Relevant bibliographies by topics / Metallographic observations

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Metallographic observations'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023
Last updated: 7 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Metallographic observations"

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Chang, L. C., and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia. "Metallographic observations of bainite transformation mechanism." Materials Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (February 1995): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1995.11.2.105.

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Pan, Z., and A. Lockley. "Metallographic Observations of Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zr-2.5Nb." Microscopy and Microanalysis 8, S02 (August 2002): 1288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927602104879.

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Bian, Zhenyu, Jian Song, Pingping Liu, Farong Wan, Yu Lei, Qicong Wang, Shanwu Yang, Qian Zhan, Liubiao Chen, and Junjie Wang. "In Situ Observation of Thermoelastic Martensitic Transformation of Cu-Al-Mn Cryogenic Shape Memory Alloy with Compressive Stress." Materials 15, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 3794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15113794.

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The thermoelastic martensitic transformation and its reverse transformation of the Cu-Al-Mn cryogenic shape memory alloy, both with and without compressive stress, has been dynamically in situ observed. During the process of thermoelastic martensitic transformation, martensite nucleates and gradually grow up as they cool, and shrink to disappearance as they heat. The order of martensite disappearance is just opposite to that of their formation. Observations of the self-accommodation of martensite variants, which were carried out by using a low temperature metallographic in situ observation apparatus, showed that the variants could interact with each other. The results of in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray and metallographic observation also suggested there were some residual austenites, even if the temperature was below Mf, which means the martensitic transformation could not be 100% accomplished. The external compressive stress would promote the preferential formation of martensite with some orientation, and also hinder the formation of martensite with other nonequivalent directions. The possible mechanism of the martensitic reverse transformation is discussed.
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Yakovlev, Sergey, Vladimir Kurdyumov, Nikolay Ayugin, and Alexandr Mishanin. "Results of metallographic observations of cultivator shares after spot electromechanical processing." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 979, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/979/1/012047.

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Abstract Presented are the results of metallographic studies of the structure and properties of a cultivator share, hardened by spot electromechanical processing in its various high-wear areas. In the process of research, the manufacturer was offered recommendations on the technology of forming parts in the process of their manufacture. It has been established that spot electromechanical processing allows to obtain hemispherical hardened areas with a hardness of HV 7000 ... 7600 MPa, which will provide the effect of self-sharpening of their cutting parts during the operation of the cultivator shares. Spot electromechanical processing with two tools allows to provide through hardening of the cultivator share along the ends of the share wings. The proposed technology for hardening cultivator shares during their manufacture and repair will increase the durability of these parts during their operation.
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Karagöz, S., and H. F. Fischmeister. "Metallographic observations on the wear process of TiN-coated cutting tools." Surface and Coatings Technology 81, no. 2-3 (June 1996): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(95)02487-5.

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Maulik, P. "Metallographic observations during the sintering of BM2 type of high speed steels." Journal of Materials Science 24, no. 10 (October 1989): 3463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02385725.

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Naeimi, Meysam, Zili Li, and Rolf Dollevoet. "Determining the angles of squat cracks via CT scanning and metallographic observations." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 230 (May 2020): 107016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2020.107016.

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Spadło, Sławomir, Wojciech Depczyński, Piotr Młynarczyk, Tadeusz Gajewski, and Jarosław Dąbrowa. "Influence of the resistive-pulse welding parameters of nickel super-alloys on selected properties of the connection." Mechanik 90, no. 11 (November 13, 2017): 1060–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2017.11.180.

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Microstructure and mechanical tests of welds of thin sheets made from nickel-based super-alloys (Haynes 230 and Hastelloy X) were presented. The welds were made using the resistive-pulse micro-welding method using the WS 7000S device. The micro-hardness of the joints was measured with a Matsuzawa Vickers MX 100 hardness tester at 100 G (0.98 N). Metallographic observations of the prepared micro-sections were performed using the Nikon Eclipse MA200 optical microscope at various magnifications. The metallographic microstructure studies were supplemented by linear analysis of the chemical composition, for which the OXFORD X-MAX electron microscope was applied.
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Murugesan, A. P., Sivaswamy Giribaskar, and Gouthama. "Metallographic Studies on Deformation Microstructures of ECAE Processed AA 2014 Aluminium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.109.

