Journal articles on the topic 'Metaphoric meaning of collocations'
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1
Lin, Zhengjun, and Shengxi Jin. "Metonymic and metaphoric meaning extensions of Chinese FACE and its collocations." Pragmatics and Society 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 96–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.17008.lin.
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Abstract This paper studies the extension of conventional meanings of Chinese FACE expressions in their collocations as well as the collocations themselves through metonymy and metaphor. The data with five FACE expressions included are sampled from the corpus of Center for Chinese Linguistics at Peking University. The conventional meaning of these five FACE expressions is ‘the surface of the front of the head from the top of the forehead to the base of the chin and from ear to ear’. The conventional meaning of FACE in its collocations is metonymically extended to ‘facial expression, emotion, attitude, person, health state, affection, sense of honor, etc.’, and metaphorically to ‘the front space or part of something, a part, a side or an aspect of something, the surface or the exposed layer of something, the geometric plane in math or scope/range of something, etc.’. When Chinese FACE is collocated with other words, its meanings are also extended through metonymy-metonymy chains, metonymy-metaphor continuums and metonymy-metaphor combinations. The meanings of Chinese FACE collocations (phrases) are mainly metonymically extended when used in certain contexts.
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Muradyan, Gayane. "The Syntagmatics of Noun Collocations in English." Armenian Folia Anglistika 3, no. 1 (3) (April 16, 2007): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2007.3.1.057.
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The analysis of the syntagmatic relations of collocations allows clarifying the regulated constant semantic structures which are typical of the given language unit, in this case of the noun. The functional motivation of the whole structure in noun collocations in English is conditioned by the other constituents of the collocation, rather than of the noun itself. They help perceive the general semantic nuances, as well as the metaphoric meaning and different degrees of directness of the given language unit.
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Jiménez Martínez, María Isabel. "El movimiento como metáfora. Colocaciones con los verbos de movimiento venio e incido en latín." Nova Tellus 38, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.nt.2020.38.2.0008.
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One of the best-known features of verb-noun collocations is that one of their constituents, the collocative, has a metaphorical sense adapted to the main element of the construction, the basis. However, there has been little attention to the relation between collocations and metaphors. Thus, the aim of this paper is double: on the one hand, to highlight the tight relationship between metaphor and collocations; and, on the other, to discuss some metaphors codded in collocations with the movement verbs venio and incido, from the analysis of a representative corpus. As we will see, collocations with these two verbs are connected to two orientational metaphors frequently used in a wide range of languages in the world: "states are containers and inceptions of events are endpoints of telic movements". Moreover, the verb incido has in many collocations a negative meaning because of the conceptualization of the “fall” in the Roman world, related to the "up is good, down is bad" metaphor.
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Alshaje'a, Hilal. "Strategies For Translating Metaphorical Collocations In The Holy Qur'an." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 4, no. 2 (August 22, 2014): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v4i2.2143.
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A lot of research addresses to the definitions of collocations, their properties, and how they are different from other language forms like metaphors and idioms concerning the transparency of its adjacent constituents in contributing to meaning, both intra- and interlingually. Collocations in all languages including in Arabic, reflect conventional uses and fixed patterns, but the Qur'anic collocations show distinguished uses that are different from those existed in other Arabic genres. Thus, translating Qur'anic collocations in particular brings about a challenge because of linguistic, cultural, and communicative reasons. The present paper clarifies the distinguished characteristic of collocation in the Qur'an that makes its discourse incomparable in other languages such as English, and discusses the most appropriate strategies for rendering metaphorical collocations in the Holy Qur'an as well. Some translations of the Qur'anic text including collocation have been chosen as they display linguistic problems produced by cling on the part of the translators to the word order of the Arabic source text, thus causing eccentricity in the target language.
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Karasik, Vladimir I. "Oxymoron in language consciousness and communicative practice." Socialʹnye i gumanitarnye znania 8, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/2412-6519-2022-1-114-123.
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The paper deals with a stylistic figure «oxymoron» which expresses a polar contradiction of concepts. Sematic and pragmatic properties of this stylistic device have been described. Semantically, simple and complicated (metaphoric) types of oxymoron may be singled out. Simple oxymorons include occasional units made by combinations of affixes or roots with contradictory meanings in compound words. Standard attributive nominal collocations make the majority of oxymorons. The simplest type of such collocations is a single-root word combination with a negative prefix for a part of the dyadic unit. Elaborated oxymorons are formed with constructions formed on the basis of the formula «Though A, but B» (e. g. They have never lost a chance to lose a chance). A special subgroup of oxymorons is made of words including a negative component which is not directly expressed in the affix. Oxymorons are often used as headlines because of their high energetic potential. Another subgroup of the figures in question may be defined as metaphoric oxymorons, both parts of their dyadic unit is semantically transformed. A pragmatic approach to a description of oxymorons makes it possible to characterize the main text types attracting such stylistic figures. Pragmatically, ironical, emblematic and symbolic varieties of this stylistic figure are described. I argue that in habitual and publicist communication oxymoron is used for a comical effect, whereas in aphorisms and poetry it aims to paradoxically express a new meaning.
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Ali, Yasameen Karim, and Esam Ahmed Nasser. "La Terminología económica y La dificultad de su traducción entre la lengua árabe y la española." Al-Adab Journal 2, no. 137 (June 15, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v2i137.1635.
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This study aims at exploring and solving the main obstacles in translating economic texts from Arabic into Spanish and vice versa and their impact on translating economic terminology. To that end, the study shows that the translation of economic terminology is a complex process demanding linguistic and educational proficiency, specialized terminology awareness of any extra crucial meaning to the source and target language, frequent use of metaphoric expressions and collocations in business media discourse as well as the ability to use the appropriate translation techniques and strategies that are considered the cornerstone of a good economic translation.
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Kultepina, O. "LESS IS DOWN: Corpus-based approach for structure analysis of metaphorical sense of verbs padat’ and upast’." Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, no. 1 (August 2020): 344–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716110.
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The paper raises an issue of possibilities that are provided by corpus-based approach in analysis of metaphorical transfer based on the aspectual pair upast’ / padat’ (‘to fall’). The author reviews the structure of metaphorical meaning of predicates, which enforce the Lakoff ’s metaphor ‘LESS IS DOWN’ and copy some parts of valency structure from the primary meaning’s structure, and also analyses how collocations correlate with valency structure. The empirical base for analysis was extracted from the Russian corpus ruskell 1.6 in Sketch Engine. It consists of 1516 collocates in total used both in primary and metaphorical contexts. Formal corpus analysis of collocations demonstrate that unlike the primary meaning, metaphorical meaning is more strict and less variable when we talk about syntagmatic rules of filling patient (valency A1), source, or primary point (A2) and goal, or final point (A3), and interval (A4). As a result of analysis, we could extract several syntagmatic groups that are correlated with the metaphorical meaning only. Corpus-based analysis helps with identifying typical and marginal types that fill the valencies, nevertheless analysis of collocates that trigger metaphorical shift is more important. In the research, we focus on the syntagmatic group “noun(nom) + predicate” that marks patient’s valency. Semi-automated tagging of patient and semantic analysis of patient let us determine some specific lexical and semantic features and classify semantic groups (as parameter, property) that are typical for the metaphorical meaning. The author suggests that the mixed corpus-based approach, which is demonstrated in the paper, could be used in analysis of more general predicate metaphorical field as “get more <less>”
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Sivaeva, O. "SEMANTIC PROSODY OF THE LEMMA VACCINE IN THE MEDIA TEXTS." Studia Philologica 1, no. 16 (2021): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2021.166.
