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Journal articles on the topic 'Metallic lithium'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Zhang, Rui, An Li, Lei Zhang, and Xun Yong Jiang. "Research on Metallic Silicon Used as Lithium Ion Battery Anode Material." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 764–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.764.

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In this research, metallic silicon was used as anode material of lithium ion batteries. Electrochemical lithium storage property of metallic silicon was studied which is compared with pure silicon. The results show that for different content of electrical conductors in electrode, the first discharging and charging specific capacity of metallic silicon is similar to pure silicon. The attenuation on capacity of metallic silicon is slower than pure silicon. The lithium storage mechanism of metallic silicon is similar with pure silicon. The testing results of metallic silicon under different charging and discharging rate show that the lithium storage property of metallic silicon is better under lower charging and discharging rate.

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2

Shi, Lei, Zou Peng, Ping Ning, Xin Sun, Kai Li, Huan Zhang, and Tao Qu. "Clean and Efficient Recovery of Lithium from Al-Li Alloys via Vacuum Fractional Condensation." Separations 10, no. 7 (June 26, 2023): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10070374.

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Al-Li alloys are ideal structural materials for the aerospace industry. However, an increasing number of Al-Li alloys have reached the end of their service life and must be recycled. Unfortunately, when vacuum distillation is used to separate Al-Li alloys, metallic lithium is difficult to condense and collect. Therefore, theoretical and experimental research on lithium condensation conditions under vacuum and vacuum distillation and condensation of Al-Li alloy to prepare metallic lithium were carried out. The results show that the optimal condensation temperature range for lithium is between 523 and 560 K. More than 99.5% metallic lithium and more than 99.97% aluminum were obtained from the Al-7.87%wt Li alloy through vacuum distillation condensation. The direct yield of lithium was above 80%. This paper, therefore, provides a new and improved method for the preparation of metallic lithium.

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3

Auborn, J. J., and Y. L. Barberio. "Lithium Intercalation Cells Without Metallic Lithium: and." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 134, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2100521.

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4

Park, Jesik, Jaeo Lee, and C. K. Lee. "Synthesis of Lithium Thin Film by Electrodeposition from Ionic Liquid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 1049–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.1049.

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Synthesis of metallic lithium thin film was investigated from two ionic liquid of [EMIM]Tf2N and PP13Tf2N with LiTFSI as a lithium source. Cyclic voltammograms on Au electrode showed the possibility of the electrodeposition of metallic lithium, the reduction current in [EMIM]Tf2N was higher than the value in PP13Tf2N. The metallic lithium thin film could be synthesized on the Au electrode by the potentiostatic condition, which was confirmed by various analytical techniques including x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The lithium surface electrodeposited was uniformly without dendrite, any impurity was not detected except trace oxygen contaminated during handling for analyses.

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5

Li, Wenjun, Hao Zheng, Geng Chu, Fei Luo, Jieyun Zheng, Dongdong Xiao, Xing Li, et al. "Effect of electrochemical dissolution and deposition order on lithium dendrite formation: a top view investigation." Faraday Discuss. 176 (2014): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00124a.

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Rechargeable metallic lithium batteries are the ultimate solution to electrochemical storage due to their high theoretical energy densities. One of the key technological challenges is to control the morphology of metallic lithium electrode during electrochemical dissolution and deposition. Here we have investigated the morphology change of metallic lithium electrode after charging and discharging in nonaqueous batteries by ex situ SEM techniques from a top view. Formation of the hole structure after lithium dissolution and the filling of dendrite-like lithium into the holes has been observed for the first time. In addition, an in situ SEM investigation using an all-solid Li/Li₂O/super aligned carbon nanotube set-up indicates that lithium ions could diffuse across through the surface oxide layer and grow lithium dendrites after applying an external electric field. The growth of lithium dendrites can be guided by electron flow when the formed lithium dendrite touches the carbon nanotube.

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6

Manickam, M., and M. Takata. "Lithium intercalation cells LiMn2O4/LiTi2O4 without metallic lithium." Journal of Power Sources 114, no. 2 (March 2003): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00586-4.

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7

Fauteux, D., and R. Koksbang. "Rechargeable lithium battery anodes: alternatives to metallic lithium." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 23, no. 1 (January 1993): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00241568.

