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Journal articles on the topic 'Metal recycling industry'
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1
Philipp, J. A., and W. Theobald. "Recycling in the steel industry." Revue de Métallurgie 90, no. 4 (April 1993): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/199390040545.
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Birat, J. P. "Recycling and by-products in the steel industry." Revue de Métallurgie 100, no. 4 (April 2003): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal:2003192.
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Balogun-Adeleye, Rahmot, Joy T. Adu, and Ramon O. Adisa. "Assessment and Impacts of Metal Recycling on Groundwater Quality in Ogijo, Ogun State, Nigeria." FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology 7, no. 2 (April 21, 2022): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46792/fuoyejet.v7i2.799.
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Groundwater is an essential source of water supply globally. Recently, however, the groundwater environment is being threatened due to heavy metal contamination resulting from the indiscriminate use, storage, and disposal of toxic metal elements. This study evaluates heavy metals concentrations in groundwater systems close to a metal recycling industry in Ogun State, Nigeria. In the study, thirty-six (36) water samples were collected from boreholes within the vicinity of a metal recycling industry and analysed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Water samples collected had trace concentrations of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni); metal concentrations were highest in the borehole closest to the industry. Pb, Cr, and Mn concentrations were above the acceptable standards. The findings showed that the activities within metal recycling industries can potentially elevate toxic metal concentrations in groundwater water sources close to it if proper mitigation measures are not put in place.
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Smirnov, V. V. "Recycling as a Strategic Direction to Improve Efficiency of Steel Industry in the Russian Federation." Accounting. Analysis. Auditing 5, no. 4 (September 14, 2018): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2408-9303-2018-5-4-30-39.
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The article discusses the issue of increasing the efficiency of the Russian steel industry taking into consideration the requirements of the concept of sustainable development. To solve this problem the author reviews the practices of metal scrap collection and recycling at the leading enterprises of the North America, Europe and the forecast of metal recycling development in the world economy up to the year 2050. This part of the survey shows that technologies of metal scrap and other types of industrial waste recycling could result in considerable economy of different types of resources. The great benefit of using metal scrap recycling technologies by the companies in the United States and the European Union is new jobs creation and improvement of environmental conditions. Taking into account the mentioned benefits of using recycling technologies in steel industry the author analyzes the forecast information and concludes that the further development of steel industry may lead to two times increase in metal scrap collection and recycling by the middle of the XXI century. Companies of the Chinese People Republic, countries members of NAFTA and Japan will prevail in the regional structure of metal scrap consumption. The article also states that the system of metal scrap collection and recycling in the Russian Federation will have to be recreated on the qualitatively new foundation. The most important distinctive feature of a new system still under creation from the former one is that before all the enterprises engaged into metal scrap collection had made part of a single concern and operated as a branch of steel industry. In this regard the Russian Federation faces the problem of re-creation of institutional foundation of metal scrap collection and recycling as well as creation of mechanisms to manage this industry efficiently. This in turn will require the development of legal, regulatory, organizational, economic and scientific support.
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Kovalčík, Jakub, Martin Straka, Peter Kačmáry, and Tomáš Pavlík. "CATALYST PROCESSING AND RECYCLING." Acta Tecnología 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22306/atec.v7i3.118.
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Discussed auto catalysts contain interesting quantities of platinum noble metals, palladium and rhodium according to the type of auto catalyst, thereby becoming a possible source of these metal aims to acquaint themselves with catalysts in general, their history and last but not least the possibilities of processing and obtaining noble metals for further use. The article deals with knowledge at the theoretical level of use of methods in processing depleted catalysts. It is pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods. The platinum group metals (PGMs) palladium, platinum, and rhodium represent the key materials for automotive exhaust gas treatment. Since there are currently no adequate alternatives, the importance of these metals for the automotive industry is steadily rising. The high value of PGMs in spent catalysts justifies their recycling. The state-of the-art technology is to melt the ceramic carrier and collect the precious fraction in a liquid metal bath. As the feed material has quite high melting points, huge amounts of energy are required for this process. Hydrometallurgical treatments of the spent catalysts offer the possibility to recycle the PGMs with less energy and time demands. Moreover, automotive catalysts contain further valuable materials to improve the exhaust gas treatment. These compounds, like cerium oxide, cannot be recovered in pyrometallurgical processes.
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Schultmann, Frank, Bernd Engels, and Otto Rentz. "Flowsheeting-based simulation of recycling concepts in the metal industry." Journal of Cleaner Production 12, no. 7 (September 2004): 737–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-6526(03)00050-7.
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Gaikdad, Niranjan Sanjay. "Design and Manufacturing of Metal & Non-metal Sorting Using Metal Detector." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45302.
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Abstract: In recent years, sorting of scrap material using various automated techniques has gained a lot of focus. One of the multiple steps in the recycling of non-ferrous metals is the separation of shredded material into different groups. In our project, we propose the concept of "Metal & Non-metal Sorting Using Metal Detector". This system of sorting products is optimized to differentiate between metal & non-metals product, which is done with the help of a metal detector. A continuous conveyor belt carries the different products, and with the help of a control motor it separates metal from non-metal. In a nutshell, this system consists of a metal sensor. When the conveyor belt carries the products, it goes through a metal detector, if it's a metal product the control motor separates it with the help of a bar and the skipped product goes further to another container for non-metal. GSM technique is also introduced for mobiles messaging. The counter displays the metal count. This project is useful in automobile industries, steel plants and industry for separation of metal and non-metal element in the industry on a large basis. It can also be used for waste management so also beneficial for the environment.
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Han, Yue Bin, Guang Ming Li, and Wen Zhi He. "Research Review of Recycling of Nonmetal Fraction from Waste Print Circuit Boards Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 997 (August 2014): 831–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.997.831.
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Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) treatment has been a hot and difficulty topic in handling of electronic waste. Previous research efforts have been put in the methods of separation of metal and nonmetal fractions and how to recycle the metal fractions. The recycling of nonmetal fraction becomes more and more important due to its large volume and hazardous characterizations. In this paper the recycling of nonmetal fractions are summarized and future research directions are discussed, providing reference for the WPCBs recycling industry development.
