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Academic literature on the topic 'Metallurgical Techniques'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Metallurgical Techniques"

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Díez, M. A., R. Alvarez, M. Sirgado, and H. Marsh. "Preheating techniques to manufacture metallurgical coke." ISIJ International 31, no. 5 (1991): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.31.449.

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Čapek, Jaroslav, and Dalibor Vojtěch. "Powder Metallurgical Techniques for Fabrication of Biomaterials." Manufacturing Technology 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 964–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/x.2015/a/1213-2489/mt/15/6/964.

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Arruda, Luís Eduardo. "Metallurgical techniques of melting and casting alloys." Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia. Suplemento, supl.2 (December 10, 1997): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2594-5939.revmaesupl.1997.113437.

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Neste trabalho será apresentada uma visão geral da técnica de fundição de metais e da sua evolução em seus pontos básicos. Os dois metais mais importantes para a Arqueologia, o cobre e o ferro, terão seus desenvolvimentos abordados e as peças fundidas no passado, assim como amostras de escória, analisados por outros trabalhos, serão comparados com as propriedades, especialmente de composição química, encontradas nos fundidos atualmente produzidos.
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Phaneuf, Michael W., and Jian Li. "FIB Techniques for Analysis of Metallurgical Specimens." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 524–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760003511x.

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Focused ion beam (FIB) microscopes, the use of which is well established in the semiconductor industry, are rapidly gaining attention in the field of materials science, both as a tool for producing site specific, parallel sided TEM specimens and as a stand alone specimen preparation and imaging tool.Both FIB secondary ion images (FIB SII) and FIB secondary electron images (FIB SEI) contain novel crystallographic and chemical information. The ability to see “orientation contrast” in FIB SEI and to a lesser extent SII is well known for cubic materials and more recently stress-free FIB sectioning combined with FIB imaging have been shown to reveal evidence of plastic deformation in metallic specimens. Particularly in hexagonal metals, FIB orientation contrast is sometimes reduced or eliminated by the FIB sectioning process. We have successfully employed FIB gas assisted etching during FIB sectioning using XeF2 for zirconium alloys and Cl2 for zinc coatings on steels to retain orientation contrast during subsequent imaging.
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Kang, S. H., J. W. Morris, and A. S. Oates. "Metallurgical techniques for more reliable integrated circuits." JOM 51, no. 3 (March 1999): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-999-0021-y.

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Prinz, D., V. Arnhold, Hans Peter Buchkremer, A. Kuhstoss, P. Neumann, and Detlev Stöver. "Graded High-Porous Microfilters by Powder Metallurgical Coating Techniques." Materials Science Forum 308-311 (May 1999): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.308-311.59.

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Rittel, Daniel, and George Faingold. "On the Application of Metallurgical Techniques to Forensic Sciences." Journal of Forensic Sciences 33, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 12452J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs12452j.

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Khan, S. H., Aamer Nusair Khan, and K. Mahmood. "Metallurgical Characterization of Duplex Steel by Non Destructive Techniques." Key Engineering Materials 442 (June 2010): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.442.330.

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This paper describes the application of eddy current and ultrasonic velocity technique for the study of cold rolled duplex steel. Samples are cold rolled up to 80 percent and then tested for X-Ray diffractrometeric analysis, hardness testing, ultrasonic longitudinal velocity and for eddy-current testing. It was observed that eddy current impedance and longitudinal velocity is affected due to variation in micro-structure induced by cold working. It is suggested that eddy current and ultrasonic velocity techniques are useful tools for the characterization of duplex steel during cold working operation.
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Giumlia-Mair, A. "Ancient metallurgical traditions and connections around the caput Adriae." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 45, no. 2 (2009): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0902149g.

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In the last decade several archaeological projects concerning metallurgical tradition and techniques, were carried out on metal finds from various sites around the Northern Adriatic and in the Eastern Alps. The pieces, made of different metals, are dated to various periods, between the Late Bronze Age and Late Antiquity. The results of different kinds of analytical techniques, applied to several hundreds of archaeological metal artefacts from this area, are presented and evaluated in the paper. The different metallurgical techniques and traditions, identified during the researches are illustrated, compared and interpreted. An overview of the available data and of the general trends of ancient metallurgy in this broader area is attempted.
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Nag, Debjani, P. Kopparthi, P. S. Dash, V. K. Saxena, and S. Chandra. "Enrichment of reactive macerals in coal: its characterization and utilization in coke making." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 2 (2018): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2017094.

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Macerals in coal are of different types: reactive and inert. These macerals are differ in their physical and chemical properties. Column flotation method has been used to separate the reactive macerals in a non-coking coal. The enriched coal is then characterized in order to understand the changes in the coking potential by different techniques. It is then used in making of metallurgical coke by proper blending with other coals. Enriched coal enhance the properties of metallurgical coke. This shows a path of utilization of non-coking coal in metallurgical coke making.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metallurgical Techniques"

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Ashcroft, Emma Jane. "Mechanical and metallurgical properties of dissimilar metal joints using novel joining techniques." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2008. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/17350/.

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In recent years there have been significant new developments in welding processes for joining stainless steel and dissimilar metals. This is associated with the rise in interest of using stainless steel in the automotive industry from both car manufacturers and stainless steel producers. The main reason for using stainless steel within the automotive industry is the combination of formability and high strength but also the improved corrosion resistance when compared to zinc coated mild steel. This research explores the mechanical and metallurgical properties of dissimilar metal joining and determines a relationship between the fatigue properties and weld geometry. The research focuses on the relatively unexplored joining techniques of Laser Hybrid Welding and Cold Metal Transfer applied to joining stainless steel grades Hy-Tens 1000 and LDX 2101 to Dogal 260RP-X mild steel. The joints are assessed in terms of tensile, fatigue and metallurgical properties. Experimental results and analysis show that the fatigue properties of both laser hybrid welding and cold metal transfer joints are a linear relationship with a negative gradient to value of the root angle on the mild steel side of the joints, as the angle at the root decreases the fatigue life increases. It was found that when joining the material combinations outlined in this research with Laser Hybrid Welding the resulting solidified weld pool was chemically inhomogeneous. However, welds produced using Cold Metal Transfer resulted in a chemically homogenous weld pool and consistent microhardness. Comparisons with laser welding show that laser hybrid welding and cold metal transfer can produce joints with mechanical properties comparable to welding methods currently being used in the automotive industry, for example, laser welding.
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Swanepoel, Francois. "Estimation of particle size distributions in mineral process systems using acoustic techniques." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51746.