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Different initial texture of ring rolled AA 2014 alloy was processed to one pass in Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) at room temperature. The material flow/deformation characteristics as well as the degree of grain refinement, as a function of different initial grain morphological orientation are studied. Macroscopic and microscopic investigation by Optical Microscope (OM) confirms the significant variation in the shearing characteristics of grains in the billets in each orientations. OM observations also suggested that the severity of deformation was more in middle portions of the extruded billets. TEM observations made on the samples also confirmed the existence of regions which had undergone the different degree of dynamic recovery and recrystallisation after passing through shear deformation zone.
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Zantopulos, Harry. "Some Observations on Scuffing in Tapered Roller Bearings." Journal of Tribology 120, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2834566.

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Tests were run on tapered roller bearings under severe operating conditions to promote the incidence of scuffing. This resulted in varying degrees of scuffing damage on the cone (inner race) ribs and/or spherical roller ends of some of the bearings. These were then examined using both the optical microscope and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, metallographic examinations were conducted on some of the damaged areas. On the basis of these observations, a qualitative model for the onset of scuffing is outlined. The quantitative data obtained from these tests was then analyzed in terms of Blok’s critical temperature criterion and also the scuffing criterion of the form WVx = constant.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metallographic observations"

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Kiran, Aramanda Shanmukha. "Exotic eutectic microstructures." Thesis, 2021. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5476.

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Solidification of eutectic systems delivers compelling examples of microstructure formation, which makes the phenomena intriguing to many engineers and scientists. Therefore, eutectic solidification is extensively studied experimentally, theoretically, and numerically. However, some exotic eutectic microstructures are still not understood, particularly the systems that exhibit anisotropy. The main objective of this thesis is to explore the microstructure formation in exotic systems during solidification. As directional solidification is a convenient way (imposes the temperature gradient, solidification velocity accurately and independently) to study the microstructure formation, the first part of the work was directed towards the development of directional solidification configuration. Subsequently, we investigated the microstructure formation in three different exotic eutectic systems. In the first system (Sn-Zn eutectic), we study the formation of two-phase microstructures with endeavors to bring new inferences, as the volume percentage of the (Zn)-phase in the eutectic is less than 10%, so one would expect it to form rods in the matrix of (Sn)-phase; instead, thin lamellae are observed. We claim that the rod-lamellar transition and well-defined lamellar orientation are due to the anisotropy of the free energy of the solid-solid interfaces. We deploy various methods/experiments for confirming the evidence of solid-solid interface anisotropy. We also provide the crystallographic orientation relationships between BCT-(Sn) and HCP-(Zn) in steady-state microstructures. In the second system (SnTe-Te eutectic), we investigate the evolution of complex patterns due to the addition of ternary impurities in the Sn-Te eutectic system that contains trigonal (Te) and an intermetallic SnTe phase with a cubic crystal structure. In this work, we examine the origin of such a microstructure that arises due to a two-phase growth instability induced by impurity addition. The binary eutectics (Sn-Te) and ternary eutectics (Sn-Te with an impurity addition) are directionally solidified at different interfacial velocities in order to study morphological evolution. The binary alloy exhibits a rod-like or an interconnected string of rods morphology, while the addition of a third component leads to a diffusive instability (similar to a Mullins-Sekerka instability) that results in the formation of two-phase colonies. The onset of instability depends on both the growth velocity and impurity concentration, while the growth direction of the cells is normal to the (0001) of (Te) and (111) of SnTe. Through the extensive use of multiple characterization techniques, we have explored the morphological characteristics and crystallography of these colonies. The colonies have a complex internal structure that bears a three-fold symmetry reminiscent of the trigonal symmetry of the (Te) crystal, arising possibly because of strong anisotropy in the solid-liquid interfacial energy or in the kinetics of growth. For the different impurity additions (Ag, Cu, Ge, In, Sb), the internal eutectic morphology of the colony due to the addition of Ag, Cu, Ge, In is different from that observed for the addition of Sb. The latter leads to the formation of lamellae, while a rod-like feature could be observed for impurities Ag, Cu, Ge, In. In the third system (Ag-Cu-Sb), we have investigated the formation of three-phase microstructures of the Ag-Cu-Sb eutectic system that contains two intermetallic compounds, i.e., silver antimonide-Ag3Sb, copper antimonide-Cu2Sb and an antimony rich solid-solution (Sb). A vast range of microstructures in this system arise due to the possibilities of both invariant reactions giving rise to three-phase eutectic growth as well univariant reactions that are amenable to diffusive instabilities giving rise to microstructures involving two-phase colonies along with three-phase eutectic morphologies. The different ternary compositions are morphologically and crystallographically investigated at various velocities. The invariant three-phase eutectic reactions give rise to exotic hollow, dog bone, and fibrous (Sb) crystals along with lamellar/rod type morphologies of the Cu2Sb phase, while the Ag3Sb has a continuous morphology. The different microstructures have an underlying crystallographic basis and distinct growth mechanisms that are influenced by the crystal orientation with the imposed temperature gradient. Among the compositions that give rise to two-phase colonies, an exciting structure emerges in the Ag3Sb-(Sb) two-phase colonies that exhibit a complex 3-fold fish skeleton structure reminiscent of the rhombohedral (Sb) crystals. Similarly, the Ag3Sb-Cu2Sb colonies exhibit a complex plate morphology influenced by the anisotropic nature of the Ag3Sb-Cu2Sb interface.
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Book chapters on the topic "Metallographic observations"

