Journal articles: 'Metal soap'

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Liu, Qi, Deepu J. Babu, Jian Hao, Mohammad Tohidi Vahdat, Davide Campi, and Kumar Varoon Agrawal. "Metal Soap Membranes for Gas Separation." Advanced Functional Materials 31, no. 1 (September 24, 2020): 2005629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202005629.

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Premanond, Varunee, and Pongpan Niyomrit. "Characteristics of Fluoride Based Conversion Coating Film on Al-Alloy for Metal Forming Applications." Key Engineering Materials 622-623 (September 2014): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.37.

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During the process of cold forming of aluminum, the high pressure which is introduced on the die can result in high adhesion between the aluminum and the die surface. Therefore, it is necessary for the aluminum billet to be coated with a lubricant prior to forming, to reduce adhesion and to ease the flow of material in the die. There are several popular types of lubricant systems used in cold forging of aluminum. For severe deformation, conversion coating in conjunction with soap lubricant are commonly used. The conversion coatings include soap phosphates (PO4-soap), as well as soap aluminum fluoride (AlF-soap). Therefore, this work studied the performance of the AlF-soap system and compared it to the conventional PO4-soap system as tested on AA6063 aluminum. Ring compression tests and ball on disc tests were conducted to explore friction conditions and the thinning of the lubricant under several forming conditions. It was found that the quantity of metal soap layer of AlF-soap used affected the friction coefficient and the lubricant thinning under forming operation. The suitable coating weight of metal soap layer of AlF-soap for this experiment was found to be 2 g/m2. The friction coefficient of the PO4-soap system was 16.26% lower than the AlF-soap system. However, the amount of thinning of the AlF-soap film after ring compression tests was lower than that of PO4-soap film.

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Eickemeyer, J., H. R. Vogel, J. Reichert, and M. Rehm. "Metal drawing by means of solid soap films." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 61, no. 3 (September 1996): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(95)02185-x.

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Wijayanti, Fitria, Mayang Sari, Roni Suprayitno, and Dian Aminin. "The Gel Soap with Raw Materials of Lerak Fruit (Sapindus rarak DC)." Stannum : Jurnal Sains dan Terapan Kimia 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jstk.v2i1.1618.

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Lerak (sapindus rarak DC) is one of the plants that is often used as a noble metal washer, facial cleanser as a remover for acne and as an insecticide, especially earthworms. In this study the manufacture of soap gel by using Lerak plants. Lerak fruit (Sapindus rarak DC) is one of the natural ingredients that can be used as an alternative in soap raw materials. Lerak fruit (S. rarak) contains several secondary metabolites. The most dominant secondary metabolite is saponin. These saponins act as raw material for making soap. The purpose of this study is the use of natural materials, especially Lerak fruit as raw material for gel soap Tests conducted on soap are foam test, soap quality with experiments on several stains and organoleptic soap tests. The results obtained Lerak fruit can be used as raw materials for soap. The foam test results on the soap found that the soap foaming durability was longer. The results of soap quality testing on several stains namely charcoal stains, soy sauce stains and sauces prove the soap can clean stains well. The organoleptic results get a distinctive aroma, odor, and average of density are 1.01.

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Okieimen, F. E., T. O. Egbuchunam, and D. B. Balköse. "Studies in the Utilization of Biobased Additives as Thermal Stabilizer for Plasticized PVC." Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (February 2009): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.335.

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Divalent metal (barium, cadmium, calcium and zinc) soaps of rubber seed oil and their binary mixtures (Ba/Cd and Ca/Zn) and epoxidized rubber seed oil (4.5% epoxide content) and its admixtures with the single divalent metal soaps were evaluated as thermal stabilizer for dioctylphthalate plasticized PVC using changes in discolouration indices (yellowness index and UV absorption at 360nm) and initial rates of dehydrochlorination measured at 140 and 160oC. The results obtained showed that the divalent metal soaps were relatively effective in stabilizing the dioctylphthalate plasticized PVC against thermal degradation and that the binary soap mixtures enhanced the heat stabilizing effectiveness: marked reduction in the values of the discolouration indices; longer dehydrochlorination induction period and smaller values of rate constant of initial rate of dehydrochlorination. It was found that epoxidized rubber seed oil was less effective in comparison with the divalent metal soaps in stabilizing plasticized PVC against thermal degradation. These results show that the bio-based additives are compatible with dioctylphthalate plasticized PVC, stable to heat within the range of temperature used in the processing of plasticized PVC, inhibit/retard dehydrochlorination and reduce the extent of degradation.

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Eiser, Erika, Fatima Bouchama, Mehul B. Thathagar, and Gadi Rothenberg. "Trapping Metal Nanoclusters in “Soap and Water” Soft Crystals." ChemPhysChem 4, no. 5 (May 9, 2003): 526–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200300721.

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Gaikwad, Anil V., Peter Verschuren, Tibert van der Loop, Gadi Rothenberg, and Erika Eiser. "Stable ‘soap and water’ sponges doped with metal nanoparticles." Soft Matter 5, no. 10 (2009): 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b814395a.

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8

Basu, S. "The charging mechanism of organic colorants in metal soap solutions." Colloid & Polymer Science 276, no. 5 (June 19, 1998): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050261.

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Tünay, O., I. Kabdasli, and D. Orhon. "Wastewater control in welding electrode manufacturing - a case study." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 3-4 (August 1, 2000): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0396.

