Journal articles: 'Metal Wire Deposition'

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Peyre, Patrice. "Additive Layer Manufacturing using Metal Deposition." Metals 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10040459.

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Among the additive layer manufacturing techniques for metals, those involving metal deposition, including laser cladding/Direct Energy Deposition (DED, with powder feeding) or Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM, with wire feeding), exhibit several attractive features [...]

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Bi, Xue Song, and Liang Zhu. "Joule Energy Deposition in Segmented Metal Wire Electrical Explosion." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.363.

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Electrical explosion of wire has a prosperous future in fine powder producing. In the process of electrical explosion of segmented metal wire (EESW),energy deposited in the wire was influenced by process variables such as the initial charging voltage of the capacitors, the length and the diameter of the segmented wire,and the electrode spacing. For understanding their relation completely, a series of experiments of electrical explosion was carried out with variations of the initial charging voltage and the segmented wire lengths and diameter. Results show that, energy deposition efficiency was weakly dependent on the wire length , whereas it has a strong dependence on the wire diameter, the initial charging voltage of the capacitors have an important influence on the energy deposition.

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Yuan, Chengwei, Shujun Chen, Fan Jiang, Bin Xu, and Shanwen Dong. "Mechanism of Continuous Melting and Secondary Contact Melting in Resistance Heating Metal Wire Additive Manufacturing." Materials 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2020): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051069.

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Resistance heating metal wire materials additive manufacturing technology is of great significance for space environment maintenance and manufacturing. However, the continuous deposition process has a problem in which the metal melt is disconnected from the base metal. In order to study the difference between the second contact melting of the disconnected metal melt and the continuous melting of the metal wire as well as eliminate the problem of the uneven heat dissipation of the base metal deposition on the melting process of the metal wire, the physical test of melting the metal wire clamped by the equal diameter conductive nozzle was carried out from the aspects of temperature distribution, temperature change, melting time, dynamic resistance change, and the microstructure. The current, wire length, and diameter of the metal wire are used as variables. It was found that the dynamic resistance change of the wire can be matched with the melting state. During the solid-state temperature rise, due to the presence of the contact interface, the continuous melting and secondary contact melting of metal wires differ in dynamic resistance and the melting process. The continuous melting of the metal wire was caused by the overall resistance of the wire to generate heat and melt, and the temperature distribution is “bow-shaped”. In the second contact melting, the heat generated by the contact interface resistance was transferred to both ends of the metal wire to melt, and the temperature distribution is “inverted V”. The microstructure of the metal wire continuous melting and secondary contact melting solidification is similar. The continuous melting length of the metal wire is greater than the melting length of the secondary contact.

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B T, Anirudhan, Jithin Devasia, Tejaswin Krishna, and Mebin T. Kuruvila. "Manufacturing of a Bimetallic Structure of Stainless Steel and Mild Steel through Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing – A Critical Review." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 6 (July 3, 2020): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jun583.

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Wire and Arc based Additive Manufacturing, shortly known as WAAM, is one of the most prominent tech- nologies, under Additive Manufacturing, used for extensive production of complex and intricate shapes. This layer by layer deposition method avails arc welding technology; Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), a competitive method in WAAM, is the conducted manufacturing process. It is a sum of heat source, originated from the electric arc, and metal wire as feedstock. The metal wire from the feedstock, melted by arc discharge, is deposited layer by layer. Another material can be added on to the top of deposited layer by replacing the feed wire from the stock, to fabricate a bimetallic structure. The purpose of this study is to collect the salient datum from the joining of two dissimilar metals. A combination of stainless steel and mild steel are considered. Proper deposition parameters, welding current along with voltage, bead width efficiency for both the metals were acquired. As a result, the physical properties of the dissimilar joint were approximate to the bulk material.

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Shcherbakov, A. V., R. V. Rodyakina, and R. R. Klyushin. "Enhancement of Deposition Process Controlling in Electron Beam Metal Wire Deposition Method." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 969 (November 13, 2020): 012105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/969/1/012105.

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Shaikh, Muhammad Omar, Ching-Chia Chen, Hua-Cheng Chiang, Ji-Rong Chen, Yi-Chin Chou, Tsung-Yuan Kuo, Kei Ameyama, and Cheng-Hsin Chuang. "Additive manufacturing using fine wire-based laser metal deposition." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 3 (November 18, 2019): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-04-2019-0110.

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Purpose Using wire as feedstock has several advantages for additive manufacturing (AM) of metal components, which include high deposition rates, efficient material use and low material costs. While the feasibility of wire-feed AM has been demonstrated, the accuracy and surface finish of the produced parts is generally lower than those obtained using powder-bed/-feed AM. The purpose of this study was to develop and investigate the feasibility of a fine wire-based laser metal deposition (FW-LMD) process for producing high-precision metal components with improved resolution, dimensional accuracy and surface finish. Design/methodology/approach The proposed FW-LMD AM process uses a fine stainless steel wire with a diameter of 100 µm as the additive material and a pulsed Nd:YAG laser as the heat source. The pulsed laser beam generates a melt pool on the substrate into which the fine wire is fed, and upon moving the X–Y stage, a single-pass weld bead is created during solidification that can be laterally and vertically stacked to create a 3D metal component. Process parameters including laser power, pulse duration and stage speed were optimized for the single-pass weld bead. The effect of lateral overlap was studied to ensure low surface roughness of the first layer onto which subsequent layers can be deposited. Multi-layer deposition was also performed and the resulting cross-sectional morphology, microhardness, phase formation, grain growth and tensile strength have been investigated. Findings An optimized lateral overlap of about 60-70% results in an average surface roughness of 8-16 µm along all printed directions of the X–Y stage. The single-layer thickness and dimensional accuracy of the proposed FW-LMD process was about 40-80 µm and ±30 µm, respectively. A dense cross-sectional morphology was observed for the multilayer stacking without any visible voids, pores or defects present between the layers. X-ray diffraction confirmed a majority austenite phase with small ferrite phase formation that occurs at the junction of the vertically stacked beads, as confirmed by the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Tensile tests were performed and an ultimate tensile strength of about 700-750 MPa was observed for all samples. Furthermore, multilayer printing of different shapes with improved surface finish and thin-walled and inclined metal structures with a minimum achievable resolution of about 500 µm was presented. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to report a directed energy deposition process using a fine metal wire with a diameter of 100 µm and can be a possible solution to improving surface finish and reducing the “stair-stepping” effect that is generally observed for wires with a larger diameter. The AM process proposed in this study can be an attractive alternative for 3D printing of high-precision metal components and can find application for rapid prototyping in a range of industries such as medical and automotive, among others.