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This paper discusses the results of the corpus-based analysis of the semantic prosody of collocations with VACCINE in the broadsheet ‘The Guardian’. The corpus has been processed with the help of Sketch Engine. Text passages containing collocations with VACCINE have been interpreted in order to state the prosody mode of the collocation in the context. The study mostly pays attention to the nouns modified by VACCINE as most frequently used in the media texts. The dictionary definition of VACCINE defines it as a word with positive semantic prosody. The discourse analysis demonstrates that collocations containing the lemma VACCINE can have positive, negative or neutral semantic colouring, which depends on the contextual meaning of the analyzed passage and which is also based on the semantic prosody mode of other words in the passage, which actually designates and presupposes the mode of the collocations in question. The nouns supply, safety, mask, uptake, access, protection, production, certification used in ‘The Guardian’ articles, having positive semantic prosody in the pattern noun + VACCINE, in general create a positive metaphorical image and defense from Covid-19. However, the nouns hesitancy, misinformation, availability and skepticism possessing negative semantic prosody, are mostly used to describe people’s unwillingness to get vaccinated and their doubts about the effectiveness of the procedure. Collocations with type, mechanism, distribution, usage and VACCINE have a neutral semantic prosody, which shows that such collocations are used in text passages in the surrounding of neither positive nor negative words and the whole passage serves as a statement of some facts without being evaluated.
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Stenvall, Maija. "An actor or an undefined threat?" Studying Identity: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges 2, no. 2 (November 18, 2003): 361–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.2.2.10ste.
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The paper studies the use of the word terrorist in the dispatches of two major international news agencies, AP and Reuters. It can be assumed that the attacks on September 11, 2001, have changed the role of terrorist and affected the meaning of the word. While terrorists have been traditionally construed as violent actors, they are now, more and more, seen as a static threat. The paper examines three collocations — terrorist attack, terrorist threat and terrorist suspect — as grammatical metaphors (cf. Halliday 1994); the collocation terrorist network is analysed as a conceptual metaphor (cf. Lakoff and Johnson 1980). Linguistic strategies manifested in the data form a pattern that I call “anti-terrorism discourse”. Modality and general vagueness of the language are conspicuous features in the news agency dispatches on terrorism; the reports focus on what may happen or may have happened. This can be argued to undermine the factuality of news agency discourse.
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Tyshchenko, Oleh. "THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF EMOTIONS AND AXIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS IN SLAVONIC PROVERBS AND IDIOMS: FROM CONSCIENCE TO ENVY." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2019, no. 29 (November 2019): 248–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2019-29-18.
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The presented research reveals imagery-metaphoric and phraseological objectivities of the conceptual spheres Soul, Consciousness, Envy, Jealousy and Greed in Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, Czech and Slovak languages and conceptual picture of the world (first of all in proverbs and sayings, idioms, imagery means of secondary nomination both in standard language and its regional or dialectal variants) according to the indication of holistic characteristic and semantic intersection of these concepts. It describes the spheres of their typological coincidence and differences from the point of imagery motivation. It defines the symbolic functions of these ethno cultural concepts (object sphere) with respect to the specificity of manifestation of Envy in archaic texts, believes, in the language of traditional folk culture and archaic expressions with religious sense that reach Christian ideology, ideas of moral purity and dirt, Body and Soul. It has been defined the collocations with the components envy and jealousy in some thesauri and dictionaries in terms of the specificity of interlingual equivalence and expressions of envy and similar negative emotions and their functioning in the Ukrainian and English text corpora. The analysis demonstrated that practically in all compared languages and linguistic cultures Envy is associated with greed and jealousy, psychic disorders with a corresponding complex of feelings, expressed by metaphoric predicates of destruction and remorse that encode the moral and legal aspect of conscience (conscience is a judge, witness and executioner). Metaphor of Envy containing nominations of colours differ in the Slavonic and Germanic languages whereas those denoting spatial, gustatory, odour, acoustic and parametrical meaning are similar. Many imagery contexts of Envy correlate with such conceptual oppositions as richness and poverty, light and darkness; success is associated with the frames “foreign is better than domestic” where Envy encodes the meaning of encroachment upon another's property, “envy is better than sympathy”, “envy dominates where there are richness, success, welfare, happiness” which confirms the ideas of representatives in the field of psychoanalysis, cultural anthropology and sociology. In some languages the motives of black magic, evil eye (in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian) are rooted in the sphere of folk believes and invocations, as well as cultural anthroponyms.
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Chow, Mei Yung Vanliza. "The movements of the economy." Metaphor and the Social World 4, no. 1 (May 5, 2014): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.4.1.01cho.
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Metaphors are ubiquitous in our daily lives and discourse, and as cognitive linguists and sociolinguists argue, language, culture and cognition are inseparable: embodied experience is not the only basis of meaning construction. Economic discourse, the focus of this paper, is a prime example of metaphors at work. Although there have been studies comparing conceptual metaphors such as the economy is a living organism in different languages, so far very little work has been done on the relationship between socio-cultural factors and the bodily movement metaphors which manifest in this overarching metaphor in economic discourse. This paper therefore examines two corpora consisting of economic news articles in “The Guardian” (UK) and the “Hong Kong Economic Journal” from the year 2006, in order to compare and contrast the way that these bodily movement metaphors constitute and reflect the attitudes and values of the people using the metaphor in these two locations. In so doing, the contrastive study demonstrates that many ‘universal’ conceptual metaphors, such as the metaphor studied in this paper, are indeed different, since the formation of embodied experience needs to be understood in its socio-cultural context. This paper compares collocations and syntactic structures of bodily movement metaphors. Although many primary metaphors, such as down is bad and forward is good, are shared across these two corpora, the findings reveal that the conceptualization of the economy in the two corpora differs mainly in three ways. Firstly, construal of the economy in the UKGC appears to be more dynamic. Secondly, the metaphorical extension of bodily movements is found to be different in the two corpora. Finally, ‘kinship’ metaphors conceptualizing economic relationships in the UKGC are more likely to trigger marriage imagery. In short, these subtle differences reveal that cognition is situated within a wide cultural context, resulting in culture-specific metaphors.
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Metwally, Amal Abdelsattar, and Dalal Mahmoud Elgemei. "A Proposed Collocational Marker for the Computational Identification of Metaphor: The Case of Metaphor in the Ever-Glorious Qur’ān." Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics 4, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jeltal.2022.4.2.7.
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The present paper is a corpus-based study that proposes a collocational criterion to computationally identify metaphor with special reference to metaphor in the Ever-Glorious Qur'ān. The study draws on studies on metaphors in the Ever-Glorious Qur'ān, the conceptual theory of metaphor (1980), studies on collocations as well as computational studies of metaphor, in general, to finally arrive at a collocational marker for metaphoricity toward a computational identification of metaphor in the Ever-Glorious Qur'ān. The study adopts a quantitative as well as a qualitative approach in investigating and analyzing metaphors in the corpus to contribute to the input of computer software for identifying metaphor candidates (i.e., lexical items that are likely to have been used metaphorically). The corpus of the study is two surahs from the Ever-Glorious Qur'ān, namely Sūrat Yūsuf and Sūrat Ar-Rā’d. The manual identification of metaphors on the two Sūrahs of the study is achieved by referring to authentic exegeses of the Ever-Glorious Qur'ān and interpreting the meanings of the Ever-Glorious Qur'ān. The paper ends by suggesting a collocational marker for metaphors in the Ever-Glorious Qur'ān, which could be adopted and applied to other corpora.