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Metal finishing plants, although the wastewaters and treatment schemes for this category are well defined, require a case by case evaluation to find appropriate solutions and to solve specific problems. In this paper, a case study conducted on a welding electrode plant is presented. The wastewater sources were surface cleaning, copper plating and soap solutions used for drawing which were frequently included in waters. The plant was subjected to pretreatment standards, which necessitated the control of sulfate and organic matter in addition to standard parameters of metals, oil, suspended solids etc. Following a source-based characterization, treatability studies were conducted to treat high concentration of sulfate, organic matter as well as heavy metals and oil-grease. The proposed treatment scheme involved separate treatment of copper bath for recovery, chemical oxidation for soap solutions, sulfate precipitation for sulfuric acid bath and application of hydroxide precipitation to proper combination of other wastewater sources.

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Fredrik Neonufa, Godlief, Meiti Pratiwi, Astri Nur Istyami, Lidya Elizabeth, Sri Suminar Dewi, Ronny Purwadi, Tirto Prakoso, and Tatang H. Soerawidjaja. "An innovative method to produce drop-in fuel by alkaline earth-transition metals basic soap decarboxylation." MATEC Web of Conferences 159 (2018): 02064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815902064.

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Decarboxylation of metal soap is an emerging method to produce drop-in fuels as an alternative to the expensive hydrotreatment process. In this study, the Mg-Fe basic soap produced from palm kernel fatty acid had been successfully decarboxylated into jet-fuel type biohydrocarbons. The Mg-Fe basic soap with ratio of 8:2 mol was decarboxylated for 5 hours at atmospheric pressure and temperature varied up to 370°C; it produced a liquid product whose yield was around 60 %-weight. The resulting hydrocarbon product was a complex mixture consisted of normal paraffins in the range of carbon chain length C8 – C17, iso-and cyclo-paraffins, and various olefin products.

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Li-Qun, Yang, Xie Zhi-Ming, and Li Zhuo-Mei. "Coordination-crosslinking of Acrylate Copolymer Soap-free Hydrosol with Metal lon." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 15, no. 01 (1999): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb19990106.

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Puspawiningtiyas, E., M. Pratiwi, G. F. Neonufa, R. Purwadi, A. N. Isyami, L. Elizabeth, T. H. Soerawidjaja, Subagjo, and T. Prakoso. "Effect of metal type on basic soap pyrolysis produce bio-gasoline." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 823 (May 27, 2020): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/823/1/012027.

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13

Pessoni, Laurence, Cloé Veclin, Hind El Hadri, Cyril Cugnet, Mélanie Davranche, Anne-Catherine Pierson-Wickmann, Julien Gigault, Bruno Grassl, and Stéphanie Reynaud. "Soap- and metal-free polystyrene latex particles as a nanoplastic model." Environmental Science: Nano 6, no. 7 (2019): 2253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9en00384c.

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Additive free, morphology control, and ageing surface mimicking, are the key parameters defining the alternative NPT models and their effects towards the NPT-trace metals interactions for environmental applications.

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Catalano, Jaclyn, Yao Yao, Anna Murphy, Nicholas Zumbulyadis, Silvia A. Centeno, and Cecil Dybowski. "Analysis of Lead Carboxylates and Lead-Containing Pigments in Oil Paintings by Solid- State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance." MRS Proceedings 1656 (July 18, 2014): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.707.

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ABSTRACTSoap formation in traditional oil paintings occurs when heavy-metal-containing pigments, such as lead white, 2Pb(CO3)2·Pb(OH)2, and lead-tin yellow type I, Pb2SnO4, react with fatty acids in the binding medium. These soaps may form aggregates that can be 100-200 μm in diameter, which swell and protrude through the paint surface, resulting in the degradation of the paint film and damage to the integrity of the artwork. In addition, soap formation has been reported to play a role in the increased transparency of paint films that allows the painting support, the preparatory drawing, and the artists’ alterations to become visible to the naked eye. The factors that trigger soap formation and the mechanism(s) of the process are not yet well understood. To elucidate these issues, chemical and structural information is necessary which can be obtained by solid-state 207Pb, 119Sn, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In the present study, a combination of 207Pb NMR pulse sequences was used to determine accurately the NMR parameters of lead-containing pigments and lead carboxylates known to be involved in soap formation, such as lead palmitate, lead stearate, and lead azelate. These results show that the local coordination environment of lead azelate is different from lead palmitate or lead stearate and therefore it is unlikely that lead azelate would be incorporated into an ordered structure containing lead palmitate and lead stearate. In addition, the chemical shifts of the pigments obtained are different from those of the soaps, demonstrating that 207Pb NMR is useful in characterizing the components when present in a mixture, such as a paint film. The NMR methods discussed can also be applied to other Pb-containing cultural heritage materials, electronic and optoelectronic materials, superconducting materials, and environmentally contaminated materials.

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Hancock, Darrell O., and Robert E. Synovec. "Early Detection of C-130 Aircraft Engine Malfunction by Principal Component Analysis of the Wear Metals in C-130 Engine Oil." Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 2 (February 1989): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894203075.

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Spectrophotometry analysis of engine oil for wear metal to detect engine malfunctions and failing engine components is the basis of the United States Air Force Spectrophotometric Oil Analysis Program (SOAP). This program was abandoned for C-130 transport aircraft because of difficulties in correlating the atomic emission spectroscopy data with engine problems. Principal component analysis (PCA), a factor analysis method, reveals information and structure not previously apparent in the C-130 oil analysis data. These results suggest that the C-130 SOAP program could be made viable with the significant advantages obtained through incorporation of PCA.

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Yang, Li Qun, Zhi Ming Xie, and Zhuo Mei Li. "Studies on coordination-crosslinking of soap-free polyacrylate hydrosol and metal ion." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 66, no. 13 (December 26, 1997): 2457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19971226)66:13<2457::aid-app8>3.0.co;2-h.