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Zhang, Bo, Chengjun Liu, and Maofa Jiang. "A new method of red mud recycling in the process of hot metal pretreatment." Metallurgical Research & Technology 117, no. 1 (2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2020010.
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To realize a large-scale consumption of red mud in the steelmaking industry, a new recycling method was investigated through the pre-reduction roasting experiment and the slag-metal interaction experiment simulating the hot metal pretreatment process in the steelmaking industry. In virtue of the sensible heating of the hot metal and the reducibility of [C] and [Si], the iron could be separated and recovered from the pre-reduced red mud pellets into the hot metal directly with a recovery rate exceeding 75%. With the composition adjustment of the residual oxides in the pre-reduced red mud (PRRD) using CaO and Al2O3 or aluminium dross (AD), a slag having a low melting point (below 1300 °C) and a high sulfide capacity (lgCS = −2.3) was formed, and more than 94% of [S] in the hot metal could be removed into this slag through the slag-metal interaction. The desulfurization efficiency of the flux (PRRD-CaO–Al2O3; PRRD-CaO–AD) is approximate to the traditional desulfurizing flux (CaO–CaF2). The advantages of this method are summarized as the low energy cost and the slag valorization.
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Cheng, Hui Qiang, and Wen Yang Zhao. "Decision-Making Strategy in Scraped Automobiles Recycling Industry Based on Properties of Recycling Materials." Advanced Materials Research 788 (September 2013): 737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.788.737.
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Scraped automobile is a kind of renewable resource with multiple value of development and utilization and variety of resources are used to make a car, such as iron and steel, non-ferrous metal, plastics, glass, rubber and so on, which can be recycled at the end life of vehicles. On the basis of learning the properties of recycling materials of scraped automobiles the paper makes a quantitative analysis on the possible maximum profit and conditions by constructing a decision-making model for automobile producers, which shows that no matter which kind of recycling mode the manufacturer chooses, the profit function is only related to four factors.
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SOCALICI, Ana, Cristina PACURAR, Corneliu BIRTOK BANEASA, Adina BUDIUL BERGHIAN, and Oana GAIANU. "ANALYSIS OF THE METAL LOAD STRUCTURE WHEN DESIGNING STEELS IN ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES." European Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 6, no. 4 (December 21, 2021): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36868/ejmse.2021.06.04.212.
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In the steel industry, scrap metal is an important raw material resource for the electric arc furnace. The overall steel recycling rate is estimated at around 85%. The work presents an analysis of the structure of the metal load when elaborating steels in electric arc furnaces. The metal load consists of different categories of scrap metal. The influence of the quality of these types of waste on the recycling process and on the finished product by investigating the effect of the composition of the load on the steel removal is presented.
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Lin, Hai, Ying Bo Dong, and Xin Wang. "Research Progress on Recovering Valuable Metals from Wasted Circuit Board by Bio-Hydrometallurgy Technology." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.677.
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The quantity of circuit boards produced and abandoned has increased with the development of electronics industry. The wasted circuit board has the characters of large amounts, high metal content and harmful to environment, which is known as “urban mines”. The effective recycling of the valuable metals in wasted circuit boards had always been the focus. The characteristics of pyrometallurgical recovery, mechanical recovery and wet recovery, such as low recovery ratio, high cost and environmental pollution fails to recover the precious metals from wasted circuit board. This paper outlines the research progress of using the microbiological method to recycle the metal from waste circuit boards, including the type of main used microbe, reaction mechanism and influencing factors and so on. Additional, this paper discusses the research status about taking advantage of the microbiological method to recycle the metals with high economic value. Finally, it discusses the research direction and prospect of this recycling method.
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Yang, Jian She, and Lian Jun Li. "Research on Electroplating Wastewater Treatment and Operation Effect in Jiangmen." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 2904–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.2904.
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In this paper, I use the ion exchange method for treatment of electroplating heavy metal ions in waste water and I also use a single-stage rinsing and resin enrichment combined form of management, whose wastewater contains Cu2+, Cr6+and Ni2+. The process can ensure the cleaning quality, good treatment effect, which recovers the energy of nickel sulfate and copper sulfate and its returning rate reaches as 90%. That achieved the goal without discharge of nickel, copper, environment and economic benefits. Electroplating wastewater composition is very complicated, in addition to cyanide (CN-) wastewater and effluent. Wastewater with heavy metal electroplating is the potential harmful categories in the industry. According to the heavy metal wastewater containing heavy metal element classification, it can generally be divided into Cr containing nickel wastewater, wastewater containing cadmium (Ni), (Cd) wastewater, wastewater containing copper (Cu), zinc(Zn), gold(Au) from wastewater, wastewater containing silver(Ag). Electroplating wastewater treatment is widespread attention at home and abroad, which has various developed management technology and management of toxic to nontoxic, changing harmful wastewater into harmless water. Then we can recover those precious metals. Water recycling and other measures are helpful to eliminate and reduce the emission of heavy metals. With the rapid development of electroplating industry and increasing requirements of environmental protection, current electroplating wastewater treatment has begun to enter into the clean production process. According to total circular economy integration phase, the recycling of resources is the main development direction [1].
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Blokhin, P. A., Yu E. Vaneev, and S. V. Panchenko. "Evaluation of the Possibility of Recycling Metal Radwastes in the Nuclear Industry." Atomic Energy 117, no. 2 (November 30, 2014): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10512-014-9895-z.
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Auer, Michael, Christoph Wölfler, and Jürgen Antrekowitsch. "Influence of Different Carbon Content on Reduction of Zinc Oxide via Metal Bath." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020664.
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Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is an important secondary resource for the zinc industry. The most common process for its recycling is the pyro-metallurgical treatment in the Waelz process. However, this process focuses on the recycling of the zinc, whereas the recovery of other metals from the EAFD—such as iron and other alloying elements—is neglected. An up-to-date version of reprocessing can involve multi-metal recycling by means of a metal bath containing carbon. The use of a liquid iron alloy requires a higher processing temperature, which enables the reduction and melting of iron oxides as well as other compounds occurring in the dust. Furthermore, the Zn yield is higher and the reduction kinetics are faster than in the Waelz process. This paper is only focused on the zinc reduction in such a metal bath. In order to determine the influence of the carbon content in the molten metal on the reduction rate, experiments were carried out on the reduction behavior of zinc oxide using a synthetic slag. This slag, with a basicity B2 = 1, was applied to an iron bath with varying carbon contents. (0.85%, 2.16%, 2.89%, and 4.15%) The decrease in the zinc oxide concentration was monitored, along with the reaction rates calculated from these data. It was found that the reaction rate increases with rising carbon content in the melt.