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Spišiaková, Mária, and Nina Mocková. "COLOURS IN POLITICS IN SPANISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES." Folia linguistica et litteraria XIII, no. 39 (February 2022): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.39.2022.14.
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The paper focuses on means of the expression containing a chromatic element in their structure. These kinds of expressions are both figurative and denominative names (including occasional names) occurring in the language of politicians themselves or, in general, in the language related to politics in any political context. The aim is to find out, which colours are the most used in political discourse in Spain and Spanish-speaking countries, and how they are used; what the individual colours express and in what connections they occur (collocations, comparisons, metaphorical constructions, terms, etc.). The naming units are excerpted from the web corpora Araneum and CREA so that in the research sample, only one meaning from each usage is included. The lexical units with a chromatic element are analysed throughout lexical-semantic analysis – their use in context, their meanings, and connotations are studied. The study reveals the most and the least used colours in the political context, as well as the most frequent types of naming units in which they appear.
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Marmaridou, Sophia. "Cognitive, cultural, and constructional motivations of polysemy and semantic change." Pragmatics and Cognition 18, no. 1 (April 9, 2010): 68–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.18.1.04mar.
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Within the framework of cognitive linguistics and construction grammar (as in Lakoff 1987; Langacker 2000; Goldberg 1995; and Fried and Östman 2004), it is claimed in this paper that the semantics of psuche (psyche) is motivated by cognitive, cultural, and constructional parameters of meaning. More specifically, it is argued that psyche, as the immaterial nature of a human being, and the seat of emotions and feelings in particular, is understood in terms of image-based metaphors, a cultural model of the self, and a cultural narrative of existence. It is also argued that the frequent occurrence of psyche in a number of collocations and idioms motivates and constrains constructional meaning. At the same time, constructions motivate extended senses of this word, thereby contributing to its polysemy and ultimately to semantic change. The evidence presented within this framework argues against a fixed borderline between lexical and constructional meaning. This view, long and tacitly adopted in lexicographic practice by necessity, is gaining further support within current research in the framework of lexicography (Fillmore 2008; Hanks 2008), corpus linguistics (Fellbaum 2007), lexical semantics (Taylor et al. 2003), language change (Bybee 2006a), and construction grammar (Boas 2008).
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Grigorieva, Olga N., and Xilian Li. "Lexical Units Representing the Opposition ‘Cold-Warm’ in Weather Discourse in the Modern Russian Language." Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 14, no. 4 (2022): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2022-4-24-33.
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The article examines the words that implement the semantic opposition ‘cold-warm’ in the modern Russian language and reflect a person’s perception of temperature, which depends on many conditions, including geographical location and climate features. The material for this study comprised temperature nominations selected from explanatory dictionaries, synonym and antonym dictionaries. Acting as one of the means of describing the weather, temperature lexemes are an integral part of the vocabulary of the Russian language. We study this group of words from the point of view of their lexical meaning, belonging to the thematic group, typical collocations, as well as the use in texts of various functional styles. We come to a conclusion that the uniqueness of the semantic opposition ‘cold-warm’ related to the discourse of weather, is manifested in many metaphorical expressions reflecting the uniqueness of Russian culture and the peculiarities of the Russian people’s mentality. Most of the words that implement this opposition are antonyms, some of them express opposite meanings in set phrases. Sometimes their original meaning changes when they are part of such phrases. We note that lexical units that implement the semantic opposition ‘cold-warm’ and are used in the modern Russian language in a figurative sense can acquire a symbolic meaning. The article concludes that in the Russian language temperature nouns collocate with adjectives derived from toponyms. In the media texts these lexical units make it possible to express the author’s assessment not only of weather phenomena but also of political events. This article can be used as a basis for further research in this field.
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Abdul Malik, Norasyikin, and Faizah Mohamad. "Metaphor, Religion, and Gender: A Case Study of Metaphor Analysis in Islamic Motivational Speech Corpus." International Journal of Modern Languages And Applied Linguistics 5, no. 3 (August 17, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ijmal.v5i3.13350.
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Metaphor plays a vital role in human communication and its presence is evident in various discourses across genres. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity in the study of metaphors used among different genders especially in religious discourse. Thus, the current study aims to examine metaphor use in religious motivational speeches between two (male and female) speakers. A corpus-based approach, that involved analysis of keywords, collocation, and concordance, was selected in identifying linguistic metaphors while conceptual mapping (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) was chosen to identify conceptual metaphors in both corpora. The main data consist of four speeches of Yasmin Mogahed (YM Corpus) and four speeches of Nouman Ali Khan’s speeches (NAK Corpus) retrieved from their YouTube Channels. #LancsBox 5.0 was chosen as the tool in analysing the language patterns. From the findings, it can be concluded Yasmin used a higher frequency of metaphors compared to Nouman. This is evident from the results in the collocation analysis in YM corpus that showed seven collocates (‘SWT’, ‘heart’, ‘foundation’, ‘healthy’, ‘fear’, ‘solid’, and ‘fill’) were predetermined to have signals of metaphorical expressions as compared to NAK corpus that only has four collocates (‘evil’, ‘syirik’, ‘religion’, and ‘faith’) with signals of metaphorical expressions. It is also apparent that the variety of metaphors used by Yasmin is more diverse (BUILDING, HUMAN/LIVING ORGANISM, TREE, and CONTAINER metaphors) as compared to Nouman that only uses COMPUTER FILE and CONTAINER metaphors. Yasmin’s choice of metaphors seems to be heavily influenced with the common metaphors used in the Qur’an, while Nouman’s lack choice of metaphors indicate his preference in explaining religious concepts through literal explanation instead of metaphorical one. Future studies are recommended to have a bigger sample to better differentiate the metaphor usage between genders. It is also imperative for future research to further examine the implications of different choice of metaphors on the construction of meaning in the Islamic motivational religious corpus between different genders.
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Selmistraitis, Linas, and Renata Boikova. "Source Domains of Smell Related Metaphorical Collocations: Study Based on Corpus of Contemporary American English." Respectus Philologicus, no. 38(43) (October 19, 2020): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2020.38.43.54.
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The paper discusses source domains of smell related metaphorical collocations. The research is limited to metaphorical collocations with pleasant smell denoting words scent, fragrance, aroma, and perfume in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The scope of the research is 2187 concordance lines (CL) containing metaphorical collocations with the words scent, fragrance, aroma, and perfume from 3580 CL containing any word phrase with the target words. The research is based on identification and description of the source domains of the collected metaphorical collocations with pleasant smell words, relating the source domains to underlying conceptual metaphors and determining the frequency distribution of the identified source domains. The following source domains were identified in the research: object, substance, physical force, and food. The analysis showed the frequency of source domains across all four groups forming smell related conceptual metaphors: object with 1833 instances of metaphorical collocations (84%), substance with 202 instances (9%), physical force with 130 instances (6%), and food with 22 instances (1%). The present study contributes to the development of cognitive semantics and its findings demonstrate which meanings are prevalent in human mentality when pleasant smell related metaphorical collocations are used.
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Vinogradova, O., A. Viklova, and K. Pospelova. "Verbs of falling in English language: corpus data and typology." Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, no. 1 (August 2020): 115–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716103.