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Ayed, Achraf, Guénolé Bras, Henri Bernard, Pierre Michaud, Yannick Balcaen, and Joel Alexis. "Additive Manufacturing of Ti6Al4V with Wire Laser Metal Deposition Process." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.24.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) using wire as an input material is currently in full swing, with very strong growth prospects thanks to the possibility of creating large parts, with high deposition rates, but also a low investment cost compared to the powder bed fusion machines. A versatile 3D printing device using a Direct Energy Deposition Wire-Laser (DED-W Laser) with Precitec Coaxprinter station to melt a metallic filler wire is developed to build titanium parts by optimizing the process parameters. The geometrical and metallurgical of produced parts are analyzed. In the literature, several authors agree to define wire feed speed, travel speed, and laser beam power as first-order process parameters governing laser-wire deposition. This study shows the relative importance of these parameters taking separately as well as the importance of their sequencing at the start of the process. Titanium deposit are obtained with powers never explored in bibliography (up to 5 kW), and wire feed speed up to 5 m.min-1 with a complete process repeatability.

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Stinson, Harley, Richard Ward, Justin Quinn, and Cormac McGarrigle. "Comparison of Properties and Bead Geometry in MIG and CMT Single Layer Samples for WAAM Applications." Metals 11, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11101530.

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The process of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) utilizes arc welding technology to fabricate metallic components by depositing material in a selective layered fashion. Several welding processes exist that can achieve this layered deposition strategy. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) derived processes are commonly favored for their high deposition rates (1–4 kg/h) and minimal torch reorientation required during deposition. A range of GMAW processes are available; all of which have different material transfer modes and thermal energy input ranges and the resultant metallic structures formed from these processes can vary in their mechanical properties and morphology. This work will investigate single-layer deposition and vary the process parameters and process mode to observe responses in mechanical properties, bead geometry and deposition rate. The process modes selected for this study were GMAW derived process of Metal Inert Gas (MIG) and Cold Metal Transfer (CMT). Characterization of parameter sets revealed relationships between torch travel speeds, wire feed speeds and the specimen properties and proportions. Differences were observed in the cross-sectional bead geometry and deposition rates when comparing MIG and CMT samples though the influence of process mode on mechanical properties was less significant compared to process parameter selection.

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Stützer, Juliane, Tom Totzauer, Benjamin Wittig, Manuela Zinke, and Sven Jüttner. "GMAW Cold Wire Technology for Adjusting the Ferrite–Austenite Ratio of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Duplex Stainless Steel Components." Metals 9, no. 5 (May 14, 2019): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9050564.

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The use of commercially available filler metals for wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of duplex stainless steel components results in a microstructure with a very low ferrite content. The ferrite–austenite ratio in the duplex stainless steel weld metal depends on both the cooling rate and particularly on the chemical composition. However, the research and testing of special filler metals for additive deposition welding using wire and arc processes is time-consuming and expensive. This paper describes a method that uses an additional cold wire feed in the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process to selectively vary the alloy composition and thus the microstructure of duplex stainless steel weld metal. By mixing different filler metals, a reduction of the nickel equivalent and hence an increase in the ferrite content in additively manufactured duplex stainless steel specimens was achieved. The homogeneous mixing of electrode and cold wire was verified by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Furthermore, the addition of cold wire resulted in a significant increase in sample height while the sample width remained approximately the same.

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Silva, Adrien Da, Sicong Wang, Joerg Volpp, and Alexander F. H. Kaplan. "Vertical laser metal wire deposition of Al-Si alloys." Procedia CIRP 94 (2020): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.078.

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Hagqvist, Petter, Almir Heralić, Anna-Karin Christiansson, and Bengt Lennartson. "Resistance measurements for control of laser metal wire deposition." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 54 (March 2014): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2013.10.010.

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Antoszewski, Bogdan, Hubert Danielewski, Jan Dutkiewicz, Łukasz Rogal, Marek St Węglowski, Krzysztof Kwieciński, and Piotr Śliwiński. "Semi-Hybrid CO2 Laser Metal Deposition Method with Inter Substrate Buffer Zone." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040720.

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This article presents the results of the metal deposition process using additive materials in the form of filler wire and metal powder. An important problem in wire deposition using a CO2 laser was overcome by using a combination of the abovementioned methods. The deposition of a multicomponent alloy—Inconel 625—on a basic substrate such as structural steel is presented. The authors propose a new approach for stopping carbon and iron diffusion from the substrate, by using the Semi-Hybrid Deposition Method (S-HDM) developed by team members. The proposed semi-hybrid method was compared with alternative wire and powder deposition using laser beam. Differences of S-HDM and classic wire deposition and powder deposition methods are presented using metallographic analysis, within optic and electron microscopy. Significant differences in the obtained results reveal advantages of the developed method compared to traditional deposition methods. A comparison of the aforementioned methods performed using nickel based super alloy Inconel 625 deposited on low carbon steel substrate is presented. An alternative prototyping approach for an advanced high alloy materials deposition using CO2 laser, without the requirement of using the same substrate was presented in this article. This study confirmed the established assumption of reducing selected components diffusion from a substrate via buffer layer. Results of metallographic analysis confirm the advantages and application potential of using the new semi-hybrid method for prototyping high alloy materials on low alloy structural steel substrate.

