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CIENKI, ALAN. "STRAIGHT: An image schema and its metaphorical extensions." Cognitive Linguistics 9, no. 2 (January 1998): 107–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cogl.1998.9.2.107.
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Mori, Souma. "A Cognitive Analysis of the PrepositionOVER: Image-schema transformations and metaphorical extensions." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 64, no. 3 (February 18, 2019): 444–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2018.43.
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AbstractDewell (1994), following Brugman (1981) and Lakoff (1987), provides a semantic analysis ofoverby relying more exclusively on image-schema transformations than did Brugman and Lakoff. The Brugman-Lakoff-Dewell analysis, however, can be improved by using simpler image-schemas, more natural image-schema transformations, and metaphorical extensions. A key idea adopted in the present article is to capture both trajectors and landmarks three-dimensionally and topologically. This modification brings about the elimination of unessential features such as the shape and size of the trajector and the landmark, contact/non-contact between the trajector and the landmark, and physical properties of the trajector. Its main advantage is that a central image-schema for a semicircular path provides the basis for explaining all of the senses ofoverusing natural image-schema transformations and metaphorical extensions. The proposed image-schema transformations include: segment profiling, profiling the endpoint of access paths, the profiled peak position of the semicircular path with the constraint that the rest of the semicircular path is excluded, and the extension of the semicircular path-trajectory to an image of covering. The proposed metaphorical senses aretime, means,andcontrol.In addition, the radial category relating each sense ofoveris presented.
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Otoo, Ruby. "Metaphorical Extensions of Ye (eat) Verb: The Case of Gᾶ." International Journal of Linguistics 9, no. 6 (January 2, 2018): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i6.12104.
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The aim of this paper is to examine lexical semantics from a cognitive approach in Gᾶ, a Kwa language. In Gᾶ, the verb Ye ‘eat’ has polysemous and metaphorical uses. There has been linguistic research in Gᾶ and there is still the interest to study the language. Currently, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study that specifically explores lexical semantics from the cognitive approach. This is the gap the researcher attempts to fill. The verb denoting perception has metaphorical expressions that will have some relationship with the original verb. In the discussion, we consider the pragmatic implications and relevance of the extensions derived from the verb ye ‘eat’.. We look at the nature of the derived semantic patterns and consider the extent to which they are peculiar to the Gӑ language and culture. The study is based on Sweetser’s (1990) cognitive approach of semantic change. The paper shows that most of the metaphorical extensions are based on human perception and interaction with the physical world. The findings of the study reveal that the metaphorical meanings reflect the socio-cultural experiences of the Gӑ land, hence, the more they move away from the physical realms, the greater the realizations.
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Akumbu, Pius W., and Roland Kießling. "Literal and metaphorical usages of Babanki EAT and DRINK verbs." Afrika und Übersee 94 (December 31, 2021): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/auue.2021.94.1.248.
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In Babanki, a Grassfields Bantu language of North-West Cameroon, two of the numerous consumption verbs, namely the generic verbs ʒɨ́ ‘eat’ and ɲʉ́ ‘drink’, constitute a major source of metaphorical extensions outside the domain of ingestion. Setting out from a characterisation of the basic meanings of these two lexical items as they emerge from their paradigmatic relations within the semantic field of alimentation processes, this paper explores the figurative usages of the two verbs and their underlying semantic motivations. Semantic extensions that radiate from eat can be subsumed under two closely related structural metaphors, i.e. APPROPRIATION OF RESOURCES IS EATING and WINNING IS EATING. The first metaphor construes the acquisition and exploitation of non-food items such as material possession as eating, while the second metaphor casts the acquisition of immaterial advantage in the mould of eating. Both metaphors have further entailments, i.e. the derivation of pleasure from consumption of resources, the depletion of resources via consumption and the deprivation of a third party from access to these resources. Semantic extensions that radiate from drink can be accounted for in two structural metaphors, i.e. INHALATION IS DRINKING and ABSORPTION IS DRINKING. Remarkably, some metaphorical extensions of consumption verbs attested in other African languages, such as extensions of EAT for sexual intercourse and for killing, and the extensions of DRINK for undergoing trouble and enduring painful experiences are absent in Babanki.
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Bagirokova, Irina G. "Metaphorical Extensions of the Verbs of Falling in West-Circassian." Izvestiia Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriia literatury i iazyka 79, no. 5 (2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s241377150012298-0.
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Pasaribu, Truly Almendo. "Polysemy and Metaphorical Extensions of Temperature Terms: Warm and Cool." Script Journal: Journal of Linguistic and English Teaching 4, no. 2 (October 20, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/sj.v4i2.322.
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This study focuses on describing the concept and the extended senses of warm and cool in English. As these temperature terms contain more than one semantic representation, this study aims at finding out the prototypical meaning, the extended senses, and the relation between the prototypical meaning and the extended senses of these lexemes. The word warm has three extended senses, namely: (1) friendly, (2) pleasant to other senses, and (3) near the goal of the game. Furthermore, the word cool whose prototypical meaning is “having a low temperature” has four senses, namely: (1) calm, (2) unfriendly, (3) fashionable and (4) agreeable. These three words which are originally expressed to describe the degree of heat are extended to describe other human physical experience. The extension of those senses is motivated by metaphors as the temperature domain is pervasive to express non-temperature entity. The discussion highlights the relations between the central sense and the extended ones. The relation of the senses enables us to draw the semantic networks of polysemy warm and cool.
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Somov, Alexey. "Metaphorical Representations of the Biblical Concepts of Death and Resurrection When Translating in a Buddhist Context." Bible Translator 68, no. 1 (April 2017): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2051677016687617.
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This article applies Lakoff and Johnson’s cognitive metaphor theory to the key terms of death and resurrection in the Scriptures and examines the translation of these terms into languages with a traditional Buddhist culture whose worldview is different from that of the Bible. The present analysis indicates that in the conceptual system of the biblical authors, the concept of death is metaphorically described as sleep while resurrection is pictured as waking up and standing up. However, in the Buddhist worldview the concept of the resurrection is absent and the concept of death is not always metaphorically extended as sleep. This article discusses the practical possibilities and limits of the representations of these metaphorical extensions in three Buddhist-context translation projects of the Institute for Bible Translation in Russia: Buryat, Kalmyk, and Tuvan. It also offers some suggestions about searching for their possible representations in the target language.