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Yang, Liqun, Zhiming Xie, and Zhuomei Li. "Studies on acrylate copolymer soap-free waterborne coatings crosslinked by metal ions." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 74, no. 1 (October 3, 1999): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19991003)74:1<91::aid-app10>3.0.co;2-q.

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Neonufa, Godlief F., Lidya Elizabeth, Endar Puspawiningtiyas, Meiti Pratiwi, Astri Nur Istyami, Ronny Purwadi, and Tatang H. Soerawidjaja. "Comparison of Liquid Product Characteristics of PFAD Metal Soap Decarboxylation by Batch and Continuous Process." Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences 53, no. 3 (July 12, 2021): 210311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2021.53.3.11.

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Well-run continuous processes will benefit the industrial world in the future. This paper investigated the effect of batch and continuous processes on metal basic soap decarboxylation in terms of the liquid product characteristics. The metal soap used in the process was made from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) reacted with mixed metal oxides of Zn, Mg, and Ca. While the batch decarboxylation was carried out in a batch reactor at 400 °C for 5 hours, the continuous decarboxylation was conducted at 400 °C with a feed flow rate of 3.75 gr/minutes. Theoretically, the yield of batch decarboxylation is 76.6 wt% while the yield of continuous decarboxylation is 73.37 wt%. The liquid product was fractionated to separate short-chain hydrocarbon of C7-C10 (gasoline fractions) from medium- to long-chain hydrocarbons, or greater than C11 (green diesel fraction). The result showed that the alkane content from the batch process was higher than from the continuous process, whereas the continuous process produced more ketone products compared to the batch process. Furthermore, the GC-FID analysis showed a similar amount of total hydrocarbon (alkane, iso-alkane, and alkene) in both the batch and the continuous process.

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Ong, Lu Ki, Phuong Lan Tran Nguyen, Felycia Edi Soetaredjo, Suryadi Ismadji, and Yi-Hsu Ju. "Direct reuse of Cu-laden wastewater for non-edible oil hydrolysis: basic mechanism of metal extraction and fatty acid production." RSC Advances 6, no. 30 (2016): 25359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra23153a.

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Istyami, A. N., M. Pratiwi, T. Prakoso, and R. Purwadi. "Enzymatic pretreatment effect on product composition in biohydrocarbon synthesis via metal soap decarboxylation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 823 (May 27, 2020): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/823/1/012018.

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Poli, Tommaso, Oscar Chiantore, Eliano Diana, and Anna Piccirillo. "Drying Oil and Natural Varnishes in Paintings: A Competition in the Metal Soap Formation." Coatings 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11020171.

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Metal soaps formation is a well-known issue in oil paintings. Along the lifetime of the painting, carboxylic acids coming from drying oil (free fatty acids, acids from hydrolysis of triglycerides and from oxidation processes) can react with cations of some pigments (in particular, smalt, lead white and zinc white) forming the related carboxylic salts. As observed by many authors, the formation of these carboxylates, with the tendency to migrate and to aggregate, not only modifies the behavior and the aspect of the paint film but also complicates the cleaning approach. In previous works we have demonstrated that a similar pigment reactivity is possible even in presence of natural resins (such as colophony, dammar, mastic, etc) historically used as final varnishes on paintings. In this case, in the reactions the terpenic acids, among the main components of the resins, are involved. In this work, the carboxylates formation kinetics has been studied starting from two representative acids (palmitic and abietic) of painting oils and natural varnishes. Successively, the reactivity of the palmitic acid with the potassium abietate and of the abietic acid with the potassium palmitate has been verified. This investigation aims at clarifying in which way terpenic acids can be involved in the metal soaps reactivity confirming that also surface varnishes may play a significant role in the carboxylates formation and reactivity. It is important to keep in mind that a finishing varnish can be removed and reapplied many times during the lifetime of a painting, thus renewing the provision of reactive terpenic acids at the interface of the painted layers.

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Ndoile, Monica Mbaraka. "Level of selected heavy metals in some commercially available cosmetic products in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology 12, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v12i3.3.

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The study was conducted in order to assess heavy metal content in some commercially available cosmetics products that are manufactured in United Kingdom (UK), United States of America (USA), India and the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Face creams, beauty soaps, lipsticks and body lotions from the mentioned countries were purchased from local markets in Dar es Salaam and analytical procedures were employed to determine the contents of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). The results showed that lipstick samples contained the highest Pb at 23.36 µg/g, Cd at 23.30 µg/g and Cu at 22.91 µg/g. The highest concentrations in the beauty soap samples showed 21.99 µg/g Pb, 0.98 µg/g Cd and 18.8 µg/g Cu. Face cream samples contained the least contents of Pb at 6.52 µg/g, Cd at 0.16 µg/g, and Cu at 3.75 µg/g. In body lotions, no Pb and Cd were detected; in contrast, the contents of Cu was high (up to 1.4 µg/g). The products evaluated contained toxic heavy metals, though, not at an alarming concentration. Further research and analysis on the health risks of these products is proposed and extreme attention must be given to heavy metals during manufacture.

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Prieto Vidal, Natalia, Oludoyin Adeseun Adigun, Thu Pham, Abira Mumtaz, Charles Manful, Grace Callahan, Peter Stewart, Dwayne Keough, and Raymond Thomas. "The Effects of Cold Saponification on the Unsaponified Fatty Acid Composition and Sensory Perception of Commercial Natural Herbal Soaps." Molecules 23, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 2356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092356.