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Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A desire to increase the efficiency of the comminution process in mineral process systems has led to the need of determining the size distribution of ore particles at various stages in the system. The objective of this research is to investigate the feasibility of the use of an acoustic sensor for measuring particle size distribution. The acoustic signal generated when the particles impact on a cantilever bar is analysed using digital signal processing techniques. As rocks fall onto a metal bar, the bar vibrates. The vibrations contain information th a t is extracted to determine the size of particles tha t impacted on the bar. The bar is modelled as a linear system which is excited by impulses (impact of particles). The response of the bar is deconvolved from the acoustic signal to obtain an impulse whose amplitude is proportional to the energy of the impact. In order to improve size estimates, deconvolution is performed using a statistical model of the impulse sequence (Bernoulli-Gaussian) and then estimated using MAP estimation. Size estimates are not only a function of the mass of particles, but also on the exact position of impact on the bar. Since there is always a variation in the position of impact, size estimates are erroneous. It was found that the position of impact can be determined as to reduce variances dramatically. Due to physical sampling in space, the sensor has a bias towards larger particles. We show how this can be represented mathematically and removed. This project is mainly concerned with rocks in the +8-25mm (+0,7-22 gram) size range.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vergruising van erts in die mineraalbedryf verg groot hoeveelhede energie. Daar is ’n behoefte gei'dentifiseer orn hierdie proses meer effektief te maak. Aangesien die effektiwiteit van ’n meul ’n funksie is van die ertsgroottes wat gemaal word, kan partikel grootte inligting aangewend word om effektiwiteit te bevorder. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om die lewensvatbaarheid van ’n akoestiese sensor vir die doel van partikelgrootte estimasie, te ondersoek. Erts partikels wat val vanaf ’n vervoerband op ’n kantelbalk, veroorsaak dat die balk vibreer. Deur hierdie vibrasies te meet en verwerk, kan inligting aangaande partikel grootte verkry word. Die stelsel word gemodelleer as ’n lineere sisteem met impulse as intree. Die geobserveerde sein is die konvolusie tussen die intree impulse en die impulsweergawe van die sisteem. Deur gebruik te maak van ’n statistiese model en MAP-estimasie, word die effek van die sisteem gedekonvuleer vanaf die geobserveerde sein om ’n benadering van die intree impuls sein te verkry. Die amplitudes van die impulse word gebruik as ’n aanduiding van partikel massa. Partikelgroottes soos benader deur die stelsel, is ’n funksie van die die posisie waar die partikel die balk tref. Deur van patroonherkenning tegnieke gebruik te maak, word die posisie van impak bepaal om sodoende grootte benaderings aan te pas en die variansie van grootte verspreidings te verminder. As gevolg van die feit dat partikels gemonster word deurdat slegs ’n klein persentasie van die hele omvang van partikels ondersoek word, onstaan daar ’n oorhelling ( “bias” ) na groter partikels. Die kans dat groter partikels die balk tref is groter as vir klein partikels. ’n Wiskundige model vir hierdie verskynsel word voorgestel en gewys hoe die die oorhelling geneutraliseer kan word. Hierdie projek het te doen met ertsgroottes +8-25mm (+0,7-22 gram).
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Facchini, Luca. "Microstructure and mechanical properties of biomedical alloys produced by Rapid Manufacturing techniques." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368037.

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Rapid Manufacturing (RM) technologies as Electron Beam Melting (EBM) and Selective Laser Melting (SLM) are able to produce fully dense parts from pre-alloyed powders in a layer-wise way. Moreover, they are able to create tailored surfaces with interconnected porosity. Applied to biomedical prostheses, such porosity can favour cell adhesion and osteointegration. The most important intrinsic characteristic of RM techniques is the large undercooling the parts undergo during the process. This undercooling results in peculiar, very fine, metastable microstructures, associated to peculiar mechanical behaviour. Metastable microstructures can change on post-melting operations, making the materials match the standard requirements and gain interesting properties.
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Adolphe, Warren James. "Application of PIV technique for the investigation of flow features within metallurgical vessels." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0002/MQ40981.pdf.

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Facchini, Luca. "Microstructure and mechanical properties of biomedical alloys produced by Rapid Manufacturing techniques." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2010. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/193/1/PhD_thesis_Luca_Facchini.pdf.

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Rapid Manufacturing (RM) technologies as Electron Beam Melting (EBM) and Selective Laser Melting (SLM) are able to produce fully dense parts from pre-alloyed powders in a layer-wise way. Moreover, they are able to create tailored surfaces with interconnected porosity. Applied to biomedical prostheses, such porosity can favour cell adhesion and osteointegration. The most important intrinsic characteristic of RM techniques is the large undercooling the parts undergo during the process. This undercooling results in peculiar, very fine, metastable microstructures, associated to peculiar mechanical behaviour. Metastable microstructures can change on post-melting operations, making the materials match the standard requirements and gain interesting properties.
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Concettoni, Enrico. "Measurement of biomechanical response and trasmissibility along the hand-arm system by laser Doppler techniques." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242472.

