Relevant bibliographies by topics / Metals

Academic literature on the topic 'Metals'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Metals"

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Liekytė, Aistė, Raimondas Leopoldas Idzelis, and Nijolė Kazlauskienė. "RESEARCH INTO THE EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS AND THEIR BINARY MIXTURE ON THE CARDIO-RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF FISH LARVAE / SUNKIŲJŲ METALŲ IR JŲ BINARINIO MIŠINIO POVEIKIO ŽUVŲ KARDIORESPIRACINEI SISTEMAI ANKSTYVOJOJE ONTOGENEZĖJE TYRIMAI." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 3, no. 5 (December 19, 2011): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2011.083.

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This article investigates toxic effects of heavy metals (Ni, Cu) and their binary mixture (Ni+Cu) on the cardio-respiratory system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae depending on the type of metal, metal concentration and the duration of their exposure. The one-day larvae of rainbow trout were exposed to Ni (0,1; 0,2 mg/l, respectively), Cu (0,25; 0;5 mg/l, respectively) and their binary mixture. During long-term exposure (30 days), the physiological parameters of larvae, e.g. heart rate (counts/min), gill ventilation frequency (counts/min) after 5, 10 and 20 days of exposure were recorded. During experimental studies, the effects of heavy metals and their binary mixture on the heart rate and gill ventilation frequency of rainbow trout larvae depending on the type of metal, their concentrations and exposure duration were determined. Consequently, comparative studies on toxic effects of heavy metals and their binary mixture on the cardio-respiratory system of rainbow trout larvae showed that the binary mixture was more toxic to larvae than to single metals. Santrauka Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamas sunkiųjų metalų (Ni, Cu) ir jų binarinio mišinio (Ni + Cu) toksinis poveikis vaivorykštinio upėtakio (Oncorhynchus mykiss) lervų kardiorespiracinei sistemai, priklausomai nuo veikiamo metalo rūšies, metalų koncentracijos ir ekspozicijos trukmės. Vaivorykštinio upėtakio vienadienės lervos buvo veikiamos Ni (0,1; 0,2 mg/l), Cu (0,25; 0,5 mg/l) ir jų binariniu mišiniu. Ilgalaikio tyrimo metu (30 parų) buvo registruojami lervų fiziologiniai rodikliai – širdies ir kvėpavimo dažniai (krt./min.) po 5, 10 ir 20 parų ekspozicijos. Atlikus eksperimentinius tyrimus, nustatytas sunkiųjų metalų ir jų binarinio mišinio poveikis vaivorykštinio upėtakio lervų širdies ir kvėpavimo dažniams, priklausomai nuo veikiamo metalo rūšies, koncentracijos ir ekspozicijos trukmės. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad atskirų sunkiųjų metalų (Ni, Cu) poveikis lervų kardiorespiracinei sistemai silpnesnis, nei veikiant metalų binariniu mišiniu.
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Laurinaitis, Domas, and Aušra Zigmontienė. "RESEARCH ANALYSIS OF VERMICOMPOST INFLUENCE ON BIOACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN COMMON MEADOW-GRASS (POA PRATENSIS) / VERMIKOMPOSTO ĮTAKOS SUNKIŲJŲ METALŲ BIOAKUMULIACIJAI PIEVINĖJE MIGLĖJE (POA PRATENSIS) TYRIMŲ ANALIZĖ." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 8, no. 4 (October 24, 2016): 376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2016.953.

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The more intensive growth of agricultural crops adding mineral fertilizers, environmental pollution make the soil degraded: reduce the fertility of soil, increase the concentration of heavy metals. Especially dangerous is a common, synergistic effect of heavy metals. Vermicompost optimizes pH, texture and organic material content – the soil indicators, which are the major contributors to migration of heavy metals in the soil and to the plants from it. In the article there is an investigation of vermicompost influence on bioaccumulation of heavy metals in common meadow-grass. After experimental research it is determined that immobilization of heavy metals was the best in soil-vermicompost substrate, prepared in a ratio 1:2. The cadmium (Cd) concentrations were lowest and the difference of HM content determined between roots and shoots was the most in biomass grown up in that mixture. In the underground part of plant the concentration equal to 11.10 mg/kg and in the part of above ground – 1.05 mg/kg. The situation of lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) is analogous. This is the optimal ratio of mixture preparation. Intensyvesnis žemės ūkio kultūrų auginimas, tręšiant mineralinėmis trąšomis, aplinkos tarša nualina dirvožemį: sumažėja dirvožemio derlingumas, didėja sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos. Ypač pavojingas bendras, sinergetinis sunkiųjų metalų poveikis. Vermikompostas optimizuoja dirvožemio pH, granuliometrinę sudėtį, organinės medžiagos kiekį – rodiklius, nuo kurių labiausiai priklauso sunkiųjų metalų migracija dirvožemyje ir iš jo į augalus. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama vermikomposto įtaka sunkiųjų metalų bioakumuliacijai pievinėje miglėje. Atlikus eksperimentinį tyrimą nustatyta, kad geriausiai sunkiuosius metalus „surakino“ dirvožemio-vermikomposto substratas, paruoštas santykiu 1:2. Tame mišinyje užaugintoje biomasėje kadmio (Cd) koncentracijos buvo mažiausios, o skirtumas tarp SM kiekio nustatyto šaknyse ir ūgliuose didžiausias. Požeminėje augalo dalyje koncentracija lygi 11,10 mg/kg, o antžeminėje – 1,05 mg/kg. Švino (Pb) ir vario (Cu) atvejais situacija yra analogiška. Tai optimalus mišinio ruošimo santykis.
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Birgėlaitė, Rūta, Vaidotas Valskys, and Gytautas Ignatavičius. "USE OF SAPROPEL FOR REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS FROM SOLUTION / SILICINIO SAPROPELIO NAUDOJIMAS SUNKIESIEMS METALAMS ŠALINTI IŠ TIRPALO." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 8, no. 4 (October 24, 2016): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2016.946.