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The paper presents the results of the studies carried over the group of English verbs with the meaning of falling. The research goals included classification of the lexical meanings, both direct and metaphorical, rendered by those verbs, on the basis of the analysis of the components of the situations put together in the special questionnaire. This was carried out together with native speakers of English, after which the collected set of examples was verified and expanded with searches in the big corpora of English speakers’ oral and written production available at the SketchEngine platform. Besides being a great source of extracting lexical meanings, Sketch Engine also provided the data and the statistics for the analysis of collocational behaviour of the verbs in question used with different subjects of falling. The scope of application of the umbrella verb fall and the distribution between it and its two rivals — drop and fall down — was in focus of the three corresponding sections in the paper, while the range of peripheral verbs of falling with all the comparative analysis of their lexical features formed one more section. Separately from the verbs conveying the direct meanings of falling, metaphoric shifts in the meanings of these verbs made up the content of section 6. Based on the findings presented in the previous sections, the conclusions regarding the concept of falling in English are discussed in the last part of the paper. The research confirmed that the verb fall is by far the most widely used in various contexts of falling. Whether used alone or combined with adverbial or prepositional particles, it covers the overwhelming majority of meanings of falling, both literal and metaphorical. Although drop proved to be the most frequent synonym of fall, there is a distribution of meanings between the two related to the nature of the subject and the intentionality of the action. As shown in the paper, the choice between fall and fall down appears to be determined by the trajectory of the fall and whether the typical position of the subject is vertical or not. Likewise, the distribution between fall off and fall down is conditioned by the trajectory, with the surface mentioned with the latter. Among the various peripheral verbs of falling, come and go — the most general verbs of movement — are also used in combination with down in specific cases of falling.
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Çakir, Abdulkadir. "Raising Awareness on the Turkish Learners of English about the Arbitrary Nature of Figurative Expressions." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p248-252.
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In this paper, we have tried to remark the significance of the arbitrary nature of figurative expressions for the Turkish learners of English comparing English metaphors, similes, idioms, proverbs, sayings and collocations with their closest Turkish equivalents. If figurative expressions are interpreted literally or translated word for word, they sound nonsense. From the view point affective communication, inaccuracy or inappropriateness of the informative connotations of our words are irrelevant. Therefore, we may refer to the moon as “a beautiful lady”, “a grandfather”, “a tray”, or “silver ship” or anything as long as the words arise the desired feeling. For that reason, literary works are difficult to translate from one language to another because regarding only the informative connotations will often falsify the affective connotations. Figurative expressions are based on some supplementary complements in the primary meaning and often they are arbitrary and conventional. Therefore, they are usually specific to a particular culture and language. For example, “an owl” is considered to be exceptionally clever in the Western culture but its most important connotation in the Turkish culture is its bringing bad luck. The traits assigned to animals and entities differ from culture to culture. Thus, to comprehend such figurative expressions and translate them properly is impossible without knowing their closest equivalents in the relevant languages. We can see the arbitrary nature of figurative expressions clearly examining some metaphors, similes, idioms, proverbs, sayings and collocations and their equivalents in the target language. We are of the opinion that this activity will enable us to raise awareness on the Turkish learners of English particularly on the prospective teachers of English and so that they will have the chance of becoming component speakers and writers.
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Yanti, Yuli, and Sufil Lailiyah. "An Analysis of Metaphors in the Other Hands Novel by Chris Cleave." PIONEER: Journal of Language and Literature 10, no. 1 (June 13, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36841/pioneer.v10i1.188.
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Metaphor was figurative expression, the transferred sense of physical word, the personification of an abstraction, the application of a word or collocation to what it did not literally denote to describe one thing in terms of another. Metaphor could be found in many media like newspapers, magazines, novels, etc. In this research the researcher indentified the metaphor and described meaning of metaphor in The Other Hands Novel.The data in this research were the sentence that contained metaphor in The Other Hands Novel. This research was done by analyzing the data qualitatively. There was some steps to analyze the data they were: Identifing the sentences in The Other Hands novel, analyzing the metaphors in the sentences to identify the components of metaphor. The researcher defined the source domain and the target domain and analyzed the metaphors in the sentences to find out the literal and non-literal meaning of the metaphor.The findings of the analysis reveal that there were eighteens data of meaning in metaphors found by researcher. The researcher expected the next researchers to do the analysis on metaphors with other object of research. The researcher also expected the next researchers to identify metaphors with different relevant theories.
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Widiarti, Rini. "Analisis Penerjemahan Metafora: Studi Kasus Metafora Dalam Novel Yukiguni Karya Kawabata Yasunari Dan Terjemahannya Daerah Salju Oleh Ajip Rosidi." Lingua Cultura 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2011): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v5i2.388.
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This study aims to describe the form of metaphorical translation of the source language (SL), Japanese, into the target language (TL), Indonesian, as well as the equivalences in TL. The study also explains any the translation procedures used by the translator to get a natural translation so that the metaphor contained in the target text is able to give the same impression with the original text. Data were collected from the work of Kawabata Yasunari “Yukiguni” Novel and the translation "Daerah Salju" by Ajip Rosidi. Metaphor data were obtained by recognizing the collocation incompatibility of that the referent of a word des not match common sense. The results found are TL metaphors are translated in two forms of metaphor and non metaphor. Forms of non-metaphor are divided into simile and non-figurative expression. The results showed that procedure of modulation translation plays an important role to convey the meaning of TL, especially about viewpoint changes and explicit indication. Viewpoint changes occur on metaphorical imagery while explicit indication occurs at similarity points. Transposition procedure is not only used to generate a natural translation in terms of language but also to divert the message from SL to TL. Noted equvalences are widely used by translators to explain the concept of Japanese culture.
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Ļaučuka, Aleksandra. "Models for Translation of Idioms: Aspects of Deficit." Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, no. 26 (November 23, 2022): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2022.26.277.
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This article aims to conceptualize the models of phraseological translation based on the theory of linguistic deficit. These models were constructed in the framework of research on the phraseological unit deficit in fiction translated from French into Latvian. The models are based on the properties of idioms and therefore are universal rather than language-specific. The research was conducted on a parallel corpus of 927 phraseological units and their corresponding translations. The models of phraseological translation reflect properties of idioms that were lost or preserved in translation. There are four such properties – polylexicality, stability, figurative meaning, and imagery. Mathematical combinatorics furnishes 16 possible models, but when linguistic limitations are considered, only 11 models are productive. Using the methods of semantic analysis and statistics, the comparative frequencies of translation models and types of translatory decisions were generalized. Despite the fact that, according to the results of the study, the highest-deficit equivalents are the most frequent (46.4%), the data show that even in a pair of remotely related languages, the potential for having full or almost deficit-free phraseological equivalents is significant (34.7%). The conclusion also highlights ways to minimize the translation deficit through more extensive use of borrowings, collocations, metaphors, and co-creation methods. The proposed models present an exhaustive classification that describes the possible translatory solutions and deficit combinations and helps to better understand the deficit patterns in translated fiction.
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Nasimah Abdullah. "The Importance of Collocation in Translating Arabic Metaphorical Connotations into Malay." global journal al thaqafah 11, no. 1 (July 31, 2021): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7187/gjat072021-9.