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Saponification is the process in which triglycerides are combined with a strong base to form fatty acid metal salts during the soap-making process. The distribution of unsaturated and saturated fatty acid determines the hardness, aroma, cleansing, lather, and moisturizing abilities of soaps. Plant extracts, such as rosemary, vegetable, and essential oils are frequently added to soaps to enhance quality and sensory appeal. Three natural soaps were formulated using cold saponification to produce a base or control bar (BB), hibiscus rosehip bar (H), and a forest grove bar (FG). Rosemary extract (R) or essential oil (A) blends were added as additives to each formulation prior to curing to evaluate the effects of natural plant additives on the lipid composition and sensory characteristics of these natural herbal soaps. A total of seven natural soaps, three without additives (BB, H, FG) and four with additives (BBR, HA, FGR, FGA), were manufactured and studied. The majority (86–99%) of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (5.0–7.0 µg/mg) remained unsaponified in the manufactured natural soaps regardless of feedstock used. Principal component analysis (PCA) analyses showed the unsaponifiable fatty acids were different in the hibiscus bar compared to the other bars. There was a very strong correlation between the content of unsaponified C18:3n3 and C18:1n9 in all natural soaps. These results indicate that unsaponified fatty acids are important contributors to the quality and overall sensory perception and preference of natural herbal soaps following manufacturing by cold saponification.

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Pimalai, Dechnarong, Yodsathorn Wongngam, and Cattaleeya Pattamaprom. "Alternative Methods for Accelerating Mechanical Stability of Concentrated Natural Rubber Latex." Defect and Diffusion Forum 382 (January 2018): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.382.26.

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The mechanical stability time (MST) of latex is an important parameter indicating the colloidal stability of concentrated natural rubber latex (CNRL). This stability is crucial for the transport and storage of CNRL before the product forming processes. A popular method to increase the MST of CNRL in Thailand is by adding laureth soap or other surfactants. Nevertheless, the laureth soap provides a steady but slow increase in the MST without reaching a stable value after 30 days. At the same time, the phospholipids on the surfaces of natural rubber latex particles will naturally undergo hydrolysis reaction leading to even higher MST. For long storage, too high MST leads to coagulation problem in the product-forming step. Therefore, alternative methods were studied in this research to expedite phospholipid hydrolysis, which results in the increase in MST for CNRL without causing problems from excessive negative ions in the product-forming process. The alternative methods including heating in the presence of metal chips and the use of enzyme lipase were compared to the popular laurate soap addition method. It was found that lipase addition was the most effective method to expedite the hydrolysis of phospholipids to reach the standard MST value within 3 days, and reach a plateau within 10 days.

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Stowell, Jennifer D., Daniela Forlin-Passoni, Kay Radford, Sheri L. Bate, Sheila C. Dollard, Stephanie R. Bialek, Michael J. Cannon, and D. Scott Schmid. "Cytomegalovirus Survival and Transferability and the Effectiveness of Common Hand-Washing Agents against Cytomegalovirus on Live Human Hands." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 2 (November 1, 2013): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03262-13.

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ABSTRACTCongenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) transmission can occur when women acquire CMV while pregnant. Infection control guidelines may reduce risk for transmission. We studied the duration of CMV survival after application of bacteria to the hands and after transfer from the hands to surfaces and the effectiveness of cleansing with water, regular and antibacterial soaps, sanitizer, and diaper wipes. Experiments used CMV AD169 in saliva at initial titers of 1 × 105infectious particles/ml. Samples from hands or surfaces (points between 0 and 15 min) were placed in culture and observed for at least 2 weeks. Samples were also tested using CMV real-time PCR. After application of bacteria to the hands, viable CMV was recovered from 17/20 swabs at 0 min, 18/20 swabs at 1 min, 5/20 swabs at 5 min, and 4/20 swabs at 15 min. After transfer, duration of survival was at least 15 min on plastic (1/2 swabs), 5 min on crackers and glass (3/4 swabs), and 1 min or less on metal and cloth (3/4 swabs); no viable virus was collected from wood, rubber, or hands. After cleansing, no viable virus was recovered using water (0/22), plain soap (0/20), antibacterial soap (0/20), or sanitizer (0/22). Viable CMV was recovered from 4/20 hands 10 min after diaper wipe cleansing. CMV remains viable on hands for sufficient times to allow transmission. CMV may be transferred to surfaces with reduced viability. Hand-cleansing methods were effective at eliminating viable CMV from hands.

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Yaegaki, Toshinari, Tatsuyuki Okuno, Kenichi Ioroi, Takeo Iida, and Kunio Goto. "Effect of metal soap on mechanical properties of binaly roll blends contained poly(vinyl chloride)." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 67, no. 2 (1994): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.67.123.

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Rueff, Jean-Michel, Norberto Masciocchi, Pierre Rabu, Angelo Sironi, and Antoine Skoulios. "Structure and Magnetism of a Polycrystalline Transition Metal Soap − CoII[OOC(CH2)10COO](H2O)2." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2001, no. 11 (November 2001): 2843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-0682(200111)2001:11<2843::aid-ejic2843>3.0.co;2-t.

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La Con, Genevieve, Katharine Schilling, Julie Harris, Bobbie Person, Mercy Owuor, Lorraine Ogange, Sitnah Faith, and Robert Quick. "Evaluation of Student Handwashing Practices During a School-Based Hygiene Program in Rural Western Kenya, 2007." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 37, no. 2 (January 2017): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272684x17701263.

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Unsafe drinking water and inadequate handwashing facilities in primary schools increase the risk of absenteeism due to diarrhea and respiratory infections. To mitigate these risks, we provided 28 schools in rural Western Kenya with handwashing and drinking water stations (containers with lids and taps on metal stands), bleach for water treatment, soap for handwashing, and educational materials. We observed the use of the water stations and assessed teachers’ attitudes toward the intervention. Of 151 total handwashing stations, 69 (59%) were observed to have soap and water and treated drinking water 4 months after implementation; observations of pupils showed an increase in handwashing behavior in water stations located < 10 m, as compared with those >10 m, from latrines ( p < .02). In focus groups, teachers reported improved cleanliness and decreased illness in pupils. Teacher training and installation of water stations resulted in observed improvements in pupils’ hygiene, particularly when water stations were located <10 m from latrines.