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Hussein, Nur Izan Syahriah, Mohd Seiful Ezuan Sayuti, and Mohamad Nizam Ayof. "Direct Metal Deposition of Stainless Steel Wire Using Metal Inert Gas as Heat Source for Repair Purposes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 3570–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.3570.

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Direct metal deposition (DMD) using wire feedstock than powder feeding offers potential advantages such as high material usage efficiency and deposition rate and therefore employed in this work. The deposition process was conducted using metal inert gas (MIG) as the heat source. This study involves manipulating one variable that is deposition parameter to determine if changes in this variable cause changes in another variable that is microstructure and hardness variation. The deposited material was characterized by means of optical microscope and Rockwell microhardness testing machine. In addition, Design Expert Software that implemented Response Surface Methodology (RSM) technique was used in determining optimization of parameters. Results from the software were compared to the results obtained from the experimental works. This study shows that the deposition parameters such as current, arc voltage and travel speed significantly affect the microstructural development and microhardness variations of the stainless steel deposited structure. At the end of this study, directions for future work were suggested in order to further enhance the microstructural and microhardness properties of deposited material.)

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Xiao, Xinyi, Clarke Waddell, Carter Hamilton, and Hanbin Xiao. "Quality Prediction and Control in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing via Novel Machine Learning Framework." Micromachines 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13010137.

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is capable of rapidly depositing metal materials thus facilitating the fabrication of large-shape metal components. However, due to the multi-process-variability in the WAAM process, the deposited shape (bead width, height, depth of penetration) is difficult to predict and control within the desired level. Ultimately, the overall build will not achieve a near-net shape and will further hinder the part from performing its functionality without post-processing. Previous research primarily utilizes data analytical models (e.g., regression model, artificial neural network (ANN)) to forwardly predict the deposition width and height variation based on single or cross-linked process variables. However, these methods cannot effectively determine the optimal printable zone based on the desired deposition shape due to the inability to inversely deduce from these data analytical models. Additionally, the process variables are intercorrelated, and the bead width, height, and depth of penetration are highly codependent. Therefore, existing analysis cannot grant a reliable prediction model that allows the deposition (bead width, height, and penetration height) to remain within the desired level. This paper presents a novel machine learning framework for quantitatively analyzing the correlated relationship between the process parameters and deposition shape, thus providing an optimal process parameter selection to control the final deposition geometry. The proposed machine learning framework can systematically and quantitatively predict the deposition shape rather than just qualitatively as with other existing machine learning methods. The prediction model can also present the complex process-quality relations, and the determination of the deposition quality can guide the WAAM to be more prognostic and reliable. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed quantitative process-quality analysis will be validated through experiments.

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Zhai, Wengang, Naien Wu, and Wei Zhou. "Effect of Interpass Temperature on Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Using High-Strength Metal-Cored Wire." Metals 12, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020212.

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is suitable to fabricate large components because of its high deposition rate. In this study, a metal-cored low-alloy high-strength welding filler metal was used as feedstock. Single wall structures were prepared using the WAAM process with different interpass temperatures (150 °C, 350 °C, and 600 °C). No obvious microstructure change was observed when the alloy was deposited with the interpass temperatures of 150 °C and 350 °C. Electron backscattered diffraction analysis shows that that no significant texture is developed in the samples. The yield strength tends to decrease with the increase in interpass temperature; however, the influence is insignificant. The highest ultimate tensile strength is found at the interpass temperature of 350 °C. A higher interpass temperature can lead to a higher deposition rate because of the shorter waiting time for the cooling of the earlier deposited layer. It was found that the upper limit interpass temperature for WAAM of the low-alloy high-strength steel is 350 °C. When a higher interpass temperature of 600 °C was used, collapse of the deposited materials was observed.

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Oliari, Stella Holzbach, Ana Sofia Clímaco Monteiro D’Oliveira, and Martin Schulz. "Additive Manufacturing of H11 with Wire-Based Laser Metal Deposition." Soldagem & Inspeção 22, no. 4 (December 21, 2017): 466–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/si2204.06.

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Abstract Laser additive manufacturing (LAM) is a near-net-shape production technique by which a part can be built up from 3D CAD model data, without material removal. Recently, these production processes gained attention due to the spreading of polymer-based processes in private and commercial applications. However, due to the insufficient development of metal producing processes regarding design, process information and qualification, resistance on producing functional components with this technology is still present. To overcome this restriction further studies have to be undertaken. The present research proposes a parametric study of additive manufacturing of hot work tool steel, H11. The selected LAM process is wire-based laser metal deposition (LMD-W). The study consists of parameters optimization for single beads (laser power, travel speed and wire feed rate) as well as lateral and vertical overlap for layer-by-layer technique involved in LMD process. Results show that selection of an ideal set of parameters affects substantially the surface quality, bead uniformity and bond between substrate and clad. Discussion includes the role of overlapping on the soundness of parts based on the height homogeneity of each layer, porosity and the presence of gaps. For the conditions tested it was shown that once the deposition parameters are selected, lateral and vertical overlapping determines the integrity and quality of parts processed by LAM.

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Heralić, Almir, Anna-Karin Christiansson, Kjell Hurtig, Mattias Ottosson, and Bengt Lennartson. "Control Design for Automation of Robotized Laser Metal-wire Deposition." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 41, no. 2 (2008): 14785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20080706-5-kr-1001.02503.

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Kam, Dong-Hyuck, Young-Min Kim, and Cheolhee Kim. "Recent Studies of Laser Metal 3D Deposition with Wire Feeding." Journal of Welding and Joining 34, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2016.34.1.35.

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Zhong, Sheng, Thomas Koch, Stefan Walheim, Harald Rösner, Eberhard Nold, Aaron Kobler, Torsten Scherer, et al. "Self-organization of mesoscopic silver wires by electrochemical deposition." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 5 (August 15, 2014): 1285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.142.