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FELIGIOTTI, MARA. "Damage characterization in artworks: finite element method simulation and experimental validation by non invasive techniques." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242580.

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Dong, Pengli. "Measurements of the thermodynamic activities of chromium and vanadium oxides in CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 slags." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9940.

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In the present work, the thermodynamic activities of chromium and vanadium oxide in CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 slags were measured using gas-slag equilibration technique. The slag was equilibrated with a gas mixture of CO, CO2 and Ar gases enabling well-defined oxygen partial pressures in the gas mixture (PO2=10-3,10-4,10-5 Pa) at temperatures 1803, 1823K, 1873, 1923 K. The slags were kept in Pt crucibles during the equilibration and the duration of which was 20 h. From a knowledge of the thermodynamic activity of chromium and vanadium in Cr or V in Pt alloy, obtained from literature, and the oxygen partial pressure in the gas stream calculated by Thermo Calc software, the thermodynamic activity of chromium, vanadium oxide in the slags could be observed.An assessment of the experimental studies in earlier works reveal that, the activities of chromium at low chromium contents and vanadium in their respective alloys in platinum exhibits a strong negative deviation from ideality, the logarithms of activity coefficient of these elements were found to increase with increasing mole fractions of these metals in the Pt-alloys.Regarding the slag phase, all the chromium in the slags was assumed to be present in the divalent state in view of the low Cr contents and the low oxygen potentials employed in the present studies. Analogously, vanadium in the slag was assumed to be in the trivalent state in view of the low vanadium contents in the slag and the low oxygen partial pressure in the gas phase. Activity of chromium oxide, CrO decreases with increasing temperature and decreasing content of chromium oxide in slag and oxygen partial pressure in the gas phase. Activity of vanadium oxide, VO1.5 in slag phase shows a negative deviation from ideality. Activity coefficient of vanadium oxide shows a decrease with basicity of slag and the “break point” occurs at about slag basicity of 1 under the oxygen partial pressure of 10-3 Pa and temperature of 1873 K.A relationship for estimating the actual content of chromium, vanadium in slag as a function of activities of chromium or vanadium, temperature, oxygen partial pressure and slag basicity were developed from the present results, the agreement between the estimated and experimental values is satisfactory, especially at lower oxygen partial pressure.

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Sterneland, Therese. "Thermodynamic Study of Co-Cr and C-Co-Cr Systems." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-418.

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An experimental investigation of the binary system Co-Cr and the ternary system C-Co-Cr has been carried out in the present thesis. The experimental strategy adopted for the binary system was to measure the thermodynamic activities of Cr, the molar heat capacity as function of time, the phase transformation temperatures with corresponding enthalpies, the Curie transition temperature as well as melting temperatures with corresponding enthalpies. In the ternary system the strategy was to determine the solubility of Co in the Cr7C3 phase as well as the C and Cr contents in the Co rich (fcc) binder phase. The experimental results were compared with atomistic simulations of the solubility of Co in the Cr7C3 phase. Solid state galvanic cell measurements were conducted with both ZrO2-7.5 mol % CaO and CaF2 as the solid electrolyte. In view of possible errors in the measurements with ZrO2-7.5 mol % CaO, as a result of electronic contributions to the conduction of the solid electrolyte, new measurements were conducted with CaF2 as the solid electrolyte. The results indicated that the measured EMF values showed trends which were contrary to the thermodynamic behaviour expected from phase diagram considerations. It was concluded that further detailed experimentation was necessary in order to throw more light on the thermodynamic behaviour of the Co-Cr system. Two different series of DSC measurements were conducted, i.e. one in an atmosphere of pure hydrogen and another in pure argon. In the first investigation, conducted in an atmosphere of pure hydrogen in the temperature interval 318-1660 K, evidence was obtained for the existence of a phase transformation around 900 K in the compositional range 20.7-67.1 wt.% Cr. No indications of such a phase transformation had earlier been seen. In the second investigation, conducted in an atmosphere of pure argon in the temperature interval 298-1823 K, special attention was given to alloys in the Co rich corner of the phase diagram, i.e. 0-10 wt.% Cr. This investigation verified earlier findings of a phase transformations around 900 K in the compositional range 20.7-67.4 wt.% Cr. The magnetic transition temperatures for alloys low in Cr content were also obtained. With the use of the DTA technique the melting temperatures with corresponding enthalpy values for alloys in the compositional range 0.9-7.7 wt.% Cr were obtained. The three-phase triangle fcc+Cr7C3+graphite was investigated at 1373 K, 1423 K and 1473 K. The obtained results showed that the solubility of cobalt in the Cr7C3 phase was significantly higher than previously predicted by thermodynamic calculations.
QC 20100930
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Jaradeh, Majed. "The Effect of Processing Parameters and Alloy Composition on the Microstructure Formation and Quality of DC Cast Aluminium Alloys." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4205.