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Hermans, Joen J., Lambert Baij, Mark Koenis, Katrien Keune, Piet D. Iedema, and Sander Woutersen. "2D-IR spectroscopy for oil paint conservation: Elucidating the water-sensitive structure of zinc carboxylate clusters in ionomers." Science Advances 5, no. 6 (June 2019): eaaw3592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw3592.

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The molecular structure around metal ions in polymer materials has puzzled researchers for decades. This question has acquired new relevance with the discovery that aged oil paint binders can adopt an ionomer structure when metal ions leached from pigments bind to carboxylate groups on the polymerized oil network. The characteristics of the metal-polymer structure are expected to have important consequences for the rate of oil paint degradation reactions such as metal soap formation and oil hydrolysis. Here, we use two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy to demonstrate that zinc carboxylates formed in paint films containing zinc white pigment adopt either a coordination chain– or an oxo-type cluster structure. Moreover, it was found that the presence of water governs the relative concentration of these two types of zinc carboxylate coordination. The results pave the way for a molecular approach to paintings conservation and the application of 2D-IR spectroscopy to the study of polymer structure.

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Eumelen, G. J. A. M., E. Bosco, A. S. J. Suiker, A. van Loon, and P. D. Iedema. "A computational model for chemo-mechanical degradation of historical oil paintings due to metal soap formation." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 132 (November 2019): 103683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2019.103683.

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SAEKI, Akinori, Hiroyuki GOTO, Hirosi NISHIKINO, Yuzou HIGAKI, and Takeo IIDA. "Synergetic Effects of Pentaerythritol Stearates with Synergetic Metal Soap on the Stabilization of Poly(vinyl chloride)." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 51, no. 7 (1994): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.51.435.

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CHELIL, Ouassila, Naima BELHANECHE-BENSEMRA, Daniel LÓPEZ GARCÍA, Marta FERNÁNDEZ-GARCÍA, and Mohamed Tahar BENANIBA. "Preparation of epoxidized sunflower oil metal soap derivatives and their use asheat stabilizers for polyvinyl chloride." TURKISH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 43, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 582–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/kim-1806-31.

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Yadav, Gautam, Pranabesh Ganai, Sudhir Tiwari, and Madhuri Maheshwari. "An Investigation for Prior Failure of Engine Component through Spectroscopy Oil Analysis Program." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1362.

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Monitoring the condition of the engine through oil analysis will help operators to get the most value from their equipment and their lubricant. This is just one part of an overall Preventive Maintenance (PM) Program. Engine lubricant condition reflects the state of health of engine through its properties. Recognition and analysis of the correlation between engine lubricant system based on the lubricant properties and engine performance is crucial to provide insight into engine health. Aim of this paper is an investigation for prior failure of engine component through oil analysis. Engine is the heart of automobile vehicles. Engine performances are directly dependent upon the health of its components like piston, cylinder, cylinder head, crankshaft, cam shaft, connecting rod etc. Metals in lubricating oil can come from various sources, such as wear, contamination and additives. Wear metals result from friction or corrosion of the engine components; for example pistons, bushing, piston ring and bearings, during operation. Contamination can come from dirt, leaks or residual metal pieces. Additives used as detergents, anti-oxidants and anti-wear agents, are added in order to reduce engine wear. Wear of a specific component is heralded by an increase in the concentration of a particular metal, or the sudden appearance of a metal. Since different engine components are composed of different alloys, the increase of a particular metal can be used to identify impending failure of a specific component. An analysis of trace metals in engine oil has permitted the identification of wearing components before severe failure, without dismantling of the engine. Spectrometric Oil Analysis Program (SOAP). The determination of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn impurities using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy method. The used engine oil samples were digested with HCL

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Neonufa, Godlief, Meiti Pratiwi, Tirto Prakoso, Ronny Purwadi, and Tatang Soerawidjaja. "Catalytic thermal decarboxylation of palm kernel oil basic soap into drop-in fuel." MATEC Web of Conferences 268 (2019): 06014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926806014.

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Catalytic thermal decarboxylation of basic soaps derived from palm kernel oil to produce dropin fuel was investigated. The C12/14 and C12/16 methyl ester had been used as the model compounds of this study. The purpose of this study was to produce drop-in fuel, especially jets biofuel, by catalytic thermal decarboxylation of basic soaps from palm kernel oils. In this study, two types of Magnesium-Zinc metal combination were used for preparing the basic soaps, both directly have a role as a catalyst. The reaction was carried out at 370°C and atmospheric pressure for 3 hours in the semi-batch reactor. Approximately 41 and 43 weight% of the yield and selectivity of about 97 and 98% toward the jets biofuel had been obtained in both experiments, respectively. The results showed that decarboxylation of basic soaps of C12/14 and C12/16 methyl ester were converted into drop-in fuel, especially jets biofuel in the relatively good yield of conversion.

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Zhao, Kun, Fang He, Xin Ai Li, Zhen Huang, and Hai Bing Li. "Preparation of Three-Dimensional Ordered Macroporous Perovskite-Type LaFeO₃ Oxides." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.317.