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Abundant resources, natural and organic material – sapropel containing a multitude of different chemical elements has a great potential to be used in different areas, but for now these rich resources are not widely used because of different chemical composition of sapropel research is very few. The article deals with silicon sapropel as a sorbent is able to absorb heavy metals from the solution depending on the time and the concentration of heavy metals in the solution. The sorption studies of heavy metal concentrations were measured in dry sapropel sample using Thermo Scientific Niton® XL2 series of X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XPS). Also, the heavy metal concentrations in solution were measured by atomic absorption spectrometer AAnalyst 200 (AAS). Get sapropel sorption capacity results are analyzed through absorption capacity curves and Matala ion removal efficiency curves. Also, comparing the results with the initial concentration of heavy metals sapropel and foreign authors used sorbent properties. After thorough research sapropel sorption capacity can be added to the knowledge of sapropel properties utilization. Gausūs natūralios organinės medžiagos – sapropelio, kurio sudėtyje yra daug įvairių cheminių elementų, – ištekliai turi didelį potencialą būti panaudoti įvairiose srityse. Šiuo metu šie gausūs ištekliai nėra plačiai naudojami, nes atlikta labai nedaug sapropelio įvairios cheminės sudėties tyrimų. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama silicinio sapropelio kaip sorbento geba sorbuoti sunkiuosius metalus iš tirpalo, priklausomai nuo laiko ir sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos tirpale. Atlikus sorbcijos tyrimus, sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos matuotos sausame sapropelio mėginyje, naudojant Thermo Scientific Niton® XL2 serijos rentgeno spindulių fluorescencinį spektrometrą (RFS). Taip pat sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos matuotos tirpale naudojant atominės absorbcijos spektrometrą AAnalyst 200 (AAS). AAS tyrimus atliko atestuota UAB „Vilniaus vandenys“ geriamojo vandens laboratorija. Gauti sapropelio sorbcinės talpos tyrimų rezultatai analizuojami sudarant adsorbcinės talpos kreives bei metalo jonų pašalinimo efektyvumo kreives. Taip pat rezultatai buvo palyginti su pradine sunkiųjų metalų koncentracija sapropelyje ir užsienio autorių naudotų sorbentų sorbcinėmis savybėmis. Atlikus tyrimus gautas 97,4 % sorbento-sapropelio pašalinimo efektyvumas sorbuojant šviną ir 97,24 % sorbuojant cinką. Tyrimų rezultatų paklaida patikrinta lyginant išmatuotą sorbento talpą su apskaičiuotąja. Švino adsorbcinės talpos paklaida siekia 4–9 mg/kg, o cinko 1–14 mg/kg.
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Idzelis, Raimondas Leopoldas, Vytautas Kesminas, Gintaras Svecevičius, and Vaidas Misius. "ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS (CU, ZN, NI, CR, PB, CD) IN TISSUES OF PERCH (PERCA FLUVIATILIS L.) AND ROACH RUTILUS RUTILUS (L.) UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS/SUNKIŲJŲ METALŲ (CU, ZN, NI, CR, PB, CD) KAUPIMASIS EŠERIO PERCA FLUVIATILIS L. IR KUOJOS RUTILUS АККУМУЛЯЦИЯ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ (CU, ZN, NI, CR, PB, CD) В ТКАНЯХ ОКУНЯ PERCA FLUVIATILIS L. И ПЛОТВЫ RUTILLUS RUTILLUS L. В ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 16, no. 4 (December 31, 2008): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-6897.2008.16.205-212.

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The paper analyses the effects of heavy metals on freshwater fishes. From the point of view of pollution caused by heavy metals, the condition of ecosystems in Lithuania is yet less affected by heavy metals compared to that the world over. Fishes accumulate heavy metals selectively. Fishes mostly accumulate Pb, Cr, Cd. Our experiments showed that MPC (Maximum Permitted Concentration) (0.2 mg/kg) of lead was exceeded 1.6 time in the muscles of perch, and 1.4 time ‐ in the muscles of roach. The MPC (0.05 mg/kg) of cadmium was exceeded 1.2 time in the muscles of perch and roach. It was determined that perch accumulate heavy metals more intensively than roach. Heavy metals accumulate in fishes: liver > muscle> gills. As heavy metals are considered to be one of the most harmful water pollutants, there is a great need for a constant ecological monitoring and reduction of their amounts released into the environment. According to long‐term research data, the MPC in fishes is exceeded only slightly. This confirms a good condition of aquatic ecosystems in Lithuania. Santrauka Įvertintas sunkiųjų metalų pasiskirstymas gėlavandenių žuvų audiniuose monitoringiniuose vandens telkiniuose, taip pat ir kuojų bei ešerių, paveiktų sunkiųjų metalų didžiausiomis leidžiamosiomis koncentracijomis (DLK), audiniuose. Eksperimentiniai tyrimai atlikti su Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, kurių kiekvienas pasižymi kancerogeniniu mutageniniu poveikiu. Nustatyta, kad švino DLK (0,2 mg/kg) buvo viršyta ešerių raumenyse 1,6 karto, o kuojų – 1,4 karto. Kadmio DLK (0,05 mg/kg) ešerių ir kuojų raumenyse buvo viršyta apie 1,2 karto. Taip pat nustatyta, kad ešeriai sunkiuosius metalus kaupia intensyviau nei kuojos. Eksperimentiniai duomenys sutampa su sunkiųjų metalų tyrimų monitoringiniuose vandens telkiniuose duomenimis. Žuvų audiniuose Pb ir Cd koncentracijos yra didžiausios ir dažnai viršija Lietuvos higienos normoje nurodytąją DLK. Tokie rezultatai įpareigoja nuolat kontroliuoti sunkiųjų metalų kiekį žuvyse. Rezultatai pateikiami sunkiųjų metalų sklaidos pasiskirstymo grafikuose. Резюме Представлены данные по распределению тяжелых металлов в тканях пресноводных рыб в мониторинговых водоемах, а также результаты, полученные путем воздействия тяжелых металлов в предельно допустимых концентрациях (ПДК) на окуня и плотву. В экспериментальных исследованиях применялись металлы Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, оказывающие на живые организмы воздействие мутагенного и канцерогенного характера. Установлено, что концентрация Cd в тканях окуня превышала ПДК (0,2 мг/кг) в 1,6 раза, а в тканях плотвы – в 1,4 раза. Концентрация Cd в тканях тех же рыб превышала ПДК (0,05 мг/кг) примерно в 1,2 раза. Также установлено, что окунь аккумулирует тяжелые металлы интенсивнее плотвы. Экспериментальные данные совпадают с данными, полученными в мониторинговых водоемах. Установлено также, что концентрация Pb и Cd в тканях рыб зачастую превышает ПДК. Полученные результаты обязывают постоянно контролировать уровень тяжелых металлов в тканях рыб.
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Khirnyi, V. F. "Electron gas pressure in pure metals and metal superconductors." Functional materials 23, no. 3 (September 27, 2016): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm23.03.364.

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SASAKI, G., K. MASTUGI, and O. YANAGISAWA. "MMC-03: Anodic Bonding and its Interfacial Reaction between Metals and Ionic Conductor(MMC-I: METALS AND METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES)." Proceedings of the JSME Materials and Processing Conference (M&P) 2005 (2005): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeintmp.2005.4_5.

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Pečkytė, Julija, and Edita Baltrėnaitė. "ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS LEACHING FROM (BIO)CHAR OBTAINED FROM INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE SLUDGE / IŠ GAMYBINIO NUOTEKŲ DUMBLO PAGAMINTOS BIOANGLIES SUNKIŲJŲ METALŲ IŠPLOVIMO ĮVERTINIMAS." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 7, no. 4 (September 29, 2015): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2015.811.