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While the modern linguistic studies emphasizes the importance of an understanding of the collocation in order to achieve non-violation of the rules of language use by the community, the translation studies concern with the roles of collocation in ensuring a precise translation. Collocation is regarded as one of the crucial parts in translating metaphorical connotations as it captures the meaning that transcends its literal translation and it cannot be quoted literally otherwise it will spoil the intended meaning. This study aims to highlight the importance of collocation in achieving an exact translation especially in translating the Arabic metaphorical connotations into the Malay language based on semantic equivalence between the source and target text to the closest possible to the meaning of the original Arabic text. This study employs descriptive and analytical methods. Based on the examples, the study concludes the need of taking into account the role of collocation in the translation of the Arabic metaphorical connotation to the Malay language in order to achieve the precise translation as well as to determine the semantic equivalence. Therefore, this research suggests that the translator should choose the correct combination of words in the target language so that he does not come out with a correlation that is incompatible with the nature of the target language.
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Kordić, Ljubica. "Metaphoric Use of Denotations for Colours in the Language of Law." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 58, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2019-0019.
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Abstract In many papers dealing with the stylistic features of legal texts, metaphor is highlighted as a stylistic figure often used in the language of law. On a daily basis we can witness the frequent use of metaphoric collocations like soft laws, hard laws, silent partner, hedge funds, etc. In this paper, the author analyses the use of denotations for colours as constituent parts of metaphoric collocations in the language of law. The analysis is conducted by using a comparative approach to examples extracted by means of computer technology from international bills and conventions available online. In the main part of the paper, examples are classified by using a colour denotation as the main criterion for the classification. After that, the examples are compared with corresponding expressions used in German and Croatian. Taking into account the main principle of the Skopos translation theory that differences between cultures strongly influence the translation process, the hypothesis of this research is that in many cases there will be no lexical equivalence between collocations with colour denotation in three languages. Due to the fact that international bills and conventions build the corpus of the research, and that the English language has become the lingua franca of international communication, it can be expected that some metaphoric terms and collocations would be literally translated from English. Conclusions drawn from the comparative analysis of legal collocations containing denotations for colours can be interesting to lawyers and LSP teachers in the field of law. In this sense, results of the research can contribute to motivational aspects of teaching Legal English and Legal German.
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Cheng, Yanqin. "The Metaphorical Use of Collocations: A Corpus-Based Study." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 3 (April 6, 2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n3p107.
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The meanings of collocations, which have been accepted as an abstraction at the syntagmatic level, may have been defined by the way human beings conceptualize the world. The patterns in the use of the English word “contain” are summarized using the British National Corpus and an attempt is made to use conceptual metaphors to interpret how these patterns came into being and how they could have derived from human beings’ earliest bodily experience in the physical world. Such insight into English collocations may help improve the teaching of collocations to EFL learners.
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Šeškauskienė, Inesa, Virginija Masiulionytė, and Birutė Ryvitytė. "Humour and the creative powers of language, or when sentiments turn into centiments." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 8 (January 16, 2017): 213–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2016.17512.
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Humour is part of human communication and can serve as an effective means for making contact, finding a way out of an embarrassing situation, or mitigating different political and social tensions. However, not all humans are born capable of generating and processing humour and it remains an open question whether it is possible to learn and develop this ability. Therefore, a sense of humour, but not an *ability of humour, would be a frequent collocation in many languages. Cognitive linguists claim that collocations are not accidental as combinability patterns point to certain conceptualisation processes in the expression of meaning. The cognitive linguistic viewpoint that humour is based on a mismatch, or incongruity, between ideas, otherwise referred to as frame shifting, is adopted as a prerequisite for producing humour in this paper.The focus of this paper is the expression of verbal humour dealing with the introduction of the euro in Lithuania in 2015. Verbal humour is created by employing different linguistic resources: sounds, spelling, word building models, homonymy and polysemy, word combinations and other syntactic structures and larger chunks of texts or discourse. The investigation is based on the main theories of humour: the Semantic Script Theory and the Superiority Theory developed by Attardo (1994) and Raskin (1985). The empirical material consists of 89 cases of verbal humour found in posts and comments in personal profiles and pages on Facebook and in reader comments following different articles in popular news portals written from September 2014 to February 2015. The paper attempts to describe linguistic means contributing to the construction of humour as well as to identify the shifts between frames involved in generating the humorous effect. The results of the investigation suggest that most humorous comments bear content-related political implications, shifting between the frames of the loss of national currency perceived either as the loss of stability or as the loss of national identity and the frame of positive expectations due to the greater integration into the EU. The techniques used to construct humour include wordplay based on sound combinations, similar spelling, non-standard spelling, and code-switching involving English and Russian. An especially productive technique was the construction of existing or non-existing words by code-mixing and the use of metaphor and metonymy. Larger chunks of text also employ intertextuality, parody, switching between registers and different types of echoing.
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Рамирес Родригес, Пабло. "Phraseological translation of specialized speech: contrastive analysis of sports press in Russian and Spanish." Филология: научные исследования, no. 3 (March 2022): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2022.3.35626.
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This article discusses one of the most relevant topics from the point of view of translation: collocations in the sports press. The reason why this field was chosen is due to the great interest of linguists to include new words in dictionaries due to the influence of other areas of the language and the spread of sports in society. The result of the observed processes is that even native speakers of the Russian language find it difficult to read and understand sports news, and for foreigners interested in sports, these features of the sports press may present insurmountable difficulties, since the actual sports vocabulary is present in textbooks and dictionaries is limited. The analyzed corpus does not have the representative power inherent in large national and parallel corpora, however, this study has revealed several interesting phenomena and outlined ways to further study sports discourse: further study of collocations and productive models based on the material of large Russian and Spanish language corpora, Yandex search engines, blogs and other lexicographic online tools is of undoubted interest. In the process of assimilation of collocations, difficulties arise, since stable phrases are always difficult and impossible to predict. During the study, we saw that usually the components of combinations in one language do not coincide with other languages, since there is an influence on the language of the culture in which their own use of metaphors manifests itself. The compilation of multilingual educational dictionaries and the identification of productive collocation models can significantly expand the field of mastering the Russian language by foreigners and develop skills in predicting the meanings of unfamiliar words and collocations when getting acquainted with different types of discourse.
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Kaczmarczyk, Beata. "Kolokacje leksemu wojna w dziejach języka polskiego. Analiza semantyczna." Oblicza Komunikacji 8 (August 10, 2018): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-5345.8.2.
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The paper presents collocations of the noun wojna ‘war’ from the diachronic perspective. Gathered from historical dictionaries of the Polish language, the collocations amply illustrate four different meanings of the lexeme: ‘conflict’, ‘fight’, ‘military expedition’ and ‘army’. In respect of grammar, the collocations with verbs decidedly predominate, adequately reflecting the dynamic nature of war and a metaphorical way of its representation as the elements of fire and storm, the manner recorded by the collocations with nouns as well. A vast repertoire of the collocations documents beginning, waging and ending of war. Various parameters of war, such as time, space, strategy, are described by the collocations with adjectives, which also linguistically reflect emotions determined by war and bear testimony to its values from a relative point of view. Many of the collocations are characterized by considerable durability, therefore they have been preserved in the contemporary language.
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Safi'i, Imam, Wini Tarmini, and Deyana Wanda Aulia. "Metaphor in Hamka’s Biography Novel: A Semiotic Study." Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal 3, no. 1 (March 22, 2022): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rielsj.v3i1.387.