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Polystyrene spheres were prepared by soap free emulsion polymerization method. The effects of styrene concentration, polymerization time and self-assemble methods on the diameter of the polystyrene spheres were investigated. Different size of polystyrene microspheres could be obtained by changing styrene concentration and polymerization time. Polystyrene templates with good uniform and highly ordered can be assembled by means of vertical deposition method. Based on this template, three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) perovskite-type oxides LaFeO3 were successfully prepared which were confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was also found that 1mol/L metal precursor solution which used ethanol solution of metal nitrates with citric acid addition gave the best 3DOM perovskite-type LaFeO3 oxides. The pores are uniform, flexible and arranged in a highly ordered form.

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Ikeda, Hirohisa, Hiroyuki Goto, Yuzou Higaki, Masahiko Sunami, Kuniharu Nakano, Yoshinobu Nakamura, and Takeo Iida. "Synergetic effect of dimerized pentaerythritol esters with synergetic metal soap on the stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride)." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 79, no. 11 (2001): 2029–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4628(20010314)79:11<2029::aid-app1012>3.0.co;2-q.

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Quaye, Daniel, and Isaac Mensah. "Marketing innovation and sustainable competitive advantage of manufacturing SMEs in Ghana." Management Decision 57, no. 7 (July 8, 2019): 1535–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-08-2017-0784.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to establish how small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in water, beverage, soap, detergent, metal fabrication, wood and furniture manufacturing industries can sustain or improve their competitive advantage by integrating specific resources and capabilities. The paper seeks to offer an alternative framework “resource capability-based view (RCBV)” that provides a strategic marketing direction for SMEs regarding how innovative marketing practices and dynamic marketing capabilities integrate to create sustainable market advantage. Design/methodology/approach This current paper employed a quantitative survey design with a positivist methodological research paradigm. The paper used a multi-stage stratified and simple random sampling technique to collect data from 591 manufacturing SMEs in Ghana. SMEs in water, beverage, soap, detergent, metal fabrication, wood and furniture manufacturing industries were sampled for the study. A structural equation model was employed to test the study hypotheses to arrive at the findings. Findings The study found that product design and packaging innovations, promotion innovations, retail innovations and pricing innovations provide sustainable market advantage for water, beverage, detergent and metal fabrication SMEs. The paper also found that new product designs and packages are the major drivers of sustainable market advantage followed by innovative retail outlets. The paper further originated that integrating marketing competence (marketing resources and marketing capabilities) and innovative marketing activities provides a marginal improvement in competitive advantage. Physical resources may result in market advantage but integrating physical resources with dynamic marketing capabilities provides sufficient competitive sustainability in a competitive market. Practical implications SMEs in water, beverage, soap, detergent, metal fabrication, wood and furniture manufacturing industries should prioritise their key marketing resources and capabilities in product designs, promotion, pricing and retailing innovations in order to sustain market advantage. Old products should not be faded from the market but rather SME managers should employ innovative retail strategies, such as eco-friendly advertising, product re-branding and digital platforms (social network sites and websites), which are important to sustaining market performance. Government must develop targeted policies to bridge the information gap between SMEs and research institutions such as universities through regular subsidised entrepreneurial training and creation of semi-annual industry-academic fairs. The main theoretical contribution of this current paper is the development of “RCBV” as a framework which shows how SMEs can integrate specific resources and capabilities to achieve sustainable market advantage. This framework offers an integrative view of conventional resource-based view and dynamic capability theory (DCT) which are independently examined in the literature. Originality/value This current study has proposed an integrated and elaborative approach to the conventional resource-based view and DCT which does not provide a composite understanding in the literature. SMEs may lack the needed resources and capabilities to introduce new products or extant product lines but this paper has demonstrated that how SME can sustain market advantage of existing product(s) by synchronously using specific marketing resources and capabilities. The proposed framework offers a guide for SMEs to integrate their physical resources and capabilities to sustain their market advantage.

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Li, Bang Jiang, Long Chang Wang, and Ming Zhong Long. "Study on New Tea Soap Based Chelating Agent Synthetic Materials and the Repairing Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution in Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 1708–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.1708.

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By water extraction, precipitation method we can extract tea saponin from tea seed cake and design and synthesize the new green tea soap based chelating agent in the synthesis design (tea saponin sodium sulfate). Study on the surface properties, the surface tension is lower than the tea saponin, and the value of HLB, foaming ability and foam stability are better than that of tea saponin. At the same time, considering the effects of heavy metal rate oscillation time, chelating agent concentration, pH and ionic strength on the chelating agent to remove, the results show that with the increase of oscillation, the removal rate and time of heavy metal concentration increase, and decrease with the increase of ionic strength and pH, thus concluding the optimum process of the removal of pb2+, cd2+ ions: the oscillation time is 12h, the mass fraction is 7%,the concentration of Ca (NO3)2 is 5.0, 0.01mol/L. Under this condition, ion removal rate of pb2+, cd2+ ions is the highest. The removal rate of tea saponin sodium sulfate ion on Cd2 is higher than Pb2 + ions, and these two kinds of tea saponin sodium sulfate ion removal rate are higher than that of tea saponin, improvement effect is obvious especially for Pb2 + ion removal rate.

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Ikeda, Hirohisa, Masanori Ishikawa, Yoshinobu Nakamura, and Takeo Iida. "Dispersibility of Macromolecular Polyols as Co-Stabilizer in Poly(vinyl Chloride) and their Stabilization Effect Combined with Synergetic Metal Soap." Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, no. 8 (November 2003): 649–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100804.