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8

Fu, Qiang Wei, and Xun Yong Jiang. "Lithium Storage Property of Metallic Silicon Treated by Mechanical Alloying." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.29.

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Theoretical capacity of silicon is 4200mAhg-1, but pure silicon had huge volume change during lithium insertion, which reduces the cycle life of silicon. In this paper, pure silicon was replaced of metallic silicon to relieve volume effect. Metallic silicon contains some alloying elements which improve the conductivity of the electrode material. The elements in metallic silicon will relief the volume change of silicon substrate during lithium insertion/ de-lithiation process. Metallic silicon was treated by mechanical alloying (MA) which is an effective method to reduce particle sizes of metallic silicon. The results show that MA can improve cycle performance of metallic silicon. Metallic silicon treated by MA performs a better cycling performance compared with the unsettled materials and a higher discharge capacity in the first cycle.

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9

Heilingbrunner, Andrea, and Gernot Stollhoff. "Abinitiocorrelation calculation for metallic lithium." Journal of Chemical Physics 99, no. 9 (November 1993): 6799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.465823.

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10

Cheng, Hao, Yangjun Mao, Yunhao Lu, Peng Zhang, Jian Xie, and Xinbing Zhao. "Trace fluorinated-carbon-nanotube-induced lithium dendrite elimination for high-performance lithium–oxygen cells." Nanoscale 12, no. 5 (2020): 3424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr09749j.

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11

Li, Sipei, Han Wang, Wei Wu, Francesca Lorandi, Jay F. Whitacre, and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Solvent-Processed Metallic Lithium Microparticles for Lithium Metal Batteries." ACS Applied Energy Materials 2, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 1623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b00107.

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12

Zhang, Ke, Zhaoxi Chen, Hanke Feng, Wing-Han Wong, Edwin Yue-Bun Pun, and Cheng Wang. "High-Q lithium niobate microring resonators using lift-off metallic masks [Invited]." Chinese Optics Letters 19, no. 6 (2021): 060010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202119.060010.

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13

Suriyakumar, Shruti, M. Kanagaraj, N. Angulakshmi, Murugavel Kathiresan, Kee Suk Nahm, Mariusz Walkowiak, Krzysztof Wasiński, Paulina Półrolniczak, and A. Manuel Stephan. "Charge–discharge studies of all-solid-state Li/LiFePO4 cells with PEO-based composite electrolytes encompassing metal organic frameworks." RSC Advances 6, no. 99 (2016): 97180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra17962b.

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14

Vanleeuw, D., D. Sapundjiev, G. Sibbens, S. Oberstedt, and P. Salvador Castiñeira. "Physical vapour deposition of metallic lithium." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 299, no. 2 (August 2, 2013): 1113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-013-2669-6.

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15

Ahmad, N., P. C. Klipstein, S. D. Obertelli, E. A. Marseglia, and R. H. Friend. "Metallic properties of lithium-intercalated ZrS2." Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 20, no. 26 (September 20, 1987): 4105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/20/26/013.

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16

Sugiyama, G., G. Zerah, and B. J. Alder. "Ground-state properties of metallic lithium." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 156, no. 1 (March 1989): 144–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(89)90114-3.

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17

Nanda, Sanjay, and Arumugam Manthiram. "Lithium degradation in lithium–sulfur batteries: insights into inventory depletion and interphasial evolution with cycling." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 8 (2020): 2501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01074j.

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Anode-free full cells enable a quantitative estimate of lithium inventory loss rates, which is correlated with the growth of an electrolyte decomposition layer, even as metallic lithium stays intact with cycling.

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18

Chen, Rusong, Adelaide M. Nolan, Jiaze Lu, Junyang Wang, Xiqian Yu, Yifei Mo, Liquan Chen, Xuejie Huang, and Hong Li. "The Thermal Stability of Lithium Solid Electrolytes with Metallic Lithium." Joule 4, no. 4 (April 2020): 812–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.03.012.

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19

Liu, Yue, Bin Li, Jianhua Liu, Songmei Li, and Shubin Yang. "Pre-planted nucleation seeds for rechargeable metallic lithium anodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 35 (2017): 18862–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta04932c.