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Long, straight mesoscale silver wires have been fabricated from AgNO3 electrolyte via electrodeposition without the help of templates, additives, and surfactants. Although the wire growth speed is very fast due to growth under non-equilibrium conditions, the wire morphology is regular and uniform in diameter. Structural studies reveal that the wires are single-crystalline, with the [112] direction as the growth direction. A possible growth mechanism is suggested. Auger depth profile measurements show that the wires are stable against oxidation under ambient conditions. This unique system provides a convenient way for the study of self-organization in electrochemical environments as well as for the fabrication of highly-ordered, single-crystalline metal nanowires.

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Mihailescu, Dănuţ, Octavian Frincu, and Marius Corneliu Gheonea. "The Comparative Analysis of the Concentration of Microparticles during Mechanized MAG Welding Using Cored Wires." Advanced Materials Research 814 (September 2013): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.814.76.

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Use of cored wire - shielding gas (gas mixture) pair, during mechanized MAG welding, causes the microparticles formation which is harmful for the welder’s health. The paper presents the experimental method for determining the concentration of the microparticles generated during MAG welding when rutile cored wires (standard and low fume emission) and metal powder cored wires (standard and low fume emission) are used. Carbon dioxide and the shielding gas mixture are investigated, too. Four types of cored wires were comparatively analysed, when three wire speed values were applied. The research of the microparticles concentration was conducted after each welding bead deposition, at the upper part of the welding enclosure, using MicroDust Pro particulate monitor. After each weld bead was deposited, the metal frame of the welding enclosure was removed, and, the fumes and gases, produced during the welding process, were eliminated through two fans, positioned inside and outside of the equipment. Using rutile cored wire with low fume emission, a decrease of microparticles concentration up to 30% is noticed in comparison with standard rutile cored wire. Using metal powders cored wire with low fume emission, the microparticles concentration is diminished with 12.5% comparing with standard metal powders cored wire.

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Zheng, G., R. Laqua, P. Rey, M. Salgueiro, M. Gipperich, J. Riepe, and J. Jakumeit. "Influence of nanoparticles on melting and solidification during a Directed Energy Deposition process analysed by simulation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1274, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1274/1/012017.

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Abstract Additive Manufacturing is a strategic tool for industrial applications. When large size structural parts are targeted, high deposition rates are important and Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is a preferred technique. A metal wire is melted by laser light and deposit on a substrate or already solidified material. Due to the small size of the melting zone, a detailed experimental analysis of the process is very difficult and simulation is an important tool to understand the manufacturing process and the influence of process and material parameter. Here the influence of the nanocomposite reinforcement on the deposition process are investigated by simulation single line tracks. A three-phase melting and solidification simulation methodology has been used to investigate the melting and solidification during DED printing of single line tracks of different wire materials. The approach uses the finite-volume method and arbitrary polyhedral control volumes to solve the governing equations. Heating of the wire by laser light is tackled using a volumetric heat source describing the specific absorption of the laser power by the metal wire. The influence of melting and solidification on the initially uniform nanocomposite distribution during the printing process is simulated using a Lagrangian approach. Firstly, simulations for steel ST 52-3 (1.0570) were performed for different process parameter settings and compared to experimental results of deposition width, height and form to validate the simulation approach. The method is then applied to Ti6Al4V wires with and without nanocomposites added to the wire material. Adding nanocomposites changes the melting and solidification behaviour of the wire materials. The influence of these changes of the material properties on the deposition process under different process conditions is analysed by simulation.

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Kisielewicz, Agnieszka, Karthikeyan Thalavai Pandian, Daniel Sthen, Petter Hagqvist, Maria Asuncion Valiente Bermejo, Fredrik Sikström, and Antonio Ancona. "Hot-Wire Laser-Directed Energy Deposition: Process Characteristics and Benefits of Resistive Pre-Heating of the Feedstock Wire." Metals 11, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040634.

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This study investigates the influence of resistive pre-heating of the feedstock wire (here called hot-wire) on the stability of laser-directed energy deposition of Duplex stainless steel. Data acquired online during depositions as well as metallographic investigations revealed the process characteristic and its stability window. The online data, such as electrical signals in the pre-heating circuit and images captured from side-view of the process interaction zone gave insight on the metal transfer between the molten wire and the melt pool. The results show that the characteristics of the process, like laser-wire and wire-melt pool interaction, vary depending on the level of the wire pre-heating. In addition, application of two independent energy sources, laser beam and electrical power, allows fine-tuning of the heat input and increases penetration depth, with little influence on the height and width of the beads. This allows for better process stability as well as elimination of lack of fusion defects. Electrical signals measured in the hot-wire circuit indicate the process stability such that the resistive pre-heating can be used for in-process monitoring. The conclusion is that the resistive pre-heating gives additional means for controlling the stability and the heat input of the laser-directed energy deposition.

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M. Adinarayanappa, Somashekara, and Suryakumar Simhambhatla. "Twin-wire welding based additive manufacturing (TWAM): manufacture of functionally gradient objects." Rapid Prototyping Journal 23, no. 5 (August 22, 2017): 858–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2015-0126.

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Purpose Twin-wire welding-based additive manufacturing (TWAM) is a unique process which uses gas metal arc welding (GMAW)-based twin-wire weld-deposition to create functionally gradient materials (FGMs). Presented study aims to focus on creating metallic objects with a hardness gradient using GMAW of twin-wire weld deposition setup. Design/methodology/approach By using dissimilar filler wires in twin-wire weld-deposition, it is possible to create metallic objects with varying hardness. This is made possible by individually controlling the proportion of each filler wire used. ER70S-6 and ER110S-G are the two filler wires used for the study; the former has lower hardness than the latter. In the current study, methodology and various experiments carried out to identify the suitable process parameters at a given location for a desired variation of hardness have been presented. A predictive model for obtaining the wire speed of the filler wires required for a desired value of hardness was also created. Subsequently, sample parts with gradient in various directions have been fabricated. Findings For dissimilar twin-wire weld-deposition used here, it is observed that the resultant hardness is in the volumetric proportion of the hardness of the individual filler wires. This aids the fabrication of FGMs using arc based weld-deposition with localized control of hardness, achieved through the control of the ratio of wire speeds of the individual filler wires. Four sample parts were fabricated to demonstrate the concept of realizing FGMs through TWAM. The fabricated parts showed good match with the desired hardness variation. Research limitations/implications This paper successfully presents the capability of TWAM for creating gradient metallic objects with varying hardness. Although developed using ER70S-6 and ER110S-G filler wire combination, the methodology can be extended for other filler wire combinations too for creating FGMs Originality/value GMAW-based twin-wire welding for additive manufacturing is a novel process which uses dissimilar filler wires for creating FGMs. This paper describes methodology of the same followed by illustration of parts created with bi-directional hardness gradient.