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Joharudin, Nurul Farahin Mohd, Noradila Abdul Latif, Mohammad Sukri Mustapa, Nur Zaha Hassan, and Aiman Supawi. "Study on Composition of Rice Husk Silica Reinforcement to Hardness and Microstructure of Recycling Milled AA7075." Key Engineering Materials 908 (January 28, 2022): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2d7am2.
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Metal matrix composites based on aluminium reinforced natural waste are a well-known material industry application because they can reduce environmental pollution. This paper presents the hardness and microstructure analysis of recycling milled aluminium (AA7075) at various composition of rice husk silica. Recycling milled AA7075 reinforced with rice husk burned at 1000°C at various composition i.e., 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 wt.%, were investigated. Metal matrix composites samples were prepared by cold compaction method due to the lower energies consumption and operating cost compared to conventional recycling by casting. The results reveals that the hardness of metal matrix composites samples increased at increasing of rice husk silica up to 5 wt.%. The addition of rice husk silica increased the irregularities of pore shape and it resulted in higher porosity and random pore shapes compared to unreinforced metal matrix composites samples. Based on investigation of metal matrix composites samples, rice husk silica has good potential to improve the material behavior with appropriate composition of rice husk silica to metal matrix composite.
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Gottesfeld, Perry. "Lead Industry Influence in the 21st Century: An Old Playbook for a “Modern Metal”." American Journal of Public Health 112, S7 (September 2022): S723—S729. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2022.306960.
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In recent years, lead poisoning has received increasing attention as lead production continues to grow and the industry shifts the most polluting processes (e.g., smelting ore and recycling batteries) to low- and middle-income countries. The hazards associated with lead exposures have been well known for centuries while the industry actively promoted lead products. Less well known is how the industry continues to promote the “safe and responsible” use of lead and support research to question the underlying science and avoid regulation. Here I explore the historical context for recent actions that the industry has taken to ensure its longevity. Lead industry associations continue to employ some of the same themes that have proven successful in the past. Efforts to forestall regulatory initiatives to reduce emissions and restrict lead applications continue. Large battery manufacturers and recyclers and their associations place blame on informal-sector recycling to draw focus away from their own emissions. They have sought the cooperation of hired scientific experts and have funded United Nations organizations and nongovernmental organizations to deflect attention from their own contributions to global lead poisoning. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S7):S723–S729. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306960 )
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Das, Subodh K. "Designing Aluminium Alloys for a Recycling Friendly World." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 1239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.1239.
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Recycling aluminum alloys has been shown to provide major economic benefits, as a result it is appropriate for the aluminum industry and the United States as a whole to identify, develop, and implement all technologies that will optimize the benefits of recycling. This paper will focus primarily alloy design for optimizing the reuse of recycled metal; this is both the most forward looking as we move toward a more recycling friendly world and the most overlooked for its potential in maximizing the recycle loop. Some specific approaches to alloy design for recycling are put forth, and some specific compositions for evaluation are proposed. Options for moving forward to further capitalize of the advantages of aluminum recycling are also addressed.
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Fan, Yun. "Comprehensive Recycling Technology of Waste Residues in Zinc Hydrometallurgy." Journal of World Architecture 6, no. 3 (May 30, 2022): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jwa.v6i3.3992.
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In order to improve the refining effect of zinc ore and promote the development of this industry, taking the hydrometallurgical zinc smelting process as an example, this paper first establishes a model for the recycling of waste residues in the hydrometallurgical process, proposes optimization measures based on proven comprehensive recycling technology for purifying residues to obtain higher valuable metal recovery rate, and provides reference for those in relevant fields.
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Husson-Tissier, B., P. Russo, B. Gros, and C. Clauzade. "A new scrap grade for the steel industry: steel wire recycling from the treatment of end-of-life tires." Revue de Métallurgie 107, no. 9 (October 2010): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2010062.
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Xiao, Yan Ping, and Yong Xiang Yang. "Potential Routes for Recycling and Reuse of Silicon Kerf." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 2235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.2235.
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In photovoltaic industry during wafer sawing significant amount of solar grade silicon is getting lost into sawing slurry. In the present paper, potential approach and routes for recycling and reuse of silicon wafer sawing slurry are explored. Various techniques were used including distillation, heavy liquid separation, acid leaching and high temperature processing. After distillation, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) can be separated and reused as lubricant. By dissolving silicon at high temperatures from the kerf into a clean molten pool of silicon metal or scrap, or into an alloying metal like Cu, SiC can also be separated and recovered. Depending on the impurity level, solar grade silicon can be finally produced from this waste stream in combination with necessary refining treatment for the applications in the PV industry. Furthermore, converting the kerf into SiC or Si3N4 particles as technical ceramic products is also explored. It is expected that the present research can pave a way to develop a total recycling route for an optimum use of this resource, and to minimize the environmental risk of the waste disposal.
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Lin, WenLong, Hui Wang, DongHui Liu, HongWei Xing, Chao Liu, YuZhu Zhang, and Shuo Li. "Research progress on granulation process of iron and steel slag." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 1 (2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021100.
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Efficient utilization of iron and steel slag is one of the important measures to achieve peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality in the iron and steel industry. Improving the recycling rate of iron and steel slag has become an urgent problem to be solved by scholars and enterprises at home and abroad. Therefore, it is of great significance to continuously optimize the recycling process of iron and steel slag and waste heat recovery technology. By comparing and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of different granulation processes for iron and steel slag, the disadvantages of using dry or wet granulation processes alone for iron and steel slag are pointed out in this paper. Then, a combined granulation process mode combining dry and wet processes is proposed to improve the processing efficiency of molten slag. The increase in resource conversion rate and the quality of granulated slag after primary granulating of iron and steel slag contribute to reducing the amount of slag to be treated secondarily. Furthermore, the energy consumption and pollutant emissions of slag secondary treatment will be decreased as well. It is intended to provide a reference for slag treatment technology and slag utilization rate expansion in iron and steel enterprises.