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The objective of this research is to increase the understanding of the solidification behaviour of some industrially important wrought aluminium alloys. The investigation methods range from direct investigations of as-cast ingots to laboratory-scale techniques in which ingot casting is simulated. The methods span from directional solidification at different cooling rates to more fundamental and controlled techniques such as DTA and DSC. The microstructure characteristics of the castings have been investigated by optical and Scanning Electron microscopy. Hardness tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties. The effects of adding alloying elements to 3XXX and 6XXX aluminium alloys have been studied with special focus on the effects of Zn, Cu, Si and Ti. These elements influence the strength and corrosion properties, which are important for the performance of final components of these alloys. Solidification studies of 0-5wt% Zn additions to 3003 alloys showed that the most important effect on the microstructure was noticed at 2.5 wt% Zn, where the structure was fine, and the hardness had a maximum. Si addition to a level of about 2% gave a finer structure, having a relatively large fraction of eutectic structure, however, it also gave a long solidification interval. The addition of small amounts of Cu, 0.35 and 1.0 wt%, showed a beneficial effect on the hardness. Differences have been observed in the ingot surface microstructures of 6xxx billets with different Mg and Si ratios. Excess Si compositions showed a coarser grain structure and more precipitations with possible negative implications for surface defect formation during DC casting. The comparison of alloys of different Ti content showed that the addition of titanium to a level of about 0.15 wt% gave a coarser grain structure than alloys with a normal Ti content for grain refinement, i.e. < 0.02 wt%, although a better corrosion resistance can be obtained at higher Ti contents. The larger grain size results in crack sensitivity during DC casting. A macroscopic etching technique was developed, based on a NaOH solution, and used in inclusion assessment along DC cast billets. Good quantitative data with respect to the size and spatial distribution of inclusions were obtained. The results from studied billets reveal a decreasing number of inclusions going from bottom to top, and the presence of a ring-shaped distribution of a large number of small defects in the beginning of the casting. The present study shows how composition modifications, i.e. additions of certain amounts of alloying elements to the 3xxx and 6xxx Al alloys, significantly change the microstructures of the materials, its castability, and consequently its mechanical properties
QC 20100901
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Books on the topic "Metallurgical Techniques"

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G, Bautista Renato, Wesely R. J, Metallurgical Society of AIME. Electrolytic Processes Committee, and AIME Meeting, eds. Energy reduction techniques in metal electrochemical processes: Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the Electrolytic Process Committee of the Metallurgical Society, held at the TMS-AIME Annual Meeting in New York, New York, February 24-28, 1985. Warrendale, PA: Metallurgical Society of AIME, 1985.

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Balan, Kannadi Palankeezhe. Metallurgical Failure Analysis: Techniques and Case Studies. Elsevier, 2018.

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Metallurgical Failure Analysis: Techniques and Case Studies. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2018.

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Ormandy, P. G., and K. Guy. Introduction to Metallurgical Laboratory Techniques: Pergamon Series of Monographs in Laboratory Techniques. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2016.

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Roll, Kempton H., and Hirschhorn Joel S. Advanced Experimental Techniques in Powder Metallurgy: Based on a Symposium on Advanced Experimental Techniques in Powder Metallurgy Sponsored by the Institute of Metals Division, Powder Metallurgy Committee, Held at the Spring Meeting of the Metallurgical Society of AIME in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 1969. Springer, 2013.

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Roll, Kempton H., and Hirschhorn Joel S. Advanced Experimental Techniques in Powder Metallurgy: Based on a Symposium on Advanced Experimental Techniques in Powder Metallurgy Sponsored by the Institute of Metals Division, Powder Metallurgy Committee, Held at the Spring Meeting of the Metallurgical Society of AIME in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 1969. Springer, 2013.

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Manson, S. S., and G. R. Halford. Fatigue and Durability of Metals at High Temperatures. ASM International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.9781627083430.

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Fatigue and Durability of Metals at High Temperatures is a repository of knowledge, experience, and insights on high-temperature fatigue and its effect on component lifetime and failure. The first few chapters provide readers with an intuitive understanding of creep and creep-fatigue and how they progress based on time, temperature, and stress. In subsequent chapters, the authors present several fatigue life prediction techniques, comparing them to each other and to experimental test results. The authors focus on a method called strain-range partitioning that breaks stress-strain hysteresis loops into simpler components, the effects of which can be analyzed more easily. Through detailed examples, they show how strain-range partitioning can account for creep-fatigue interactions, multiaxial stresses and strains, temperature gradients, metallurgical and microstructural changes, thermal fatigue, and damage mitigation or “healing” due to sequential loading. The method is also used to examine the cyclic deformation characteristics of various steels and alloys and the obstacles to achieving high-temperature structural durability with fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composites. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-718-5, follow this link.
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Book chapters on the topic "Metallurgical Techniques"

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Ray, Hem Shanker, and Saradindukumar Ray. "Thermal Analysis Techniques." In Kinetics of Metallurgical Processes, 281–314. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0686-0_10.

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Evans, R. W., and B. Wilshire. "Computer Modelling of Creep Damage in Components with Variable Metallurgical Structure." In Techniques for Multiaxial Creep Testing, 209–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3415-3_12.

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Jak, Evgueni. "Modelling Metallurgical Furnaces—Making the Most of Modern Research and Development Techniques." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 103–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_8.

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Tonelli, Gabriele, Michela Faccoli, Roberto Gotti, and Giovanna Cornacchia. "Archaeometallurgical Investigation on Historical Sword-Making Techniques in Northern Italy Between the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries." In Martial Culture and Historical Martial Arts in Europe and Asia, 183–99. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2037-0_6.

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AbstractThe history of Brescia (Latin Brixia), a city in northern Italy, is characterized by a long manufacturing tradition, in particular the crafting of steel weapons and armor. This was made possible thanks to the availability of iron ore, the great forests from which to obtain charcoal, the numerous streams used as the driving force for power hammers and forges, but most importantly the ingenuity and industry of the people. Beginning in the pre-Roman age, the skills of the masters and craftsmen steadily progressed over the centuries, until Brescia and its vicinity became one of the most important arms production centers in Europe between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. This paper presents an overview of the weapon manufacturing region of northern Italy, in particular Brescia. Moreover, a metallurgical study performed on an early seventeenth century north Italian “storta” sword has shed light on historical sword-smithing technologies and enabled us to discover the secrets behind the high-quality Italian weapons.
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DellaCorte, Christopher. "Improved Processing Techniques for Inclusion-Free Steel for Bearing and Mechanical Component Applications." In Bearing Steel Technologies: 12th Volume, Progress in Bearing Steel Metallurgical Testing and Quality Assurance, 313–31. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp162320190042.

