Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Metal stamping'
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Shang, Jianhui. "Electromagnetically assisted sheet metal stamping." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1158682908.
Full textFenn, Ralph Christian. "Closed-loop control of forming stability during metal stamping." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13966.
Full textPalaniswamy, Hariharasudhan. "Determination of process parameters for stamping and sheet hydroforming of sheet metal parts using finite element method." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1195621470.
Full textTatipala, Sravan, and Nikshep Reddy Suddapalli. "Integrated Blankholder Plate for Double Action Stamping Die." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-12149.
Full textGoniwe, Nicholas Sandisile. "Simulation of a multi-stage forming process to investigate failure in the formed part." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2518.
Full textThe purpose of this study is the optimisation of the stamping analysis process in order to investigate the possible reasons for the part failure. (Altan & Vasquez, 2000) have conducted similar research to optimise a forming process. However, they focussed on dies for a forging process and in this study, we are looking at cold forming and this study is also different in that we are trying to reduce the number of stages while maintaining the formability. Formability is based on the dimensional conformance of the final part with additional criteria being the thinning, appearance of wrinkling, dynamic effects leading to the localisation of strain, cracking and residual stress. A numerical modelling procedure that is close enough to the real process is used to investigate the effects of changes in the frictional contact that would correspond to lubrication and also the effect of adding draw beads to the forming tools to change the frictional contact. We also investigated the effect of using a different material in terms of meeting the design requirements. Experimental results for comparison are available for certain of the stamping processes investigated that were tested in pre-production. The finite element simulation is used to account for all residual thinning, stress and strain of the multi-stage forming process to ensure optimum thickness changes of the sheet at each stage. The variations of material and manufacturing parameters are established to accurately predict the behaviour of this specific forming process. The material model required to meet physical experiments is deduced from the results of standard tensile tests and fitted to the Hill’s 48 Law for Work Hardening. The commercial packages Ls-Dyna with Dynaform and Pam-Stamp software are used for the simulation to produce 2 results for comparison.
Subramonian, Soumya. "Evaluation of Lubricants for Stamping Deep Draw Quality Sheet Metal in Industrial Environment." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1259094400.
Full textde, Ruyter Adam, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Towards development of a quality cost model for automotive stamping." Deakin University. School of Engineering and Technology, 2002. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060803.123754.
Full textYadav, Ajay D. "Process Analysis and Design in Stamping and Sheet Hydroforming." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1210952822.
Full textPilthammar, Johan. "Elastic Press and Die Deformations in Sheet Metal Forming Simulations." Licentiate thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-15481.
Full textAldrig tidigare har bilindustrin varit så utmanande, intressant och spännande som idag. Ny och avancerad teknik introduceras i en allt snabbare takt vilket leder till ständigt ökande konkurrens på en, nästan ständigt, ökande bilmarknad. Den ständigt ökande komplexiteten ställer även krav på tillverkningsprocesserna. En viktig process, som denna licentiatuppsats fokuserar på, är pressning av plåt. Tillverkningstekniken används för att forma plåtar till dörrpaneler, strukturbalkar, motorhuvar, etc. Plåtar formas med hjälp av pressverktyg monterade i plåtformningspressar. Plåtformningsprocessen simuleras sedan ett par decennium tillbaka med Finita Element (FE) simuleringar. Man kan på så sätt prediktera form, töjningar, tjocklek, återfjädring, rynkor, risk för försträckning och sprickor m.m. En faktor som för tillfället inte inkluderas i näst intill alla plåtformningssimuleringar är elastiska press- och verktygsdeformationer. Detta hanteras istället manuellt under, den oftast långa och dyra, inprovningsfasen. Detta projekt har visat på vikten av att representera press och verktygsdeformationer i plåtformningssimuleringar. Detta demonstreras genom en analys av ett verkligt pressverktyg som belastas med produktionskrafter. Det är inte möjligt att uppnå bra simuleringsresultat utan att inkludera verktygsdeformationer i simuleringsmodellen. Uppsatsen beskriver även numeriska metoder för att optimera och kompensera verktygsytor mot press och verktygsdeformationer. För att dessa kompenseringar ska stämma är det viktigt att man representerar både verktyg och press på ett korrekt sätt. Förslag på en metod för att mäta och inversmodellera pressdeformationer har utvecklats, metoden är baserad på mätningar med DIC-systemet ARAMIS och optimering i FE-mjukvaror. Optimering, strukturanalys, och plåtformningsanalys tillsammans med experimentella mätningar har en stor potential att förbättra plåtformningssimuleringar samt reducera ledtiden för pressverktyg. Sist men inte minst, andra positiva effekter är en enklare och smidigare konstruktionsprocess och förbättrad produktionssupport.
Billur, Eren. "Fundamentals and Applications of Hot Stamping Technology for Producing Crash-Relevant Automotive Parts." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366243664.
Full textThomas, William J. "Product, Tool, and Process Design Methodology for Deep Drawing and Stamping of Sheet Metal Parts." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1380542371.
Full textThomas, William James. "Product, tool, and process design methodology for deep drawing and stamping of sheet metal parts /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488193272068543.
Full textZhang, Wenfeng. "Design for uncertainties of sheet metal forming process." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1180473874.
Full textMehta, Pratik Nitin. "Improvement of Stamping Operations by using Servo Press and Servo Hydraulic Cushions - Case Studies." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu150007369949549.
Full textZhou, Mei. "Characterisation of metal contact surfaces and structural-dynamics design and analysis of a micro-stamping machine." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2011. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=15660.