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Yeryomin, Evgenyi, Aleksandr Losev, Ivan Ponomaryov, and Sergey Borodikhin. "Scale resistance increase in hot rolling rollers by powder wire welding deposition." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2020, no. 10 (October 30, 2020): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2223-4608-2020-10-34-39.

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The application of PP30N8H6M3STYu powder wire is considered which ensures high scale-resistance of welded metal. It is defined that the scale formation indices of 30N8H6M3STYu metal are much better than those in 30H2V8F steel at the temperature of 900ºC. It is shown that the scale base of 30N8H6M3STYu metal is chemical compounds of Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Cr2FeO4, Fe2NiO4 and Fe3N.

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Ristic, Gordana, Zarko Bogdanov, Milan Trtica, and Scepan Miljanic. "Diamond deposition on thin cylindrical substrates." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 76, no. 3 (2011): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc100420030r.

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Diamond coatings were deposited onto different cylindrical substrates (Cu, SiC, W and Mo) by the hot filament chemical vapor deposition, (CVD) method. Continuous, adhered and well-faceted crystalline coatings of diamond were obtained on Cu-wire using a special pretreatment with a mixture of diamond and metal powders as well as carefully controlled deposition at lower power. Diamond deposition on SiC-fiber gave continuous and uniform coatings when only the filament power was properly selected. Uniform, homogeneous, euchedral diamond coatings on W- and Mo-wires, attained at a higher filament power, confirmed once more the convenience of refractory metals as substrates for diamond deposition by the CVD technique. Characterization of the obtained coatings was realized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained results are compared with the literature data. Differences are discussed with regard to the chemical nature of the substrates as well as their thermophysical characteristics.

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Froend, Martin, Frederic E. Bock, Stefan Riekehr, Nikolai Kashaev, Benjamin Klusemann, and Josephin Enz. "Experimental Investigation of Temperature Distribution during Wire-Based Laser Metal Deposition of the Al-Mg Alloy 5087." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.988.

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Wire-based laser metal deposition enables to manufacture large-scale components with deposition rates significant higher compared to powder-based laser additive manufacturing techniques, which are currently working with deposition rates of only a few hundred gram per hour. However, the wire-based approach requires a significant amount of laser power in the range of several kilowatts instead of only a few hundred watts for powder-based processes. This excessive heat input during laser metal deposition can lead to process instabilities such as a non-uniform material deposition and to a limited processability, respectively. Although, numerous possibilities to monitor temperature evolution during processing exist, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the relationship between temperature and geometric shape of the deposited structure. Due to changing cooling conditions with increasing distance to the substrate material, producing a wall-like structure results in varying heights of the individual tracks. This presents challenges for the deposition of high wall-like structures and limits the use of constant process parameters. In the present study, the temperature evolution during laser metal deposition of AA5087 using constant process parameters is investigated and a scheme for process parameter adaptions in order to reduce residual stress induced componential distortions is suggested.

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Langelandsvik, Geir, Magnus Eriksson, Odd M. Akselsen, and Hans J. Roven. "Wire arc additive manufacturing of AA5183 with TiC nanoparticles." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 119, no. 1-2 (November 13, 2021): 1047–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08287-6.

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AbstractAluminium alloys processed by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) exhibit a relatively coarse microstructure with a columnar morphology. A powerful measure to refine the microstructure and to enhance mechanical properties is to promote grain refinement during solidification. Addition of ceramic nanoparticles has shown great potential as grain refiner and strengthening phase in aluminium alloys. Thus, an Al-Mg alloy mixed with TiC nanoparticles was manufactured by the novel metal screw extrusion method to a wire and subsequently deposited by WAAM. Measures to restrict oxidation of magnesium during metal screw extrusion were examined. Purging of CO2 gas into the extrusion chamber resulted in a remarkable reduction in formation of MgO and Mg(OH)2. TiC decomposed to Al3Ti during WAAM deposition, leading to a significant grain refinement of 93% compared to a commercial benchmark. The presence of remaining TiC nanoparticles accounted for an increased hardness of the WAAM material through thermal expansion mismatch strengthening and Orowan strengthening. Exposure of TiC to moisture in air during metal screw extrusion increased the internal hydrogen content significantly, and a highly porous structure was seen after WAAM deposition.

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Wu, Wei, Jiaxiang Xue, Zhanhui Zhang, Xianghui Ren, and Bin Xie. "Process Optimization on Multilayer Morphology During 316L Double-wire CMT+P Deposition Process." Metals 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9121334.

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Cold metal transfer (CMT) has been widely used in metal additive manufacturing for its low heat input, less splashing and high efficiency. Wire feeding speed and travelling speed are important processes that affect morphology in CMT deposition. This study optimized the forming process of 30-layer stainless-steel part deposited by double-wire and double-arc CMT plus pulse (CMT+P) process, and investigated the effect of the ratio of wire feeding speed to travelling speed on deposition morphology. The results show that asynchronous arc striking and extinguishing can improve the forming. Moreover, the deposition molding is affected by the interaction of heat input and heat accumulation. With the similar ratio of wire feeding speed to travelling speed and the similar heat input, increasing the wire feeding speed can increase the heat accumulation and the width of sample, and decrease the height. The optimum process interval of wire feeding speed to travelling speed ratio and heat input is 3.9–4.2 and 70–74.8 J/mm, respectively. Although the increasing heat accumulation makes grain coarse and slight decreases mechanical property, the highest deposition rate can be up to 5.4 kg/h, when wire feeding speed and travelling speed are 5 m/min and 120 cm/min, respectively, and the tensile strength and elongation rate of which can reach the basic standard requirements for stainless-steel forgings.