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Pre-planted nano copper particles not only played as nucleation seeds but also regulated the Li⁺ flux during lithium striping/plating process, leading to high cycling stability for rechargeable metallic lithium batteries.

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20

Fu, Sha, Lan-Lan Zuo, Peng-Sheng Zhou, Xue-Jiao Liu, Qiang Ma, Meng-Jie Chen, Jun-Pei Yue, Xiong-Wei Wu, and Qi Deng. "Recent advancements of functional gel polymer electrolytes for rechargeable lithium–metal batteries." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 14 (2021): 5211–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qm00096a.

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21

Kim, Hyunwoo, Chang-Dae Lee, Dong In Kim, Woosung Choi, Dong-Hwa Seo, and Won-Sub Yoon. "Bonding dependent lithium storage behavior of molybdenum oxides for next-generation Li-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 14 (2022): 7718–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ta00356b.

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Metallic lithium storage occurs in MoO2, whereas MoO3 store lithium by conversion reaction. First-principles calculations demonstrate that the different electrochemical properties originated from the different metal–oxygen bonding of MoO2 and MoO3.

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22

Radin, Maxwell D., Jill F. Rodriguez, Feng Tian, and Donald J. Siegel. "Lithium Peroxide Surfaces Are Metallic, While Lithium Oxide Surfaces Are Not." Journal of the American Chemical Society 134, no. 2 (December 28, 2011): 1093–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja208944x.

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23

Li, Wen-jun, Quan Li, Jie Huang, Jia-yue Peng, Geng Chu, Ya-xiang Lu, Jie-yun Zheng, and Hong Li. "Gas treatment protection of metallic lithium anode." Chinese Physics B 26, no. 8 (August 2017): 088202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/26/8/088202.

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24

Yang, Chih-Kai. "A metallic graphene layer adsorbed with lithium." Applied Physics Letters 94, no. 16 (April 20, 2009): 163115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3126008.

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25

Stassen, I., and G. Hambitzer. "Metallic lithium batteries for high power applications." Journal of Power Sources 105, no. 2 (March 2002): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(01)00933-8.

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26

Hayashi, Hisashi, Yasuo Udagawa, Chi-Chang Kao, Jean-Pascal Rueff, and Francesco Sette. "Plasmon dispersion in metallic lithium–ammonia solutions." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 120, no. 1-3 (October 2001): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0368-2048(01)00313-9.

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27

Sato, Yuzuru. "Electrowinning of Metallic Lithium from Molten Salts." ECS Proceedings Volumes 2002-19, no. 1 (January 2002): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/200219.0771pv.

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28

Lewandowski, Andrzej, Agnieszka Swiderska-Mocek, and Lukasz Waliszewski. "Solid electrolyte interphase formation on metallic lithium." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 16, no. 10 (June 8, 2012): 3391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-012-1786-4.

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29

Mosharafa, A. A., and A. M. Radwan. "Momentum distribution of electrons in metallic lithium." Crystal Research and Technology 23, no. 8 (August 1988): 1013–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170230811.

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30

Fu, Kun (Kelvin), Yunhui Gong, Jiaqi Dai, Amy Gong, Xiaogang Han, Yonggang Yao, Chengwei Wang, et al. "Flexible, solid-state, ion-conducting membrane with 3D garnet nanofiber networks for lithium batteries." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 26 (June 15, 2016): 7094–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600422113.

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Beyond state-of-the-art lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology with metallic lithium anodes to replace conventional ion intercalation anode materials is highly desirable because of lithium’s highest specific capacity (3,860 mA/g) and lowest negative electrochemical potential (∼3.040 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode). In this work, we report for the first time, to our knowledge, a 3D lithium-ion–conducting ceramic network based on garnet-type Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12 (LLZO) lithium-ion conductor to provide continuous Li+ transfer channels in a polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based composite. This composite structure further provides structural reinforcement to enhance the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix. The flexible solid-state electrolyte composite membrane exhibited an ionic conductivity of 2.5 × 10−4 S/cm at room temperature. The membrane can effectively block dendrites in a symmetric Li | electrolyte | Li cell during repeated lithium stripping/plating at room temperature, with a current density of 0.2 mA/cm2 for around 500 h and a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 for over 300 h. These results provide an all solid ion-conducting membrane that can be applied to flexible LIBs and other electrochemical energy storage systems, such as lithium–sulfur batteries.