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Agyekum, Kofi. "Akan metaphoric expressions based on yam ‘stomach’." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 2, no. 1 (September 24, 2015): 94–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.2.1.05agy.
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This paper discusses the Akan body part yam ‘stomach’ and its metaphorical extensions. It will consider how most of the extensions have been conventionalised to the extent that there are no alternative means of expressing the concept, and look at the strong relationship between the stomach, the heart, the chest, the brain, and the womb in the expressions of emotion whether positive or negative. The paper argues that the word yam can be considered polysemic with various related senses, but that it is also used metonymically in referring to the SELF or one’s personality. The paper at the same time investigates how some of the ‘stomach’ expressions include the UP/DOWN and the HOT/COOL dimensions.
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Rounthwaite, Adair. "Split Witness: Metaphorical Extensions of Life in the Art of Felix Gonzalez-Torres." Representations 109, no. 1 (2010): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2010.109.1.35.
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This article examines timelessness as a strategy of textual survival employed in the art of Felix Gonzalez-Torres in the wake of the exhibition of his work at the 2007 Venice Biennale. At the Biennale, an erosion of the awareness that this timelessness stems from a split witnessing position led to effects of haunting, in which the artist's intentionality was problematically depicted as literally continuing beyond his death.
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Díaz Vera, Javier E. "When pain is not a place: Pain and its metaphors in late middle English medical texts." Onomázein Revista de lingüística filología y traducción 26 (2012): 279–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.26.10.
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In this research i will identify and describe the metaphorical expressions for pain recorded in the texts included in the Middle English Medical Texts corpus, a collection of english medical writings from the period 1350- 1500. Furthermore, i will propose a comparison between the resulting list of specialised medical metaphors and a list of metaphorical patterns for pain extracted from a multi-genre, late middle english corpus, the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts (subperiods me iii and me iV), which i will use here as my reference corpus. in doing so, i will try to show that medieval medical authors borrowed or developed new metaphorical extensions in order to describe pain and its treatments. Through the use of these metaphorical patterns, medieval medical writers tried to refer to pain as a process, with a beginning, a treatment and an end. in fact, pain is frequently conceived of as a living entity of adverse nature (e.g. a soldier, an enemy, a wild animal), and it is the doctor’s role to fight it with all the weapons (i.e. treatments) at his disposal. These conceptual choices differ greatly from the conceptualizations of pain found in the multi-genre corpus, where pain is frequently conceived of as a permanent state or as a place.
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Kermer, Franka. "Semantic network of the German preposition hinter." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 19, no. 2 (October 11, 2021): 403–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00089.ker.
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Abstract The present study sets out to construct a semantic network for the German preposition hinter (‘behind’) based on the theoretical framework of “principled polysemy”. The analysis regarding the cognitive and pragmatic aspects motivating the meaning extensions of hinter attempts to highlight the importance of varying construal patterns and vantage points as well as the role of real-world knowledge. By means of corpus data, I intend to present six senses of the preposition hinter, hinting at the polysemous nature of prepositions more generally. Furthermore, the theory of conceptual metaphor is applied to account for metaphorical extensions of hinter to more abstract domains of embodied experience.
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Dixon, Mark R., Jordan Belisle, Bridget E. Munoz, Caleb R. Stanley, and Kyle E. Rowsey. "Teaching metaphorical extensions of private events through rival-model observation to children with autism." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 50, no. 4 (September 20, 2017): 744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jaba.418.
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Agyekum, Kofi. "Metaphors of Anger in Akan." International Journal of Language and Culture 2, no. 1 (November 6, 2015): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.2.1.04agy.
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This paper addresses the semantic shifts, extensions, semantic patterns, and pragmatic nature of the metaphor of anger and its usage in different contexts. It looks at the conceptual relationship between the two words akoma, “heart” and bo, “chest,” and how they have been lexicalized in the Akan language to express anger. The paper concentrates on fossilized metaphorical expressions relying on the conceptual metaphor frameworks of Lakoff and Johnson (1980). I will discuss the body parts akoma and bo in terms of their physical, semantic, metaphoric, and cognitive representations. The data are taken from Akan literature books, the Akan Bible, and recorded materials from radio discussions. The paper illustrates that there is a strong relation between a people’s conceptual, environmental, and cultural experiences and their linguistic systems. We will consider the universal concepts of body part expressions and, in particular, Akan specific body part expressions of anger. In the end, we will be able to establish how body parts help us in the lexicalization of expressions of emotion.
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Castillo, Larisa T. "Natural Authority in Charles Dickens's Martin Chuzzlewit and the Copyright Act of 1842." Nineteenth-Century Literature 62, no. 4 (March 1, 2008): 435–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2008.62.4.435.
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This essay argues that Charles Dickens's Martin Chuzzlewit (1843) challenges the legal justifications underpinning Sergeant Talfourd's 1842 Copyright Extension Act. The novel does so by problematizing the logic of natural right, a logic adopted by proponents of copyright to defend further copyright extensions. Martin Chuzzlewit's narrator attacks natural right through his representations of inheritance, repeatedly demonstrating how heirs subvert and appropriate testators' natural rights, and thus proving natural right to be a subjective, and even fictional, construct that can be adopted in potentially unjust ways. By destabilizing the logic of natural right, the narrator exposes the ways in which promoters of copyright employed inheritance as a metaphorical tool that allowed them to rationalize copyright extensions, and, in so doing, he threatens the institutions of inheritance, copyright, and authorship. Such a radical critique of intellectual property places Martin Chuzzlewit's narrative voice in conflict with Dickens's political persona and Dickens's avowed political aims, ultimately harming Dickens's, and other authors', own interests. In accounting for the paradoxical logic of natural right, however, Martin Chuzzlewit's narrator offers the most nuanced account of the problems of intellectual property that emerged in mid-nineteenth-century Britain.
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Boughedaoui, Mourad. "Strategies for the understanding of verb compounds and their metaphorical extensions in modern journalistic language." Recherche et pratiques pédagogiques en langues de spécialité - Cahiers de l'APLIUT 20, no. 1 (2000): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/apliu.2000.3030.
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ÖZÇALIŞKAN, ŞEYDA. "On learning to draw the distinction between physical and metaphorical motion: is metaphor an early emerging cognitive and linguistic capacity?" Journal of Child Language 32, no. 2 (May 2005): 291–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000905006884.