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Da Silva, Adrien, Keivan Amiri Kasvayee, Jan Frostevarg, Jan Zachrisson, and Alexander F. H. Kaplan. "Laser Metal Wire drop-by-drop Deposition: a material and dilution investigation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1135, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1135/1/012001.

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Abstract Additive Manufacturing has become a field of high interest in the industry, mostly due to its strong freedom of design and its flexibility. Numerous Additive Manufacturing techniques exist and present different advantages and disadvantages. The technique investigated in this research is a drop-by-drop deposition alternative to Laser Metal Wire Deposition. This technique is expected to induce a better control over the power input in the material, resulting in a better power efficiency and tailorable material properties. The aim of this research is to investigate selected material properties of the structures produced with the drop-by-drop deposition technique. Multi-drops structures were deposited from 316L, Inconel 625 (NW6625) and AlSi5 (AW4043) wires. Two drop deposition methods were investigated: (i) a contactless recoil pressure driven detachment for 316L and Inconel 625, (ii) a contact-based surface tension driven detachment for AlSi5. A material characterization including optical microscopy, EDS and hardness measurements was performed in transverse and longitudinal cross-sections. The microstructure of the deposited material, the dilution with the substrate and the heat affected zone were analysed. The contactless detachment showed a higher dilution than the contact-based technique due to the laser irradiating the substrate between two drop detachments, which melts the substrate that then mixes with the deposited drops.

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Özel, Tuğrul, Hamed Shokri, and Raphaël Loizeau. "A Review on Wire-Fed Directed Energy Deposition Based Metal Additive Manufacturing." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7, no. 1 (February 8, 2023): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7010045.

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Metal additive manufacturing has reached a level where products and components can be directly fabricated for applications requiring small batches and customized designs, from tinny body implants to long pedestrian bridges over rivers. Wire-fed directed energy deposition based additive manufacturing enables fabricating large parts in a cost-effective way. However, achieving reliable mechanical properties, desired structural integrity, and homogeneity in microstructure and grain size is challenging due to layerwise-built characteristics. Manufacturing processes, alloy composition, process variables, and post-processing of the fabricated part strongly affect the resultant microstructure and, as a consequence, component serviceability. This paper reviews the advances in wire-fed directed energy deposition, specifically wire arc metal additive processes, and the recent efforts in grain tailoring during the process for the desired size and shape. The paper also addresses modeling methods that can improve the qualification of fabricated parts by modifying the microstructure and avoid repetitive trials and material waste.

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Budde, Laura, Marius Lammers, Jörg Hermsdorf, Stefan Kaierle, and Ludger Overmeyer. "Laser Metal Deposition welding with high carbon steel wire material 100Cr6." Procedia CIRP 111 (2022): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.08.054.

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Da Silva, Adrien, Jan Frostevarg, Joerg Volpp, and Alexander F. H. Kaplan. "Additive Manufacturing by laser-assisted drop deposition from a metal wire." Materials & Design 209 (November 2021): 109987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109987.

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Gräfe, Stefan, Rebecca Paulus, Robin Day, Thomas Bergs, and Daniel Wohter. "Emissionsminderung beim Laserauftragschweißen/Emission reduction in wire-based laser metal deposition." wt Werkstattstechnik online 112, no. 06 (2022): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2022-06-5.

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Beim drahtbasierten Laserauftragschweißen (LMD-w) werden gesundheits- und umweltschädliche Schweißrauchpartikel freigesetzt, deren Gefährdungspotenzial von der chemischen Zusammensetzung sowie der Partikelanzahl und -größe abhängt. Unter Verwendung eines statistischen Versuchsplans werden die Emissionen charakterisiert und die Abhängigkeit von relevanten Prozessfaktoren bestimmt. Daraus werden prozessintrinsische Maßnahmen zur Emissionsminderung abgeleitet. Wire-based laser metal deposition (LMD-w) releases welding fume particles that are harmful to health and the environment. The potential hazard depends on the chemical composition as well as particle number and size. Using a statistical design of experiments, the emissions are characterized and the dependence on relevant process factors is determined. From this, process-intrinsic measures for emission reduction are derived.

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Bernauer, Christian, Avelino Zapata, and Michael F. Zaeh. "Toward defect-free components in laser metal deposition with coaxial wire feeding through closed-loop control of the melt pool temperature." Journal of Laser Applications 34, no. 4 (November 2022): 042044. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000773.

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Laser metal deposition (LMD) is an additive manufacturing process in which a metal powder or wire is added to a laser-induced molten pool. This localized deposition of material is used for the manufacturing, modification, and repair of a wide range of metal components. The use of wire as feedstock offers various advantages over the use of powder in terms of the contamination of the process environment, the material utilization rate, the ease of handling, and the material price. However, to achieve a stable process as well as defined geometrical and microstructural properties over many layers, precise knowledge on the effects of the input variables of the process on the resulting deposition characteristics is required. In this work, the melt pool temperature was used as an input parameter in LMD with coaxial wire feeding of stainless steel, which was made possible through the use of a dedicated closed-loop control system based on pyrometry. Initially, a temperature range was determined for different process conditions in which a stable deposition was obtained. Within this range, the cause-effect relationships between the melt pool temperature and the resulting geometry as well as the material properties were investigated for individual weld beads. It was found that the melt pool temperature is positively correlated with the width of the weld bead as well as the dilution. In addition, a dependence of the microhardness distribution over the cross section of a weld bead on the melt pool temperature was demonstrated, with an increased temperature negatively affecting the hardness.

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Zapata, Avelino, Xiao Fan Zhao, Shiyu Li, Christian Bernauer, and Michael F. Zaeh. "Three-dimensional annular heat source for the thermal simulation of coaxial laser metal deposition with wire." Journal of Laser Applications 35, no. 1 (February 2023): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000813.