Full textPadwad, Shriniwas Ramakant. "Investigation of friction and lubrication in metal forming: investigation in cold forging, tube hydroforming and stamping." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1407485355.
Full textLind, Markus, and Viktor Sjöblom. "Industrial Sheet Metal Forming Simulation with Elastic Dies." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-16782.
Full textReduced Lead Time through Advanced Die Structure Analysis - Vinnova
Aguado, Clodoaldo Garcia. "Estudo da análise de fadiga pelo MEF considerando os efeitos da estampagem." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263060.
Full textDissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: As simulações dentro do ambiente de projeto devem prever a utilização de novas variáveis, especialmente de processos, de forma a aumentar a proximidade entre os modelos virtual e real e, com isso, aumentar a precisão das simulações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de estudar um modelo pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos que incluísse os efeitos da variação de espessura provenientes do processo de estampagem para a análise de vida em fadiga de um componente do sistema de exaustão automotivo. Primeiramente foi realizada a simulação do processo de estampagem, onde foi possível identificar as mudanças de espessura na geometria do componente estudado. O resultado dessa simulação foi transportado para a malha de elementos finitos, de forma que as análises posteriores, estrutural e de fadiga, considerassem os efeitos da redução e aumento da espessura local. Como base de comparação, as mesmas análises foram realizadas para a condição de espessura constante, tradicionalmente adotada durante a fase de projeto. Utilizando o modelo de Wöhler-Goodman-Miner para o cálculo do Dano acumulado e comparando com dados experimentais aquisitados em simulador veicular, os resultados cálculo de fadiga demonstraram que ambas as condições de espessura atingem vida infinita. Entretanto, após a seleção e análise de algumas regiões consideradas críticas nas simulações precedentes (estampagem e estrutural), pôde-se notar que na maior parte das regiões os valores de dano acumulado eram inferiores para a condição de espessura constante. Já a condição de espessura variável se aproximou mais ao resultado medido. Pôde-se concluir com os resultados que a variação de espessura, como efeito do processo de estampagem, desempenha um papel importante na vida do componente estudado, indicando que a utilização dos dados de processo auxilia na aproximação entre os resultados do cálculo de vida e a condição real
Abstract: The simulations within the Product Development environment must give the chance to use new variables, particularly from processes, in order to improve the correlation between the virtual and real models, and thus enhance the accuracy of the simulations. The objective of this work was to study a model by the finite element method (FEM) that includes the effects of thickness variation from stamping process for the fatigue life prediction in an automotive exhaust system component. Firstly it was carried out a simulation of the stamping process, where it was possible to identify the thickness distribution all along the geometry of selected component. Then, the result of this simulation was transported to the finite element mesh, so that further analyses, structural and fatigue, could consider the effects of reduction and increasing in local thickness. As a basis for comparison, the same analyses were performed for the homogeneous geometry (uniform thickness), which are typically taken during the design phase. Using the model proposed by Wöhler-Goodman-Miner to calculate the accumulated damage and comparing with real data acquisited from a vehicle, the calculation results of fatigue showed that both conditions (equal and unequal thickness) reached infinite life. However, after the selection and analysis of some critical regions in the previous simulations (stamping and structural), it might be noted that, in most regions, the values of accumulated damage were lower for the uniform thickness condition. Besides, for the unequal thickness condition, the results got closer to those measured in vehicle. With these results, it could be demonstrated that the unequal thickness, as a process variable, plays an important role in the component life, indicating that the use of process data helps in bringing together the results from fatigue calculation and real condition
Mestrado
Manufatura
Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica
Rodriguez, Leal Barbara Maria. "Lubricants for Hot Stamping of Aluminum: Evaluation of Tribological Behavior and Cleanability." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86766.
Full textAndersson, Andreas. "Measuring the contact pressure during sheet metal forming of automotive components." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-20630.
Full textKonkurrensen på bilmarknaden i världen intensifieras kontinuerligt. För att få en fördel påmarknaden samtidigt som de gör vinst måste varje biltillverkare ha ett starkt fokus på att alltid förbättrateknikutvecklingen. Det är inte bara bilens teknik som behöver utvecklas, utan det är lika viktigt attförbättra tillverkningsprocesserna i sig. I slutändan kommer detta att resultera i mer attraktiva produkterför kunden till ett konkurrenskraftigt pris. Syftet och omfattningen av detta examensarbete är att få en djupare förståelse av krafterna ipressverktyget under plåtformningprocessen. Genom att använda töjningsgivare och mikrokontrollerkunde krafterna under hela formningsprocessen mätas och analyseras. Förhållandet mellan kraften påmothållarpinnarna i verktyget och längden på pinnarna undersöktes också genom att lägga till shims påpinnarna. Ett modulsystem som använde Arduino Uno med 3D-printade delar utvecklades för att mätakrafterna i formen under formningsprocessen. Ett Arduino-mjukvarusystem och TeraTerm bedömdesvara det mest lämpliga för att samla in och organisera data från töjningssensorer och mikrokontroller. Tester genomfördes sedan med olika inställningar i pressen, och dessa visade att krafterna ipressverktyget var ojämna. Genom att lägga till shims på pinnarna så att de alla var lika långa utjämnadeskrafterna i pressverktyget. Ett annat test visade att genom att lägga till fler shims på endast en avmothållarpinnarna ökade kraften i pinnen. Genom att tillägg till 0,5 mm shims på den pinnen mer änfördubblade den maximala kraften. Systemet som utvecklats i denna rapport kan mäta krafterna i pressverktygets mothållarpinnarunder formningsprocessen vid en lägre produktionshastighet. Detta system kan också upptäcka olikakraftinställningar i pressen. Slutligen kan den också upptäcka skillnader i kraft vid olika längder påmothållarpinnarna.