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Situated within the framework of the conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999), this study investigated young children's understanding of metaphorical extensions of spatial motion. Metaphor was defined as a conceptual-linguistic mapping between a source and a target domain. The study focused on metaphors that are structured by the source domain of motion in space (e.g. time flies by, ideas pass through one's mind, sickness crawls through one's body). The study investigated whether metaphor comprehension varied by the age of the participant, target domain of the metaphorical mapping, and the conventionality of the linguistic form with which the metaphor was conveyed. Data were gathered using a story comprehension task and a semi-structured interview from 60 monolingual Turkish-speaking children, at the mean ages 3;6, 4;5 and 5;5 (20 participants per age group), and 20 adult native speakers of Turkish. The results showed metaphor understanding to be an early emerging cognitive and linguistic capacity.
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Lim, Sooyoung. "Metaphorical Extensions of The Concept of Spatial Orientation in Russian: Focused on The Spatial Preposition POD." Korean Journal of Russian Language and Literature 34, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 3–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.38077/kjrll.2022.3.34.1.3.
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Houston, Stephen D. "Symbolic Sweatbaths of the Maya: Architectural Meaning in the Cross Group at Palenque, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 7, no. 2 (June 1996): 132–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971614.
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AbstractThe function of elite Maya architecture should not always be interpreted literally, for it may also reflect metaphorical and semantic extensions best studied through iconography, hieroglyphic texts, ethnohistory, and ethnography. This holistic approach is employed to help resolve puzzling features of the Cross Group sanctuaries at Palenque, Mexico. The Cross Group likely served as the setting for symbolic sweatbaths, probably involving effigies of supernaturals under the care of Kan Balam, the Palenque ruler who commissioned these structures. This and other arguments situate such information within an understanding of metaphor in Maya architecture.
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Wang, Ben Pin-Yun, and Lily I-wen Su. "On the principled polysemy of -kai in Chinese resultative verbs." Chinese Language and Discourse 6, no. 1 (September 10, 2015): 2–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.6.1.01wan.
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The present study sets out to construct a semantic network for -kai in Chinese resultative verbs based on the framework of Principled Polysemy. Our analysis concerning the cognitive-pragmatic motivations for the meaning extensions of postverbal -kai pinpoints the significance of perspective-taking and real-world force dynamics in the conceptual structure of Chinese resultative verbs. With the aid of corpus data, we further demonstrate how pertinent textual cues help to disambiguate polysemous V-kai complex verbs and evoke metaphorical readings of the gestalt V–V constructions, hinting at the distributed and context-sensitive nature of the meaning construction of Chinese resultative verbs.
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Lee, Nam-Geun. "Metaphorical Extensions of English Caused-Motion Constructions: Focusing on the Into-Causative and Out-of-Causative Constructions." Studies in Modern Grammar 2017, no. 93 (March 24, 2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14342/smog.2017.93.1.
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Iwaniak, Kamil. "Językoznawstwo kognitywne a niemieckie czasowniki przedrostkowe ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem morfemu „durch”." Studia Linguistica 41 (August 12, 2022): 135–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1169.41.9.
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The paper aims at elaborating on prefixal verbs, particularly those containing the morpheme durch, with regard to cognitive grammar. The reflections are carried out against the background of cognitive theories. They revolve around phenomena such as metonymy and conceptual metaphors – regarded as ubiquitous processes enabling us to capture the notion of abstract entities, and based on an inborn ability of the human mind to create analogies. The paper is dedicated to metaphorical extensions that play a vital role contributing to the expansion of radial semantic networks described according to Langacker. Crucial prominence is given to conceptual blending that allows to use certain prefixes with noticeable efficacy.
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LOUGHRIDGE, DEIRDRE. "Magnified Vision, Mediated Listening and the ‘Point of Audition’ of Early Romanticism." Eighteenth Century Music 10, no. 2 (August 1, 2013): 179–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478570613000043.
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ABSTRACTEmploying the term ‘point of audition’ to describe the spatial position musical works imply for their listeners, this article examines the use of technologies for extending the senses to define new points of audition in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Popular literature on natural philosophy promoted magnifying instruments as windows onto distant or hidden realms and as tools for acquiring knowledge. On the operatic stage and in writers' metaphorical musings, kindred sensory extensions were imagined for hearing. These contexts connected (magic) mirrors and magnifying instruments to their musical analogues: muted tone and keyboard fantasizing. The development of these associations in opera and literature made it possible for instrumental music to position listeners as eavesdroppers upon unknown realms. Such a point of audition is shown to be implied by the Adagio un poco mosso of Beethoven's Fifth Piano Concerto. By examining material practices and discourses surrounding sensory extension, this article demonstrates the relevance of technologically mediated observation to musical culture at the turn of the nineteenth century, and its contribution to the otherworldly orientation characteristic of romantic listening.
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Lin, Tiffany Ying-Yu, and Wen-yu Chiang. "Concrete images and abstract metaphorical extensions in the encounter between language and music: Hsu Chih-Mo's poem “Serendipity”." Journal of Pragmatics 96 (April 2016): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.03.003.
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Rakhmankulova, Svetlana Evgenyevna, Tatiana Nikolaevna Sineokova, Nadezhda Alexandrovna Kokhan, and Robert Alexeyevich Kuzmin. "Representation of emotion in English syntax and teaching Russian EFL students." SHS Web of Conferences 122 (2021): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112201003.
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The article looks into English simple utterances about a person’s emotional state. The authors dwell on the ways the English simple sentence patterns are employed in utterances about emotional states and reveal the types of sentence patterns and types of propositions (event schemas) structuring emotional states. The authors also discuss the factors that determine the way a particular emotional event is conceptualized and structured and describe the mechanisms underlying the representation of emotional states in syntax and the choice of a sentence pattern for an utterance about this event. Special attention is given to the mechanism of conceptual metaphor that manifests itself in sentence patterns. The paper lists types of propositional schemas mapped onto concepts of emotional experiences and singles out regular correspondences between the source domain and the target-domain in these metaphorical mappings. The authors also tackle the issue of applying knowledge of sentence representation of emotional states in teaching Russian EFL students to use English syntax correctly and authentically. Teaching syntax in the proposed approach is aimed at helping students to assimilate propositional schemas of the English sentence as models of structuring reality with their metaphoric extensions and then to develop skills of employing these schemas in speaking.