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This study aimed to describe language symbols having wider meaning, metaphoric meaning, and socio-cultural background of HAMKA’s biography novel. The method used was descriptive qualitative. Findings of this study showed that the language symbols consisted of: ikon, indek, and simbol; aspect of meaning consisted of conceptual and metaphoric meaning. Metaphoric meaning was reflected in rethorical utterance. Out of 18 rethotical utterances, there were 12 rhetorical utterances which contained klimaks, Antithesis, Apostrof, Seruan, Hiperbola, Litotes, Simile, Metonimi, Ironi, Paradoks, Personifikasi, and Pertanyaan Retoris. Based on analysis, metaphoric and rhetorical meaning showed socio-cultural background of society which tended to reveal personal interpretation and subjective feeling indirectly.
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Wahyuningtyas, Dwi. "MULTIWORD-LEXIS AND NON LITERAL USES FOUND IN THE GUARDIAN ARTICLE." Jurnal Bahasa Lingua Scientia 14, no. 1 (June 8, 2022): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21274/ls.2022.14.1.41-55.
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In mastering vocabulary, language learners often face some challenges, one of which is the occurrences of multiword-lexis and non-literal uses that consist of polysemy, collocation, phrasal verb, idiom, metaphor, and metonymy. This paper will then analyse multiword-lexis and non-literal uses found in a newspaper, the Guardian. Descriptive qualitative research design was employed in this research. The findings showed that there are two (2) occurrences of polysemy, fifteen (15) occurrences of collocation, nine (9) occurrences of phrasal verb, three (3) occurrences of idiom, two (2) occurrences of metaphor, and two (2) occurrences of metonymy with the total thirty three (39) occurrences. The occurrences of non-literal meaning can be grouped into idiom, metaphor, and metonymy.
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Molina-Plaza, Silvia. "Maritime figurative and literal multiword terms in the ESP classroom: A blueprint." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 9 (April 6, 2017): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v2i9.1097.
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The aim of this paper is two-fold: a) look into the socio-cultural background of the most common twenty five sub-technical multiword naval units in a pilot corpus of 250,000 words, some of them metaphorical & metonymic expressions (Kovecses, 2002; Wray 2002); b) study ten of these metaphorical units in their contexts of production (EU maritime discourse, textbooks and http://www.sailingscuttlebutt.com/news/04/ras/. Multiword units have been chosen with WORDSMITH TOOLS, regarding frequency of use a key factor. The conclusions point out that these multiword units are highly productive in oral and written maritime discourse and worthy of investigation. They reveal that both denotative (in terminological collocations) and evaluative meanings may be embedded in lexical-semantic structures. The lexicographical description of these collocations in learner’s dictionaries available in Maritime English ends with the recognition that development of collocations seems necessary if we are to witness some further progress for ESL learners in productive mode.Â
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Dunn, Jonathan. "How linguistic structure influences and helps to predict metaphoric meaning." Cognitive Linguistics 24, no. 1 (January 28, 2013): 33–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2013-0002.
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AbstractThis paper argues that two properties of the linguistic structure of an utterance influence and partially determine whether the utterance has a metaphoric meaning that results in a stable interpretation: (i) degree of metaphoricity and (ii) degree of metaphoric saturation. A majority of metaphoric utterances in a corpus study (66%) were unsaturated, low metaphoricity utterances that behave as expected by Max Black and the cognitive linguistics paradigm. However, a significant minority (34%) of the metaphoric utterances were saturated or high metaphoricity utterances that behave partially as expected by Donald Davidson and others working in his tradition. This suggests that the direct and indirect interpretation views of metaphor are not incompatible but apply to different sub-groups of metaphoric utterances. The paper then constructs a model of metaphoric meaning that makes falsifiable predictions about the interpretations of metaphoric utterances in order to provide further evidence that unsaturated, low metaphoricity utterances have stable interpretations. This research provides both converging evidence for the cognitive linguistic view of metaphor and also a framework for limiting its scope to most, but not all, metaphoric utterances.
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Jaafarigohar, Manochehr, and Mohsen Nazari. "Teaching lexical chunks on retention and production of referential and collocational meaning of lexis among the Iranian EFL learners." Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 5, no. 1 (November 17, 2015): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v5i0.41.
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This study focuses on the role of collocations in language teaching. Due to vagueness in definition and categorization, the collocations are being divided into two types: referential collocations meaning being recognizable by just referring to single word companies, and inferential collocations being the types that the meaning cannot be easily discerned by non-native speakers of English. This study compares these two types of collocations and found that learners had more difficulty in producing the collocations while contrary to some studies they also do not recognize the inferential or referential collocations and face difficulty recognizing or producing them. Keywords: collocation, inferential, referential.
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Li, Shuguang, and Klaus-Uwe Panther. "‘Author (date)’ constructions in academic discourse." English Text Construction 7, no. 2 (November 3, 2014): 215–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.7.2.03li.
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This article elucidates the semantics and pragmatics of a genre-specific nominal pattern with a definite referring function, the ‘Author (date)’ construction, which is widely used in scientific discourse. We investigate the conceptual structure and pragmatic use of this construction in terms of conceptual metonymy and conceptual metaphor theory. The construction exhibits three senses: a literal ‘author’, a metonymic ‘work’, and a metaphorized ‘human agent’ sense (personification). Contextual factors that enable, coerce, or preempt the occurrence of these meanings are identified by means of various grammatical and semantic-pragmatic parameters, such as number agreement, anaphoric constraints, and the meaning of verbs collocating with the construction. Finally, the implications of our theoretical findings for the teaching and learning of academic discourse are considered. Keywords: conceptual metonymy; conceptual metaphor; genre-specific construction; personification; teaching and learning of academic discourse
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Nafilaturif'ah, Nafilaturif'ah, and Mohamad Irham Poluwa. "SEMANTIC PROSODY AND PREFERENCE OF “HEALTHY” AND “UNHEALTHY” COLLOCATIONS IN COVID-19 CORPUS." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v5i2.4480.
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This study is conducted in order to know the collocations of ‘healthy’ and ‘unhealthy’ as well as to explore the lexical meaning of those collocations. Corpus-based approach is employed in this study since the sole source of the data is the corpus data. Qualitative research method is used in order to find the hypotheses from the corpus data which is taken from Sketch Engine. The results demonstrate that the collocations of two node words are dissimilar in the categorization. ‘healthy’ node word indicates that three major semantic preferences are associated with it - human, animal, disease. On the contrary, the semantic preferences of ‘unhealthy’ node word are diverse. Thus, the classification is based on the meaning of the collocations. The collocations with negative meaning occur more frequently than those with positive meaning. It is due to the fact that they use the prefixes –in and –un which create the opposite meaning of the original word. Therefore, the negative semantic prosody is more frequently found the two node words – ‘healthy’ and ‘unhealthy’.
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Obeidat, Adham, and Tengku Sepora Binti Mahadi. "The English Translation of Idiomatic Collocations in The Noble Quran: Problem and Solutions." Issues in Language Studies 9, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ils.2246.2020.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the ability of translators to translate idiomatic collocations in Quranic text. Quranic collocations have the features of containing figurative or idiomatic meaning that is different from the literal meaning of the components. It is a rhetorical feature that distinguishes Quranic ones. The methodology of this study is descriptive-qualitative. An interpretive analysis is used to examine the data. The authors rely on Baker’s (1992) model which indicates that cultural-specific collocations constitute a problem in translation. The findings of the study show that not all translators were aware of the idiomatic meaning of collocations. This non-awareness results in the inability, by some translators, to translate such collocations equivalently. The study also reveals that literal translation is not a functional strategy to translate idiomatic collocations. Therefore, translators should support their translations by a functional strategy. The findings of the present study have pedagogical implications for the translators in general, translators of Quranic texts and translation students and teachers. Such findings present an essential resource for researchers of Quranic translations, idiomatic meaning of the Quran and problems of Quranic translation between Arabic and English.
