denke en kultuur, soos veral ontwikkel in die werk van Kövecses (1999, 2000a,b, 2000, 2005, 2006, 2007 en 2011a,b). Die studie aanvaar ‘n intuïtiewe ondersoekmetode in die sin dat die navorser metafoorgebruik in Tshivenḓa introspektief geïdentifiseer het, terwyl ‘n meer data-gedrewe metodologie terselfdertyd ook aanvaar is deur die sistematiese identifisering van metafore binne ‘n voorafbepaalde stel leksikaal-semantiese items asook deur die konseptuele karterings van geselekteerde metafore vanuit vorige metafoornavorsing. Die studie identifiseer op sistematiese wyse in Tshivenḓa gesproke kommunikasie die volgende semantiese tipes naamwoorde as bron of teiken in die metafoor: (i) natuurlike objekte en verskynsels, (ii) mense, (iii) diere, (iv) liggaamsvorme en kleur, (v) liggaamsdele, (vi) medisyne, (vii) siektes, (viii) voedsel-naamwoorde, (ix) artifakte en besittings, (x) emosies, (xi) karakter kenmerke en attribute, en (xii) religieuse terme. Die studie bied evidensie aan die treffende aard van metafore as kulturele produkte of konstrukte in die interpretasies opgeroep deur die bron-domein naamwoorde en die kruis-domein karterings gepostuleer vir die bron en die teiken, en bied daardeur oortuigende bewyse dat metafoornavorsing die kognitiewe, linguistiese, kommunikatiewe en kulturele aard van metafoorgebruik in aanmerking moet neem.
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Blackwell, Alan Frank. "Metaphor in diagrams." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272809.
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Starodub, O. "Metaphor and Metonymy." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 1998. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/62547.
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Даний документ спрямований на вивчення таких постатей як метафора та метонімія. Метафора та метонімія використовуються для того, щоб зробити письмово більш яскравим, творчим, змістовним.The present paper is aimed at investigating such figures of speech as metaphor and metonymy. Metaphor and metonymy are used to make writing more vivid, imaginative, meaningful.
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Fauzi, Tetriana Ahmed. "Botany and metaphor." Thesis, University of East London, 2012. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3089/.
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I started the doctorate program with works depicting fictional plants as a mirror or metaphor for my thoughts and feelings. The plants in the watercolour works on paper are impossible biologically and in terms of the environments in which I place them. In connection with these artworks I looked at the work of Charles Avery and Marcel Boodthaers, who both put their artwork in a fictional frame of an invented island and an imaginary museum using different methods and media. Charles Avery exhibits drawings, sculpture and text to realize his imaginary island, while Broodthaers uses readymade objects to create his fictional museum. I wanted the plants I make to have the quality that, although they are fiction, they can possibly exist in the mind of the viewer. Among my methods of working are collecting plants and photographing them in my surrounding area and looking at photographs of plants including Karl Blossfeldt’s magnified images of plant parts. These plant parts reveal anthropomorphic qualities that are very appealing to me. Imaginative perceptions, such as those described by Bataile, also create the fictional characters in my plant works. It was suggested I look at Georgia O’Keefe’s flower paintings which highlight the reproductive parts of plants because some of my plant drawings alluded to sensuality. From there I also looked at other works concerning the body by female artists such as Dorothea Tanning and Cathy de Monchaux. I made digital works by grafting watercolour images of plants onto photographs of landscapes, or close up images of buildings. This included making 3D version of the plants using air drying clay and wires and photographing them in specific places. My plant works took a turn when I visited my parent’s house in Malaysia during summer 2010 and I found decaying plants in a ‘wasteland’ area, visually appealing. I looked at works of Cathy Newell and Lynn Collins concerning decay, abandoned spaces and burned buildings. I looked at the writing of Justin Crumbaugh who discussed perspective and aesthetics of ruin and decay. I make sculptures of what I called ‘plant-objects’ and photograph them in destroyed landscapes. When I came back to London, I made two sculptures referring to traditional floral craft. The sculptures resembled body parts, which for me alluded to sensuality. These can be referenced back to the paintings of Dorothea Tanning, and Whitney Chadwick’s analysis of the female body as the object of anxiety or fantasy in the representation of self for female artists. I also considered metaphor and its relation to the plant world in the traditional Malay context and also other texts that relate to this. I wanted to identify the choices of plants that I draw or sculpt, the rationale behind these choices and their relationship to my own personal metaphors.
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Uddenberg, Molly. "Metafor - en metod att göra det privata personligt." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-28051.