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de Castro Moreira, Gabriel, João Felipe Coimbra Leite Costa, and Diego Machado Marques. "Applying Clustering Techniques and Geostatistics to the Definition of Domains for Modelling." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 199–219. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19845-8_16.

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AbstractMachine learning is a broad field of study that can be applied in many areas of science. In mining, it has already been used in many cases, for example, in the mineral sorting process, in resource modeling, and for the prediction of metallurgical variables. In this paper, we use for defining estimation domains, which is one of the first and most important steps to be taken in the entire modeling process. In unsupervised learning, cluster analysis can provide some interesting solutions for dealing with the stationarity in defining domains. However, choosing the most appropriate technique and validating the results can be challenging when performing cluster analysis because there are no predefined labels for reference. Several methods must be used simultaneously to make the conclusions more reliable. When applying cluster analysis to the modeling of mineral resources, geological information is crucial and must also be used to validate the results. Mining is a dynamic activity, and new information is constantly added to the database. Repeating the whole clustering process each time new samples are collected would be impractical, so we propose using supervised learning algorithms for the automatic classification of new samples. As an illustration, a dataset from a phosphate and titanium deposit is used to demonstrate the proposed workflow. Automating methods and procedures can significantly increase the reproducibility of the modeling process, an essential condition in evaluating mineral resources, especially for auditing purposes. However, although very effective in the decision-making process, the methods herein presented are not yet fully automated, requiring prior knowledge and good judgment.
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Col, Audrey, Andrea Spadaccini, Daniel Acevedo, and Christophe Stocky. "The Use of SEM-EDS and PDA-OES Techniques to Help the Development of the Production of Bearing Steel." In Bearing Steel Technologies: 12th Volume, Progress in Bearing Steel Metallurgical Testing and Quality Assurance, 352–65. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp162320190074.

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Wong, Ka C. "From Angel Food Cake to Porous Titanium – A Novel Powder Metallurgical Approach for Metallic Foam Utilizing Food Processing and Ceramic Processing Techniques." In Materials Science Forum, 353–56. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-462-6.353.

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Chen, Wen, Xinghua Liu, Zeyou Peng, and Qiulin Wang. "Recovery of Huangmei Limonite by Flash Magnetic Roasting Technique." In 3rd International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 49–58. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118364987.ch7.

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Liu, Zhongci, Xuangeng Zhou, Gang Li, Shanshan Wu, and Xuewei Lv. "Prediction of Iron Ore Sinter Strength Using Statistical Technique." In 11th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 673–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36540-0_60.

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Conference papers on the topic "Metallurgical Techniques"

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Matikas, Theodore E., Prasanna Karpur, and Robert L. Crane. "Ultrasonic measurement of elastic moduli of porous powder metallurgical samples." In Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques for Aging Infrastructure and Manufacturing, edited by Steven R. Doctor, Carol A. Nove, and George Y. Baaklini. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.259075.

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Meszaros, K., C. Vrolyk, J. Pepin, M. Yarmuch, and T. Mah-Paulson. "The Effects of Temper Bead Welding Technique on Weld Integrity for In-Service Welding of Carbon Steels." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90242.

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The maintenance of pipeline infrastructure is a significant integrity consideration for the pipeline industry. Employing traditional repair techniques, whereby to conduct repairs when the pipeline is shut-down and drained, can result in significant losses to revenue and production. There is industry demand for repair techniques that allow both scheduled and emergency ‘in-service’ weld repair techniques to be developed. As a result, in-service welding with the temper bead technique is becoming increasingly common for repair operations. During in-service welding, the two most prevalent metallurgical concerns are burn-through and hydrogen induced cracking (HIC). The risk of burn-through can be limited through appropriate welding parameter and heat input control during welding. The temper bead welding technique utilizes special bead placement to ensure appropriate heat flow throughout the weld zone to metallurgically improve resistance to HIC. In this study, a series of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) coupons were produced on 0.250″ thick carbon steel plates subjected to water-cooling. Single and double-layer deposits were made. The second layer tempering bead heat input was purposely varied from plate to plate. The first layer of the welds were all performed using similar welding parameters, so the “tempering” effect from the second weld layer on the metallurgical properties of the resultant welds could be examined. To further expand the understanding of important procedural variables for in-service welding applications, this study investigates the effect of welder technique on the weldment properties achieved during temper bead welding.
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Sugimoto, Takuya, Eriko Aiba, and Akihiko Goto. "Comparison of Different Grinding Sound During Metallographic Preparation." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36631.

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The carburizing process requires metallurgical inspection by means of ground metallurgical mounts. Grinding process for a metallurgical mount is an important process. In this study, we investigate the difference in the outcome of the sound during the grinding process between an expert and a non-expert execution. We aim to identify the evaluation criteria in grinding technique based on the sound information, in order to establish more efficient training method for acquiring the grinding techniques for non-expert inspectors. As a result, we found the factor in the sound that are essential for the efficient grinding.
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Sun, Dongmei (Donna), and Xinjian Duan. "Effects of Welding Processes and Techniques on Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of Dissimilar Metal Weld." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93277.

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Abstract The dissimilar metal weld (DMW) is widely used in fabrication and manufacturing in various industries. Joining between nickel-based alloy and ferritic steel tubing and piping is commonly employed for ASME Code compliant welds for high-temperature and corrosion resistance applications. A series of DMW samples between alloy 600 pipe and SA-106 Grade B pipe are fabricated using different welding processes, joint design and welding techniques. By detailed comparison, this paper provides insight into the effects of these different welding variables on mechanical properties (tensile properties and hardness of weld materials and heat affected zone), metallurgical properties (macro and microstructure examination) and chemistry (root pass alloying dilution etc.) It has been shown that an asymmetric joint bevel design in consideration of different heat dissipation, melting temperature of the two materials will promote good weld bead formation during the root pass welding. Different joint designs (such as with or without consumable insert) will create variations on weld dilution and Cr/Ni recovery in the root area. Other welding variables such as tungsten electrode location for root pass welding for DMW, machine Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) using hot wire and cold wire, etc. are also discussed.
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DWORNICKA, R. "Development of a Hybrid Method for Identifying the Causes of Product Incompatibility in Metallurgical Manufacturing." In Quality Production Improvement and System Safety. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902691-24.