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In order to delay the undesirable discoloration of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) by heating, the synergetic effect of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as co-stabilizer with a mixture of zinc and calcium stearates was clarified. Usually, the abrupt discoloration was caused by the formation of a π-complex between the cool colour-producing metal chloride, i.e. the zinc chloride from the metal soap, and double bonds from the dehydrochlorination of the PVC chain. Firstly, the effect of using various PVA having different degrees of polymerization before melt blending with PVC was investigated. When the PVA and PVC were pre-mixed in the powder state, the compound obtained showed a lower stabilization effect on the discoloration of PVC. On the other hand, when a PVA aqueous solution was prepared and the PVC powder was added to the PVA solution, and dried, the resulting compound showed an excellent stabilization effect. Secondly, the dispersed PVA domain size in the PVC sheets was measured quantitatively by image processing analysis, using the optical micrographs of the sheets. As a result, it was found that there was a good relationship between the dispersibility of PVA and its stabilization effect. That is, the co-stabilizing effect of PVA increased with a decrease in the domain size. This fact was also confirmed by using different polyols as co-stabilizer.

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Melyna, Ella, Tirto Prakoso, and Tatang Hernas Soerawidjaja. "Dinamika dan Karakter Produk Hasil Dekarboksilasi Sabun Hidroksi Pelargonat." Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan 5, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jtkl.v5i1.210.

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Pengembangan bahan bakar nabati akan memberi berbagai manfaat bagi pembangunan nasional, antara lain pengurangan impor bahan bakar minyak dan peningkatan ketahanan energi nasional. Oleh karena itu, teknologi untuk pembuatan bahan bakar nabati pensubstitusi bahan bakar minyak, terutama bensin, merupakan kebutuhan yang mendesak. Salah satu teknologi untuk menghasilkan bahan bakar nabati pensubstitusi bensin adalah dekarboksilasi sabun hidroksi pelargonat. Magnesium hidroksi pelargonat [Mg(OH)(OOCC8H17)] dapat didekarboksilasi menghasilkan n-oktana [C8H18] dan magnesium karbonat [MgCO3] yang pada temperatur mendekati 500oC akan terurai menjadi MgO dan CO2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan pemahaman tentang dinamika dan karakter produk cair hasil reaksi dekarboksilasi sabun hidroksi pelargonat [Mg(OH)OOCC8H17] pada rentang suhu 250-350oC.The development of biofuel have a lot of advantages for national growth, such as, imports reduction of fuel and increasing national energy security and sustainability. Therefore, biofuel production technology for substitution of fuel oil especially gasoline, is very important. One of technology method to produce biogasoline is decarboxylation of pelargonic hydroxy metal soap. Magnesium hydroxy pelargonate [Mg(OH)(OOCC8H17)] can be decarboxylated to produce n-octane [C8H18] and magnesium carbonate [MgCO3] which at temperatures close to 500oC decompose into MgO and CO2. The objectives of this research is to investigate comprehensively the dynamics and character liquid products from decarboxylation of pelargonic hydroxy soap [Mg(OH)OOCC8H17] reaction at temperature range of 250-350oC.

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Jintoku, Hirokuni, and Hirotaka Ihara. "The simplest method for fabrication of high refractive index polymer–metal oxide hybrids based on a soap-free process." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 73 (2014): 10611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc04471a.

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Adebomi, A. Ikotun, O. Awosika Oladipupo, and A. Oladipo Mary. "The African black soap from Elaeis guineensis (Palm kernel oil) and Theobroma cacao (Cocoa) and its transition metal complexes." African Journal of Biotechnology 16, no. 18 (May 3, 2017): 1042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2015.14975.

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Bronken, Ida Antonia Tank, Jaap J. Boon, Robert Corkery, and Calin Constantin Steindal. "Changing surface features, weeping and metal soap formation in paintings by Karel Appel and Asger Jorn from 1946–1971." Journal of Cultural Heritage 35 (January 2019): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.09.005.

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Telak, Oksana, Vasyl Popovych, Oleh Zachko, and Kateryna Korol. "Physico-chemical properties of peatland located in the impact zone of municipal landfill." E3S Web of Conferences 174 (2020): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017402006.

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The results of studies of peat located in the impact zone of municipal landfill are presented. It is established that according to the peat genetic horizons profile the distribution of the mobile fractions of heavy metals is manifested in a gradual decrease with depth. The content of heavy metals (manganese, copper, zinc, lead, cobalt, mercury) in the peat does not exceed the MAC, except for cadmium, which is spread by waste from the landfill. The source of cadmium in landfills is waste containing lacquers and paints, fluorescent lamps, batteries etc. Cadmium sulfide is the basis for yellow paints used in vehicle dyeing, textile production, soap making. Peat is characterized as very poor in micromycetes distribution. Some micromycetes detected are indicators of high mineral content and low heavy metal content. Analysis of peat micromycetes by growth rate showed that the slowest growing micromycetes owns the largest proportion - 70%. The distribution by color showed that dark-colored micromycetes of the Moniliaceae, characterized by toxicity, predominate. According to the humus reserve, peat is slightly humus. It is not recommended to use such peat for crop cultivation. Instead, peat can be a source of fuel under conditions of industrial development and compliance with existing rules and state standards.

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Jensen, R. A., and A. M. Agnone. "A New Method to Leak Test Piping Joints." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 118, no. 4 (November 1, 1996): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831073.

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A new device to leak test piping joints is described. The test is done external to the unpressurized pipe while the joints are easily accessible. Typically it would be done before burial of the pipe and completion of the entire system. It is adaptable to metal or plastic piping systems and a variety of joint types. The device was tested on butt fusion welds in polyethylene piping, a type of pipe commonly used in the distribution systems of natural gas utilities. Test results show that the device is as reliable as a standard soap bubble test, or a pressure test, both of which require the system to be hermetically sealed and pressurized. A trained mechanic can do this test in the field in about 20 minutes.

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Chaiyasut, Chaiyavat, Periyanaina Kesika, Poomchon Sakdakampanat, Sartjin Peerajan, and Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF STABILITY OF THAI PURPLE RICE BRAN-BASED COSMETIC PRODUCTS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v11i1.22073.