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31

Pindar, Sanjay, and Nikhil Dhawan. "Evaluation of carbothermic processing for mixed discarded lithium-ion batteries." Metallurgical Research & Technology 117, no. 3 (2020): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2020025.

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The limited life span and huge demand for lithium-ion batteries, environment concerns, and the consumption of rare metals such as lithium and cobalt are the key facts for the worldwide recycling efforts. In this study, the cathode material of discarded lithium-ion batteries was carbothermally reduced using recovered graphite. A comparative evaluation of reduction behavior of single-phase (LiCoO2) and mixed-phase (LiCoO2.LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4.LiMn2O4) cathode materials was investigated under an ambient and inert atmosphere. Processing of single-phase cathode material in inert atmosphere yielded pure metallic cobalt, whereas, higher metallic recoveries and metal purity were obtained by processing of mixed cathode material in ambient conditions. The excellent product obtained under ambient conditions comprises 68% Co, 21% Mn, 2.5% Ni with saturation magnetization: 106 emu/g, and a precursor for the synthesis of cathode material. The process yield is 46.2% and lithium extraction 83%. In terms of metal purity and recovery, graphite was found to be better for reduction than activated charcoal. The process followed is simple, adaptable, and cost-effective for metals recovery from discarded lithium-ion batteries.

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32

Schöniger, Maik, Stefan R. Kachel, Jan Herritsch, Philipp Schröder, Mark Hutter, and J. Michael Gottfried. "Direct synthesis of dilithium tetraphenylporphyrin: facile reaction of a free-base porphyrin with vapor-deposited lithium." Chemical Communications 55, no. 91 (2019): 13665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc07170a.

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33

Liu, Sisi, Jun Yang, Lichao Yin, Zhiming Li, Jiulin Wang, and Yanna Nuli. "Lithium-rich Li2.6BMg0.05 alloy as an alternative anode to metallic lithium for rechargeable lithium batteries." Electrochimica Acta 56, no. 24 (October 2011): 8900–8905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.109.

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34

Karaoglu, Gozde, and Burak Ulgut. "(Digital Presentation) Electrochemical Noise Measurement in Batteries with Metallic Lithium Anode." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01189mtgabs.

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Electrochemical noise measurements are well known in corrosion literature where the noise that is to be measured is appreciable in amplitude. From the measured noise, it is possible to identify the mode of corrosion and distinguish between localized corrosion types from the uniform ones. This is mainly because localized modes of corrosion are stochastic in nature, typically studied in conjunction with post-mortem studies. In recent years, the increase in the use of batteries demands that the tests to be performed on the batteries are faster, easier, cheaper and, if possible, non-destructive and non-perturbing. Although some electrochemical noise studies have begun to be carried out on batteries, the literature on this subject is scarce and questionable. Electrochemical noise measurement of Li batteries can be ultimately used as a non-invasive tool to diagnose the battery health and we have already shown that non-rechargeable batteries with Li/MnO2 chemistry shows increase in voltage noise after being exposed to a short circuit. On the other hand, if the battery is properly discharged, voltage noise does not increase. As a result, morphological changes on metallic lithium can be detected by electrochemical noise measurements and this method can be used as non-invasive diagnosis tool.[1] Lithium metal-based chemistries have a much higher capacity than rechargeable chemistries because of the use of Lithium-aluminum alloy or graphite in rechargeable chemistries, as opposed to metallic Lithium used at the anode. It is known that charging of lithium metal electrode to result in the formation of lithium dendrites and/or mossy structures. These end up creating safety and performance issues. For this reason, pre-detection is both academically interesting and industrially important. Some preliminary studies show that noise level increase drastically after charging. Moreover, the anodes of the charged batteries were also examined with SEM and serious deterioration was observed in the anode of the battery after charging. (Figure 1) Just like noise measurements on non-rechargeable batteries with lithium chemistry exposed to short circuits, it is worthy to study on and develop pre-detection method for in lithium batteries that are prone to form dendrite during charging and discharging cycles by using electrochemical noise measurements. For this reason, we also conduct noise studies with symmetrical and asymmetric cells (Li/Li, Cu/Cu and Li/Cu) prepared in the glove box and examine the details of the noise increase in a controlled and detailed manner. In this talk, how the electrochemical noise of metallic lithium-based batteries is measured, under what conditions it increases and what are the sources of the noise will be discussed both with noise measurements and imaging with optical microscope in situ and after death with spectroscopic analysis. References [1] Karaoglu G; Uzundal CB; Ulgut B; “Uneven Discharge of Metallic Lithium Causes Increased Voltage Noise in Li/MnO2 Primary Batteries upon Shorting, submitted. Figure 1