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Biochar can be produced from many various feedstock including biomass residues such as straw, branches, sawdust and other agricultural and forestry waste. One of the alternatives is to obtain biochar from industrial sewage sludge, however, the use of such a product could be limited due to high quantities of heavy metals in the biochar as a product. Total concentration of heavy metals provides only limited information on the behavior of heavy metals, therefore, batch leaching and up-flow percolation leaching tests were applied to study the leaching of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu) from (bio)char produced from two types of sewage sludge: from paper mill and leather industries. Bioanglis gali būti gaminama iš daugelio įvairių pramonės žaliavų, įskaitant biomasės liekanas, pavyzdžiui, šiaudus, šakas, pjuvenas ir kitas žemės ūkio ir miškininkystės atliekas. Viena iš alternatyvų – bioanglį gaminti iš pramonės nuotekų dumblo, tačiau tokį produktą galima naudoti ribotai dėl jame esančio didelio sunkiųjų metalų kiekio. Iš bendrosios sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos tyrimų galima tik ribotai spręsti apie sunkiųjų metalų pasiskirstymą, todėl buvo taikomi du tyrimai: tyrimas, perkoliuojant atliekas vienakrypte srove, bei dvipakopis partijos (tyrinio) tyrimas siekiant išanalizuoti sunkiųjų metalų (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu) išplovimą iš bioanglies, pagamintos iš dviejų rūšių nuotekų dumblo: popieriaus gamybos ir odos pramonės.
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Froes, F. H. "Metals and Metals Processing." JOM 39, no. 11 (November 1987): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03257533.

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Shaiek, Moez, Noureddine Zaaboub, Deniz Ayas, Maria Virgínia Alves Martins, and Mohamed Salah Romdhane. "CRABS AS BIOINDICATORS OF TRACE ELEMENT ACCUMULATION IN MEDITERRANEAN LAGOON (BIZERTE LAGOON, TUNISIA) / CARANGUEJOS USADOS COMO BIOINDICADORES DE ACUMULAÇÃO DE METAIS NUMA LAGUNA MEDITERRÂNEA (LAGUNA DE BIZERTE, TUNÍSIA)." Journal of Sedimentary Environments 3, no. 1 (February 25, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/jse.2018.32950.

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Nine crab species samples, males and females, were collected after homogeneously prospection of sediment surface of Bizerte Lagoon. Crabs were caught by dip net from Bizerte Lagoon during spring 2012. Concentrations of metals (Zn, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) were evaluated in the carapace and muscle tissue of crabs and in surface sediment samples. Concentrations of metals accumulated in the benthic crabs tissues were compared to the reactive metals content that constitute the bioavailable fraction of the sediments. Total organic carbon and carbonate contents were also determined, since they are principal requirements associated with crab development.Results of this work indicate that, in the study area, the metals that reach the highest concentrations in the sediments-water interface are by decreasing order Zn, Cr and Pb. The reactive concentrations of these metals are also the highest. However, the trace elements that are being accumulated in the carapace and muscle of crabs are mainly As and Cu.Continental waters flowing into the Bizerte Lagoon are the main source and the principal cause of the enrichment of trace elements in sediment. Results highlight that the reactive concentrations of metals in sediments were the principal cause of their bioaccumulation in the crabs tissues.The important results of this work highlight that cabs can be very useful on studies of monitoring and evaluation of environmental quality in addition to data obtained from the sediment as they also give information about the bioaccumulation of metals through the oceanic food webs. ResumoNove amostras de espécies de caranguejos, machos e fêmeas, foram coletadas na superfície do sedimento da Laguna de Bizerte. Os caranguejos foram capturados com uma rede na Laguna de Bizerte, na primavera de 2012. Foram avaliadas nas carapaças e no tecido muscular dos caranguejos e em amostras de sedimentos superficiais, concentrações de metais (Zn, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb e Zn). As concentrações de metais acumuladas nos tecidos de caranguejos bênticos foram comparadas com o teor de metais reativos que constituem a fração biodisponível dos sedimentos. Os teores totais de carbono orgânico e carbonato também foram determinados, uma vez que são requisitos principais associados ao desenvolvimento dos caranguejos.Os resultados deste trabalho indicam que, na área de estudo, os metais que atingem as maiores concentrações na interface sedimentos-água são, por ordem decrescente, Zn, Cr e Pb. As concentrações reativas desses metais também são as mais elevadas. No entanto, os metais que estão sendo acumulados nas carapaças e nos músculos dos caranguejos são principalmente As e Cu. As águas continentais que desembocam na Laguna Bizerte são a principal fonte e a principal causa do enriquecimento de metais nos sedimentos. Os resultados sugerem que as concentrações reativas de metais nos sedimentos foram a principal causa de sua bioacumulação nos tecidos dos caranguejos.Os resultados deste trabalho revelam que para além dos dados sedimentológicos, os caranguejos podem ser muito úteis em estudos de monitoramento e avaliação da qualidade ambiental, pois fornecem informações sobre a bioacumulação de metais através das cadeias alimentares oceânicas.
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Rajfur, Małgorzata. "Algae - Heavy Metals Biosorbent / Glony - Biosorbent Metali Ciężkich." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0002.

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Abstract The publication is a synthetic collection of information on the sorption properties of marine and freshwater algae. Kinetics and sorption equilibrium of heavy metals in algae-solution system, influence of abiotic factors on the process of sorption and desorption of analytes from biomass are discussed. In paper the results of laboratory tests conducted using different species and types of algae, which purpose was to assess their usefulness as natural sorbents, are described. The conclusions drawn from current research confirm the results from literature.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metals"

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Silva, Marcio Wagner da. "Efeitos da adição de metais básicos aos catalisadores à base de Pd e Ru para a hidrodescloração do pentaclorofenol." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266936.