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Jeandin, M., S. Rupp, J. Massol, and Y. Bienvenu. "Fundamental Study of the Later Stages of Liquid Phase Sintering of A Ni base P/M Superalloy — Metallographic Observations on Quenched Supersolidus — Sintered Materials." In Sintering’85, 179–88. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2851-3_18.

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Garbacz-Klempka, Aldona, Karol Dzięgielewski, and Małgorzata Perek-Nowak. "Analizy metaloznawcze wybranych przedmiotów brązowych i ołowianych z cmentarzyska w Świbiu / Metallographic analyses of selected bronze and lead artefacts from the cemetery at Świbie." In Cmentarzysko w wczesnej epoki żelaza w Świbiu na Górnym Śląsku. Tom 2, 288–337. Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/swibie2022.2.15.

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A comprehensive programme of archaeometric research into the chemical composition and manufacturing technology of Early Iron Age artefacts discovered in Świbie, Upper Silesia, has yielded a number of detailed observations and findings. Sixty-six artefacts from a collection of several hundred large bronzes were targeted for study. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with micro-area composition analysis were used. In selected cases, non-destructive analysis was carried out by digital X-ray radiography. The study was preceded by macroscopic observation of the artefacts. It was shown that most of the large ring ornaments were made from castings subsequently subjected to numerous forging (reforging and shaping) and finishing treatments. Some of the wares, such as the massive ankle rings, retained many of the characteristics of the original cast, indicating that the finishing treatment was only applied when necessary due to the nature of the product (e.g. visual qualities). Decoration was applied using various techniques, often used in combination with each other (e.g. designing a decoration on a wax model and correcting it on the finished product). It was demonstrated that the characteristic constrictions found on the inside of the massive twisted-bar ankle rings of the Upper Silesia and Sącz (Stary Sącz) types could not be the effect of wear and tear, but evidence of intentional reforging, most likely aimed at creating a place to attach an organic strap to fix the ornament in place on the leg. The research has also identified a new category of imports from the circum-Alpine or Mediterranean areas, namely necklaces with a hooked clasp. The extraordinarily precise ornamental technique observed on the necklace, long known in the literature, from grave 102 (in which other imported luxury goods were also found), required the use of a tool in the type of a tap or a threader, and it has never before been identified in an Early Iron Age context in Poland. Above all, however, these studies made it possible to answer the research questions regarding the sample. The first question concerned the raw material and technological variation of the collection across functional and stylistic categories: Did the objects produced and/or used by the population using the cemetery differ in chemical composition of the alloy and manufacturing technique according to function or style? Although the raw material composition was quite similar for the majority of the artefacts (classic Cu-Sn tin bronze), it emerged that some of them had a slightly different composition, most notably an elevated lead content (above 1.5%, exceptionally up to 9.5%), and that this was not coincidental. More often than not, these objects, such as the necklace from grave 217 or the openwork knife handle fitting from grave 495, demanded castings that, due to their small thickness in the mould, required a special alloy with improved castability. This was not required with massive bronzes or those meant for forging sheet metal for the production of coiled ornaments ; these wares are usually characterised by a low proportion of intentionally added lead as an alloying component. No such consistency can be seen in the manufacture of small ornaments such as buttons or spiral pendants, presumably produced on a day-to-day basis from currently available raw material or from recycled raw material. A satisfactory answer was also obtained to the second main question: Whether it was practised to furnish the deceased with sets uniform in style and raw material (possibly including objects produced especially for the funerary ceremony), or whether the objects amassed in the grave were made from raw material from different sources and at different stages of the buried person’s life. Proceeding from a comparison of all the bronzes from three rich burials (graves 102, N=11; 124, N=12; 574, N=9), it was concluded that they were certainly not furnished with complete ceremonial costumes prepared by one workshop, from one batch of raw material. The only objects that they can be considered sets in terms of both style and workshop are pairs of large bronzes (such as ankle rings or massive bracelets), which were most often made from a homogeneous raw material and probably functioned together from manufacture to deposition in the grave. In the group of small bronzes, this contextual approach (as well as the functional one) confirmed a greater range of raw material patterns.
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Biborski, Mateusz, Marcin Biborski, and Janusz Stępiński. "Badania nad technologią wybranych zabytków żelaznych." In Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne, 135–44. Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo; Muzeum im. Jacka Malczewskiego w Radomiu, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/oda-sah.10.zn.12.