Turetta, Alberto. "Investigation on thermal, mechanical and microstructural properties of quenchenable high strenght steels in hot stamping operations." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425096.
Full textKim, Hyunok. "Prediction and elimination of galling in forming galvanized advanced high strength steels (AHSS)." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1204515296.
Full textZachén, Esbjörn. "Extraction of tool reaction forces using LS-DYNA and its use in Autoform sheet metal forming simulation." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-17886.
Full textInom produktutveckling finns möjligheter att förkorta ledtider genom snabbare och mera korrekta simuleringar. Syftet med detta arbetet var att undersöka huruvida resultat från explicit LS-DYNA kunde användas för att förbättra nuvarande plåtformningssimuleringar i AutoForm.Den solida CAD-modellen av verktyget meshades med tetraediska element i CATIA och importerades till LS-PrePost, tillsammans med fräsytsmeshar och plåtmesh från AutoForm. Kontakter etablerades mellan plåt och fräsytsmeshar med så kallad sheet forming contact. Modellen löstes sedan explicit. Resulterande reaktionskrafter på plåthållare exporterades till AutoForm och implementerades där. Resulterande simulering jämfördes mot en inskannad fysisk plåt efter plåtformning.Direkt implementering av reaktionskrafter på plåthållaren i AutoForm gav resultat som avvek mer mot inskannad plåt än nuvarande simuleringsstrategi. Direkt implementering av reaktionskrafter gav heller inte en tryckfördelning som liknade den som rapporterades av LS-DYNA.Mer arbete krävs för att om möjligt implementera en implicit lösning efter en initial explicit lösning.
Peker, Sahika Ruzgar Peker. "EVALUATION OF TWIST COMPRESSIONS TEST (TCT) AND CUP DRAW TEST (CDT) FOR DETERMINING THE PERFORMANCE OF LUBRICANTS FOR SHEET METAL FORMING OPERATIONS." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1462196133.
Full textBatalha, Mário Henrique Fernandes 1990. "Estudo da estampabilidade a quente de aço ao boro em conformação com redução de espessura controlada." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265796.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Este estudo teve como finalidade avaliar a estampabilidade de chapas de aço de ultra-alta resistência mecânica (da sigla inglesa UHSS), neste caso o aço DIN 27MnCrB5-2 (nº 1.7182), para a estampagem a quente com estiramento controlado. Esse processo é conhecido por associar a alta produtividade da estampagem com o tratamento térmico de têmpera durante a conformação, o que se torna vantajoso no caso de aços UHSS, já que simultaneamente, reduz os esforços durante a conformação, praticamente elimina o efeito de retorno elástico e permite gerar produtos com limite de resistência superior a 1.500 MPa. O objetivo principal de associar a redução de espessura à estampagem a quente é de gerar uma peça que atenda aos esforços aplicados e que não apresente variações bruscas de microestrutura devidas à variação local na têmpera ou pela união de chapas que seria uma alternativa para a obtenção de seções com espessuras diferentes. Além disso, também tem-se por objetivos elevar a complexidade geométrica, diminuir o peso do componente estrutural e reduzir o custo de produção. Nesse caso, buscou-se avaliar a capacidade do material de confeccionar peças com redução de espessura variável durante a conformação a quente, por meio da análise dos limites de conformabilidade, obtidos pelo ensaio Nakazima em um modelo real e outro virtual, no caso, utilizando o software Forge 2008 ® que é baseado no método de elementos finitos. Além disso, foi confeccionado um componente com variação de espessura em sua parede, a fim de exemplificar em um modelo real a aplicação das informações obtidas no ensaio Nakazima. Ao final da análise, foi possível determinar uma faixa de deformação verdadeira segura de trabalho, válida para os diferentes estados de tensão e deformação, e verificou-se uma coerência na previsão do modelo virtual previamente calibrado com os resultados experimentais
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the formability of ultra-high strength steel (UHSS), in this case the DIN 27MnCrB5-2 (No. 1.7182), for hot stamping with controlled stretching. The process is known by its high productivity in stamping with simultaneous heat treatment of quenching, which is advantageous in the case of UHSS steel, since it simultaneously reduces the loads during forming, practically eliminates the "springback" effect and generates products with ultimate tensile strength exceeding 1.500 MPa. The main purpose of associating the reduction of thickness with hot stamping, is to generate a continuous structure that support the loading, or in other words, without abrupt changes in microstructure due to local variation in quenching conditions or welding of blanks which is another alternative to obtain parts with different thickness along the product. Moreover, it allows high geometric complexity, reduce component weight and reduce the cost of production. In this context, it was evaluated the capacity of the material to produce parts with variable thickness reduction during forming, by analyzing the limits of formability obtained by Nakazima test in a real and virtual model with the software Forge 2008 ® which is based in the Finite Element Method. Furthermore, it was manufactured a component with varying thickness in its wall, in order to exemplify the application of the data obtained in the Nakazima tests. After the analysis, it was determined a range of safe deformation, valid for the different states of stress and strain, also it was noticed a consistency in predicting hot formability between the virtual calibrated model and experimental results
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
Sikora, Marek. "Návrh výroby nástěnného držáku na kolo." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417095.
Full textVáclavek, Petr. "Výroba zámku skládacího metru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445168.