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Orientadores: Antonio José Gomez Cobo, Antonio Guerrero Ruiz
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T07:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MarcioWagnerda_D.pdf: 2089172 bytes, checksum: f1cfbcb71bbf10a37c5a4215dbf395c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: Alguns compostos organoclorados são motivo de grande preocupação, em razão da elevada toxicidade e persistência, tanto no meio ambiente quanto em organismos vivos. Dentre tais compostos, encontra-se o pentaclorofenol, utilizado para a conservação de madeira e na proteção de lavouras. Uma das tecnologias mais promissoras para o tratamento dessa classe de compostos tóxicos é a hidrodescloração catalítica, através da qual é possível recuperar a matéria-prima utilizada na síntese do contaminante. Embora diferentes catalisadores possam ser utilizados nesta reação, destacam-se os sólidos à base de Pd e Ru, notadamente devido à maior atividade catalítica. No entanto, os elevados preços destes metais nobres podem aumentar significativamente os custos do processo. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar os efeitos da presença dos metais básicos Fe e Ni em catalisadores à base de Pd e Ru, destinados à hidrodescloração do pentaclorofenol em fase líquida. Para tanto, catalisadores monometálicos e bimetálicos, suportados em alumina (Al2O3) ou titânia (TiO2), foram preparados a partir dos precursores clorados, através do método de co-impregnação a seco. Os sólidos obtidos foram caracterizados por meio das técnicas de adsorção de N2 (método BET), microscopia eletrônica de varredura com espectrometria de energia dispersiva de raios-X (MEV-EDX), espectroscopia fotoeletrônica de raios-X (XPS), redução à temperatura programada (TPR) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). A hidrodescloração do pentaclorofenol foi conduzida num reator Parr® do tipo "slurry", à temperatura de 383 K e sob pressão de H2 de 0,5 MPa. Na reação de interesse, a adição de Ni ao catalisador de Ru/TiO2 diminui a atividade catalítica, porém mantém a elevada seletividade de cicloexanol, possibilitando, portanto, uma diminuição do custo do catalisador, sem perda de seletividade. Já para o catalisador de Pd/TiO2, a presença de Ni também diminui a atividade catalítica, assim como observado no caso do catalisador de Ru/TiO2, mas verifica-se uma diminuição da seletividade de fenol. Por sua vez, a adição de Fe ao catalisador de Pd/TiO2 tem pouca influência sobre a atividade e a seletividade, possibilitando, assim, uma significativa diminuição do custo do catalisador, sem prejuízo do desempenho catalítico. Os comportamentos catalíticos observados são analisados e interpretados à luz dos resultados obtidos através das caracterizações dos sólidos, assim como das informações disponíveis na literatura
Abstract: Some organic chlorine compounds are of great concern, because of high toxicity and persistence, both the environment and in living organisms. Among these compounds, is the pentachlorophenol, which is used to Wood conservation and for the protection of crops. A very promising technology to treating this class of toxic compounds is the catalytic hydrodechlorination, through which it is possible the recovery of raw material used in the synthesis of the contaminant. Although various catalysts may be used in this reaction, we highlight the solids Pd and Ru, mainly due to higher catalytic activity. However, the high prices of these noble etals can increase significantly the process costs. In this context, the objective of this work is to study the effects of base metals addition, Fe and Ni, in the catalysts based on Pd and Ru, for the pentachlorophenol hydrodechlorination in liquid phase. For this, monometallic and bimetallic catalysts, supported in alumina (Al2O3) or titanium oxide (TiO2), were prepared from chlorinated precursors by the incipient impregnation method. The obtained solids were characterized by techniques of N2 adsorption (BET method), scanning electronic microscopy with X-ray spectrometry analysis (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and transmission electronic microscopy. The pentachlorophenol hydrodechlorination was carried out in a "slurry" Parr® reactor, at the temperature of 373 K under the hydrogen pressure of 0,5 MPa. In the interest reaction, the addition of Ni to the Ru/TiO2 catalysts reduces the catalytic activity, but the high cyclohexanol selectivity is maintained, enabling thus, decrease the catalyst cost, without loss of selectivity. To the Pd/TiO2 catalyst, the i presence reduce the catalytic activity, like to the observed to the Ru/TiO2 case, but is verified the decreasing of phenol selectivity. In turn, the Fe addition to the Pd/TiO2 catalyst has little influence on the activity and selectivity, leading thus to a significant decrease in the catalyst cost, without prejudice to the catalytic performance. The observed catalytic behaviors are analyzed and interpreted based in the results obtained through the characterization of solids, as well as information available in the literature
Doutorado
Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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2

Nowicki, Timothy. "Statistical model prediction of fatigue life for diffusion bonded Inconel 600 /." Online version of thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/7984.

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3

Clegg, Richard Edward. "Liquid-metal embrittlement of metals and alloys." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260608.

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Bernard, William J. "The continuous rheoconversion process Scale-up and optimization." Link to electronic thesis, 2005. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-082305-102150/.

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Zwigl, Peter 1963. "Transformation-superplasticity of metals and metal matrix composites." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49665.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-162).
The work covers transformation superplasticity of metals, alloys and metal matrix composites. Fundamental studies of transformation superplasticity in unreinforced metals, which either deform plastically or by creep, form the basis of further investigations in metal matrix composites. Experiments and analytical modeling are complemented by numerical analysis. The transformation superplastic behavior is related to microstructure and chemical composition. Based on an existing linear theory, a non-linear model is developed and applied to the experimental data. Numerical methods are used to model the stress-, strain and temperature evolution during the phase transformation. The results are in good agreement with the experiment and analytical predictions. First, transformation superplasticity of iron and iron-TiC composites is demonstrated with strains of 450% and 230% respectively. The reduction of the transformation superplasticity in the composites is attributed to the dissolution of TiC in iron and effect which is shown for iron-carbon alloys. Effects of transient primary creep, ratchetting and partial transformation through the ferrite-austenite phase field are examined. Second, transformation superplasticity of zirconium is demonstrated for the first time with a strain of 270% without fracture. Partial transformation resulting from high cycle frequencies is analyzed and related to material properties and cycle characteristics. Finally, nickel aluminide with unstabilized zirconia particulates shows significant higher strain rates upon thermal cycling as compared to the unreinforced matrix. Although, the fracture strain of 23% is below the superplastic limit, the composite shows a high strain rate sensitivity of m = 0.71, which is a necessary characteristic of transformation superplasticity.
by Peter Zwigl.
Ph.D.
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6

Mendonça, Marília Assunção. "Reator contínuo com leito de lodo biológico anaeróbio para a remoção de íons metálicos em solução aquosa /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/142849.