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V, Gokul, and Rajasekaran T. "Electronic Waste Management by Biological Leaching." Bulletin of Scientific Research 1, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/bsr1918.
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The electronic industry is the largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry in the world. Electronic waste or E-waste is one of the emerging problems in developed and developing countries. Most of these e-wastes are ending up in dumping yards and recycling centers, posing a new challenge to the environment and policy makers as well. Toxic metals in the E-waste are usually non -biodegradable and they will create harmful long lasting negative consequences on the environment in general and our health particular. Currently E-waste is treated by chemical leaching, it gives more environmental issues due to usage of inorganic chemicals in treatment process. So that, the E-waste can be used for extraction of metals by the process of biological leaching. It is the process of extraction of metal from source by using biological organism. In this process involve numerous ferrous iron and sulfur oxidizing bacteria, acidophilic bacteria which is grown in acid medium. The acid mine drainage (AMD) is the outflow of acidic water from metal mines or coal mines. AMD is recognized as one of the most serious environmental problem in the mining industry. It is also toxic and difficult to managing this water. Due to the presence of sulphide metal in the ore, which is released after the mining process, will react with atmosphere and water forms sulphuric acid which poses potential harm to the environment and eco system. This acid medium is most suitable for the development of acidophilic bacteria’s. In this project, the Acidophilic bacteria in AMD can be suggested for process of recycling in biological leaching of electronic waste. This process can be used for both bioleaching of E-waste and management of mining waste water. The process will suppress the harmfulness in both E-waste and waste mining water.
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Samir, Mourad, Faruz Alama, Paul Buysse, Tomas van Nylen, and Oleg Ostanin. "Disposal of Mining Waste: Classification and International Recycling Experience." E3S Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184102012.
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The main directions of mining and industrial wastes’ utilization are the production of building materials, their use in the construction industry without additional processing, and also the production of metals from metal-containing raw materials. It should be noted that current waste is preferable for the production of building materials, since they preserve the primary physical and mechanical properties and chemical composition and, moreover, can reach the consumer bypassing all other steps that are mandatory for waste consolidated (transportation, storage, etc.). For the production of building materials, not less than 30% of overburden and refinement tailings are suitable, almost all metallurgical and fuel slags, waste products of fertilizers and building materials. Even larger amounts of waste can be used for various laying and burial works (construction of road bases and dams, filling of worked out areas, leveling of the relief).
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Mizanur Rahman, S. M., and Audrey L. Mayer. "How social ties influence metal resource flows in the Bangladesh ship recycling industry." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 104 (November 2015): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.07.022.
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O'Leary, William. "Wastewater recycling and environmental constraints at a base metal mine and process facilities." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0695.
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In temperate areas of abundant freshwater there is seldom an urgency to recycle. The statutory protection of inland waters for beneficial uses such as drinking, food processing and game fishing is requiring industries to choose recycling. A European success in this trend is a base metal mining/milling industry which, since 1977, is implementing hydraulic, hydrological, treatment and ecological studies with wastewaters and mine tailings. A model activity, located 50 km from Dublin is considered. Zinc and lead concentrates produced and exported to smelters ultimately yield approximately 194,000 t and 54,000 t of these respective metals (32 and 21 percent of European production). Water use as originally planned would have been approximately 6m3/t of ore milled. While ore milling increased by 25 percent to 8,500t/d in 1993, water use declined by 33 percent to 4m3/t. The components making up this reduction range from milling technology efficiency to greater recycling from the 165 ha tailings pond. Environmental standards, based on framework regulations originating in EU Directives, have been instrumental in achieving wastewater savings. A conclusion is the value of integrating water quantity, quality, recycling, storage, production and other factors early in project planning.
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Santulli, Federica, Marina Lamberti, Andrea Annunziata, Rita Chiara Lastra, and Mina Mazzeo. "The Contribution of Commercial Metal Amides to the Chemical Recycling of Waste Polyesters." Catalysts 12, no. 10 (October 8, 2022): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12101193.
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Simple and commercially available metal amides are investigated as catalysts for the chemical depolymerization of polyesters of commercial interest such as polylactide (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) via alcoholysis. In the alcoholysis reactions performed with methanol or ethanol at room temperature, Zn, Mg, and Y amides showed the highest activities, while the amides of group 4 metals were revealed as poor catalysts. During the ethanolysis of PLA at higher temperatures and the glycolysis of PET, the good activity of the Zn amide was preserved, while for Mg and Y amides, a significant decrease was observed. The reaction temperature had an opposite effect on the performance of group 4 amides, with the Zr amide revealed to be the best catalyst in the PET glycolysis, reaching activities comparable to the best ones reported in the literature for metal catalysts (78% BHET yield within one hour at 180 °C). These studies represent new opportunities for the sustainable recycling of plastics, which are currently being used on a large scale, and provide significant contributions to the design of a circular economy model in the plastic industry.
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Vedana, Ivo, Arno Muller, and Lavinel G. Ionescu. "PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CONVENTIONAL PATTERN WAX AND REFORMULATED PATTERN WAX USED IN INVESTMENT METAL CASTING." SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 10, no. 11 (December 20, 2002): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.v10.n11.2002.50_2002.pdf.
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The present study reports experimental results obtained for the physical and chemical properties of conventional or standard pattern wax and reformulated pattern wax blended in order to obtain maximum efficiency for possible recycling in the investment metal casting industry. Some of the properties determined included melting point, flash point, water content, ash content, volumetric expansion, hardness, refractive index, infrared and ultraviolet spectra, thermal behavior, curves obtained by DSC, DTA, and TGA. The reformulated wax was shown to be relatively stable and good for industrial use after twelve simulated recycling steps.
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Kelektsoglou, Kyriaki, Dimitra Karali, Alexandros Stavridis, and Glykeria Loupa. "Efficiency of the Air-Pollution Control System of a Lead-Acid-Battery Recycling Industry." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 3465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123465.