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Agyekum, Kofi. "Bodily state and metaphors relating to ho, ‘body’, in Akan." Metaphor and the Social World 6, no. 2 (October 14, 2016): 326–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.6.2.07agy.
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This paper addresses metaphorical extensions of ho, which means ‘body’ in Akan, a Ghanaian language. In Akan, as in many other languages, body part expressions and bodily functions have extended meanings that still relate to the basic sense of the words. Expressions derived from ho are used to talk about emotions and character traits, perhaps more extensively and pervasively than equivalent lexis in English. The data for this study are taken from interviews, questionnaires, an Akan dictionary, Akan literature, the Akan Bible and recorded materials from radio discussions. The paper supports claims in the literature that there is a strong relationship between people’s conceptual, environmental, and cultural experiences and their linguistic systems.
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Zeng, Chen, and Christoph Anderl. "From Colloquialism to Metaphorical Expression: A Diachronic Study of Chinese Dialect Words Based on Chán Buddhist Literature." Religions 13, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13100900.
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Chán Buddhist literature is not only an important source for the study of religious thought during the Chinese late medieval and early modern periods, but also constitutes a treasure trove for investigating the development of the colloquial language of the respective periods, both in terms of semantics and syntactic constructions. Since the editors of Chán Buddhist literature—such as the Recorded Saying and Transmission of the Lamp texts—claimed to convey the “living words” of the patriarchs and masters, numerous vernacularisms were integrated in the dialogue sections of the texts, and the use of traditional Buddhist terminology was often reduced to a minimum. Frequently, Chán Buddhist texts are among the earliest sources in which these colloquialisms surfaced. In this paper, we focus on expressions which derive from the colloquial language of the late Táng and Sòng periods, and which were integrated in Chán Buddhist literature, often assuming a particular metaphorical meaning in the rhetorical structure of the texts. We reconstruct their original meaning, their use in the Chán texts, as well as their further development in Sinitic languages and dialects. Besides contributing to a better understanding of the vocabulary used in the enigmatic language of Chán literature and the metaphorical mapping of originally colloquial expressions in a religious context, in this preliminary study, we also hope to contribute to a better understanding of the development of semantic items from the perspective of historical linguistics, their complex paths of metaphorical extensions, as well as their usage in local linguistic contexts. In addition, the case studies also illustrate the transformative force of religion on the development of language, and the complex interplay between religious ideas and linguistic expression.
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BACHE, CARL. "Narrative when in English." English Language and Linguistics 20, no. 2 (May 24, 2016): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674316000071.
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This article examines the so-called ‘narrative when’ construction in English. No one has come up with an entirely satisfactory description of this construction which accounts appropriately for both its syntax and content. The descriptive challenge is to explain the unusual balance between the main clause and the when clause: unlike an ordinary temporal when clause (which offers circumstantial information in relation to the main clause), a narrative when clause expresses the primary situation while the main clause merely has a supporting textual function. This article suggests a simple framework for the description of all when clauses within which narrative when clauses are very comfortably accommodated as one of the metaphorical extensions of the basic meaning and syntax of when.
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Carter, Stephen. "Fraternal Forms and Forest Figures: Politics and Metapolitics in the Thought of Norman O. Brown." boundary 2 49, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01903659-9789710.
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Abstract This essay explores Norman O. Brown's conception of politics and metapolitics. Brown describes politics via Freud's family romance, as a sphere of conflict between fathers and sons. The first part of the argument focuses on Brown's notion of the fraternal—collectivities organized via metaphorical extensions of brotherhood—as a central, underemphasized, and socially ambiguous aspect of his understanding of politics. The second part discusses Brown's use of figures drawn from ecological or environmental spaces, in particular trees and forests, to outline a notion of metapolitics, even while he also critiques conventional connections between the natural world and motherhood as still beholden to familial frameworks. The essay closes by arguing that Brown's forest imagery combines functional competent stewardship with playful wilderness pleasure, aiming to articulate forms of collective life that transcend Oedipal drama.
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Madajczak, Julia. "LIFE-GIVER: THE PRE-HISPANIC NAHUA CONCEPT OF “FATHER” THROUGH COLONIAL WRITTEN SOURCES." Ancient Mesoamerica 28, no. 2 (2017): 371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536117000086.
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AbstractThis paper explores the ancient Nahua concept of “father,” employing early Colonial sources written in both Nahuatl and Spanish. A careful contextual analysis of the occurrences of various Nahuatl terms for “father” or “parent” leads to the conclusion that the principal criterion for creating their metaphorical extensions differed considerably from parallel Spanish criterion. While the latter referred to the power relationship (“father” is the one who governs), the former was based on the concept of exchange (“father” is the one who gives). This principle has implications for studying many aspects of Nahua culture in which the terms for “father” appear: gender and social roles, political hierarchy, pre-Hispanic religion, or evangelization. The difference in the construction of such basic concepts in Nahuatl and Spanish leads to methodological considerations about studying sources that have arisen from the context of cultural contact.
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Coschignano, Serena. "The semantic network of temperature." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 19, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 232–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00082.cos.
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Abstract The present study investigates the relation between temperature and non-sensory domains conceptually close to it. Observing metaphorical extensions of the Italian basic temperature terms caldo ‘hot’ and freddo ‘cold’, individuated through a collocational analysis performed on the ItTenTen16 corpus, mental operations responsible for the association of temperature with other domains are assessed. Interestingly, many associations are first elaborated onto warmth/heat and then used to map concepts onto cold. Although conceptual associations are primarily motivated by embodiment, in some cases they stem from a shared “vertical” image-schematic structure: warmth and heat are up, while cold is down on the axis, resembling the configuration of other domains with a positive/negative orientation (e.g., good/bad). A visual representation of the semantic network of temperature highlights that domains associated with temperature are mirrored in its two poles: for instance, high and low temperature are associated, respectively, with friendliness and unfriendliness.
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Maurer-Stroh, Philippa. "“House-High Favourites?” – A Contrastive Analysis of Adjective-Noun Collocations in German and English." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 2, no. 1-2 (June 22, 2005): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.2.1-2.57-64.