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Orientador: Roberto Alves Oliveira
Coorientador: Allynson Takehiro Fujita
Banca: Mariana Carina Frigieri
Banca: Luciano dos Santos Rodrigues
Resumo: Reatores contínuos com leito de lodo biológico anaeróbio, in natura e seco em estufa, foram utilizados para a remoção de metais (Cu+2, Mn+2 e Zn+2) em solução aquosa. Com o lodo in natura avaliou-se o efeito conjunto da bioacumulação e biossorção; e com o lodo seco em estufa o efeito exclusivo da biossorção. Foram utilizadas baixas concentrações de Cu+2, Mn+2 e Zn+2 (0,01 a 5,00 mg L-1), tendo em vista que para a ocorrência de bioacumulação devem ser mantidas condições não tóxicas para os micro-organismos. Portanto, os resultados poderão ser aplicados para o pós-tratamento de efluentes com concentrações remanescentes desses metais, que necessitem de polimento para a disposição final, atendendo aos limites legais de qualidade de água do corpo receptor. Os lodos utilizados foram coletados de reatores anaeróbios horizontal (RAH) e de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB) utilizados no tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura. A temperatura foi controlada a 20°C em todos os ensaios. Foram avaliadas vazões de 5, 10 e 15 mL min-1, valores de pH 4,0 e 6,0 e concentrações de 0,01, 0,5 e 1,0 mg L-1 de Cu2+ e Mn2+, e de 0,05; 2,5 e 5,0 mg L-1 de Zn2+. O pH ótimo para a remoção de Mn2+ e Zn2+ foi 4,0 e para o Cu2+ não foi verificada diferença. A maior eficiência foi encontrada quando utilizou-se os menores valores de concentração e fluxo para os três biossorventes avaliados. Foi verificado que os valores de concentração de metais utilizados demonstraram não serem tóxicos para... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Continuous reactors with anaerobic biological sludge bed, in nature and dry in an oven, were used for removal of metals (Cu+2, Mn+2 and Zn+2 ) in aqueous solution. With the sludge in natura it was evaluated the combined effect of bioaccumulation and biosorption; and the dry sludge in greenhouse sole effect of biosorption. It was used lower concentrations of Cu+2, Mn+2 and Zn+2 (0.01 to 5.00 mg L -1 ), considering that for bioaccumulation occurring should be kept non-toxic conditions for the micro-organisms. Therefore, the results can be applied to the posttreatment of effluents with remaining concentrations of these metals, which require polishing to final disposal, meeting the legal limits of quality of the receiving water body. The used sludges were collected from horizontal anaerobic reactors (RAH) and ascendant upflow sludge blanket (UASB) used in the treatment of swine wastewater. The temperature was controlled at 20°C in all tests. It was analyzed outputs of 5, 10 and 15 ml min-1, pH values 4.0 and 6.0 and concentrations of 0.01, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L- 1 Cu+2 and Mn+2, and 0.05; 2.5 and 5.0 mg L -1 Zn+2 . The optimum pH for the removal of Mn+2 and Zn+2 was 4.0 and the Cu+2 it was not verified difference. The highest efficiency was found when it was used the lowest values of concentration and flux for all three reviews biosorbents. It has been found that the metals concentration values used proved not to be toxic to cells of microorganisms present in the sludge in nature,... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Malas, James C. "Methodology for design and control of thermomechanical processes." Ohio : Ohio University, 1991. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1173324636.

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Miljana, Prica. "Efekti primene različitih postupaka remedijacije na imobilizaciju teških metala u sedimentu." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2009. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=73282&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Predmet izučavanja ove disertacije, osim poređenja različitih metoda procene rizika na osnovu karakterizacije kvaliteta sedimenta vodotokova Vojvodine, bilo je i ispitivanje mogućnosti imobilizacije teških metalau sedimentu primenom različitih remedijacionih tehnika kao i određivanje njihove efikasnosti (npr. solidifikacija/stabilizacija silikatnim materijalima, portland cementom, kalcijum-oksidom itd.) u zavisnosti od brojnih faktora. Osim pseudo-ukupnog sadržaja metala određene su i specifičnije frakcije metala sa posebnimosvrtom na određivanje potencijalno biodostupnih frakcija.Rezultati su ukazali da je naosnovu holandskih preporuka sediment pojedinih vodotokova Vojvodine (Begej, DTD-kanal,Nadela, Sava-Šabac) zagađen metalima (klasa 4) i da je neohodno izmuljivanje i remedijacija. Prema USEPA i kanadskim preporukama, neki uzorci su potencijalno toksični, ali nije zabeležena akutna toksičnost za test vrste u pornoj vodi. Za neke uzorke, i pored visoke pseudo-ukupne koncentracije (klasa 4), nije potvrđena potencijalna toksičnost na osnovu odnosa kiselog volatilnog sulfida i simultano ekstrahovanih metala. Dok se ne primene skuplje metode remedijacije i tretmana sedimenta, najbolje rešenje je izolovano skladištenje na specijalnim  deponijama. Naredni koraci bi trebali da budu usresređeni na kontrolu i sprečavanje zagađenja kako bi se obezbedilo da revitalizacija ovih vodotoka ima trajni pozitivan uticaj na životnu sredinu i nesmetanu i bezbednu plovidbu, kao i na primenu određenih remedijacionih metoda. Poređenje rezultata koji su dobijeni različitim procenama kvaliteta sedimenta pokazalo je da ponekad nije dovoljan jedan pristup i da je potrebno je uključiti metode procene biodostupnosti, biotestove i aspekt radioaktivnosti. U uzorku sedimenta koji je korišćen za ispitivanje efikasnosti remedijacionih tretmana, pokazano je da cink, nikal i olovo imaju visok rizik po okolinu, jer seprocenat metala u izmenljivoj i karbonatnoj fazi kretao od 40.1 do 45.2%. Cr i Cd imaju umeren rizik, dok je bakar prisutan u ovim frakcijama u koncentraciji koja predviđa nizak rizik (5.3%). Ovo je u skladu i sa rezultatima analize porne vode i simultano ekstrahovanih metala i kiselog volatilnog sulfida.Istraživanje prikazano u radu je dalo odgovor na pitanje da li remedijacija može uspešno da ukloni zagađenje, u smislu imobilizacije metala u stanje kada oni više neće biti opasnost po okolinu. Svi primenjeni tretmani doveli su dosmanjenja procenta kumulativno izluženih metala iz S/S smeša, ali nijedna smeša tretiranog sedimenta i ispitivanih imobilizacionih agenasa ne pripada grupi inertnog otpada ukoliko se kumulativne izlužene koncentracije metala porede sa koncentracijama koje za otpad propisuje Evropska Unija (2003/33/EC). Ukoliko nam je cilj dobijanje nehazardnog otpada onda moramo primeniti u tretmanu sedimenta kontaminiranog metalima najmanje 30% imobilizaconih agenasa (cementa, kalcijum-oksida). Najveća efikasnost u imobilizaciji metala postignuta je korišćenjem cementa i kalcijum-oksida u smeši (30% cementa i 10% kalcijum-oksida) i primenom termičkog tretmana na višoj temperaturi (11000C) sa glinom (20% gline) što je zaključeno na osnovu koeficijenata difuzije i indeksa izlužljivosti. Dominantan mehanizam izluživanjametala iz ovih smeša je difuzija.
This work is concerned with the comparison of the different methods of metal risk assessment in sediments based on examination of the qualityof water courses in Vojvodina. Besides, it deals with the possibility of applying remediation treatments of contaminated sediment and with the efficiency of the different methods, that is the techniques, for immobilization of sediment heavy metals by applying S/S and thermal treatments. A dominant mechanism is proposed for the process of leaching ofthe metals from treated mixtures.Comparison of the results obtained by the different methods of sediment quality assessment showed that in some cases one approach to solving this problem is not  sufficient. Metal concentrations in particular sediment samples (the Begej, the DTD Canal, the Nadela, the Sava at Šabac) indicate the presence of contamination, the analyzed samples being of Class 4. According to the Dutch regulations, a sedimentof  Class 4 is of unacceptable quality and requires urgent intervention in the sense of sediment dredging, disposal into special depots, and, if possible, remediation. For some samples, despite a high pseudo-total concentration (Class 4), no potential toxicity was confirmed onthe basis of the ratioof the acidic volatile sulfide and simultaneously extracted metals. The results showed that, apart from chemical analyses, biological tests are also necessary, but also sequential extraction analysis, which can more clearly define the way of metal binding to the particular sediment fractions, to allow a more reliable prediction of metal mobility, potential toxicity and bioavailability. In the analysis of sediment quality it is also necessary toinclude the aspect of radioactivity, as it has been shown that the results of this analysis can, not only confirm some of the results of the other analyses, but also indicate the sediment age, origin of contamination and potential toxicity.The subsequent steps should be directed to the control and prevention of contamination, in order to ensure that the water course reviatalization has a lasting positive effect on the environment, an unimpared and safe navigation and application of remediation methods.In the sediment sample (Class 4) that was usedfor the examination of the efficiency of it appeared that zinc, nickel and lead exhibit a high risk, as the percentages of these metals in the exchangeable and carbonate phases were in the range from 40.1  to 45.2%. On the other hand, chromium and cadmium exhibited a moderaterisk, whereas copperin these fractions was present at the levels corresponding to a low risk (5.3%). This is alsoin agreement with the results of pore water analysis and simultaneously extracted metals and acid volatile sulphide examinations.The investigations presented in this work provided an answer to the question whetehr the remediation can successfully remove the contamination in the sense of the immobilization of metals in a state that will not be harmful tothe environment. All the treatments applied yielded a decrease of the percentage of cumulatively leached metals from the S/S mixtures, but none of the mixtures of treated sediments with the tested immobilization agents belongs to the group of inert materials if the cumulative leached concentrations are compared with the concntrations for the wastes given by the EU legislation (2003/33/EC). Ifthe goal is to obtain a non-hazardous material it is necessary to treat the contaminatedsediment with at least 30% of the immobilizing agent (cement or calcium oxide). Based on the diffusion coefficients and leachability index, the highest immobilization efficiency was achieved using a mixture of cement and calcium oxide (30% of cement and 10% of CaO) and by applying thermal treatment at a higher temperature (11000C) with clay (20%). A dominant mechanism of leaching metals from these mixtures is diffusion.
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9