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The air-pollution control system of a lead-acid-battery recycling industry was studied. The system comprised two streams with gravity settlers followed by filter bags for the factory indoor air and the metal-recycling furnace, respectively. Efficiency in particle removal according to mass was found to be 99.91%. Moreover, filter bags and dust from the gravity settlers were analyzed for heavy metals by Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence. The results showed high concentrations of Pb and Na in all cases. In the filter bag samples from the indoor atmosphere stream, Ca, Cu, Fe, and Al were found in concentrations higher than that in the filter bag samples from the furnace stream. The opposite was found for Na. Tl and K were only found in furnace stream bag filters. The elemental concentration of the dust from the furnace fumes stream contained mainly Fe, Na, Cd, Pb, Sb, and Cl, while the indoor main stream contained mainly P, Fe, Na, Pb, and Sb. In all cases, impurities of Nd, Ni, Rb, Sr, Th, Hg, and Bi were found. The high efficiency of the air-pollution control system in particle removal shows that a considerable reduction in emissions was achieved.
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Ma, Chunyan, Jorge Gamarra, Michael Svärd, Reza Younesi, and Kerstin Forsberg. "Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Materials Using Deep Eutectic Solvents." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 5 (July 7, 2022): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-015591mtgabs.
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To drive the transition to a climate-neutral economy, industry will need a sustainable and secure supply of key technology metals, which are essential for large-scale renewable energy production and storage as well as the electrification of mobility. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play an increasingly important role for various energy storage systems. The current and future LIB technologies will require materials that are predicted to have a high supply risk in the future. In light of this, recycling has been put forward as a key strategy next to primary mining and critical raw material substitution. Great efforts are currently being made to develop smart and sustainable processes for recycling LIB materials from end-of life batteries and production scrap. Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) are two common LIB electrode materials. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are considered as green solvents in recycling of LIB materials due to their biodegradability and low toxicity combined with good leachability of metal oxides. In this work, a new process for recycling and direct re-synthesis of NMC111 and LCO is presented. The process is based on leaching using a sustainable DES. Water is used as cosolvent to tune the properties of the DES. Leaching kinetics and mechanisms are determined. The chosen DES shows excellent leaching ability and fast leaching rate at low temperature compared with those DESs reported in the literature. After the leaching step, a new approach is applied to recover the metals from the DES leachate. This approach shows an overall high recovery efficiency and the solid product proves to be a good precursor for direct re-synthesis of new electrode materials. To conclude, this work presents a novel, green, effective and closed-loop metal recovery strategy for recycling LIB materials.
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Geraghty, Kate. "The recycling of 25 litre plastic drums used to supply process chemistry into the printed circuit board (PCB) and metal finishing industries." Circuit World 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03056120310454989.
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Twenty five litre plastic drums are widely used throughout industry and find application in the printed circuit board (PCB) and metal finishing sectors for the supply of process chemistry to manufacturers. These drums represent an important source of recyclable high density polyethylene since the containers are made of single polymer and constitute an easily recognisable waste stream that provides a homogeneous recyclate. This paper summarises some of the obstacles that have to date inhibited the recycling of the containers used in the PCB and related sectors. It also details work to identify a viable recycling pathway and describes a number of real applications in which the recyclate can be put to use. The issues of contamination that have prevented recycling of these containers are also discussed and plans to establish a proposed industrial cross‐sectoral recycling scheme are also outlined.
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Petlin, Ilya V., and Margarita S. Lesnikova. "WAYS OF PROCESSING AND RECYCLING OF FLUORINE-CONTAINING WASTE OF ALUMINUM INDUSTRY." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, no. 4 (May 12, 2017): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.2017604.5352.
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The information on aluminum metal production volume, its application areas and ecological problems which go with aluminum production are described. The data on fluorine containing waste products types and quantity at aluminum production were reported. The aluminum production waste products negative influence on environment was identified. For hydrogen fluoride production the use of fluorine containing waste products as alternative man-made raw material is offered. Resource effective and resource saving method of aluminum production fluorine containing waste products processing is described in detail. Processing method consists waste oxidizing calcining to move away carbon component, interaction of sulfuric acid with fluorine containing particles to product hydrogen fluoride, dissolution of solid sulphatisation product and aluminum hydroxide precipitation. Aluminum oxide and sodium sulfate can be byproducts of describing wastes processing method. Aluminum oxide can be used for production run of aluminum metal electrolytic production. Sodium sulfate can be used in glass and cellulose production, in textile and tanning industries. The thermodynamic calculations of fluorine containing wastes components with sulfuric acid chemical interaction are given. The research of kinetics of fluorine containing wastes with sulfuric acid chemical interaction by method of reacting mixture unstoppable weighing with mass auto-registration have been carried out. The dependence of transformation (reaction) degree on the time in temperature range of 220 to 260 ºС has been identified. It was characterized by Krank-Gistling-Braunstein equation. On obtained dependence the reaction area and process rate-limiting step was determined. The methods of intensification of aluminum industry fluorine containing wastes interaction process in observed temperature range has been offered. The economic and ecologic effect of aluminum industry fluorine containing wastes processing method has been established.Forcitation:Petlin I.V., Lesnikova M.S. Ways of processing and recycling of fluorine-containing waste of aluminum industry. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 4. P. 108-113.
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Anctil, Regina, Stephanie D. Grimm, and Mary M. Maloney. "Atlas managerial accounting case: Examining joint products in the international scrap metal recycling industry." Journal of Accounting Education 51 (June 2020): 100660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccedu.2020.100660.
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Titova, A. V., and V. I. Golik. "Prospects for Increasing Mineral Resource Base of Non-Ferrous Metals Industry." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 1/2021 (March 15, 2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2021-1-61-68.