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Everybody is talking about collocational analyses these days… Despite recent advances in the monolingual sector, the bilingual environment has not yet come under close scrutiny. It is especially the adjective-noun combinations that have become the focus of attention when it comes to contrastive phraseological studies. Adjectives in particular are subject to semantic tailoring and it is important to bear in mind that (predictable) interlingual lexical one-to-one occurrence, such as the English starless night and the German sternlose Nacht, is a mere exception rather than the rule in the bilingual adjective-noun state of affairs. Factors that have to be considered are (non-) compositionality in contrastive multiword units, like barefaced lie – faustdicke Luge (‘a lie as thick as a man’s fist’), and metaphorical extensions, like haushoher Favorit – hot favourite (*house-high favourite) as well as structural differences in the two languages in question, like (at) short notice – kurzfristig.
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Bazzanella, Carla. "Metafora e categorizzazione. Alcune riflessioni." PARADIGMI, no. 1 (May 2009): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/para2009-001006.
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- A tradition which starts from Aristotle, through Vico, Tesauro, up to the recent interactionist an experiential approach, highlights the significance of metaphor in cognition. The power of metaphor mainly consists in its capacity to categorize what is unknown or undetermined on the grounds of partial correspondences, similarities, and analogies, by establishing associations between different domains, and by referring to body, experience, and the world. The constitutive value of metaphor (in a way, it creates the object to which it refers by categorizing it via analogies, similarity, and extensions) has been focused upon and exemplified in a wide range of domains: typically, in science, child language, and, recently, even in legal language. Fluidity of categories and flexibility of metaphor, success and break-downs of metaphorical languages, i. e. different facets of the relationship between metaphor and categorization in children and adults, will be discussed. Keywords: Analogy, Categorization, Cognition, Embodiment, Figurative language, Metaphor.
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Rakhilina, E., T. Reznikova, and D. Ryzhova. "The metaphors of falling." Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, no. 1 (August 2020): 64–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716102.
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The paper discusses the metaphorical extensions of FALLING verbs, identified on a sample of 20 languages, including, besides several Standard Average European languages, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Aghul, Adyghe, Basque, and some other languages from different language families. The verbs under study are characterized by a wide range of figurative meanings, which are shown to be recurrent across languages, cf. the well-known pattern LESS IS DOWN, as well as the semantics of the onset of a season, transformation, surrender, lagging behind a group, and many others. The study is conducted within the frame-based methodology: figurative meanings of the verbs with initial semantics of falling are revealed from dictionaries and corpus data, as well as via elicitation with the help of a context-based questionnaire specifically designed for these purposes. The revealed metaphorical usages of FALLING verbs in different languages are reported mostly in the corresponding papers of the present volume. This paper gives an overview of the attested figurative meanings of the verbs denoting uncontrolled downward motion and offers a typological analysis of the detected patterns. Based on the typological data, we argue that the derived meanings should be traced back not to the idea of falling in general, but to a particular frame of falling, i.e. to a certain type of uncontrolled downward motion: falling from above (from an upper surface), loss of vertical orientation, destruction, or detachment. Thus, the onset of the time period goes back to falling from an upper surface, transformation is derived from loss of vertical orientation, surrender from destruction, and lagging behind a group from detachment.
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Rottet, Kevin J. "Directional Idioms in English and Welsh: A Usage-Based Perspective on Language Contact." Journal of Language Contact 13, no. 3 (July 22, 2021): 573–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-13030003.
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Abstract The English verb-particle construction or phrasal verb (pv) has undergone dramatic semantic extensions from the expression of literal motion events (the ball rolled down the hill) – a pattern known as satellite-framing – to idiomatic figurative uses (the company will roll out a new plan) where selection of the particle is motivated by Conceptual Metaphors. Over the course of its long contact with English, Welsh – also satellite-framed with literal motion events – has extended the use of its verb-particle construction to replicate even highly idiomatic English pv s. Through a case study of ten metaphorical uses of up and its Welsh equivalent, we argue that this dramatic contact outcome points to the convergence by bilingual speakers on a single set of Conceptual Metaphors motivating the pv combinations. A residual Celtic possessive construction (lit. she rose on her sitting ‘she sat up’) competes with English-like pv s to express change of bodily posture.
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Middeke, Kirsten. "Sōþes ne wanda. The Avoidance is Separation Metaphor in West-Germanic Argument Structure." Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 70, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 223–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2022-2069.
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Abstract In this paper I reconstruct two separative argument structure constructions for West Germanic: one involving a genitive of origin and one involving an instrumental in the process of being subsumed under the dative. Although neither genitives nor instrumentals/datives are typically used to refer to literal origins in space in any of the languages under consideration, a number of verbs attested with genitives and instrumentals/datives can be semantically related to each other as expressing different metaphorical extensions from the concept of separation. The fact that the expression of spatial origin itself is not a function of the genitive or the instrumental/dative can be explained diachronically with reference to a common evolutionary scenario in which adpositional phrases replace bare-case constructions in their concrete, spatial functions before they take over their derived, more abstract senses. The alternation between genitives, instrumentals/datives and separative prepositions is best modelled as a constructeme, a schema with various allostructions.
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Ferrerós-Pagès, Carla. "Verbs That Express Passive Hearing in Catalan and French: Semantic Change of the Forms sentir (Catalan) and entendre (French)." Languages 7, no. 4 (November 24, 2022): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7040301.
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This paper aims to study the meanings of passive auditory perception verbs in Catalan (sentir) and French (entendre) with regards to diachronic semantic change and from the point of view of cognitive semantics. These verbs do not originally encode the meaning related to perception, at least not historically. By taking examples drawn from diachronic and synchronic lexicographical sources, I have analyzed the meanings conveyed by these two verbs and their metaphorical and metonymic projections from their origin to their current use. This research provides new data on semantic extensions related to verbs of perception: certain projections that are frequently related to this kind of verb do not always occur in the direction predicted by inter-linguistic studies. Particularly, the study of the evolution in the French form entendre contradicts the expectations that can be drawn from other studies of verbs on this conceptional domain in that it seems to have evolved in the opposite direction, i.e., from intellectual understanding to sensorial perception.
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Lizardo,, Omar. "The conceptual bases of metaphors of dirt and cleanliness in moral and non-moral reasoning." Cognitive Linguistics 23, no. 2 (May 25, 2012): 367–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2012-0011.