Clark, Amy Louise. "Mechanisms of metal binding and resistance to toxic metals in bacteria from soils polluted with toxic metals." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341456.

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Sekhula, Koena Sinah. "Heavy metal ion resistance and bioremediation capacities of bacterial strains isolated from an Antimony Mine." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/139.

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Thesis (M.Sc.) -- University of Limpopo, 2005
Six aerobic bacterial strains [GM 10(1), GM 10 (2), GM 14, GM 15, GM 16 and GM 17] were isolated from an antimony mine in South Africa. Heavy-metal resistance and biosorptive capacities of the isolates were studied. Three of the isolates (GM 15, GM 16 and GM 17) showed different degrees of resistance to antimony and arsenic oxyanions in TYG media. The most resistant isolate GM 16 showed 90 % resistance, followed by GM 17 showing 60 % resistance and GM 15 was least resistant showing 58 % resistance to 80 mM arsenate (AsO4 3-). GM 15 also showed 90 % resistance whereas isolates GM 16 and GM 17 showed 80 % and 45 % resistance respectively to 20 mM antimonate (SbO4 3-). Arsenite (AsO2 -) was the most toxic oxyanion to all the isolates. Media composition influenced the degrees of resistance of the isolates to some divalent metal ions (Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+). Higher resistances were found in MH than in TYG media. All the isolates could tolerate up to 5 mM of the divalent metal ions in MH media, but in TYG media, they could only survive at concentrations below 1 mM. Also, from the toxicity studies, high MICs were observed in MH media than TRIS-buffered mineral salt media. Zn2+ was the most tolerated metal by all the isolates while Co2+ was toxic to the isolates. The biosorptive capacities of the isolates were studied in MH medium containing different concentrations of the metal ions, and the residual metal ions were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. GM 16 was effective in the removal of Cu2+ and Cd2+ from the contaminated medium. It was capable of removing 65 % of Cu2+ and 48 % of Cd2+ when the initial concentrations were 100 mg/l, whereas GM 15 was found to be effective in the biosorption of Ni2+ from the aqueous solutions. It was capable of removing 44 % of Ni2+ when the initial concentration was 50 mg/l. GM 17 could only remove 20 % of Cu2+ or Cd2+. These observations indicated that GM 16 could be used for bioremediation of xvi Cu2+ and Cd2+ ions from Cu2+ and Cd2+-contaminated aqueous environment, whereas GM 15 could be used for bioremediation of Ni2+.
National Research Foundation and the University of the North Research Unit
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Books on the topic "Metals"

1

Goldmann, A., ed. Noble Metals, Noble Metal Halides and Nonmagnetic Transition Metals. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b72681.

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Clair, Claiborne C., Winfrey Martin C, and Thebus Bill, eds. Metals. Buffalo Grove, IL: Schoolcraft Pub., 1992.

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Walker, Denise. Metals and non-metals. London: Evans, 2007.

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Ryan, Lawrie. Metals and non-metals. Harlow: Longman, 1996.

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International Conference on Cellular Metals and Metal Foaming Technology (2001 Bremen, Germany). Cellular metals and metal foaming technology. Edited by Banhart John 1958-, Ashby M. F, and Fleck N. A. Bremen, Germany: Verlag MIT, 2001.

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de, Boer F. R., ed. Cohesion in metals: Transition metal alloys. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1988.

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Morris, Neil. Metals. Mankato, Minn: Smart Apple Media, 2011.

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Oxlade, Chris. Metals. Chicago: Heinemann Library, 2002.

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McDowell, Julie. Metals. New York: Chelsea House, 2008.

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Canada, Canada Industry. Metals. Ottawa, Ont: Industry Canada, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Metals"

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Prentø, P. "Metals and Metal Salts." In Theory and Strategy in Histochemistry, 223–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73742-8_17.

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Bircher, Andreas J. "Metal Allergy: Other Metals." In Metal Allergy, 467–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58503-1_35.

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Dunbar, W. Scott, and Jocelyn Fraser. "A Closer Relationship with Our Metals." In Heavy Metal, 127–36. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0373.13.

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The existence and availability of metals is taken for granted by most people. However, these perceptions will be challenged as global metal demand increases due to economic development, and supplies are threatened by dwindling geological reserves and shifting geopolitics. Alternative sources and methods of supply must be developed if we are to meet anticipated needs for metals, including those required for the transition to renewable energy systems. The ideal goal is a circular economy, where recycling and reuse of metal-containing products keep these resources available to the economy as long as possible. At the same time, innovation within the existing global metal supply system can provide new access to metal sources and opportunities for improved recovery of metals along the supply chain. The key is to open new points of entry into the metal supply system, identify and remove barriers, introduce necessary technologies, and organize more efficient business models. This includes the targeting of smaller-scale deposits and the more efficient recovery of metals from waste material at various points along the supply chain. If society were more engaged in such developments, metals could be more efficiently supplied with significant economic benefits to a larger number of individuals.
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Hartman, David E. "Metals." In Critical Issues in Neuropsychology, 79–148. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1849-5_3.