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35

Jiang, Zhanguo, Tiefeng Liu, Lijing Yan, Jie Liu, Feifei Dong, Min Ling, Chengdu Liang, and Zhan Lin. "Metal-organic framework nanosheets-guided uniform lithium deposition for metallic lithium batteries." Energy Storage Materials 11 (March 2018): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2017.11.003.

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36

Titov, R. A. "Influence of the complexing ability of b3+ cations in the composition of B2O3 flux on the characteristics of LiNbO3:b crystals." Transaction Kola Science Centre 12, no. 2-2021 (December 13, 2021): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2021.2.5.052.

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The Gibbs energy of the borates formation of trace amounts of metallic impurities (Al4B2O9, CaB2O4, CaB4O7, Ca2B2O5, Ca3B2O6, PbB2O4) in the lithium niobate charge is calculated. It is shown that the element boron, as an active complexing agent, in the composition of the B2O3 flux can prevent the transition of impurity metals, inevitably present in trace amounts in the charge of lithium niobate, into the structure of the lithium niobate crystal.

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37

Dessantis, Davide, Piera Di Prima, Daniele Versaci, Julia Amici, Carlotta Francia, Silvia Bodoardo, and Massimo Santarelli. "Aging of a Lithium-Metal/LFP Cell: Predictive Model and Experimental Validation." Batteries 9, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9030146.

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Actual market requirements for storage systems highlight the limits of graphite as an anode for Li-ion batteries. Lithium metal can represent a suitable alternative to graphite due to its high theoretical specific capacity (about 3860 mAh g−1) and low negative redox potential. However, several aging mechanisms, such as dendrite growth, lithium loss and the formation of an unstable SEI, decrease the performances of Li-based batteries. A suitable strategy to better understand and study these mechanisms could be the development of an electrochemical model that forecasts the aging behaviour of a lithium-metal battery. In this work, a P2D aging electrochemical model for an Li-based cell was developed. The main innovation is represented by the combination of two aspects: the substitution of graphite with metallic lithium as an anode and the implementation of SEI growth on the metallic lithium surface. The calibration of the model, based on experimental measurements and the successive validation, led to us obtaining a good accuracy between the simulated and experimental curves. This good accuracy makes the developed P2D aging model a versatile and suitable approach for further investigations on Li-based batteries considering all the aging phenomena involved.

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38

Smolinski, Maciej, Aleksandra Ossowska, Anna Szczęsna-Chrzan, Adam Łaszcz, Maciej Marczewski, and Marek Marcinek. "Metallic Organic Framework (MOF) Applications in Novel Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 1 (August 28, 2023): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-011420mtgabs.

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Today lithium-ion batteries are the basis of portable energy source. Wildly used in electronic devices and electric vehicles lithium-ion type of batteries became a standard. Despite good electrochemical performance and their universality, fast development of the market for efficient power sources makes them unable to meet this challenge. As a promising competitor or even a successor of lithium-ion batteries often named are lithium-sulfur batteries. It’s mostly because of their high specific capacity (1675 mAh g-1) and relatively big deposit of sulfur on Earth. The main reason, why this type of batteries is not commercialized yet is the problem with the application and stability of the sulfur electrode. The expansion of the sulfur when charging, its insulation and dissolution in organic solvents from the electrolyte, resulting the creation of polysulfides chains, are the remaining problems to solve before lithium-sulfur batteries could be spread in the commerce devices. To solve these issues many additives and compounds have been examined. One of the idea is to use metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as a sulfur host on the electrode. Because of the porosity of the structure of these materials they are able to “hold” sulfur inside them. Not only it improves the electronic conductivity but also can be a solution to reduce the electrode expansion and sulfur reactions with electrolyte. This report presents a few methods of the possible ways of doping MOFs with sulfur and electrode slurry preparation. All the research was made in cooperation of Warsaw University of Technology from Poland and NTNU and SINTEF from Norway in M-ERA.NET 2 MOGLiS project.