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The extensive programme of research on artefacts recovered from the Przeworsk culture cemetery in Żelazna Nowa, Comm. Magnuszew, included performing a series of metallographic analyses. Only three objects were subjected to the analyses due to their good preservation: two knives and a shield grip fragment. The aim was to determine the technology of manufacture of particular objects and to identify the raw materials from which they were forged. Microstructure was examined using a Leica DMLM metallurgical microscope, and the observed metal structures were photographed. In addition, metal hardness was measured using the Vickers method, with a load of 10 kG (98N). Carbon content of steel was determined based on microscopic observation. As demonstrated by the analyses, the artefacts were made from metal obtained through the bloomery process from bog iron with a significant admixture of phosphorus. The technology used for manufacture of the analysed artefacts was not particularly sophisticated. They were forged from single pieces of bloomery iron. The only exception is a knife (inv. no. CCLII/15), which was forged from two different pieces of metal welded together, namely from a piece of high phosphorus iron and a piece of soft steel. This made the knife more flexible, while rendering its blade sufficiently hard and more resistant to abrasion. One cannot rule out that the blades of both knives were originally hardened by local carburisation, in connection with later thermal processing (quenching). The results of metallographic research seem to support our assumptions. The two knives and the shield grip were manufactured in local Przeworsk culture workshops, perhaps from iron originating from the centre of metallurgy in the Mazowsze (Mazovia) region.
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Ardelean, Lavinia, Lucien Reclaru, Cristina-Maria Bortun, and Laura-Cristina Rusu. "Investigations on Dental Alloys Using Metallographic Observation, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy- Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy." In Micro and Nanotechnologies for Biotechnology. InTech, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64291.

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Conference papers on the topic "Metallographic observations"

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Aurrecoechea, Jose M., William D. Brentnall, and Joseph R. Gast. "Service Temperature Estimation of Turbine Blades Based on Microstructural Observations." In ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-023.

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Optical and electron metallographic (SEM) examination was performed on MAR-M-421 samples subjected to controlled furnace exposures, to quantify the microstructural changes associated with the prolonged high temperature exposures. Gamma prime size measurements were used to generate a mathematical model, based on diffusion controlled kinetics, designed to estimate temperatures. This computational technique was utilized to estimate exposure temperatures of turbine blades which had seen service in land based gas turbine engines. The engines had accumulated from 1,200 to more than 98,000 hours, operating under a variety of conditions. The procedure is generally applicable to commonly used gamma prime strengthened nickel-base superalloys.
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Dundas, Robert E. "Investigation of Failure in Gas Turbines: Part 2 — Engineering and Metallographic Aspects of Failure Investigation." In ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-084.