Full textMichieletto, Francesco. "Innovative forming processes of aluminium alloys sheets and tubes at elevated temperature." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424956.
Full textNegli ultimi decenni, la comunità internazionale è alla continua ricerca di provvedimenti per salvaguardare l’atmosfera e l’ambiente terrestre. In campo automobilistico e dei trasporti la produzione di biossido di carbonio dai gas di scarico delle autovetture, meglio conosciuto come CO2, è ritenuto tra i maggiori responsabili del rafforzamento dell’effetto serra e dunque dell’innalzamento del clima terrestre. Per porre un concreto rimedio e regolamentare l’efficienza sul consumo medio di un autoveicolo, con il protocollo di Kyoto stipulato nel 1997 ed entrato in vigore nel 2005, la comunità internazionale si è impegnata legalmente alla produzioni di veicoli in grado di rispettare il limite di emissione di 95 g di CO2 per kilometro entro l’anno 2020. L’alleggerimento complessivo di un automobile è sicuramente tra le soluzioni più immediate per la riduzione delle particelle inquinanti, in quanto veicoli più leggeri richiedono minore forza motrice e di conseguenza minore consumo di energia. Per questo motivo le compagnie automobilistiche negli ultimi anni sono alla ricerca di materiali innovativi per sostituire l’acciaio che comunemente è impiegato per la realizzazione di telai e parti di carrozzeria, senza pregiudicare la sicurezza dei passeggeri. Gli acciai alto resistenziali ma soprattutto le leghe leggere, hanno dimostrato essere delle ottime alternative grazie alle loro proprietà di bassa densità, resistenza alla corrosione, ed ottimo rapporto rigidezza-peso. Con l’utilizzo di parti stampate ma anche di elementi tubolari in lega di alluminio il peso medio della sola scocca di una vettura può essere ridotto del 15 – 20 %, portando ad un conseguente ridimensionamento di tutte gli organi connessi ed ad una sostanziale riduzione delle emissioni dannose. La principale limitazione nella lavorazione delle leghe di alluminio è la loro scarsa attitudine a subire deformazione plastica a temperatura ambiente collegata oltretutto ad un elevato ritorno elastico. Per far fronte a questa problematica, numerosi processi innovativi utilizzanti alta temperatura sono stati o sono tuttora in fase di studio con l’obiettivo principale di incrementare la formabilità del materiale. I confermati processi di deformazione di lamiera di alluminio quali Superplastic Forming e Quick Plastic Forming, hanno dimostrato sicuramente un vantaggio in termini di formabilità riuscendo oltretutto a generare parti complesse, ma sono d’altro canto estremamente costosi e soggetti a tempi molto lunghi di processo, per cui non applicabili per produzioni in larga scala. L’idroformatura a freddo e a tiepido, invece, che rappresenta l’attuale tecnologia all’avanguardia per la sagomatura di parti cave, oltre a necessitare di elevati costi iniziali connessi alle elevate pressioni del fluido necessarie per la deformazione e alle presse ad alto tonnellaggio richieste per la chiusura degli stampi durante l’iniezione del liquido stesso, presenta severi limiti nella temperatura massima di processo. Infatti le emulsioni acqua olio generalmente impiegate come mezzo deformante risultano infiammabili al di sopra del campo tiepido per l’alluminio, limitando dunque il range termico utilizzabile per il processo e di conseguenza la formabilità del materiale. In questo lavoro di ricerca sono stati studiati processi innovativi per la produzione di componenti di alluminio in lamiera e tubolari che superassero i limiti di processo delle attuali tecnologie produttive. In particolare la tecnologia dello stampaggio a caldo (Hot Stamping), oggigiorno applicata agli acciai alto resistenziali, è stata applicata con successo su lamiere di alluminio serie 5xxx e 6xxx, e validata con test industriali eseguiti su una vera linea di stampaggio producendo un componente automobilistico. Inoltre è stato realizzato e sviluppato un prototipo in grado di operare con la tecnologia innovativa del Hot Metal Gas Forming, che utilizza gas in pressione invece di fluidi per deformare componenti tubolari al alta temperatura. Prove di formabilità su tubi di alluminio serie 6xxx, ma anche la realizzazione di componenti in stampo, hanno permesso inoltre lo studio di numerosi aspetti critici per il processo. In fine, la sagomatura di un componente industriale in collaborazione con una azienda, curando oltretutto la qualità estetica del formato, ha permesso di verificare l’applicabilità e l’efficacia di questo processo anche a livello industriale.
Ručka, David. "Konstrukce lisovacího nástroje pro součást z plechu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229681.
Full textKratina, Patrik. "Výroba držáku uhlíku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417061.
Full textKvapil, Jan. "Návrh stroje pro stříhání a ohýbání vybrané součástky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230631.
Full textJirathearanat, Suwat. "Advanced methods for finite element simulation for part and process design in tube hydroforming." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1071878178.
Full textTitle from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxv, 222 p.; also includes graphics (some color). Includes bibliographical references (p. 185-191).
Ferrarini, José Luiz. "Análise e determinação do coeficiente de atrito no processo de estampagem profunda." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/108527.