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AbstractIn this paper I propose a new understanding of the often-noted phenomenon that much of our conceptualization and reasoning about moral propriety is framed by a set of metaphors that originate from a conceptual structure generated from our experiences with dirt and cleanliness. I argue that reliance on the dirty-clean dichotomy to conceptualize moral propriety or impropriety emerges from metaphorical extensions into various realms of experience (e.g., sports, governance, introspection) grounded in an idealized cognitive model in which dirt is conceptualized as matter out of place and clean is conceptualized as ordered arrangement. The analysis provides a unified framework with which to understand the use of dirty and clean as metaphors to categorize objects, events and actions in the moral domain. Finally, I suggest that the dirty-clean distinction is useful for understanding broader cultural issues (such as moral panics regarding media, immigration and disease), and I show that the conceptualization of certain non-moral properties can be understood using the same framework (e.g., the quality of being exceptional) of objects and actions.
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Warnes, Anthony M. "Being Old, Old People and the Burdens of Burden." Ageing and Society 13, no. 3 (September 1993): 297–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00001069.
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ABSTRACTBurdenis today often applied to elderly people in two senses, for the fiscal load of income support and health and social care costs, and for notions and scales of care-giving effort and stress. It does not however convey straightforward meanings for its understanding is affected by two millenia of metaphorical and rhetorical usage. The use of burden tends to simplify relationships, whether between age-groups of a population or between a carer and an elderly person, and it communicates senses of a nuisance and an excessive charge. Portentous implications are invoked from biblical senses and derogatory overtones are strengthened by association, earlier this century, with racial stereotyping. An etymological survey reveals many sources of the word's versatility and rhetorical power. Important extensions of usage towards the two contemporary gerontological applications are then studied. A bibliometric examination of the surge in the word's social science use since the early 1980s is undertaken, and the paper concludes with a discussion of current usage as evidence of current attitudes towards, and constructions of, old age on the part of politicians and policy analysts.
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BROCCIAS, CRISTIANO. "Towards a history of English resultative constructions: the case of adjectival resultative constructions." English Language and Linguistics 12, no. 1 (March 2008): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674307002493.
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This contribution provides a corpus-based investigation of the history of adjectival resultative constructions (RCs), e.g. He wiped the table clean, with special reference to Old English and Middle English. The article first briefly discusses some of the parameters relevant to a synchronic analysis of RCs, namely causativity, causality and force-dynamics, as well as the distinction between adjectival and adverbial RCs (collectively referred to as ARCs since the two types cannot always be differentiated diachronically). The article then shows that the diachronic data point to an expansion of the ARC from very specific instantiations, involving a limited set of verbs and adjectives/adverbs (i.e. the washing and cutting scenarios), to progressively more general types (which, however, set up a coherent network of analogical extensions). It is observed that this evolutionary path correlates with the metaphorical interpretation of actions as forces and the emergence of ‘proper’ causative examples, i.e. examples where the verb only symbolises the causing subevent in the causal chain evoked by the RC. Further, it is argued that this investigation highlights the importance of the usage-based model in linguistic analysis.
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Matthews, Thomas G. "Toward a Prototypical Model of Culture for Bible Translation." Journal of Translation 5, no. 1 (2009): 1–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54395/jot-nxjwk.
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Bible translation is inherently a communication event originating in a historical language and culture. Recipients of translated Scriptures interpret this historical text through their language and cultural grid. They have cultural practices, material culture, beliefs, values, a worldview, image schemas, etc., that can assist or compromise their ability to properly understand the Bible. This work addresses the challenge to translators and translation consultants to more readily identify translation issues that are rooted in the target culture such that they may be further researched and treated as appropriate in the translation and helps. A prototypical model of culture is proposed to support these deliberations, which is comprised of a stratified network of observable cultural systems, beliefs, values, and deep structural components of worldview and image schemas. The cultural model is productively applied to a survey of translation issues rooted in the target cultures of several language teams in eastern Africa, and to three, in-depth analyses from Zinza and Digo Scriptures. The results suggest that Zinza prefer LINK and PATH image schemas over IN/OUT and FULL/EMPTY CONTAINER image schemas in metaphorical extensions such as “in Christ.” In addition, the Digo people’s limited knowledge of biblical construction practices, and the strong impact of the Lake Victoria ecosystem on Zinza culture, present translation challenges to the Digo New Testament and Zinza Genesis, respectively.
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Kenesei, István. "The Role of Creativity in the Cognitive Turn in Linguistics." International Review of Pragmatics 5, no. 2 (2013): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18773109-13050207.
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The recent cognitive turn in linguistics is closely related to research into the creative nature of language. Formal creativity, or in other words, the recursive nature of language (with respect to both words, i.e., the basic units, and sentences, i.e., the end products) is what determines further domains of creativity, viz., at the level of meanings and in the theory of mind, providing for their unlimited and variable nature. Principles of the formal properties of language are presented at the levels of words and sentences, showing that recursion occurs both in words and sentences, indicating the local nature of syntactic relations, and demonstrating their neural correlates. Reference to neurolinguistic experiments is used to argue that metaphorical extensions of meanings are a natural phenomenon placing no burden on mental processing, even though literal meanings are not handled the same way as metaphors. It is claimed that sentential meanings have a primacy over word meanings, while words, and not sentences, are the basic units of the mental lexicon, i.e., long-term memory. In order to understand metaphors it is essential to have theory of mind (ToM), which develops in children parallel with the acquisition of complex syntactic structures involving mental verbs, as is shown by false-belief tasks. The nature and limits of the complexity of ToM is related to the limits of syntactic complexity in natural language.
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Khachouf, O. T., and M. Saraga. "Vaccine hesitancy and conspiracy theories: a Jungian perspective." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1276.