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Coaxial laser metal deposition with wire (LMD-w) is an innovative additive manufacturing technology in which a wire is coaxially fed through the center of a hollow laser beam into a laser-induced melt pool. This special configuration results in a direction-independent process, which facilitates the manufacturing of thin-walled metal components at high deposition rates. However, laborious experimental test series must be conducted to adjust the process parameters so that the substrate and the part do not overheat. Therefore, models are needed to predict the resulting temperature field and melt pool dimensions efficiently. This paper proposes a finite element simulation model using an innovative heat source, which considers the unique intensity distribution of the annular laser spot. The heat source parameters were calibrated experimentally based on fusion lines obtained from metallographic cross sections of aluminum alloy samples (AA5078 wire and AA6082 substrate). Subsequently, the temperature distribution in the substrate plate was measured by means of thermocouples to validate the developed model. It was shown that the proposed heat source replicates the heat input accurately. With the presented model, essential features for process development, such as the temperature field and the melt pool dimensions, can be reliably predicted. The model contributes to a better understanding of the LMD-w process and facilitates an efficient process development in future research work as well as for industrial applications. Key words: thermal simulation, annular laser spot, heat source, laser metal deposition, coaxial wire feeding, directed energy deposition

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Mogildea, Marian, George Mogildea, Valentin Craciun, and Sorin I. Zgura. "The Effects Induced by Microwave Field upon Tungsten Wires of Different Diameters." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14041036.

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The effects induced by microwave field upon tungsten wires of different diameters were investigated. Tungsten wires with 0.5 and 1.0 mm diameters were placed in the focal point of a single-mode cylindrical cavity linked to a microwave generator and exposed to microwave field in ambient air. The experimental results showed that the 0.5 mm diameter wire was completely vaporized due to microwaves strong absorption, while the wire with 1 mm diameter was not ignited. During the interaction between microwaves and tungsten wire with 0.5 mm diameter, a plasma with a high electronic excitation temperature was obtained. The theoretical analysis of the experiment showed that the voltage generated by metallic wires in interaction with microwaves depended on their electric resistance in AC and the power of the microwave field. The physical parameters and dimension of the metallic wire play a crucial role in the ignition process of the plasma by the microwave field. This new and simple method to generate a high-temperature plasma from a metallic wire could have many applications, especially in metal oxides synthesis, metal coatings, or thin film deposition.

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Ungethüm, T., E. Spaniol, M. Hertel, and U. Füssel. "Analysis of metal transfer and weld geometry in hot-wire GTAW with indirect resistive heating." Welding in the World 64, no. 12 (September 3, 2020): 2109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00986-0.

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Abstract In this publication, the different metal transfer modes of a hot-wire GTAW process with indirect resistive preheating of the wire are presented. The hot-wire GTAW process is characterized by an additional preheating unit that is used to heat the wire before it reaches the melt pool. Thus, to preheat the wire, the contact between the melt pool and the wire is not necessary. In order to examine the metal transfer of the wire, deposition welds are analysed using a high-speed camera with a laser light source as well as a data acquisition unit. The presented results comprise the impact analysis of the GTAW current, the hot-wire current, the wire feeding rate, the wire feeding angle as well as the wire feeding direction. The observed metal transfer modes can be characterized as either a constant melting bridge (cmb) between the wire and the melt pool or a recurring melting bridge (rmb). The analysis also reveals that the influence of the process parameters and thus the metal transfer mode on the bead properties is only marginal.

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Moreira, Roberta Cristina Silva, Oksana Kovalenko, Daniel Souza, and Ruham Pablo Reis. "Metal matrix composite material reinforced with metal wire and produced with gas metal arc welding." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 28-30 (June 18, 2019): 4411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319857920.

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In the search for high-performance parts and structures, especially for the aviation and aerospace industry, metal matrix composites appear with prominence. However, despite exhibiting high levels of mechanical properties and low densities, these materials are still very expensive, mainly due to complex production. Thus, this work aims to present and evaluate a novel way of manufacturing metal matrix composites, with relative low cost and complexity: by using low-energy fusion welding to deposit the matrix material on top of continuous metal wire reinforcement. For proof of concept, Al alloy was used as matrix material, a single Ti alloy wire as reinforcement, and gas metal arc welding CMT-Pulse® as the process for material deposition. The simplified Al–Ti composite was evaluated in terms of impact resistance and tensile strength and stiffness. Overall, the mechanical performance of the composite was around 23% higher than that of the matrix material itself (Al), this with only about 2% of reinforcement volume and just over 3% of increase in weight. Analyses of the Al–Ti composite fractures and cross-sections and of chemical composition and hardness of the matrix–reinforcement transition interface indicated the preservation (no melting) of the Ti wire and the existence of a fine contour of bonding between matrix and reinforcement. At the end, a brief discussion on the dynamics of the wire reinforcement preservation is carried out based on high-speed filming.

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Kaushik, Ashish, Vivek Singh, Bishub Choudhury, Som Ashutosh, and M. Chandrasekaran. "Experimental investigation on cladding with metal cored wire using GMAW process and parametric optimization." Engineering Research Express 3, no. 4 (November 18, 2021): 045025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ac372d.