Full textThis paper uses two methods for calculation of the coefficient of friction efficient, using Panknin equations and the Bending under Tension test (DST). To determine the coefficient of friction with the Panknin equations, maximum stamping strength on cylindrical cups of three materials using four lubricants was calculated. The value of maximum stamping strength was replaced in the Panknin equations to calculate the fiction coefficient. For the Bending under Tension test various equations were studied which served as reference to calculate the friction coefficient: Equation of Sheaves, Equation of Sheaves without Bending, Equation of Sheaves without Bending considering the geometric factors (radius of the pin and plate thickness), Wilson Equation, Sniekers Equation and Andreasen Equation. These equations were used to determine the friction coefficient with the use of two lubricants. The studied materials were low carbon steel, austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) and ferritic stainless steel (AISI 430). The choice of these materials was justified by the large amount of stamped products with such materials. The Bending under Tension test was performed with specimens cut at 0°, 45° and 90° to the rolling direction of the metal sheet. The tests were made under constant pressure and constant speed. The results of friction the coefficient calculated by equations of the DST test were compared to the results of the coefficients of friction calculated by Panknin equations.
Mataix, Ferrándiz Vicente. "Innovative mathematical and numerical models for studying the deformation of shells during industrial forming processes with the Finite Element Method." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669567.
Full textLa tesis doctoral "Modelos matemáticos y numéricos innovadores para el estudio de la deformación de láminas durante los procesos de conformado industrial por el Método de los Elementos Finitos" pretende contribuir al desarrollo de métodos de elementos finitos para el análisis de procesos de estampado, un área problemática con una clara aplicación industrial. De hecho, este tipo de problemas multidisciplinares requieren el conocimiento de múltiples disciplinas, como la mecánica de medios continuos, la plasticidad, la termodinámica y los problemas de contacto, entre otros. Para alcanzar los objetivos propuestos, la primera parte de esta tesis abarca los elementos de sólido lámina. Este tipo de elemento resulta atractivo para la simulación de procesos de conformado, dado que cualquier tipo de ley constitutiva tridimensional puede ser formulada sin necesidad de considerar ninguna conjetura adicional. Además, este tipo de elementos permite realizar una descripción tridimensional del cuerpo deformable, por tanto, el contacto de ambas caras puede ser tratado fácilmente. Este trabajo presenta en primer lugar el desarrollo de un elemento de sólido-lámina prismático triangular, para el análisis de láminas gruesas y delgadas con capacidad para grandes deformaciones. Este elemento figura en formulación Lagrangiana total, y emplea los elementos vecinos para poder computar un campo de desplazamientos cuadráticos. En la formulación original, se obtenía un tensor de Cauchy derecho modificado (¯C); sin embargo, en este trabajo, la formulación se extiende obteniendo un gradiente de deformación modificado (¯F), que permite emplear los conceptos de push-forward y pull-back. Dichos conceptos proveen de un método matemáticamente consistente para la definición de derivadas temporales de tensores y, por tanto, puede ser usado, por ejemplo, para trabajar con elasto-plasticidad. El elemento se basa en tres modificaciones: (a) una aproximación clásica de deformaciones transversales de corte mixtas impuestas; (b) una aproximación de deformaciones impuestas para las Componentes en el plano tangente de la lámina; y (c) una aproximación de deformaciones impuestas mejoradas en la dirección normal a través del espesor, mediante la consideración de un grado de libertad adicional. Los objetivos son poder utilizar el elemento para la simulación de láminas sin bloquear por cortante, mejorar el comportamiento membranal del elemento en el plano tangente, eliminar el bloqueo por efecto Poisson y poder tratar materiales elasto-plásticos con un flujo plástico incompresible, así como materiales elásticos cuasi-incompresibles o materiales con flujo plástico isocórico. El elemento considera un único punto de Gauss en el plano, mientras que permite considerar un número cualquiera de puntos de integración en su eje, con el objetivo de poder considerar problemas con una significativa no linealidad en cuanto a plasticidad. Este trabajo continúa con el desarrollo de la formulación de contacto empleada, una metodología que se encuentra en la bibliografía sobre la mecánica de contacto computacional para simulaciones implícitas. Dicha formulación consiste en una integración exacta de la interfaz de contacto mediante métodos de mortero, lo que permite obtener la integración más consistente posible entre los dominios de integración, así como la solución más exacta posible. La implementación también considera varios algoritmos de optimización, como la optimización mediante penalización. La contribución más notable de este trabajo es la consideración de multiplicadores de Lagrange aumentados duales como método de optimización. Estos permiten condensar estáticamente el sistema de ecuaciones, lo que permite eliminar los multiplicadores de Lagrange de la resolución y, por lo tanto, permite la consideración de solvers iterativos. Además, la formulación ha sido adecuadamente linealizada, asegurando la convergencia cuadrática del problema. Para resolver el sistema de ecuaciones, se considera un método de Newton semi-smooth, que consiste en una estrategia de set activo, extensible también en el caso de problemas friccionales. La formulación es funcional tanto para problemas sin fricción como para problemas friccionales, lo que es esencial para la simulación de procesos de estampado. Esta formulación friccional se enmarca en los modelos de fricción tradicionales, como la fricción de Coulomb, pero el desarrollo presentado puede extenderse a cualquier tipo de modelo de fricción. Esta formulación de contacto es totalmente compatible con el elemento sólido-lámina introducido en este trabajo. El componente necesario restante para la simulación de procesos industriales son los modelos constitutivos. En este trabajo, esto se ve materializado en la formulación de plasticidad considerada. Estos modelos constitutivos se considerarán modelos de plasticidad para grandes deformaciones, con una combinación arbitraria de superficies de fluencia y potenciales plásticos: los llamados modelos no asociados. Para calcular el tensor tangente correspondiente a estas leyes generales, se han considerado implementaciones numéricas basadas en métodos de perturbación. Otra contribución fundamental de este trabajo es el