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Introduction Endorsing conspiracy theories seems to constitute a major feature of contemporary collective anti-vaccine movements (Vignaud & Salvadori, 2019). As revealed by the COVID-19 pandemic, this contributes to increased worldwide vaccine hesitancy (de Figueiredo et al., 2020). Objectives The present work aims at providing novel insight into the collective psychological underpinnings of conspiracy-based vaccine discourses. Methods Our approach is inspired by Jung’s view that human groups produce narratives to project their collective conflicts (e.g., social, religious, political) onto reality. We analyze these projections in relation to the “halo effect” phenomenon, namely taking metaphorical extensions of (scientific) concepts at face value (e.g. Keller, 1995). Accordingly, we discuss one version of “the Great Reset” theory, claiming that COVID-19 vaccines are used by “the elite” to control behavior and abolish fundamental freedoms. Results Our analysis suggests that Western societies are manifesting some of their existential concerns through anti-vaccine discourse. In “the Great Reset” narrative, characters (people, vaccines, elites, immune systems, etc.) and plot can be read as symbols of, respectively, structural elements of the collective psyche (socio-cultural values, aggressive drives, death anxiety, psychic defenses, etc.), and dynamic interrelations among these elements. Conclusions Conspiracy theories can be understood as shared narratives serving the purpose of giving shape to collective fears. Within such a framework, references to “vaccines” and “immunity” are the manifestations of a state of crisis of collective psychic defenses. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Marczewska, Marzena. "Zaraza nadchodzi i odchodzi – myślenie o chorobach epidemicznych utrwalone w języku." Roczniki Humanistyczne 69, no. 5 Zeszyt specjalny (December 30, 2021): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh21696s-8.
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In this article, I present selected aspects of the linguistic image of the plague (I am especially interested in names and their etymology, the causes of the disease, images of the plague, and remedies). I mainly rely on materials related to Polish folk culture, but I also mention some contemporary contexts to show a certain durability of beliefs related to the plague. I use the notion of a linguistic and cultural image of the world understood as a colloquial interpretation of reality that can be explicated not only using verbal data, but also with non-verbal data preserved in petrified texts of culture. In my considerations, I refer to the so-called cognitive definition. The material basis of the analysis presented (in line with Jerzy Bartmiński’s assumptions) consists of lexical and textual data: names (confirming the “perspective of reality”), information transmitted on an onomasiological basis, revealed in the etymological and word-formation analysis, meanings given in the definitions in Polish and dialectal dictionaries, word-formation derivatives, metaphorical extensions, phraseologisms, collocations (phrases), metaphors, proverbs, healing formulas, etc. In Polish folk culture, the plague was imagined as a living creature (woman) who could roam the land (come and go), come to the village, talk to people, put them to death, or save the ones she chose to live. These images of the plague made peasants try to secure their space and to create a safe zone for themselves and their community by means of various magical procedures.
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Mallan, Kerry, Clare Bradford, and John Stephens. "New Social Orders: Reconceptualising Family and Community in Utopian Fiction." Papers: Explorations into Children's Literature 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/pecl2005vol15no2art1246.
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In lieu of abstract, here is the first paragraph of the article: The family is the cradle into which the future is born; it is the nursery in which the new social order is nourished and reared during its early and most plastic period. (Sidney Goldstein, Marriage and Family Living, 1946)1 When Goldstein conceived the metaphor of the American family as the cradle of the future he was writing at a specific historical moment, ‘one to which the stresses of war, the uncertainties of the ensuing peace, and the emerging relationship between ideologies of the family and American national identity together lent an unparalleled ambiguity and anxiety about family life’ (Levey 2001, p.125). Nearly 60 years on, the same conditions seem still to apply not only to the United States, but also to many other countries across the globe. The linking of family to the social well-being of a nation and its individual citizens is a familiar rhetoric employed by politicians, religious leaders, social commentators, and scholars, who rely on the interplay between an actual social unit and its metaphorical extensions to produce an illusion of ‘the truth’. In a similar way, the notion of a ‘new social order’ offers the utopian promise of a better life than that which current or past social orders have provided. Again the force of the metaphor resides in its capacity to appeal to both the intellect and the emotions.
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Sagna,, Serge. "Physical properties and culture-specific factors as principles of semantic categorisation of the Gújjolaay Eegimaa noun class system." Cognitive Linguistics 23, no. 1 (February 2012): 129–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2012-0005.
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AbstractThis paper investigates the semantic bases of class membership in the noun class system of Gújjolaay Eegimaa (Eegimaa henceforth), a Niger-Congo and Atlantic language of the BAK group spoken in Southern Senegal. The question of whether semantic principles underlie the overt classification of nouns in Niger-Congo languages is a controversial one. There is a common perception of Niger-Congo noun class systems as being mainly semantically arbitrary. The goal of the present paper is to show that physical properties and culture-specific factors are central principles of semantic categorisation in the Eegimaa noun class system. I argue that the Eegimaa overt grammatical classification of nouns into classes is a semantic categorisation system whereby categories are structured according to prototypicality, family resemblance, metaphorical and metonymic extensions and chaining processes, as argued within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics. I show that the categorisation of entities in the Eegimaa nominal classification system productively makes use of physical properties such as shape as well as using culture-specific, less productive parameters for the semantic categorisation of entities denoted by nouns. The analysis proposed here also shows that the cases of multiple morphosyntactic classifications of nouns reflect multiple conceptual categorisation strategies. A detailed examination of the formal and semantic instances of multiple classification reveals the existence of conceptual correlations between the physical properties and the culture-specific semantic parameters of categorisation used in the Eegimaa noun class system.
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Alqarni, Salha Mohammed. "Conceptual Metaphors and the Smell Perception in English and Arabic." International Journal of Linguistics 14, no. 6 (December 25, 2022): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v14i6.20517.
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Perception has long been seen as a basis for understanding abstract concepts and experiences and their linguistic encoding. Conceptual metaphor is considered a cognitive link between physical and sensory experiences and abstract mental representations. The olfactory perception has been treated as peripherical in contrast to other sense modalities. The purpose of the study is to establish how the smell sense is conceptually structured in Arabic in comparison with English and to examine conceptual metaphors based on our olfactory perception. Using the theory of conceptual metaphor, the study sought to compare the conception of smell and its metaphorical extensions in both languages. The data collected for this study was Modern written Standard Arabic acquired from online Arabic corpora and the total number of sentences searched is 3400 sentences. The study demonstrated that smell is used as a source domain to express suspicion, knowledge, and emotions. Arabic expresses a few extra metaphors including experiencing and anticipating. The domain of emotions in Arabic is closely connected to the smell sense more than English is. On the other hand, the most prevalent conceptual metaphors that employ smell as their target domain are INTENSITY OF SMELL IS EFFECT STRENGTH and SMELL IS A PHYSICAL FORCE, which exist in both languages equally. Besides, the study demonstrated that the sense of smell is not peripheral to cognition as it was previously believed. It is hoped that this study has contributed to further appreciation of the smell domain and its function in cognition.