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Objective: The rice bran (RB) phytochemicals are known for several pharmacological properties. The current study aimed to extract the active principles from Thai purple rice bran, formulate the cosmetic products, evaluate the physical property, and stability of the products.Methods: The RB was prepared by 80% ethanolic extraction, and measured the total phenolic and anthocyanin content by HPLC, and spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant capacity of RB oil (RBO), RB extract (RBE) was assessed by spectrophotometric methods. The cosmetic products were formulated with rice bran extract and fermented and distilled purple rice solution (FDPRS). The stability of the formulations was assessed. The heavy metal and microbial contamination were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, and plating assay, respectively.Results: The yield of PRE and RBO was 0.92, and 1.62%, respectively. The total phenolic and anthocyanin content of PRE was 305.30 ± 6.15 mg gallic acid/g of extract, and 877.33 ± 87.73 mg cyanidin chloride /g of extract, respectively. RBO, PRE, and FDPRS exhibited high antioxidant capacity. The cosmetic formulations were physically stable in the heat-cool cycle, and the stability of active compounds was not affected while stored at 30°C for two months. The storage temperature affected the phenolic compounds present in the cosmetic formulations, especially at 45°C. There was no significant decrease in oryzanol content of soap formulation. All the formulations were free microbial and heavy metal contamination.Conclusion: The rice bran phytochemical based cosmetic products are rich in antioxidants, stable, free from heavy metals and microbial contaminations, and further fine tuning of the formulation may achieve the market quality.

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Chaiyasut, Chaiyavat, Periyanaina Kesika, Poomchon Sakdakampanat, Sartjin Peerajan, and Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF STABILITY OF THAI PURPLE RICE BRAN-BASED COSMETIC PRODUCTS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i1.22073.

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Objective: The rice bran (RB) phytochemicals are known for several pharmacological properties. The current study aimed to extract the active principles from Thai purple rice bran, formulate the cosmetic products, evaluate the physical property, and stability of the products.Methods: The RB was prepared by 80% ethanolic extraction, and measured the total phenolic and anthocyanin content by HPLC, and spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant capacity of RB oil (RBO), RB extract (RBE) was assessed by spectrophotometric methods. The cosmetic products were formulated with rice bran extract and fermented and distilled purple rice solution (FDPRS). The stability of the formulations was assessed. The heavy metal and microbial contamination were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, and plating assay, respectively.Results: The yield of PRE and RBO was 0.92, and 1.62%, respectively. The total phenolic and anthocyanin content of PRE was 305.30 ± 6.15 mg gallic acid/g of extract, and 877.33 ± 87.73 mg cyanidin chloride /g of extract, respectively. RBO, PRE, and FDPRS exhibited high antioxidant capacity. The cosmetic formulations were physically stable in the heat-cool cycle, and the stability of active compounds was not affected while stored at 30°C for two months. The storage temperature affected the phenolic compounds present in the cosmetic formulations, especially at 45°C. There was no significant decrease in oryzanol content of soap formulation. All the formulations were free microbial and heavy metal contamination.Conclusion: The rice bran phytochemical based cosmetic products are rich in antioxidants, stable, free from heavy metals and microbial contaminations, and further fine tuning of the formulation may achieve the market quality.

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Mazurek, Joy, Marie Svoboda, and Michael Schilling. "GC/MS Characterization of Beeswax, Protein, Gum, Resin, and Oil in Romano-Egyptian Paintings." Heritage 2, no. 3 (July 17, 2019): 1960–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030119.

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This article presents results from a binding media survey of 61 Romano-Egyptian paintings. Most of the paintings (51) are the better-known funerary mummy portraits created using either encaustic or tempera paint medium. Samples from all the paintings (on wooden panels or linen shrouds) were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to identify waxes, fatty acids, resins, oils, and proteins in one sample. Analytical protocols that utilized three separate derivatization techniques were developed. The first analysis identified free fatty acids, waxes, and fatty acid soaps, the second characterized oils and plant resins, and the third identified proteins. The identification of plant gums required a separate sample. Results showed that fatty acids in beeswax were present as lead soaps and dicarboxylic fatty acids in some samples was consistent with an oxidized oil. The tempera portraits were found to contain predominantly animal glue, revising the belief that egg was the primary binder used for ancient paintings. Degraded egg coatings were found on several portraits, as well as consolidation treatments using paraffin wax and animal glue. The unknown restoration history of the portraits caused uncertainty during interpretation of the findings and made the identification of ancient paint binders problematic. Also, deterioration of the wooden support, residues from mummification, biodegradation, beeswax alteration, metal soap formation, and environmental conditions before and after burial further complicated the analysis. The inherent problems encountered while characterizing ancient organic media in funerary portraits were addressed. The fourteen museums that participated in this study are members of APPEAR (Ancient Panel Paintings: Examination, Analysis, and Research), an international collaborative initiative at the J. Paul Getty Museum whose aim is to expand our understanding of ancient panel paintings through the examination of the materials and techniques used for their manufacture.

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IIDA, Takeo, Hirohisa IKEDA, Shigeharu KAWAMURA, and Kunio GOTO. "Stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride). IX. Synergetic effects of polyacrylates with synergetic metal soap on the stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride)." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 45, no. 2 (1988): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.45.117.

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Jenkins, Paul, Subhayu Basu, Roland I. Keir, John Ralston, John C. Thomas, and Brigette M. A. Wolffenbuttel. "The Electrochemistry of Nonaqueous Copper Phthalocyanine Dispersions in the Presence of a Metal Soap Surfactant: A Simple Equilibrium Site Binding Model." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 211, no. 2 (March 1999): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1998.5951.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Metal soap'

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