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The importance of research into enhancing the metal mining technologies is justified by the declining availability of mineral resources due to non-compliance of the conventional mining methods with the market conditions. The traditional ore processing technologies are accompanied by accumulation of processing tailings. Zero-waste recycling of primary processing waste, which is often used without extracting metals to match the sanitary standards, is not evolving. The acute environmental issues are primarily exacerbated by a lack of levers for centralized accounting and management of the accumulated waste. The aim of the study is to develop new technologies that are optimized in terms of complete utilization of the off-grade raw materials i.e. wastes from primary ore processing. The effectiveness of leaching technologies is proved with a complex method that involves experiments and calculations comparing the performance of processing options using the Box-Behnken design of metal extraction and interpreting the results in the form of logarithmic or polynomial interpolation. Quantitative values were obtained and cross-plots of metal extraction dependence on the contributing factors were made, which allow characterizing the leaching processes of polymetals and ferruginous quartzites in the disintegrator. It has been proved that mechanochemical treatment provides higher metal yield (up to 45%) than traditional waste processing technologies while securing a safety level that meets the sanitary requirements. It has also been determined that disintegrator activation during the metal leaching process increases the strength of concrete mixtures based on re-treated tailings, both as aggregates and as a binder. A conclusion is made that activation of the leaching processes in a disintegrator ensures the extraction of 50 to 80% of metals that are not available for extraction from mill tailing with conventional technologies. Development of man-made deposits using innovative technologies based on metal leaching is a real step towards expanding the mineral resource base of the metallurgical industry and improving the environmental situation in the mining regions. In contrast to technologies of a similar scope and purpose, the proposed technology makes it possible to process ores in a zero-waste manner without creating new tailings.
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Wang, Shih Chung, Jun Yi Wu, and Yun Hwei Shen. "Discussion of a Treatment Technique for Spent Picking Solution Recycling." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2655–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2655.
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Pickling is a necessary process in many metal processing industries, such as wire rod, iron and steel sheet plate, and tubing processing industries, screw and nut manufacturing and processing industries, corrosion resistant plate processing industries, and paint industry. Pickling is used to remove black rust, oxides, and other contaminants from metal surfaces in order to improve processing quality. Hydrochloric acid is often used in the pickling process. As the acid concentration decreases gradually during the process, while metal (Fe and Zn) concentrations increase gradually, when the residual concentration of hydrochloric acid in the spent pickle liquor decreases to about 3%, or the specific gravity of spent pickle liquor is greater than 1.3 (iron ion concentration is greater than 100g/L), the aged pickle liquor must be discharged and fresh pickling solution is prepared. In the wire rod industry in Taiwan, the pickling process results in highly corrosive spent pickle liquor. Although there have been multiple resource processing schemes developed, including spray roasting process, fluidized bed roasting process, and sulfuric acid displacement process, it is limited to various factors, such as the treatment capacity, initial cost, operating cost, selling prices, purity of recycled products, and market scale. This study reviewed related patented processing modes in literature, and considered the reclamation cost of waste pickling solution (SPS). The proposed technique adopts wet-process metallurgy, combined with diffusion dialysis, for reclamation of SPS and mineralization crystallization of heavy metal of residue iron. The mineralization crystallization treatment produces high-purity recycled products of ferrite and goethite processes. SPS is reclaimed, and the ferric heavy metal recycling meets the economic benefit of an actual plant. The research site of this study produces 12 tons of SPS per day, which is about 300 tons monthly, and about 3,600 tons annually, with the removal cost of 7.2 million NTD annually. If the proposed treatment system is adopted, the costs of fresh hydrochloric acid, removal, and the traditional neutral agent treatment and subsequent landfill could be greatly reduced, thus effectively reducing the environmental load. In comparison to other recycling treatment techniques, the main advantage of the proposed technique is that the treatment capacity depends on the amount of SPS, the energy consumption is relatively low, the treatment scheme is simple, the operating and maintenance costs are low, and the mineralization can produce magnetic ferrite and iron oxide recycled products with high purity.
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Carrillo, Lorraine A., and Susan M. Gallardo. "Heavy Metals Characterization of Sludge from a Philippine Recycling Paper Mill." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2004): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.50839.
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Wastewater treatment sludge, which is the largest volume residual waste stream generated by the pulp and paper industry, is generally disposed of in a dedicated landfill. Composting the sludge is an alternative method proposed by the Asian Regional Research Program on Environmental Technology-De La Salle University (ARRPET-DLSU) Minor Issue Group. The Philippine Department of Agriculture's (DA) standards for an organic fertilizer's maximum allowable content of heavy metals provided the legislative regulation for the conversion of sludge to compost. The research was designed to characterize the sludge samples from TIPCO, a Philippine paper-recycling mill, and establish whether the sludge contained the heavy metals cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (MS). Sampling was done for four weeks during newsprint and white paper production. Three discharge terminals were established as sampling points. The samples showed that the metal content of the sludge vary from point to point and was highest throughout the manufacture of white paper. Chromium, mercury, and nickel, however, were nondetectable in all the samples, while cadmium was detectable only in very few samples. Lead and zinc were present at all three points and were highest at the de inking sludge. Comparing the results with Part 503 of the United States EPA and the DA's guidelines for organic fertilizers yield significantly lower parameter values. Composting the sludge was, therefore, found to be a feasible option for recycling paper-mill sludge since the metal content were very low compared to local and international standards.
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Abubakar, Kasimu, Assoc Prof Dr Azli Sulaiman, and Jamilu Usman. "Acid Concentration: A Pre-requisite to Enhanced Metal Dissolution?" Science Proceedings Series 2, no. 1 (April 25, 2020): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/sps.v2i1.1313.
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Technological advancement over the past decade has dramatically changed with new players such as China taking lead in information-technology and telecommunication market across the world. This development has seen surge in manufacturing industry output and consequently raw materials consumed by the sector. The environmental impact is however evident due to human interference with nature. E-waste is the fastest growing waste stream posing serious risk to fauna and flora due to numerous associated pollutants. In recycling industry, hydrometallurgy is widely adopted to recover metals from e-waste. Despite growing concern over secondary pollution associated with disposal, concentrated aqua regia is widely used to extract metals from e-waste. An ultrasonic bath enhanced dilute-acid leaching method was developed to recover copper and lead from waste mobile phone PCB. Repeatability and reproducibility showed 5.3% and 5.0% with respect to Cu while 9.8% and 6.3% RSD were recorded for lead. LOD and LOQ of 0.02 µg/g and 0.064 µg/g (Cu) and 0.082 µg/g and 0.312 µg/g (Pb) revealed that the method is suitable for dissolution of target metals from PCBs. Copper concentration of 332.98 mg/g recorded inferred that dilute aqua regia as much as concentrated has promising metal extraction power and thus could replace concentrated acids.