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Abstract Cladding is widely used in manufacturing industries for the production of pressure vessel by depositing thick layer of filler material for providing corrosion resistant-surface. The use of metal cored wire in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process is popular due to its higher deposition rate and productivity. This work investigates the effect of process parameters on the deposition of cladding layer with ER 309L metal core wire (as filler material) on a corrosion resistant material (IS 2062). The welding parameters viz., wire feed rate (WFR), voltage (V), welding speed (S) and nozzle to plate distance (NTD) are employed as process parameters while penetration (P), bead width (W), reinforcement (R), weld penetration shape factor (WPSF) and weld reinforcement form factor (WRFF) as welding responses. The predictive model developed for P, W, R, WPSF, and WRFF using the response surface methodology (RSM) approach is found adequate at 95% confidence interval. The validation results for the developed model results in a model accuracy (MA) of 92.82%, 96.34%, 91.47% 88.98% and 87.75% for model P, W, R, WPSF, and WRFF respectively and it shows higher predictability and accuracy. The process parameters are optimized simultaneously with integrated optimization approach using RSM with Jaya algorithm and obtain optimal solution in less than 20 number of iterations. The minimum fitness value obtained as 1.3008 at an optimal parameter setting of WFR = 12 m min−1, V = 26 V, S = 280 mm min−1, NTD = 10 mm. The validation result at the optimal parameter setting results in an improvement of 6.45%, 11.29%, 13.58%, 16.07%, 15.38% is noted for P, W, R, WPSF, and WRFF respectively.

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Casalino, Giuseppe, Mojtaba Karamimoghadam, and Nicola Contuzzi. "Metal Wire Additive Manufacturing: A Comparison between Arc Laser and Laser/Arc Heat Sources." Inventions 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions8020052.

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In this paper, the authors introduce the reader to the state of the art of Metal Wire Additive Manufacturing (MWAM) and provide a comparison between Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), Wire Laser Additive Manufacturing (WLAM), and Laser Arc Hybrid Wire Deposition (LAHWD) based on their characteristics and potential future applications, since MWAM is expected to have a promising future in various areas, such as aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and energy fields. A detailed discussion of the benefits and drawbacks of each Metal Wire Additive Manufacturing process can help to improve our understanding of the unique characteristics of metal wire application. Therefore, this paper offers a comprehensive analysis that can serve as a reference for upcoming industrial projects and research initiatives, with the aim of helping industries choose the most appropriate WAM technique for their specific applications.

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Gökhan Demir, Ali. "Single track deposition study of biodegradable Mg-rare earth alloy by micro laser metal wire deposition." Materials Today: Proceedings 7 (2019): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.11.105.

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Rodríguez-González, Paula, Elisa María Ruiz-Navas, and Elena Gordo. "Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) for Aluminum-Lithium Alloys: A Review." Materials 16, no. 4 (February 6, 2023): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041375.

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Out of all the metal additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, the directed energy deposition (DED) technique, and particularly the wire-based one, are of great interest due to their rapid production. In addition, they are recognized as being the fastest technique capable of producing fully functional structural parts, near-net-shape products with complex geometry and almost unlimited size. There are several wire-based systems, such as plasma arc welding and laser melting deposition, depending on the heat source. The main drawback is the lack of commercially available wire; for instance, the absence of high-strength aluminum alloy wires. Therefore, this review covers conventional and innovative processes of wire production and includes a summary of the Al-Cu-Li alloys with the most industrial interest in order to foment and promote the selection of the most suitable wire compositions. The role of each alloying element is key for specific wire design in WAAM; this review describes the role of each element (typically strengthening by age hardening, solid solution and grain size reduction) with special attention to lithium. At the same time, the defects in the WAAM part limit its applicability. For this reason, all the defects related to the WAAM process, together with those related to the chemical composition of the alloy, are mentioned. Finally, future developments are summarized, encompassing the most suitable techniques for Al-Cu-Li alloys, such as PMC (pulse multicontrol) and CMT (cold metal transfer).

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Kelbassa, Jana, Andres Gasser, Jan Bremer, Oliver Pütsch, Reinhart Poprawe, and Johannes Henrich Schleifenbaum. "Equipment and process windows for laser metal deposition with coaxial wire feeding." Journal of Laser Applications 31, no. 2 (May 2019): 022320. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5096112.

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Zapata, Avelino, Christian Bernauer, Melanie Hell, Helmut Kriz, and Michael F. Zaeh. "Direction-independent temperature monitoring for Laser Metal Deposition with coaxial wire feeding." Procedia CIRP 111 (2022): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.08.027.

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Brueckner, Frank, Mirko Riede, Franz Marquardt, Robin Willner, André Seidel, Sebastian Thieme, Christoph Leyens, and Eckhard Beyer. "Process characteristics in high-precision laser metal deposition using wire and powder." Journal of Laser Applications 29, no. 2 (May 2017): 022301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.4983237.

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Teli, Mahesh, Fritz Klocke, Kristian Arntz, Kai Winands, Martin Schulz, and Stella Oliari. "Study for Combined Wire + Powder Laser Metal Deposition of H11 and Niobium." Procedia Manufacturing 25 (2018): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.06.113.

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Heralić, Almir, Anna-Karin Christiansson, Mattias Ottosson, and Bengt Lennartson. "Increased stability in laser metal wire deposition through feedback from optical measurements." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 48, no. 4 (April 2010): 478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2009.08.012.

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Demir, Ali Gökhan. "Micro laser metal wire deposition for additive manufacturing of thin-walled structures." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 100 (January 2018): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2017.07.003.

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Motta, Maurizio, Ali Gökhan Demir, and Barbara Previtali. "High-speed imaging and process characterization of coaxial laser metal wire deposition." Additive Manufacturing 22 (August 2018): 497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.05.043.

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Rozhkov, Konstantin A., Sergey S. Starikov, Stepan V. Varushkin, Dmitry N. Trushnikov, and Irina A. Zubko. "ON IMPROVING THE METHOD OF ELECTRON-BEAM DEPOSITION." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2077, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2077/1/012017.

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Abstract The paper deals with improvement of the electron-beam additive forming of metal products using a vertically fed filler wire in vacuum with two electron beams as a heating source. We compared the importance of the power of the heat source required for fusing the layers with each other and the calculated power of the heat source required to melt the filler wire and the surface of the product. Within the experimental conditions of the multilayer electron beam deposition using side wire feeding, the electron beam power of 2.4 kW was required to ensure fusion without the defect formation between the layers during the deposition of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. At the same time, approximate calculations of the minimum power of the heat source required to melt the filler wire and the surface of the product showed a level of 730 W.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Metal Wire Deposition'

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