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Serneels, Vincent. "Metals." In Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology, 521–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4409-0_35.

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Fahlman, Bradley D. "Metals." In Materials Chemistry, 157–237. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0693-4_3.

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Julander, Anneli. "Metals." In Quick Guide to Contact Dermatitis, 127–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47714-4_11.

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Eisenbach, Iris. "Metals." In English for Materials Science and Engineering, 25–39. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8348-9955-2_3.

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Pierron, Fabrice, and Michel Grédiac. "Metals." In The Virtual Fields Method, 253–91. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1824-5_7.

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O’Brien, James J. "Metals." In Construction Inspection Handbook, 336–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6017-3_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Metals"

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Loewe, Holger, Wolfgang Ehrfeld, and Joerg Diebel. "Ultraprecision microelectroforming of metals and metal alloys." In Micromachining and Microfabrication, edited by Shih-Chia Chang and Stella W. Pang. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.284494.

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Lash, Ronald J. "The Corrosion Behavior of Metals, Plated Metals, and Metal Coatings in Methanol/Gasoline Fuel Mixtures." In SAE Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/932341.

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Lundgaard, Stefan, Soon Hock Ng, Michael Mazilu, and Saulius Juodkazis. "Black metals." In Micro + Nano Materials, Devices, and Applications 2019, edited by M. Cather Simpson and Saulius Juodkazis. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2541118.

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Tran, Khanh-Quang, M. Kristiina Iisa, Britt-Marie Steenari, Oliver Lindqvist, Magnus Hagstro¨m, and Jan B. C. Pettersson. "Capture of Alkali Metals by Kaolin." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-083.

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Alkali metals present in biomass fuels may cause increased bed agglomeration during fluidized bed combustion. In worst case this may lead to complete defluidization of the bed. Other problems caused by alkali metals include increased fouling and slagging. One possibility to reduce the impact of alkali metals is to add sorbents, e.g. aluminosilicates, to the bed for the capture of alkali metals. In the current investigation, the capture of vapor phase potassium compounds by kaolin was investigated in a fixed bed reactor. The reactor consisted of an alkali metal source placed at a variable temperature from which gaseous potassium compounds were generated, a fixed bed holding the kaolin, and an on-line detector for the alkali metal concentration. The on-line alkali metal detector was based on ionization of alkali metals on hot surfaces and is capable of detecting alkali metals down to ppb levels. This makes it possible to perform experiments at alkali metal concentrations relevant to fluidized bed combustion of biomass fuels. In the experiments, KCl was used as the alkali metal source with inlet concentrations of 0.5–3.5 ppm. The experiments were performed at reactor temperatures of 800–900°C and a contact time of 0.26 s. The capture efficiencies of KCl were always above 97%. The capture efficiency was somewhat higher in oxidizing than in reducing gas atmospheres. In the oxidizing gas atmosphere, the conversion was slightly higher with H2O addition than without. The capture efficiency decreased slightly as temperature or KCl concentration was increased.
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Cance, J. C. "Characterization of 316L Stainless Steel Composite Metal Foam Joined by Solid-State Welding Technique." In Porous Metals and Metallic Foams. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903094-2.

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Abstract. In previous studies, composite metal foams (CMF) have shown exemplary mechanical performance under impact which has made them prime candidates for protection of transported passengers and cargo. [1] Materials utilized in such applications often require joining to form structures and geometries that are far more complex or impossible to produce in an as-manufactured state. Welding methods are popular in the joining of metals with solid-state welding processes such as induction welding being of particular interest in the studies to be discussed. In this study, various thicknesses of 316L stainless steel CMF are manufactured through powder metallurgy technique and welded using Induction Welding. The mechanical properties of the weldments were studied through uniaxial tensile tests while microstructural characterization of the weldment within the joint interface and heat-affected zone (HAZ) are evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The combination of these evaluations grant insight on the effects of various weld parameters (e.g., welding temperature, workpiece thickness, flux, and welding environment) as well as the suitability and restrictions of induction welding in the joining of 316L Stainless Steel CMF.
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Uhlig, M. "Opportunities of Metal Structures in Cooling Systems." In Porous Metals and Metallic Foams. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903094-7.

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Abstract. The growing market of power electronics in the mobility sector leads to an increasing demand for cooling systems. In the project this need to improve performance is to be met by adapting the cooling structure. Depending on the intended application of cooling systems - automotive, railway and aerospace - different requirements are defined for the cooling process resulting in varying conditions for the design. So metallic foam structures are under investigation because of their high inner surface. Two different process lines are most suitable for the aimed application. The production and optimization of galvanized foams seems to be the most lucrative for a low-cost product, while 3D printing is currently only worthwhile for special applications such as aerospace. As a potentially more cost-effective process, which is already being used for small series, investment casting structures are being investigated as an alternative. Depending on the production process chosen, corresponding requirements for structure creation suitable for production apply. Corresponding process adaptations are also taken into consideration. The first optimization step is an analysis of the conventional open cellular metal foam structures using CT. The results of the CT evaluation, together with the empirical data for fluid mechanical and thermal characteristics, are the basis for a later replacement model of the CFD simulation. Besides the Kelvin cell, which is a good geometrical substitute for the conventional structures that copy the Polyurethan master pattern, other cell types are also considered. Alternatively, structures based on mathematical cells e.g. Schwarz P/D, offer the possibility of separating two media to create cross-flow or counter-flow heat exchangers. Regardless of the chosen system, the main task of the investigation is to find an optimum of the relation between pressure drop and heat transfer performance for the corresponding system and to design the cell arrangement in a way that is suitable for manufacturing. This justifies, among other things, the investigation of a minimal surface structure, which at first seems contradictory. Considering the manufacturing process to be defined beforehand, requirements such as self-supporting design (additive process) and free accessibility (electroplating) also play an important role in the structure development. Thus, the goal is still to optimize the cell and web geometry accordingly.
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Mare, Esmari. "Analytical Determination of the Geometrical Properties of Open-Celled Metal Foams Under Compression." In Porous Metals and Metallic Foams. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903094-5.