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Ruhaizat, Nasha Emieza, Nur Kamilah Yusuf, Mohd Amri Lajis, Sami Al-Alimi, Shazarel Shamsudin, Ikhwan Shah Tisadi Tukiat, and Wenbin Zhou. "Effect of Direct Recycling Hot Press Forging Parameters on Mechanical Properties and Surface Integrity of AA7075 Aluminum Alloys." Metals 12, no. 10 (September 20, 2022): 1555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12101555.
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The current practice in aluminum recycling plants is to change the waste into molten metal through the conventional recycling (CR) manufacturing process. However, the CR technique is so energy-intensive that it also poses an indirect threat to the environment. This paper presents a study on meltless direct recycling hot press forging (DR-HPF) as an alternative sustainable approach that has fewer steps with low energy consumption, as well as preventing the generation of new waste. A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the mechanical properties and surface integrity of AA7075 aluminum alloy by employing a hot press forging (HPF) process under different temperatures (380, 430, and 480 °C) and holding times (0, 60, and 120 min). It was found that as the parameter increased, there was a positive increase in ultimate tensile strength (UTS), elongation to failure (ETF), density, and microhardness. The recycled chips exhibit the best mechanical properties at the highest parameters (480 °C and 120 min), whereas the UTS = 245.62 MPa and ETF = 6.91%, while surface integrity shows that the calculated microhardness and density are 69.02 HV and 2.795 g/cm3, respectively. The UTS result shows that the highest parameters of 480 °C and 120 min are comparable with the Aerospace Specification Metals (ASM) Aluminum AA7075-O standard. This study is a guide for machinists and the manufacturing industry to increase industry sustainability, to preserve the earth for future generations.
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Granados-Fernández, Rafael, Miguel A. Montiel, Sergio Díaz-Abad, Manuel A. Rodrigo, and Justo Lobato. "Platinum Recovery Techniques for a Circular Economy." Catalysts 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11080937.
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Platinum and other metals are very scarce materials widely used in the energy and transportation sector among other sectors. Obtaining Platinum is becoming more difficult due to its scarcity on earth and because of the high amount of energy and water used for its extraction. In this regard, the recycling of platinum is necessary for sustainable technologies and for reaching a circular economy towards this expensive and rare metal. Conventional methods for platinum recycling make use of enormous amounts of energy for its recovery, which makes them not very attractive for industry implementation. Furthermore, these processes generate very toxic liquid streams and gas wastes that must be further treated, which do not meet the green environmental point of view of platinum recycling. Consequently, new advanced technologies are arising aiming to reach very high platinum recovery rates while being environmentally friendly and making a huge reduction of energy use compared with the conventional methods. In this review, conventional platinum recovery methods are summarized showing their limitations. Furthermore, new and promising approaches for platinum recovery are reviewed to shed light on about new and greener ways for a platinum circular economy.
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Neitzel, Richard L., Stephanie K. Sayler, Aubrey L. Arain, and Kowit Nambunmee. "Metal Levels, Genetic Instability, and Renal Markers in Electronic Waste Workers in Thailand." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 11, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijoem.2020.1826.
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Background: Informal electronic waste (e-waste) recycling is an increasingly important industry worldwide. However, few studies have studied the health risks in this group of workers. Objective: To assess the associations between occupational exposures to metals and genetic instability and renal markers among e-waste recycling workers. Methods: We recruited informal e-waste recycling workers from a community in northeastern Thailand. Participants completed a questionnaire, several health measurements, and provided urine and blood samples, which we then analyzed for a number of metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn). Samples were analyzed for a marker of RNA and DNA damage (ie, oxidative stress), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and fractional excretion of calcium (FECa%) were measured as markers of renal function. Correlations and regression models were used to assess associations between these various factors. Results: We found significantly higher levels of Cd and Pb in blood of men compared with those in women. Men who worked >48 hours/week had significantly higher levels of 8-OHdG compared with men who worked ≤48 hours/week. Smoking was significantly associated with higher blood Pb and Cd concentrations among men. Conclusion: Our results suggest gender differences in both blood concentrations of metals associated with e-waste recycling and smoking and highlight potentially elevated oxidative stress associated with longer work hours. Health promotion efforts are needed among informal e-waste recyclers to reduce possible risks of renal damage and cancer
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Teo, Pao Ter, Siti Koriah Zakaria, Siti Zuliana Salleh, Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib, Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif, Anasyida Abu Seman, Julie Juliewatty Mohamed, et al. "Assessment of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Steel Slag Waste’s Recycling Options into Value Added Green Products: A Review." Metals 10, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10101347.
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Steel slag is one of the most common waste products from the steelmaking industry. Conventional methods of slag disposal can cause negative impacts on humans and the environment. In this paper, the process of steel and steel slag production, physical and chemical properties, and potential options of slag recycling were reviewed. Since steel is mainly produced through an electric arc furnace (EAF) in Malaysia, most of the recycling options reviewed in this paper focused on EAF slag and the strengths and weaknesses of each recycle option were outlined. Based on the reports from previous studies, it was found that only a portion of EAF slag is recycled into more straightforward, but lower added value applications such as aggregates for the construction industry and filter/absorber for wastewater treatments. On the other hand, higher added value recycling options for EAF slag that are more complicated such as incorporated as raw material for Portland cement and ceramic building materials remain at the laboratory testing stage. The main hurdle preventing EAF slag from being incorporated as a raw material for higher added value industrial applications is its inconsistent chemical composition. The chemical composition of EAF slag can vary based on the scrap metal used for steel production. For this, mineral separation techniques can be introduced to classify the EAF slag base on its physical and chemical compositions. We concluded that future research on recycling EAF slag should focus on separation techniques that diversify the recycling options for EAF slag, thereby increasing the waste product’s recycling rate.
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Schweizer, Swetlana, Anna Becker-Staines, and Thomas Tröster. "Separation of Hybrid Structures for the Reclaim of their Single Components." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.568.