desarrollo de técnicas para el remallado adaptativo, de las que se presentarán distintos enfoques. Por un lado, las técnicas basadas en métricas, incluyendo los enfoques level-set y Hessiano. Estas técnicas son de propósito general y pueden considerarse tanto en la aplicación de problemas estructurales como en problemas de mecánica de fluidos. Por otro lado, se presenta el método de estimación de errores SPR, más convencional que los anteriores. En este ámbito, la contribución de este trabajo consiste en la estimación de error mediante las técnicas de Hessiano y SPR para la aplicación a problemas de contacto numérico. Con los desarrollos previamente introducidos, estaremos en disposición de introducir los casos de aplicación centrados en el contexto de procesos de estampado. Es relevante destacar que estos ejemplos son comparados con las soluciones de referencia disponibles en la bibliografía como forma de validar los desarrollos presentados hasta este punto. El presente documento está organizado de la siguiente manera. El primer capítulo establece los objetivos y revisa la bibliografía acerca de los temas clave de este trabajo. El segundo capítulo hace una introducción de la mecánica de medios continuos y los conceptos relativos al Método de los Elementos Finitos (MEF), necesarios en los desarrollos que se presentarán en los capítulos siguientes. El tercer capítulo aborda la formulación del elemento sólido-lámina, así como del elemento de lámina sin grados de libertad de rotación que inspira el sólido-lámina desarrollado. Esta parte muestra varios ejemplos académicos que son comúnmente empleados en la bibliografía como problemas de referencia de láminas. El cuarto capítulo presenta la formulación desarrollada para la resolución de problemas de contacto numérico, consistente en una formulación implícita de integración exacta mediante métodos mortero y multiplicadores de Lagrange aumentados duales. Este capítulo incluye, asimismo, varios ejemplos comúnmente encontrados en la bibliografía, que generalmente son considerados para su validación. El quinto capítulo presenta la formulación de plasticidad empleada, incluyendo algunos detalles técnicos desde el punto de vista de la implementación, así como varios ejemplos de validación. El sexto capítulo muestra los algoritmos de remallado adaptativo desarrollados en el contexto de este trabajo, y presenta varios ejemplos, que incluyen no solo casos estructurales, sino también de mecánica de fluidos. El séptimo capítulo encapsula algunos casos de validación y aplicación para procesos de estampado. El capítulo final comprende las conclusiones, así como los trabajos que podrían continuar el presente estudio.
Bartusek, Břetislav. "Technologie výroby plechového dílu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230014.
Full textWan, Muhammad Wan Mujtahiddin. "FEM assisted analyze of the spring-back phenomena for steel sheet with complex microstructure." Master's thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-38165.
Full textSekeres, Thiago de Souza. "Inter-relação entre parâmetros de rugosidade 2D/3D e a estampabilidade de chapas de aço de baixo carbono laminadas a frio para a indústria automotiva." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-16112015-161539/.
Full textThe stamping process is influenced by several variables such as sheet mechanical properties and roughness, blank lubrication, friction coefficient, press parameters (press force and speed), as well as variations in the forming tools (elastic strain). This work is dedicated to study the influence of friction between the tool and the blank. In this sense, it is necessary to study the development of artificial roughness patterns of sheet metals (surface textures). The aim of this research work is to study the inter-relationship, using the surface topography characterized by 2D and 3D roughness parameters and the formability of steel sheets for automotive panels. Different surface textures of sheet metal have been evaluated in terms of formability (measured by material flow during the process stamping) and tentatively related to roughness parameters (2D and 3D) obtained in the sheet metal prior to stamping. Some relevant tendencies have been established amongst these parameters. The results presented here are in accordance with other recently published research work showing that there is a clear relationship between these parameters, and that further detailed studies are needed.
Singhal, Hitansh. "Formability Evaluation of Tailor Welded Blanks (TWBs)." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1594916942734335.
Full textMacêdo, Gabriel. "Material Transfer Mechanisms during Interaction of Aluminium Alloy and Tool Steel at Elevated Temperatures." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-80118.
Full textShao, Zhutao. "Development of a novel biaxial testing system for formability evaluation of sheet metals under hot stamping conditions." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/58162.
Full textOliveira, José Benedito da Silva. "Combinação de técnicas de delineamento de experimentos e elementos finitos com a otimização via simulação Monte Carlo /." Guaratinguetá, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/183380.
Full textResumo: A Estampagem a Frio é um processo de conformação plástica de chapas metálicas, que possibilita, por meio de ferramentas específicas, obter componentes com boas propriedades mecânicas, geometrias e espessuras variadas, diferentes especificações de materiais e com boa vantagem econômica. A multiplicidade destas variáveis gera a necessidade de utilização de técnicas estatísticas e de simulação numérica, que suportem a sua análise e adequada tomada de decisão na elaboração do projeto das ferramentas de conformação. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma empresa brasileira multinacional de grande porte que atua no setor de autopeças, em seu departamento de engenharia de projetos de ferramentas, com o propósito de reduzir o estiramento e a ocorrência de trincas em uma travessa de 6,8 [mm] de aço LNE 380. A metodologia proposta obtém os valores dos fatores de entrada e sua influência na variável resposta com o uso de técnicas de Delineamento de Experimentos (DOE) e simulação pelo método de Elementos Finitos (FE). Uma Função Empírica é desenvolvida a partir desses dados, com o uso da técnica de regressão, obtendo-se a variável resposta y (espessura na região crítica), em função dos fatores influentes xi do processo. Com a Otimização via Simulação Monte Carlo (OvSMC) insere-se a incerteza nos coeficientes desta Função Empírica, sendo esta a principal contribuição deste trabalho, pois é o que ocorre, por via de regra, na prática com problemas experimentais. Simulando-se por FE as ferram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Mestre
Chen, Chin-Tsai, and 陳金財. "A Study of 90-degree Sheet Metal Stamping." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/325at4.