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Abstract. Several studies in the literature have been devoted to the permeability prediction of metal foams, including that involving the Representative Unit Cell (RUC) model. The RUC modelling approach is an attractive modelling method due to the simple rectangular geometry, as well as its satisfying performance in comparison to other models and experimental data as proven elsewhere in the literature for porous media. The subject of compression of metal foams has been addressed elsewhere in the literature, but this study is the first to involve an all-inclusive analytical model where both streamwise and transverse compression are accounted for. The Darcy and Forchheimer permeability coefficients of the compressed foam (or three-strut) RUC model are presented. Furthermore, a geometric approach requiring measured geometric parameters and a combined geometric-kinetic approach involving measured permeability coefficients are included for determining the specific surface area. Geometric parameters required to determine the permeability and specific surface area predictions using the compressed foam RUC model include the uncompressed porosity, pore dimension and strut diameter, as well as the compression factor. The model is evaluated through comparison with available experimental data and empirical models obtained from the literature for compressed metal foams. The compressed RUC model predictions produce expected tendencies of geometrical parameters of metal foams under compression and the comparison with experimental data reveal satisfactory results.
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Amoafo-Yeboah, N. T. "Surface Emissivity Effect on the Performance of Composite Metal Foam against Torch Fire Environment." In Porous Metals and Metallic Foams. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903094-1.

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Abstract. According to the US Department of Transportation (DOT), there are millions of liters of hazardous materials (HAZMATS) transported each year via railroad. This has translated to stringent safety measures taken to alleviate the effects of accidents involving tank cars carrying these HAZMATs. One of such measures is in the creation of the thermal protection system of tank cars in which the tank car must have sufficient thermal resistance when subjected to a simulated pool fire for 100 mins and a torch fire for 30 mins without its back plate temperature exceeding 427 ºC at any point of time. This requires a suitable material as a thermal blanket and insulation in tank car lining. Steel-steel composite metal foam (S-S CMF) is a novel metal foam with unique properties of high strength to density ratio, lightweight, and high energy absorption. It consists of metallic hollow spheres that are closely packed within a metal matrix. The large percentage of air within the hollow spheres provide both lightweight and insulating effects for CMF. S-S CMF is being investigated using the standard torch fire test requirement to determine its suitability as a material for tank car thermal protection. This is accomplished by developing a numerical model using the Fire dynamics simulator (FDS) as a form of validation for experimental work done. To properly evaluate this, there are various thermal properties of S-S CMF that need to be established for predicting CMF’s thermal response. Surface emissivity has been a challenging property to evaluate and hence this study focuses on developing an experimental and numerical procedure in evaluating this property for composite materials such as CMF. Preliminary data shows an acceptable prediction of emissivity, which will be applied to the FDS model for the torch fire test.
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Chacko, Z. "Thermal Conductivity of Steel-Steel Composite Metal Foam through Computational Modeling." In Porous Metals and Metallic Foams. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903094-3.

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Abstract. Thermal capabilities of Steel-Steel composite metal foam (CMF) against extremely high temperatures using computational methods have been investigated and contrasted with the characteristics of the base bulk steel materials. A physics-based three-dimensional model of CMF was constructed using Finite Element Analysis software for analyzing its thermal conductivity. The model built and analyzed in ANSYS Fluent was based on high temperature guarded-comparative longitudinal heat flow technique. ANSYS Fluent allows for the inclusion of air in the model, which is the main contributor to the low thermal conductivity of CMF compared to its constituent material. The model's viability was checked by comparing the computational and experimental results, which indicated approximately 2% deviation throughout the investigated temperature range. Excellent agreement between the experimental and computational model results shows that the CMF can be first modeled and analyzed using the proposed computational technique for the desired thermal insulation application before manufacturing. Based on the ratios of the matrix to the spheres and the thickness of the sphere walls, CMF can be tailored to the density requirements and then checked for its thermal performance using the model, thereby lowering the cost involved in its manufacturing and thermal characterization experiments.
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Rakesh, M. "Numerical Investigation on Deformation Behavior of Aluminium Foams with in situ Composite Particles." In Porous Metals and Metallic Foams. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903094-6.

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Abstract. Metal foams are cellular solids with high stiffness, high strength and superior energy absorption capacity. In liquid metallurgy, foams are processed by foaming the molten metal with the addition of foaming agents and stabilized by the presence of particles which also strengthen the cell walls. An analysis of the deformation behaviour of foams in the presence of these stabilizing particles is essential to the mechanism of energy absorption. In the present study, the effect of the particle distribution on the deformation behaviour of the closed-cell aluminium foams was investigated using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in Abaqus© software. The experimental data were used to model the distribution of particles in the matrix and the foam model. The simulation results were validated with the experimental results. The uniform distribution of particles in the matrix resulted in lower stress concentration and enhanced the mechanical performance of composite material and the metal foam.
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Reports on the topic "Metals"

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Boyle, D. R. Supergene base metals and precious metals. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/207964.

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2

Allison, S. W., L. C. Rogers, G. Slaughter, F. D. Boensch, R. O. Claus, and M. de Vries. Metals 2000. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10172338.

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Betts, W. S. Metals Design Handbook. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/455553.

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Putnam, Mike, and Pilar Umnuss. Heavy Metals Analyzer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada607339.

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Auxier, John. SRNL Exchange Metals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1804310.

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Calhoun, C. L. Jr, L. E. Nulf, and A. H. Gorin. Sulfur polymer cement encapsulation of RCRA toxic metals and metal oxides. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/161467.

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Franzen, H. F. The metal-rich sulfides and phosphides of the early transition metals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/244545.

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Clausen, Jay, Samuel Beal, Thomas Georgian, Kevin Gardner, Thomas Douglas, and Ashley Mossell. Effects of milling on the metals analysis of soil samples containing metallic residues. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41241.

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Metallic residues are distributed heterogeneously onto small-arms range soils from projectile fragmentation upon impact with a target or berm backstop. Incremental Sampling Methodology (ISM) can address the spatially heterogeneous contamination of surface soils on small-arms ranges, but representative kilogram-sized ISM subsamples are affected by the range of metallic residue particle sizes in the sample. This study compares the precision and concentrations of metals in a small-arms range soil sample processed by a puck mill, ring and puck mill, ball mill, and mortar and pestle prior to analysis. The ball mill, puck mill, and puck and ring mill produced acceptable relative standard deviations of less than 15% for the anthropogenic metals of interest (Lead (Pb), Antimony (Sb), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn)), with the ball mill exhibiting the greatest precision for Pb, Cu, and Zn. Precision by mortar and pestle, without milling, was considerably higher (40% to >100%) for anthropogenic metals. Media anthropogenic metal concentrations varied by more than 40% between milling methods, with the greatest concentrations produced by the puck mill, followed by the puck and ring mill and then the ball mill. Metal concentrations were also dependent on milling time, with concentrations stabilizing for the puck mill by 300 s but still increasing for the ball mill over 20 h. Differences in metal concentrations were not directly related to the surface area of the milled sample. Overall, the tested milling methods were successful in producing reproducible data for soils containing metallic residues. However, the effects of milling type and time on concentrations require consideration in environmental investigations.
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Betts, W. S. Metals technology development plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/713640.

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10

Putnam, Mike. Automated Trace Metals Analyzer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada608400.

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