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In this study I have met three authors in a dialogue seminar on their literary work. The discussion, starting from texts by Lacan and Socrates, revolved around the dichotomy of personal and private, and how to benefit from personal material in one’s literary work. The three authors reflected on the writer Karl Ove Knausgård and the photographer Sally Mann, who both are working with their own immediate family as a motif. In Knausgård, you can find a strong and self-dissecting writer persona as a medium of creating recognition in the readers mind. In Sally Mann the metaphorical dimensions of this family motifs transforms them to images of much more general relevance than their private settings. On the subject of truth and story I also reflect on the different approaches that the authors Primo Levi, Viktor Frankl and Imre Kertész have on their experiences of the Holocaust. Finally the importance and relevance of metaphors as a way of getting a touch of one’s own private material is starting to be investigated.I det här arbetet har jag samlat tre författare i olika genrer till ett dialogseminarium om sin arbetsprocess. Samtalet, som utgick från texter av Lacan och Sokrates, kretsade mycket kring författarens arbetsvillkor och de olika metoder som författarna använder sig av för att hitta sin frihet i förhållande till dem. I samtalet blev det uppenbart hur beroende alla författarna är av en förstående medarbetare. Okunskap och felläsning från en dramaturg eller redaktör kan bokstavligt talat bli förödande. Dialogmötet kom att kretsa kring frågeställningar om hur man skiljer privat och personligt. Vi diskuterade författaren Karl Ove Knausgård och fotografen Sally Mann, som båda jobbar med sin egen familj som motiv. Genom att Knausgård använder sig själv som en roll visar han på en möjlighet att närma sig ett eget material. Hos Sally Mann är det istället de metaforiska dimensionerna i de vardagliga motiven som gör sig tydliga. Också i Imre Kertész skildring av förintelsen förvandlas den till något större: en metafor för hur ödet och slumpen kan påverka våra liv. Hans berättelse blir på det sättet mindre beroende av vad som är sant, än skildringarna av två andra överlevare från Auschwitz: Primo Levi och Viktor Frankl. Vilket inte betyder att de andras texter saknar metaforisk styrka. Avslutningsvis går uppsatsen in på författarnas sätt att använda metaforen som ett verktyg för att berätta. Metaforen är alltid en bild av någonting annat, den skapar en fördjupning och oförväntad igenkänning hos läsaren. Den ger också möjligheter för konstnären/författaren att berätta saker som hen inte kan säga på andra sätt. Metaforen uppstår genom igenkänning i skapandet. Man kan välja att gå med den, eller aktivt gå emot den för att fördjupa textens eller filmens metaforiska dimension. En viktig aspekt för yrkeskunnande inom konsten och författarskap är att aldrig ligga före i sitt arbete genom att oroa sig för vad omgivningen ska tycka och tänka. Då finns det en risk att man blir en feg konstnär, vilket är förödande för ens skapande.
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Romaniw, Irene. "The interpretation of metaphor." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28483.
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This thesis attempts to explain exactly how it is that we interpret metaphor. A brief historical overview of the substitution, comparison and interaction methods is offered. Then the basic steps within these theories are aligned with current thoughts on the interpretation of metaphor from within semantic theory. Because of the self-imposed restrictions within semantic theory, a semantic interpretation of metaphor is an extremely limited one. The problems of definition of meaning, the allowance of deviant language and the nature of the relationship between syntax and semantics are considered before adapting Samuel Levin's Semantics of Metaphor. Levin offers a formula, based on semantic theory, whereby a good basic framework is provided to outline the steps involved in the understanding of metaphor.
By extending Levin's theory and by testing this extended version against complex metaphor, a more comprehensive approach to the interpretation of metaphor is offered. Furthermore, application of the extended theory to increasingly complex metaphors reveals a consistent and predictable pattern traceable throughout the interpretation process which, in turn, can only be reflective of the organizational patterns of human thought.Arts, Faculty of
English, Department of
Graduate
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McCruden, Patrick J. "Metaphor and religious dialogue." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1986. http://www.tren.com.
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Gokcesu, Bahriye Selin. "Metaphor processing and polysemy." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3297104.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, 2007.Title from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 29, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: B, page: 1354. Adviser: Robert Goldstone.
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Gast, Jason A. "Ceramic vessels as metaphor." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1318612.
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This project has shown how a ceramic vessel can be used as a metaphor for human emotion and feeling. People are like ceramic vessels because they hold in emotion how vessels hold liquids or solids. Artists that are reviewed in the project are Peter Voulkos, David Leach and Bob Witt. The body of work is made up of a series of teapots that are built of a base, body, spout, lid and handle. Changing the position of any one of these parts can give the teapot a different feeling.Department of Art