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Abstract. For the analysis of the quality of metallurgical products, it is important to use techniques that identify the internal and external unconformity of the product without destroying it. These techniques are non-destructive testing (NDT). Although these techniques identify the unconformity of the product, they do not indicate the source of their creation. The purpose of the study was to develop a hybrid method to make decisions about the causes of product incompatibility. This hybrid method was created as a combination of NDT and quality management techniques, i.e.: 5W2H method, Ishikawa diagram, 5Why method. The subject of the study was an unconformity detected in the tube made of the magnesium alloy AMS 4439. Research was carried out using the FPI method. In the analyzed case, its application allowed the detection of a linear indication in the product. To identify the root of the linear indication, the 5W2H method, the Ishikawa diagram, and the 5Why method were used sequentially. The main causes were bad casting and pollution. The root cause was defective supplier material. Integration of the FPI method, the 5W2H method, the Ishikawa diagram, and the 5Why method in the performance of a comprehensive qualitative analyze of products, after which it is possible to identify the unconformity and the root of its occurrence. The integration of FPI and quality management techniques can be practiced to analyze the quality of products (including metallurgical products) in manufacturing and service enterprises.
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Alexander, Chris, Dave Runte, and Randy Long. "Assessing the Effects of Vibratory Loading on Pipelines Using Analysis and Monitoring Techniques." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-3077.

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This paper provides the methods and results associated with an engineering assessment for a project involving pile driving adjacent to an active 6-inch (152 mm) nominal diameter gas pipeline. The pile driving was associated with the expansion of the I-95 Highway located in Daytona Beach, Florida. The work involved analysis, metallurgical field evaluation, and measurement of strain and acceleration in the pipe during the pile driving. The analysis involved using finite element methods to predict stresses in the pipe using acceleration loads provided during a previous pile driving exercise. Using a range of soil stiffness values, the calculated bending stresses in the pipeline ranged from 50 to 2,000 psi (0.3 to 13.8 MPa). Even with the most compliant soils, the stress was relatively low compared to the hoop stress created by an internal pressure of 500 psi (3.4 MPa). The metallurgical field investigation involved careful inspection of the pipe quality, including field replication and determining the carbon content of one weld. The strain measurements indicated that the stress levels in the pipe were below design stress limits and that the short-term pile driving loads did not inflict serious injury to the line. Findings of the investigation indicated that the pipe had been well-maintained over its 40 year life and that no measurable corrosion was present. This project demonstrates the benefits derived in using a range of engineering disciplines and capabilities to ensure safety in conducting potentially-damaging activities adjacent to active gas pipelines.
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Daleo, Joseph A., Keith A. Ellison, and Donald H. Boone. "Metallurgical Considerations for Life Assessment and the Safe Refurbishment and Re-Qualification of Gas Turbine Blades." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0642.

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Metallurgical analysis of rotating blades operating in advanced gas turbine engines is important in establishing actual operating conditions, degradation modes, remaining life, and most importantly, the proper repair and rejuvenation techniques to be used in developing optimum component life strategics. The elevated firing temperatures used in the latest engine designs result not only in very high metal surface temperatures but also in very high temperature gradients and concomitant thermal strains induced in part by the complex and efficient cooling systems. This has changed the primary function of today’s superalloy-coating systems from one of hot corrosion protection to moderating high temperature oxidation reactions. Furthermore, as a result of the high thermal strains induced by the cooling systems, long term metallurgical structural stability issues now revolve around optimizing both thermal mechanical fatigue (TMF) resistance and creep life. Thus the gradual change to Directionally Solidified (DS) and Single Crystal (SC) alloys throughout the industry. The use of DS and SC alloys coated with state of the art TBC, platinum modified aluminide and MCrAlY coatings with or without subsequent aluminizing applied by vacuum plasma spray (VPS), high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF), physical vapor deposition (PVD), air plasma spray (APS) and by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods along with the wide spread use of internal aluminide coatings have made today’s rotating components prohibitively expensive to replace after only one cycle of operation. It is therefore, or should now be a high priority for all cost conscience gas turbine users to help develop reliable repair and rejuvenation strategies and techniques to minimize their operating cost. Traditional metallurgical considerations required for life assessment and the reliable refurbishment and re-qualification of gas turbine blades are reviewed along with some new exciting techniques. Examples of component degradation modes are presented. Appropriate attention to metallurgical issues allows turbine users to more successfully and economically operate their turbines.
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Ghosh, Gourhari, Prakhar Jain, Anil Saigal, and Ramesh Singh. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 / Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) Metal Matrix Composite Coating Produced by Laser Directed Energy Deposition Technique." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-96945.

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Abstract Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess a favorable combinations of mechanical, thermal, physical and metallurgical properties which can be engineered by controlling composition, concentration, size and dispersion of the ceramic particles in the metallic matrix. Laser directed energy deposition (DED) technique has the ability to fabricate MMC coatings with good mechanical properties and sound metallurgical bonding. Owing to those beneficial aspects, LDED has become one of the most important fabrication techniques of MMC. Despite of immense applications of MMCs, there has been very limited research work reported in the literature regarding the development of MMC coatings. In the present study, Inconel 718/Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) MMC coating is deposited on the H13 steel substrate via laser DED process. This MMC can find its application as ultra-high strength thermal barrier coatings in aerospace, power generation, defense equipment manufacturing and die/mold making industries. Three types of MMCs, Inconel-1 wt. % YSZ, Inconel-2 wt. % YSZ, and Inconel-3 wt. % YSZ are fabricated in order to assess the effect of YSZ weight percentage on the microstructure and mechanical properties (i.e., micro-hardness and porosity) of the MMC. Based on the mechanical properties and microstructural study, the optimum amount of YSZ in MMC is determined and it is observed that Inconel-1 wt. % YSZ composite coating exhibits better mechanical (i.e., hardness = 495 ± 7 HV, and porosity = 4 %) and metallurgical properties.
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Shejale, Girish M. "Metallurgical Evaluation and Condition Assessment of FSX 414 Nozzle Segments in Gas Turbines by Metallographic Methods." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22542.