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Jiuding, Quan, and Zou Leilei. "Research Review on Ideological factors in Public Diplomacy Discourse Translation." International Journal of Translation and Interpretation Studies 3, no. 1 (February 15, 2023): 08–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijtis.2023.3.1.2.
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At the end of the 1980s, translation studies began to show a cultural turn, with the research focus shifted to the cultural origin of translation and exploring ideological factors in translation. While ideology in translation has at large been discussed in translation studies, little research has been conducted to examine the role of ideology in public diplomacy discourse translation. As a communicative tool, translation can bridge or divide the gap between two different worlds at the ideological level, which means that the translation involving discourse reconstruction can be indicative of the ideology of the translator. In public diplomacy discourse translation, the use of degree adverbials reflects the translator's ideological factors, including common knowledge of stereotypes, cognitive preference, assertions to others, and use of first-person-based (egocentric) concepts of spatial orientation and metaphorical extensions of those concepts. Therefore, this paper first provides an overview of theoretical frameworks about ideology in translation studies. Second, the review discusses the previous studies on public diplomacy discourse translation. Furthermore, it reviews the definition, functions, rating scale, and internal ideological factors of degree adverbials. This review finds that taking adverbs of degree as the research object to study the translation strategies in public diplomacy discourse translation is a worthy research direction, not only exploring how translators manipulate different translation strategies of degree adverbs to reconstruct different discourse effects but also can studying the ideological factors for different translation strategies by the translator.
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Carston, Robyn, and Catherine Wearing. "Metaphor, hyperbole and simile: A pragmatic approach." Language and Cognition 3, no. 2 (June 2011): 283–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/langcog.2011.010.
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AbstractAccording to recent work on lexical pragmatics within the relevance-theoretic framework, grasping the intended meaning of a metaphorically used word requires a process of adjusting the linguistically encoded concept to derive an ad hoc concept whose denotation is broader than that of the lexical concept. Metaphorical uses are claimed to be one kind of loose use of language, on a continuum with approximations, hyperboles and other kinds of meaning extension. The question addressed in this paper is whether this account fully captures the processes involved in understanding metaphors and the kinds of cognitive effects they have. We tackle this question by examining the similarities and differences between metaphors and hyperboles and between metaphors and similes. The upshot of our analyses is two proposals, both requiring further investigation: (a) that a distinction should be drawn between the kind of ad hoc concepts derived for hyperbolic and other loose uses, on the one hand, and metaphorical uses, on the other, and (b) that the understanding of some metaphorical uses, in particular extended and/or novel creative cases, is achieved by a different mode of processing altogether, one which gives much greater weight to the literal meaning.
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Castañeda Castro, Alejandro, and Adolfo Sánchez Cuadrado. "The Role of Metonymy in Teaching the Spanish Verbal System to L2/FL Learners of Spanish." Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación 87 (June 23, 2021): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/clac.76713.
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This paper explores the application of conceptual metonymy (Lakoff, 1987; Ruiz de Mendoza, 2000; Langacker, 2009; Panther, Thornburg and Barcelona, 2009; Barcelona, 2013) in the development of pedagogical resources for the teaching of the Spanish verbal system to L2/FL learners. To this end, a description is given of the advantages of introducing inferential reasoning using metonymy based on certain principles taken from the Cognitive Grammar model (Langacker, 1987, 1991, 2000, 2001, 2008, 2009) in grammar teaching materials — both descriptions and activities. We focus on tense uses that involve metonymic processes, particularly, the meaning extensions in two Spanish past tenses: (1) the actional meaning of stative verbs when conveyed in pretérito indefinido (preterit), as in Pudimos comprar la casa 'We could buy the house', metonymically extended to Compramos la casa 'We bought the house'; and (2) the distancing use (uso citativo) of pretérito imperfecto (imperfect) when referring to current facts, as in ¿Cómo te llamabas? (How PRO.REFL.2SG call.IPFV.PST.2SG?) 'What was your name again?', which is metonymically extended to (Se me ha dicho/No recuerdo/No he oído) cómo te llamas [('I have been told/I can't recall/I couldn't hear') how PRO.REFL.2SG call.PRES.2SG]. In order to discuss the kind of contribution that this conceptual standpoint can make to the teaching of the Spanish verbal system, the pedagogical potential of some techniques and resources is explored in terms of (a) metonymic and metaphorical reasoning in pedagogical grammar descriptions, (b) consciousness-raising paraphrase exercises focused on meaning indeterminacy, and (c) network building and the use of (dynamic) images to show variable construals in grammatical meaning
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Dowson, Christopher J. "The Translation of Greek Philosophical Terminology in Marius Victorinus’ Opera Theologica: A Quantitative and Qualitative Study." Antichthon 56 (2022): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ann.2022.12.
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AbstractThe article collects and analyses philosophical terms formed in Latin by fourth-century rhetorician and philosopher Marius Victorinus (c. 285–360s C.E.) as a result of his translation from Greek sources. The study examines primarily his theological treatises: the Ad Candidum Arianum (De Generatione Divini Verbi) and the Adversus Arium. It undertakes a quantitative and qualitative examination of these terms by studying two linguistic mechanisms which constitute ‘term-formation’ in Latin: lexical innovation and lexical augmentation. Both functioned as important linguistic and conceptual devices in Victorinus’ translations. The article also examines the theological contexts of certain metaphysical terms to understand further their similarities and differences, not only in Victorinus’ translations, but also in earlier uses of central Latin philosophical terms, e.g., essentia and substantia. The article concludes that Victorinus was more didactic than his philosophical predecessors such as M. Tullius Cicero, Seneca the Younger or Apuleius of Madaura, preferring literal translation (particularly morphological calquing) rather than semantic extensions or metaphorical usages (lexical augmentation). By using neologisms formed using derivational word-formation processes and, on rare occasions, loan-words from Greek, Victorinus adopted an approach of adapting Greek terminology with a high degree of precision in Latin, from a range of sources including Christian, Neo-Platonist, and Gnostic authors. He thereby introduced a new Christological vocabulary in the Latin tradition, making him a significant intellectual figure of the fourth and fifth centuries. Although by no means as dominant as others, such as Augustine or Boethius, Victorinus would nonetheless come to exert influence over later Christian philosophers in the Latin West, particularly during the Scholastic period of the Middle Ages.