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Kövecses, Zoltán. "Metaphoric Conceptual Pathways." Cognitive Semantics 7, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-07010003.
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Abstract When we are engaged in metaphorical conceptualization online, we create and comprehend a metaphorical contextual meaning through an expression with a more basic, literal meaning. How does this process happen? I cannot answer this question as a psychologist or psycholinguist would; I attempt to answer it from the perspective of a cognitive linguist, and ask: What are the specific figurative devices (metaphors and metonymies) that the process requires in an act of metaphorical conceptualization? I propose that there is not a single device on a single level of conceptualization but several such devices on several levels participating in every act of metaphor use. Furthermore, I suggest that the participating devices constitute conceptual hierarchies that are different for correlation-based and resemblance-based metaphors. I call such hierarchies of figurative devices “metaphoric conceptual pathways.” Finally, I contend that these conceptual pathways emerge in and are shaped by several different context types.
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Wang, Chen, and Jingjing Yang. "Revisiting the Explicit Learning of Vocabulary of Chinese EFL Learners." English Language Teaching 13, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n2p86.
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This study intends to find out how the retention of new vocabulary items could be affected by the item type (collocations versus single words), association strength between collocates and the collocate-node relationship. 101 Chinese EFL learners encountered the new items in paired-associate format. Participants were assigned to three groups: learning two types of collocations with high association strength, learning two types of collocations with low association strength, and learning new items in single words. The results show that learning new items in collocations yielded better retention of receptive and productive knowledge of meaning than in single words. Collocations with greater association strength also led to better retention of meaning. Different item types and associate strength has little effect on the retention of form.
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Belyutin, Roman. "Sports Fans’ Discourse: Metaphors They Live by (Based on M. Andrack’s «Lebenslänglich Fußball. Vom Wahnsinn, Fan zu sein»)." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 4 (52) (December 16, 2020): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-52-4-127-136.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of sports fans’ discourse which is an important part of sports communication. This discourse is examined in the light of the cognitive metaphor as an object for world cognition and modelling. The research is based on one of the most popular works of the new genre (fan
diary) – the book written by M. Andrack, a journalist, writer and TV presenter who has a status of an experienced football fan apart from his vocation. Research methods comprise cognitive and discourse analysis, modelling, classification,
distributional analysis applied to reveal collocations of certain lexemes. On the basis of the results of the empirical analysis, the article reveals metaphoric representations of key concepts in fans’ subculture built round «rooting »; metaphors having a common reference source (religion, magic, theatre, vehicles, medicine, erotic art, gender, etc.) are united into bigger groups – metaphoric models. The work demonstrates classic and specific (via precedent facts of life and intradiscourse import of concepts) variants for conceptualization of reality by football fans through the metaphoric reference system.
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Ibrahim, Omnia Ahmed Abdelwanis, and Majdi Ibrahim. "Translating Collocation Between Arabic And English: An Analytical Study Of The Translation Of Arabic Novel “Men In The Sun”." global journal al thaqafah 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7187/gjat122018-11.
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This study aims at addressing methods of translating collocations by analyzing a set of collocations selected from the Arabic novel “Men in the Sun” by Ghassan Kanfani and comparing them with their English translation by Hilary Kilpatrick, in order to identify how successful the English translation is in transmitting the Arabic collocations and their meanings and to identify the various methods in translating them. To achieve the objective of the study, ten (10) collocations have been selected, five (5) nominal and five (5) verbal to be analyzed and studied based on the grammatical structure model constructed and introduced by Hassan Ghazalah. The study indicates that the translator’s methods were diversified between those that preserve the meaning as well as the original Arabic grammatical structure, the methods that preserve the meaning without the original grammatical structure, the methods that partially transmit the meaning of the original collocation and other methods that ignore the meaning completely.
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Tay, Dennis, and Robert A. Neimeyer. "Making meaning with metaphor in grief therapy." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 8, no. 1 (September 8, 2021): 152–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00070.tay.
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Abstract Metaphors play an important role in contemporary approaches to grief therapy by helping clients (re)construe their continuing relationship with the deceased. Relevant studies have illustrated the substantive elements of metaphors (i.e. sources, targets, and mappings) in this regard, often focusing on localized bursts of intense metaphoric activity. This paper highlights the extended nature of metaphoric conceptualizations and their relationship with key meaning-making processes, following the principle of ‘correspondent analysis’ as a collaborative move between language analysts and therapy practitioners. Three specific phenomena are detailed through a mixed methods analysis of 18 motivated segments in a single session of grief therapy: (i) sporadic sources, (ii) persistent sources, and (iii) metaphor ‘chaining’ across embodied and verbal activity. Their respective links to treatment objectives and processes demonstrate how metaphor theoretic constructs dovetail with therapeutic work, and suggest future avenues for modeling unfolding metaphoric activity as a time series.
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Patekar, Jakob, and Nataša Košuta. "Croatian EFL learners’ collocational competence: Congruent and incongruent collocations." Training, Language and Culture 6, no. 3 (September 22, 2022): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2521-442x-2022-6-3-9-31.
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The paper describes Croatian EFL learners’ collocational competence with regard to congruent and incongruent collocations. Congruent collocations are those which express the same meaning in both languages with similar lexical components, whereby a direct translation from L1 into L2 produces an appropriate collocation. On the other hand, incongruent collocations use different lexical components in the two languages to express the same meaning and a direct translation from L1 into L2 most likely produces an error. Based on this difference between the two types of collocations, the hypothesis is that participants would be more successful in producing congruent as opposed to incongruent collocations due to a positive crosslinguistic influence. To test the hypothesis, 175 Croatian high school students at different year levels (ages 15-18) were tested by using a 22-item task in which they were asked to translate collocations from L1 Croatian into L2 English. The results show that students were more successful in producing congruent than incongruent collocations, and their collocational competence grew with year level and the number of foreign languages spoken.
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Guskova, Antonina P. "Color Description in Language and Culture (based on Russian-Hungarian dictionaries)." Finno-Ugric World 11, no. 2 (September 18, 2019): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.011.2019.02.136-142.
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Introduction. Color description comparative analysis might be identified as an important research path of the contemporary language science. The article introduces the methods of Russian-Hungarian vocabulary color description including metaphorical semantics of the color. Due to the vastness of their use in intercultural communication, the relevance of the research is indisputable. It is also due to the interest of linguistics to the problem of the reflection of national culture in the semantics of color terms as a means of lexicographical fixation. The new areas in the work is the identification of the corpus of secondary color terms recorded in dictionaries, the selection of national-specific elements of color terms in the connotative aspects of semantics. Materials and Methods. The material for comparing categories of colors was the color names with the secondary meaning of color from the Russian-Hungarian dictionaries that were not studied in the linguistics. Comparative analysis helped to find the number of the color items, to investigate the correlation and to re-build the system of color to compare the color description in Russian and Hungarian languages. The work has been compiled from Russian-Hungarian dictionaries by Khadrovich & Galdi, Russian-Hungarian dictionaryby Galdi & Uzoni, which contain authoritative lexis and graphical sources as well as grammatical and stylistic commentary on each article. Results and Discussion. The research results in the common corpora of the color items found in Russian-Hungarian dictionaries (single-base words, complex-base words, collocations and idioms). Conclusion. The definition of the color items of color-marking vocabulary in Russian-Hungarian dictionaries showed the primary effect of general language mechanisms, which reflects the adequacy of the lexical color designation systems of the Russian and Hungarian languages. The general properties of color terms in these languages are manifested in their systemic organization, ability to develop polysemy, while national specificity is manifested in the features of color-marking vocabulary. In case of discrepancy or absence of color terms in one of the languages, the compilers of dictionaries resorted to various methods of compensating for the expression of color. The development of compensatory means in the absence of color names in the target language also constitutes the national specificity of the color designation system.