Full text國立高雄第一科技大學
機械與自動化工程所
96
This research studies the effects of process parameters on the spring back phenomenon in sheet metal stamping and bend allowance in order to improve the part quality. To reduce the spring back, the finite element analysis software, Dynaform is utilized to study the spring back phenomenon in the U-bending stamping process. Also, the Taguchi method is used to find the optimal combination of U-bending stamping parameters. Meanwhile, experiments are conducted to verify the simulation results. As for improving the accuracy of the neutral-plane correction coefficient for the bend allowance, both simulation and experimental analysis are conducted so that a more precise estimate of the bend allowance can be obtained.
Herron, John Craig. "Empirical modelling of the sheet metal stamping process." Master's thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147181.
Full text"Intelligent online monitoring and diagnosis for metal stamping operations." 2003. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6073523.
Full textThesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-193).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
"Diagnosis of sheet metal forming processes based on thermal energy distribution: 3D reconstruction." 2005. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892520.
Full textThesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-114).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Diagnosis concept based on thermal energy distribution --- p.6
Chapter 1.1.1 --- A cup drawing example --- p.8
Chapter 1.2 --- Need for 3D infrared thermal distribution measurement --- p.10
Chapter 1.3 --- Outline of the Thesis --- p.11
Chapter 2. --- Approach --- p.15
Chapter 2.1 --- Similarity and extreme temperature analysis --- p.15
Chapter 2.2 --- Thermodynamics for FEA in sheet metal stamping --- p.17
Chapter 2.3 --- Acquisition of 3D thermal distribution --- p.20
Chapter 3. --- Implementation of the Diagnosis System --- p.23
Chapter 3.1 --- Thermograph acquisition --- p.23
Chapter 3.2 --- Diagnosis system setup --- p.24
Chapter 3.3 --- Perspective camera model --- p.25
Chapter 3.4 --- System calibration --- p.27
Chapter 3.4.1 --- LEDs calibration board --- p.27
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Net-and-board calibration box --- p.29
Chapter 3.5 --- Reconstruction algorithm --- p.33
Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.37
Chapter 4. --- Consistency from Different Viewpoints --- p.38
Chapter 4.1 --- Summary --- p.42
Chapter 5. --- Visual Reconstruction of Objects --- p.44
Chapter 5.1 --- Visual camera calibration --- p.45
Chapter 5.2 --- Results --- p.49
Chapter 5.2.1 --- "Cartoon model ""SiuSun""" --- p.49
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Stamping disc --- p.51
Chapter 5.3 --- Summary --- p.53
Chapter 6. --- Thermal Distribution Reconstruction of Stamping Workpieces --- p.54
Chapter 6.1 --- Infrared camera calibration --- p.54
Chapter 6.2 --- Results --- p.57
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Air conditioner cap --- p.57
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Deep drawing cup --- p.59
Chapter 6.2.3 --- Stamping cylinder from KS Factory --- p.61
Chapter 6.3 --- Summary --- p.65
Chapter 7. --- Infrared Camera on a Robotic Arm --- p.66
Chapter 7.1 --- Robotic arm system setup --- p.67
Chapter 7.2 --- System calibration --- p.68
Chapter 7.3 --- Results --- p.77
Chapter 7.3.1 --- Image sequence from horizontal viewpoints --- p.77
Chapter 7.3.2 --- Image sequence from inclined viewpoints --- p.80
Chapter 7.3.3 --- Image sequence from arbitrary viewpoints --- p.83
Chapter 7.4 --- Comparison of the three different viewpoints --- p.85
Chapter 7.5 --- Summary --- p.87
Chapter 8. --- Compensation of Temperature Fade-out Problem --- p.88
Chapter 8.1 --- Causes of temperature fade-out --- p.88
Chapter 8.2 --- Solutions --- p.90
Chapter 8.3 --- Summary --- p.91
Chapter 9. --- Other Applications --- p.92
Chapter 9.1 --- Automotive industry --- p.92
Chapter 9.1.1 --- Background --- p.93
Chapter 9.1.2 --- Experiment and result --- p.94
Chapter 9.2 --- General heat transfer analysis --- p.97
Chapter 9.3 --- Summary --- p.98
Chapter 10. --- Conclusions --- p.99
Chapter 10.1 --- Summary --- p.99
Chapter 10.2 --- Future work --- p.104
Chapter A. --- Transformation Matrices of the System --- p.106
Bibliography --- p.110
Lin, Jhen-Yang, and 林振揚. "Knowledge-based Engineering of Automobile Sheet Metal Stamping Die Design." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90064775806008650034.
Full text國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
97
Based on KBE(Knowledge-based Engineering) methodology, a design automation system for automobile sheet metal stamping die is proposed. The system integrates the feature recognition, process planning and die structure design, and the surface, feature, process and die structure data will be stored in the database. There are two goals to be achieved: one is assisting enterprises with preserving tacit knowledge of die design and promoting knowledge management; the other is accelerating the die design by automation. To represent the feature of sheet metal and the process of stamping die, this paper defines the feature protocol and process protocol. A sheet metal comparison algorithm based on the feature protocol is proposed, retrieving the similar design case more efficiently. The KBE system was implemented by Java language and embedded Spring Solid System for STEP file importing. The CATIA CAD platform was applied for the construction of die CAD model. Using of CATIA CAD model template is constructed the die template database. An architecture transforming process data into die model is also proposed. This paper also presentes the research method for connecting Java and CATIA platform, for connecting the bridge between KBE and CAD platform.