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Gas turbine components such as nozzle segments, buckets, transition pieces and combustion liners experience damages such as creep, fatigue, high temperature oxidation and corrosion. The reliability, availability and efficiency of high temperature gas turbine parts is based on condition assessment and remaining life analysis. These gas turbine components are normally repaired, refurbished after stipulated operating hours. The decision on the extent of repairs is based on various inspection stages. Among various methodologies of condition assessment, metallography followed by microscopic evaluation has gained wide acceptance since it is cost effective, quick and reliable. Extensive in-house efforts have been put forth in this field in the development of improved techniques of metallography for accurate determination of material degradation and condition assessment. Experimental studies on Frame 6, 1st Stage Nozzle Segment (FSX 414 – cobalt based alloy) were conducted to assess the condition of the nozzle segment by using laboratory electropolishing technique for metallographic preparation. Sections taken from the nozzle segment were electropolished and examined in Light Optical Microscope (LOM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). It is concluded that the improved electropolishing technique is effective in assessing creep-fatigue, thermal fatigue and hot corrosion damage. Based on this the condition of the nozzle segment is assessed. Typical results of Frame 6, 1st Stage Nozzle Segment are presented and discussed.
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Richards, Roger K., David M. Layton, Hua-Tay Lin, and Michael P. Brady. "Characterization of Erosion Mechanisms of Natural Gas Engine Spark Plugs." In ASME 2004 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2004-0875.

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J-type spark plugs composed of Ni-base alloy electrodes with a pure Ir tip in the center electrode and a Pt-W alloy tip in the ground electrode were examined as-manufactured and after use in natural gas reciprocating engines by spectroscopic and metallurgical techniques. The spectroscopic examination indicated Ni emission from the Ni alloy electrodes in new plugs, but a strong Ca signal in engine used plugs. This was confirmed by metallurgical examination, which showed the presence of Ca containing glassy oxide phase(s) (with the electrode alloy components) in the used spark plug electrodes. Intergranular cracking was observed on the Ir and Pt-W alloy electrode insert tips. The interface between the Pt-W insert and the Ni alloy ground electrode also became a site for extensive cracking and oxidation during service. These oxidation/corrosion and metallurgical issues may represent a significant component of the wear mechanism of these plugs in natural gas engines.
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Reports on the topic "Metallurgical Techniques"

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Riccardella, Scott, and Jason Van Velsor. PR-335-173844-R01 NDE Crack Depth Sizing Performance Validation for Multiple UT Techniques. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011676.

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PRCI commissioned this project (NDE-4-6) to further evaluate and accurately assess the current state (as of 2019) of NDE methodologies for characterizing Stress Corrosion Cracking. The NDE-4-6 project also conducted advanced Finite Element Modeling and flaw fabrication to help gain further insight on NDE performance and improve efficiency of conducting round robin evaluations. The project consisted of a round-robin type study, in which service and technology providers were asked to conduct NDE on several blind samples including actual SCC and fabricated flaw samples. Following completion of the NDE, select samples were destructively tested and characterized in a laboratory using metallurgical microscopy and X-ray computed tomography (XRCT). The results of the destructive testing were then used to characterize the performance of the NDE methods and technologies applied.
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Batisse, Remi, and Mures Zarea. PR-306-083509-R01 Realistic Mechanical Defects for Evaluation of Inspection Tools and Repair Techniques. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011526.

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This report provides basic information about modern pipe samples containing dent and gouge defects for performance evaluation of inspection technologies and qualification of repair techniques. Ten mechanical damage dent and gouge defects were created in a realistic manner in modern pipes. Three types of defects were created: shallow gouge in shallow dent, severe gouge in shallow dent and shallow gouge in severe dent. Each defect of a given type is repeated twice, one for performance evaluation of inspection technologies, one for qualification of repair techniques. These defects are similar to those created in project PRCI MD-4-1 for destructive metallurgical characterization and for burst and fatigue tests. This version of the report does not contain results of any measurements performed on the defects, in order to facilitate blind testing of inspection technologies using the samples produced in this project.
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Fessler. L52040 The Mechanisms of High-pH and Near-Neutral pH SCC-Unresolved Issues and Experimental Techniques. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011285.

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Key unresolved issues related to the mechanisms of high-pH and near-neutral-pH stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) were identified based upon a review of the technical literature. It was determined that the mechanism of high-pH SCC is well understood, the key outstanding issue being related to the factors that affect the micro-creep properties of a steel, which seem to be the primary determinant of its susceptibility to SCC. The mechanism of near-neutral-pH SCC is not so well understood. Both dissolution and hydrogen appear to be involved, but their relative roles remain to be determined. Some experimental methods that have been used to study near-neutral-pH SCC may have produced misleading results, in that they may have introduced other failure mechanisms such as corrosion fatigue or hydrogen embrittlement, which would not be expected under normal operating conditions for a gas pipeline. Additional research into the liquid environment responsible for near-neutral-pH SCC, the time dependence of crack growth rates, and metallurgical factors influencing the susceptibility of a steel would be useful.
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Chambers. PR-348-09602-R01 Determine New Design and Construction Techniques for Transportation of Ethanol. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010546.