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39

Liu, Jinyun, Xirong Lin, Tianli Han, Qianqian Lu, Jiawei Long, Huigang Zhang, Xi Chen, Junjie Niu, and Jinjin Li. "An artificial sea urchin with hollow spines: improved mechanical and electrochemical stability in high-capacity Li–Ge batteries." Nanoscale 12, no. 10 (2020): 5812–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr09107f.

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40

Zhang, Xiaolin, Weikun Wang, Anbang Wang, Yaqin Huang, Keguo Yuan, Zhongbao Yu, Jingyi Qiu, and Yusheng Yang. "Improved cycle stability and high security of Li-B alloy anode for lithium–sulfur battery." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 30 (2014): 11660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta01709a.

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41

Zavadil, K. R., N. R. Armstrong, and C. H. F. Peden. "Reactions at the interface between multi-component glasses and metallic lithium films." Journal of Materials Research 4, no. 4 (August 1989): 978–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1989.0978.

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The reactions of vacuum deposited thin films of lithium with various complex glasses have been explored using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In contrast to lithium reactions with simple glasses such as silica or boron oxides, the reactions are predominantly those of the network modifiers such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium. XPS and x-ray induced Auger lineshapes indicate the migration of the network modifier to the near surface region followed by its reduction. In the case of magnesium, there is evidence for stable alloy formation with unreacted lithium following these migration and reduction steps.

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42

Han, Qigang, Yalan Sheng, Zhiwu Han, Xiang Li, Wenqiang Zhang, Yao Li, and Xu Zhang. "Metallic Sb nanoparticles embedded into a yolk–shell Sb2O3@TiO2 composite as anode materials for lithium ion batteries." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 31 (2020): 13430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj05947d.

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43

Lu, Jian, Guoliang Xia, Shipeng Gong, Changlai Wang, Peng Jiang, Zhiyu Lin, Dongdong Wang, Yang Yang, and Qianwang Chen. "Metallic 1T phase MoS2 nanosheets decorated hollow cobalt sulfide polyhedra for high-performance lithium storage." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 26 (2018): 12613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta02716a.

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44

Liu, Jie, Xiaoyin Li, Qian Wang, Yoshiyuki Kawazoe, and Puru Jena. "A new 3D Dirac nodal-line semi-metallic graphene monolith for lithium ion battery anode materials." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 28 (2018): 13816–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta04428g.

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45

Hood, Zachary D., Hui Wang, Amaresh Samuthira Pandian, Jong Kahk Keum, and Chengdu Liang. "Li2OHCl Crystalline Electrolyte for Stable Metallic Lithium Anodes." Journal of the American Chemical Society 138, no. 6 (January 27, 2016): 1768–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b11851.

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Larcher, Dominique, A. S. Prakash, Juliette Saint, Mathieu Morcrette, and Jean-Marie Tarascon. "Electrochemical Reactivity of Mg2Sn Phases with Metallic Lithium." Chemistry of Materials 16, no. 25 (December 2004): 5502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm040132h.

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Prem, M., G. Krexner, F. Beuneu, and P. Vajda. "Metallic colloids in lithium oxide after electron irradiation." Physica B: Condensed Matter 350, no. 1-3 (July 2004): E999—E1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2004.03.275.

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Knitter, R., M. H. H. Kolb, and C. Odemer. "Synthesis of tritium breeder ceramics from metallic lithium." Journal of Nuclear Materials 420, no. 1-3 (January 2012): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.10.008.

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Oukassi, Sami, Nicolas Dunoyer, Raphael Salot, and Steve Martin. "Microfabrication process for patterning metallic lithium encapsulated electrodes." Applied Surface Science 256, no. 3 (November 2009): S58—S60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.04.144.

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Veretenkin, E. P., V. N. Gavrin, and E. A. Yanovich. "Use of metallic lithium for detecting solar neutrinos." Soviet Atomic Energy 58, no. 1 (January 1985): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01123252.

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