Liu, Kun-Yu, and 劉昆育. "Process Planning of Automobile Sheet Metal For Stamping Die Design." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89217653844835475433.
Full text臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
98
Base on the methodology of knowledge-based expert systems, a CAPP(computer-aided process planning) system for automobile sheet metal is constructed. This system use rule-based reasoning to analyze the data of feature recognition, to provide the information of processes like the direction and the location of mechanisms. This system also use KBE (Knowledge-based Engineering) system to manage those information data. The principle of stamping die design is the manufacturing processes of automobile sheet metal. According to the physical laws of forming sheet metal, the process can be decided. But the knowledge rules are complicated and manifold. Most of them are the tacit knowledge or experience. The CAPP system stores those rules to the database systematically and parametrically. The user can modify the data flexibly. The rule-based reasoning engine is building on the relation between feature and process rule. This paper define the process protocol and feature protocol to represent the feature of sheet metal and the process of stamping die. The process of die design case by case is stored in database for reusing the similar design case. The CAPP system was implemented by Java language and embedded into the Spring Solid System for surface model. Use the surface model to recognize features as the input of CAPP system. The output is using VB bridge transfer the pass process protocol on Design Guide System that based on CATIA platform. CAPP system also use CATIA Power Copy function to build the standard part template library, and decide the location of mechanisms to provided the solid model designing of stamping die.
Yang, Yu-Hsuan, and 楊又璇. "Cost Estimation System of Stamping Die for Automobile Sheet Metal." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45593059704475165887.
Full text國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
100
There are various factors make some contributions to the cost estimation of stamping die for automobile sheet metal, including designing and manufacturing, management and sale. If a system can store the parameters and find the rule of estimating the cost of each process, it can reach the goal of convenient and efficient cost estimation which is a vital key to increase competition in this industrialized society. In this research, the main goal is to establish the cost architectures and rules based on the design specifications, statistics and modified by collected knowledge from the experts. We use the CAD file of sheet metal and the process planning as the input, obtain the geometrical information of the sheet metal, the type of cam and the length of the knife, and calculate the cost of material, standard parts, milling, engraving, designing, trial plus indirect cost as the output. The system provides the interface to modify the parameters concerning the cost estimation and in this way users can find the most suitable parameters to estimate the cost. Keywords: cost estimation, stamping die, automobile sheet metals
Taube, Richard. "Improving process stability in stamping operations through design of experiments methods." Master's thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144505.
Full text"Design and control of a controllable hybrid mechanical metal forming press." Thesis, 2008. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074548.
Full textBased on the novel structure, the detailed design is then carried out, which includes the mechanical design, kinematics and inverse kinematics analysis, static force analysis, parametric design and the other related designs. A calibration method based on the experiment and computer simulation is proposed for the new press, which is also useful for the parallel mechanisms. Cooperated with Guangdong Metal Forming Machine Works Co. Ltd., a 250 KN prototype has been built and tested.
In order to ensure the desirable performance, dynamic control is necessary. The thesis uses two dynamic modeling methods to study the dynamics of the press. One is the kineto-static method. It is also called D'Alembert principle which rearranges Newton's second law and transfers a dynamic problem to an equivalent static problem by adding the inertial forces and inertial torques onto the system. The model can then be analyzed easily and exactly as a static system subjected to the inertial forces and torques and the external forces. The other method is the Lagrangian method which derives the dynamic model from the energy perspective. Based on the model, the dynamics of the press is studied by means of computer simulation and is validated experimentally.
In this thesis, a controllable hybrid mechanical metal forming press is developed, which is driven by a CSM with a flywheel and a servomotor. From a mechanism point of view, it is a closed-loop 2-DOF parallel planar five-bar mechanism with four resolute joints and one prismatic joint. Thanks to the usage of the servomotor, the punch motion of the new press can be controlled by tuning the velocity of the servomotor. Accordingly, desired punch motions for different stamping processes can be obtained. In other words, the new press is flexible and controllable like the servo mechanical press and the hydraulic press. Moreover, the CSM with flywheel provides the main power during the stamping operation, and hence, it is energy efficient. In addition, it is not expensive to build, as it uses only a small servomotor.
Metal forming is one of the oldest production processes and yet, is still one of the most commonly used processes today. Everyday, millions of parts are produced by metal forming ranging from battery caps to automobile body panels. Therefore, even a small improvement may add to significant corporative gain.
The thesis also describes the trajectory planning method for the press, which is based on the combination of the inverse kinematics and cubic spline interpolation. The trajectory is optimized under multiple constraints on velocity, acceleration and jerk of the servomotor. It guarantees the new press is controllable and energy efficient.
Two typical stamping processes, drawing and forging, are taken as examples for the operations of the new press. The results of the simulation and the experiment match well. Based on the simulation and experiments, it is found that the CSM provides the main power for the metal forming operations, while the servomotor is mainly responsible for overcoming the inertia forces to realize the desired punch motion. The experiments show that the new press is energy efficient, fast, controllable and inexpensive to build. It combines the advantages of both mechanical press and hydraulic press and has a good performance. It is expected the new press will have a great potential for the metal forming industry. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
He, Kai.
"February 2008."
Adviser: Ruxu Du.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: B, page: 1902.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-149).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.