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This paper opens with a discussion of the various mechanisms of cracking and fracture encountered in gas turbine failures, and discusses the use of metallographic examination of crack and fracture surfaces. The various types of materials used in the major components of heavy-duty industrial and aeroderivative gas turbines are tabulated. A collection of macroscopic and microscopic fractographs of the various mechanisms of failure in gas turbine components is then presented for reference in failure investigation. A discussion of compressor damage due to surge, as well as some overall observations on component failures, follows. Finally, a listing of the most likely types of failure of the various major components is given.
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Dudzinski, D., P. Au, J. G. Legoux, and S. Simard. "Salt Fog Corrosion Resistance of HVOF WC-10Co-4Cr Coated and Electrolytic Hard Chrome Plated AerMet 100 and 300M Steel Alloys." In ITSC2002, edited by C. C. Berndt and E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2002p0686.

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Abstract This paper compares the corrosion resistance of electrolytic hard chrome plating and HVOF-sprayed WC-Co-Cr on two steel alloys used in landing gears. Test samples were evaluated by means of salt spray testing and electrochemical measurements. Post-test metallographic examinations were conducted to investigate the failure mode of the coatings. Test results are presented along with relevant findings and observations. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
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Shejale, Girish M. "Application of Metallographic Evaluation for Repair of FSX 414: 1st Stage Nozzle Segments." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68042.

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The 1st stage nozzle segments experience damage such as creep, fatigue, high temperature corrosion and foreign object damage in service. Amongst the other gas turbine components the 1st stage nozzle segments needs to be refurbished or repaired after stipulated number of running hours. The decision on the extent of repairs for the 1st stage nozzle segments are based on incoming inspection observations. There are various stages of incoming inspection which includes visual, dimensional and non-destructive testing methods. Metallographic evaluation is one of the most important incoming inspection method based on which the extent or class of repairs can be decided. The 1st stage nozzle segment material is FSX 414, which is a cobalt based alloy. It is critical to estimate the microstructural condition of the nozzle segments in the as received condition. As a part of incoming inspection sections at various locations are taken on the nozzle segments for metallographic evaluation. The microstructures are examined in the as received condition and after solution annealing heat treatment. Microstructural transformations and damages in terms of overheating, oxidation and hot corrosion can be identified at ease. The microstructural condition of the nozzle segments can thus be assessed after stipulated running hours. It is concluded that metallographic evaluation is effective in assessing the microstructural damage and proves to be vital in deciding the category of repairs. Typical microstructural evaluation case studies of 1st stage nozzle segments from Frame 5, 6001B and 7001EA gas turbine units are presented and discussed in this paper.
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Mann, James B., Christopher Saldana, and Srinivasan Chandrasekar. "Consolidation of Nanostructured Metal Powders Produced by Modulation-Assisted Machining." In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6621.

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In the present study, nanocrystalline aluminum alloy (Al3003-H14) particulate produced by modulation-assisted machining (MAM) is consolidated by indirect extrusion. The extrusion die was simultaneously heated below the critical time-temperature conditions for recrystallization. Experimental consolidation of platelet shaped particles showed a distinct elongation of grain size in the primary extrusion direction. Metallographic and transmission electron microscopy observations revealed ultrafine grained microstructure with grains having similar orientations across grain boundaries. The shear from indirect extrusion combined with the uniform distribution of alloy particulates by MAM provides a potential route for bulk consolidation of metals and alloys with ultra-fine grained microstructure.
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Xiao, Jia, Zhijun Li, Li Jiang, Linfeng Ye, Kun Yu, Jianping Liang, Shuangjian Chen, and Zezhong Chen. "Interface Microstructure and Thermal Expansion Mismatch in Alloy N/316H Bimetallic Plates." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93585.