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This report summarizes results of the research study titled, �Determine New Design and Construction Techniques for Transportation of Ethanol and Ethanol/Gasoline Blends in New Pipelines� (WP #394 / DTPH56-09-T-000003). It was prepared for the United States Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety. The technical tasks in this study included activities to characterize the impact of selected metallurgical processing and fabrication variables on ethanol stress corrosion cracking (ethanol SCC) of new pipeline steels, develop a better understanding of conditions that cause susceptibility to ethanol SCC in fuel grade ethanol (FGE) to support better monitoring and control, and develop data / insights to provide industry-recognized standards and guidelines to reduce the occurrence of ethanol SCC. This research was approached through a collaboration of Honeywell Process Solutions (Honeywell), the Edison Welding Institute (EWI), and Electricore Inc. (prime contractor) with oversight and co-funding by the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) and Colonial Pipeline. The program's tasks were as follows: Evaluation of Steel Microstructure Effect on Ethanol SCC Resistance Effects of Welding and Residual Stress Evaluation of Surface Treatment Effects Evaluate Effects of Pipe Manufacturing Process Specification of Polymeric Materials for New Construction Control and Monitoring of Oxygen Uptake Internal Corrosion Monitoring Standardization of SCC Test Methods Roadmap for Industry Guidelines for Safe and Reliable Pipeline Handling of FGE
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Batisse, Remi, and Mures Zarea. PR-306-123733-R01 Realistic Dent and Gouge Defects With and Without Fatigue Cracks. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011497.

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This report provides basic information about vintage pipe samples containing dent and gouge defects with and without fatigue cracks for inspection technology evaluation and repair techniques qualification. Four mechanical damage dent and gouge defects without fatigue cracks were created in a realistic manner in vintage pipes. The two remaining samples containing also the same types of defects were submitted to internal pressure cycling to initiate a significant crack at the bottom of the gouge. Two types of defects were created: intermediate gouge in shallow dent, intermediate gouge in severe dent. Four defects are dedicated for performance evaluation of inspection technologies whereas two defects (one of each type) without fatigue crack are for repair techniques qualification. These defects are similar to those created in project PRCI MD-4-6 for destructive metallurgical characterization and for burst and fatigue tests. This version of the report does not contain results of any measurements performed on the defects, in order to facilitate blind testing of inspection technologies using the samples produced in this project.
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Савосько, Василь Миколайович, Юлія Віліївна Бєлик, Юрій Васильович Лихолат, Герман Хайльмейер, Іван Панасович Григорюк, Ніна Олександрівна Хромих, and Тетяна Юріївна Лихолат. The Total Content of Macronutrients and Heavy Metals in the Soil on Devastated Lands at Kryvyi Rih Iron Mining & Metallurgical District (Ukraine). Geology-dnu-dp.ua, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4286.

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The relevance of the research is due to the need to develop technologies for phytoremediation of the devastated lands in the mining and metallurgical regions of Ukraine and the world. In this regard, the creation of tree plantations adapted to the ecological conditions of such territories is considered by many experts as the most promising option for innovative technologies. However, the development of artificial woodlands requires knowledge of the pedogeochemical character- istics of devastated lands. The aim of the work was to carry out a comparative analysis of the macronutrients and heavy metals gross forms content in the soils of the devastated lands of the Kryvyi Rih mining and metallurgical region. The field studies focused on five contrasting monitoring sites of the Petrovsky dump (Central Kryvorizhzhya), which has a typical age and composition of rocks for the region. Soil sampling, drying, sieving, and sample preparation (sintering in a muffle furnace) were done in accordance with classical techniques. The concentrations of macronutrients (potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and phosphorus) and heavy metals (iron, manganese, zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium) were determined using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP- MS) X-Series 2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The analytical part of our research was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of the Institute of Biosciences, Freiberg University of Technology and Mining Academy (Freiberg, Germany). At monitoring sites, significant differences were found in the content of macronutrients gross forms, and their variation relative to the control values as well. Potassium and sodium concentrations generally differed slightly or were close to control levels. The results of determining the content of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus indicate a significant deficiency or excess of these macronutrients in the soils of the devastated lands. An increased sulfur content was found in the soils of all monitoring sites, in some cases 4 times higher than the control level. The measured content of gross forms of iron, manganese, copper, cadmium and, partially, zinc in the soils of different monitoring sites exceeded the control values by 5.5 – 5.9 times. Thus, the analysis of the research results made it possible to establish that the soils of the devastated lands of the Petrovsky dump are characterized by unfavorable properties for the growth of most species of woody plants.
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Nestleroth. PR-337-063508-R01 Dual Field Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) Inspection Technology to Detect Mechanical Damage. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010575.

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This report details the development and testing of a dual magnetization in-line inspection (ILI) tool for detecting mechanical damage in operating pipelines, including the first field trials of a fully operational dual-field magnetic flux leakage (MFL) ILI tool. Augmenting routine MFL corrosion inspection of pipelines using high magnetic fields, this in-line inspection technique detects and assesses mechanical damage using a second lower magnetic field. Nearly all commercially available MFL tools use high magnetic fields to detect and size metal loss such as corrosion. A lower field than commonly applied for detecting metal loss is appropriate for detecting mechanical damage, such as the metallurgical changes caused by impacts from excavation equipment. The lower field is needed to counter the saturation effect of the high magnetic field, which masks and diminishes important components of the signal associated with mechanical damage. At low fields, other properties such as pipeline chemical composition, grain structure, and fabrication methods can also be detected.
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Ounadjela, K., and A. Blosse. New Metallization Technique Suitable for 6-MW Pilot Production of Efficient Multicrystalline Solar Cells Using Upgraded Metallurgical Silicon: Final Technical Progress Report, December 17, 2007 -- June 16, 2009. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/985574.

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