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Nagy, Tünde. "Words That Go Together: Teaching Collocations in the EFL Classroom." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2019-0015.
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Abstract Using the right collocations in a foreign language is often a challenge for language learners who may not be familiar with their use and characteristics. After presenting the types of collocations and the importance they have in the acquisition of a foreign language, the paper draws attention to the necessity of raising students’ awareness of collocations, and at the same time it reflects on possible ways of teaching them. Focusing especially on verb-noun collocations, the paper examines the learning materials used in the EFL classes at Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Miercurea Ciuc, with special regard to the exercises on these constructions. In line with construction grammar theories (Goldberg 1995, 1997, 2006), it is assumed that collocations are to be treated as constructions, pairings of form and meaning, including patterns with different degrees of predictability. Collocations, consisting of both predictable (e. g. read a book, blue sky) and non-predictable forms (e. g. run a program, safe and sound) can be more easily remembered if regarded as constructions where all the constituent elements contribute to the meaning of the construction as a whole (but whose meaning is more than the sum of the constituent elements). In order to gain a better understanding of collocations, the use of electronic corpora and electronic databases as well as additional materials on collocations that would complement the language materials used in class is highly encouraged. By making use of these resources, students can see examples of everyday language use and become more aware of the use of collocations as well as the similarities and differences between them in different languages.
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Tompkins, Connie A. "Knowledge and Strategies for Processing Lexical Metaphor after Right or Left Hemisphere Brain Damage." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 33, no. 2 (June 1990): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3302.307.
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This study was designed to assess how unilateral right hemisphere brain damage (RHD) affects the knowledge and processing of metaphoric aspects of word meaning. Ambiguous adjectives that could convey either a metaphoric or a literal meaning were used as target words in auditory lexical decision tasks. Targets were preceded by primes that were valid (related to the target’s metaphoric or literal meaning), neutral, or unrelated. Prime-target pairs were presented in two attention conditions, designed to favor either relatively automatic or relatively effortful mental processing, and reaction time data were gathered. RHD stroke patients performed similarly to left-brain-damaged and normal control subjects in the automatic condition, and when provided with specific processing strategies, indicating that they retained some knowledge of metaphoric word meanings. When left to glean strategies for themselves, however, both brain-damaged groups had difficulty. These results and others from the RHD literature are discussed in terms of attentional resource capacity and attentional allocation models.
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Kotzé, Ben. "Why Metaphors have no Meaning: Considering Metaphoric Meaning in Davidson." South African Journal of Philosophy 20, no. 3-4 (January 2001): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajpem.v20i4.31329.
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Haroutunian, Gohar. "On the Problem of Implicitness in Metaphoric Similes." Armenian Folia Anglistika 3, no. 1 (3) (April 16, 2007): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2007.3.1.048.
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Based on the general conceptual content and the speaker’s intention, signs can acquire an additional communicative function. Their inherent semantic applications can be interpreted only at the metasemiotic level. Metaphoric means of expression are of special significance in terms of pragmatic analysis which makes it possible to penetrate into the imaginary world of the author and perceive the metaphoric meaning of the speech. The article attempts to disclose the inherent semantic shades which are expressed through an unusual combination of speech signs and study the mechanisms and principles contributing to the perception and interpretation of their metaphoric meaning.
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Bokus, Barbara, and Tomasz Garstka. "Toward a Shared Metaphoric Meaning in Children's Discourse: The Role of Argumentation." Polish Psychological Bulletin 40, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s10059-009-0014-2.
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Toward a Shared Metaphoric Meaning in Children's Discourse: The Role of Argumentation The text deals with the phenomenon of understanding and interpreting metaphoric expressions in children. Of the many metaphoric figures, one type was selected: the ‘so-called’ psychological-physical metaphors that illuminate a psychological experience by appealing to an event in the physical domain. The data consist of children's discussions in pairs, in which they make a joint interpretation of metaphors including a dual-function adjective, e.g., a hard person, a sweet person, an empty person. A hundred and forty-four dialogues between peer dyads were recorded from three age groups (48 dialogues from each group): 6;6-7;6, 8;6-9;6, and 10;6-11;6. The children's task was to prepare an interpretation of metaphorical expressions for two television quiz shows, one for peers and one for young preschoolers. The research design was balanced for age, gender, and order of metaphoric interpretation in the two experimental variants. Following Quignard's model (2005), we analyzed children's argumentation as a particular case of dialogical problem solving, whereby children had to understand the metaphoric meaning and convey it to the potential addressee. The results show an interesting dynamic in the argumentative orientation of the pro and the contra type, depending on the age of interlocutors. The frequency of metaphoric interpretations in opposition to those presented by the partner decreases with the children's age, but the frequency of compound proposals with the use of the partner's contribution increases. For the younger addressee, children most frequently interpret metaphors as descriptions of magical situations.
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Kilina, L. F., and O. S. Rusanova. "STABLE COLLOCATIONS WITH THE COMPONENT CHINITI IN THE RUSSIAN CHARTERS OF THE XIII-XVII CENTURIES." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 31, no. 3 (July 13, 2021): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2021-31-3-429-437.
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The article discusses various definitions of the term stability, as well as criteria for identifying stable collocations, and analyzes the features of using stable collocations with the verb chiniti in the texts of old Russian charters, presented in the Russian National corpus. It was discovered that the stable collocations, contained in the charters, were used to fix various official situations, the most frequent among them were situations of committing an action that doesn`t meet the standards (disputes, disagreements, rudeness, violence, cruelty, damage, harassment, oppression). It is determined that most of the analyzed stable collocations are not used in modern Russian language. It is concluded that the verb chiniti used to have a generalized meaning and wide compatibility, the meaning was concretized over time, and the verb was used only to indicate an action that deviates from normative behavior.
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Clarke, Brett H. "“It Was and It Was Not”: Metaphoric Tension in Psychoanalysis." Psychoanalytic Review 109, no. 2 (June 2022): 121–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/prev.2022.109.2.121.
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The author endeavors to reassess how metaphor functions psychoanalytically by distinguishing it from more inclusive conceptualizations of symbolism and metaphor, and from the idea of metaphor as a primary cognitive structure. The author adapts aspects of Ricoeur's metaphor theory, and explores metaphor as organized around tensions of similarity and difference, and of something “being and not-being” simultaneously. Such a model anchors metaphoric meaning in the subject's capacity for metaphoric experience and its relation to unrealized unconscious meaning. The author suggests that this perspective on metaphor—which connects it experientially to mature transitional experience, sublimation, play, and mourning—helps us understand how metaphoric experience functions as our most potent agent of intrapsychic change.