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Abstract Two Alloy N/316H bimetallic plates have been fabricated by explosive welding and rolling technologies respectively. Metallographic observations indicate that the rolled bimetallic plate has a straight bond interface, in which some cavities and precipitates exist. While the explosive welded plate shows a wavy bond interfaces. The interface thermal expansion mismatch between the two alloys were evaluated in the two plates at high temperature. Results show that the thermal expansion coefficient of 316H is larger than that of Alloy N. The thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate plates depends on the thickness ratio between Alloy N and 316H, which reaches the maximum when the ratio is 1:4.
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Srivastava, S. K., and D. L. Klarstrom. "The LCF Behavior of Several Solid Solution Strengthened Alloys Used in Gas Turbine Engines." In ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-080.

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LCF tests were performed on production plate (16mm thick) materials of HAYNES® alloy No. 230, HASTELLOY® alloy X and INCONEL® alloy 617. The tests were conducted in air at 760, 871 and 982°C under the fully reversed strain controlled mode on materials in the annealed condition. The results showed that 230™ alloy possesses the best low cycle fatigue characteristics followed by alloy X and alloy 617 under all test conditions. The paper presents total strain range-life data, cyclic hardening/softening, and metallographic observations on selected failed samples. It is shown that oxidation plays a key role in fatigue-crack initiation in alloy 617.
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Luo, Min, Chun Xu, Bing Zhou, Yan-hui Guo, and Rong-bin Li. "Static Recrystallization Behavior of a Nitrogen Controlled Z2CN19-10 Austenitic Stainless Steel." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2746.

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In order to increase the hot workability and provide proper hot forming parameters for nitrogen controlled Z2CN19-10 austenitic stainless steel, the static recrystallization behavior was investigated by double-pass hot compression tests in the temperature range of 950–1100°C, initial grain size of 72μm–152μm, and the strain rates of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 5 s−1. The tests were conducted with inter-pass times varying between 1 and 100 s after achieving a pass strain of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 in the first pass on a Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical simulator. The static recrystallization fraction has been predicted by the 2 % offset stress method and verified by metallographic observations. The metallographic results indicate the crystallized grains generate at the cross of the prior austenite grain boundary and grow up. Also the kinetics of static recrystallization behavior for Z2CN19-10 steel are proposed. Experimental results show that the volume fraction of static recrystallization increases with the increase of deformation temperature, strain rates, pass strain and interval time, while it decreases with the increase of initial grain size. According to the present experimental results, the activation energy (Q) and Avrami exponent (n) was determined as 199.02kJ/mol and 0.69. The established equations can give a reasonable estimate of the static recrystallization behavior for Z2CN19-10 steel.
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GUGLIELMI, P. "Correlation between porosity level and elastic modulus in a foamed hiped Ti alloy." In Material Forming. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902479-154.

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Abstract. Nowadays, in the manufacturing of highly customized prosthetic implants, the need of devices with mechanical properties close to the human bone’s ones plays a key role. In the present work, Ti6Al4V-ELI porous structures obtained by a solid-state foaming process were studied from a microstructural and mechanical point of view, being the aim to control the stiffness of the prostheses in order to be as much as possible close to the human bone’s one, thus reducing the stress shielding effect. Samples with different levels of porosity (average diameter variable between a few microns and about 50 microns) were investigated by means of contact ultrasonic tests in order to evaluate changes in terms of elastic properties. Metallographic observations combined with contact ultrasonic tests revealed that a good correlation exists between the foamed structure (quantity and average size of the pores) and the stiffness.
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Rami´rez, J. A., and J. L. Gonza´lez. "Hydrogen Induced Cracking of Welds in Steel Pipelines." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-2182.

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The phenomenon of Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) by the absorption of hydrogen from a sour fluid in carbon steel plates is well known, however the question if HIC cracks can penetrate weld deposits is still subject of controversy in both laboratory and field studies. In this research, plates containing Submerged Arc Welding, Resistance Seam Welding and Shield Metal Arc welds, were exposed to cathodic charging to induce HIC and to determine if HIC cracks can grow and pass through the weld materials. The HIC progress in the plates was detected and monitored by straight beam ultrasonic inspection in the A-Scan mode. The results showed that HIC can occur in the weld by the same mechanism as in normal plate in the case of SAW welds, while in the other two (RSEW, SMAW) the crack deviates from its original trajectory to form radial cracks when the HIC cracks penetrate into the weld material. The study is completed by metallographic and fractographic observations of the cracked specimens.
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