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The main objective for an economic and ecological use of raw materials is the achievement of closed raw material cycles. Because of that, not only the manufacturing procedures are important during the development of new materials but also the recycling processes. Within the increased use of lightweight construction in recent years, the application of multi-material or hybrid structures reach high significance for the automotive industry. In this development, especially the carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) gained its importance. However, currently there are no recycling strategies available for hybrid structures; complete recycling processes for CFRP are still expandable. This work presents methods for separation of hybrid structures made of metal and CFRP, as well as the corresponding process windows and the boundary conditions. The separation is performed by introduction of thermal heat and the behaviour of these bonded compounds is analyzed based on shear tensile tests. The results of these studies are used to develop a complete recycling process for reclamation of hybrid structures.
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Cadierno, Juan Pedro Garc??a, J. I. Serrano Renedo, and E. Gil Lopez. "THE SPANISH PROTOCOL FOR RADIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE OF METAL RECYCLING: A COLLABORATION OF GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY." Health Physics 91, no. 5 (November 2006): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hp.0000232784.27962.49.
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Maloney, Mary M., Stephanie D. Grimm, and Regina Anctil. "Atlas international business case: Examining globalization and economic indicators for the scrap metal recycling industry." Journal of Accounting Education 51 (June 2020): 100661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccedu.2020.100661.
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Wu, Fangfang, Zhu Xiao, Bin Zeng, Long Chen, Hui Liu, Min Liang, Peng Yu, and Baobin Mi. "Experimental and reduction leaching kinetics simulation of iron-rich manganese oxide ore using tobacco stem concrete as reducing agent." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 4 (2019): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019017.
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Reduction leaching behaviors of Fe and Mn from an iron-rich manganese oxide ore using waste tobacco stem concrete as reducing agent were investigated in this paper with a view to determining the feasibility of tobacco stem concrete used in reduction leaching of Mn from iron-rich manganese oxide ore. Results indicated that the leaching processes of Fe and Mn were both dominated by internal diffusion, but the effects of leaching parameters on leaching ratios of Fe and Mn were different based on established leaching kinetic equations. The leaching ratio of Mn reached up to 96.18% while that of Fe kept a lower concentration (17.66%) under optimal leaching conditions, which achieved high selectivity recovery of Mn from iron-rich manganese oxide ore. In addition, the leached solution can be used as electrolytic stock solution in the production of electrolytic manganese. Characterization of the obtained electrolytic manganese product indicated that the quality of electrolytic manganese fully met the standards of YB/T 051-2003, which disclosing a novel recycling approach of utilizing the resource coming from the tobacco industry.
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Berwald, Anton, Gergana Dimitrova, Thijs Feenstra, Joop Onnekink, Harm Peters, Gianni Vyncke, and Kim Ragaert. "Design for Circularity Guidelines for the EEE Sector." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073923.
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The increased diversity and complexity of plastics used in modern devices, such as electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), can have negative impacts on their recyclability. Today, the main economic driver for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling stems from metal recovery. WEEE plastics recycling, on the other hand, still represents a major challenge. Strategies like design ‘for’, but also the much younger concept of design ‘from’ recycling play a key role in closing the material loops within a circular economy. While these strategies are usually analysed separately, this brief report harmonises them in comprehensive Design for Circularity guidelines, established in a multi-stakeholder collaboration with industry leaders from the entire WEEE value chain. The guidelines were developed at the product and part levels. They are divided in five categories: (1) avoidance of hazardous substances; (2) enabling easy access and removal of hazardous or polluting parts; (3) use of recyclable materials; (4) use of material combinations and connections allowing easy liberation; (5) use of recycled materials. These guidelines are the first harmonised set to be released for the EEE industry. They can readily serve decision-makers from different levels, including product designers and manufacturers as well as policymakers.
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Papadaki, Dimitra, Dimitrios A. Nikolaou, and Margarita N. Assimakopoulos. "Circular Environmental Impact of Recycled Building Materials and Residential Renewable Energy." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 4039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074039.
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Building materials, due to their mass and energy-consuming production processes, drastically increase the embodied energy of construction. This study assesses circularity processes for the construction industry with a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a case study located in a large cosmopolitan city. The research concludes that a significant decrease in environmental impacts results from a shift to recycled materials in the construction phase, as well as from changing the landfill disposal method to recycling. In particular, it was found that the use of recycled building materials (such as recycled cement, metal, concrete, or glass) during the construction phase and recycling disposal methods lead to an overall decrease of impact up to 65%. This work also underlines the importance of circularity in renewable energy production systems. In both wind and solar systems, most of the environmental impact caused during the production phase are paid back during the second year of their life due to the energy gains of the renewable energy system. However, the recovery of metal depletion requires 667 years. This result provides evidence of the emerging need for integrating circular processes regarding recycling and reusing materials in construction and also in the energy-generating sector.
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Muhd Nor, Nik Hisyamudin, Thirumoorthy Nathan, Shafizan Jaibee, Mohd Hafiz Burhan, Fariza Mohamad, Al Emran Ismail, Sia Chee Kiong, Zulkifli Ahmad, and Yokoyama Seiji. "Feasibility Study of Waste Motor Recycling through Manual Dismantling and Hydrometallurgical Process." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 990–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.990.
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Huge amount of waste electrical and electronic equipments (WEEE) or electronic waste (E-waste) has been produced every year in the world. It consists of valuable and hazardous metals that can be reused or extracted to minimize the environmental impact. This study is focusing on the investigation of recycling potential of e-waste through manual dismantling process and leaching test. The leaching test was conducted by changing the initial pH with constant stirring speed, constant water-sample ratio and in open air. The morphological structures of the solid samples were observed by SEM and the liquid residue was analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). It was found that total time required to dismantle all parts in the waste motor is about 10 minutes and the part that required longest dismantling time was armature windings. The metal elements that were observed are Fe, Mg, Pb and Cr. It was found that the pH of the solution increased with the increasing leaching time. The dissolution of Fe and Pb was high in the early stage of leaching but gradually decreased afterward. The dissolution for Mg and Cr was low throughout the leaching process. It was revealed that the metal elements in e-waste can be dissolved using this method and further investigation to increase the dissolution rate is required to ensure that the method proposed is applicable in industry. However, dissolved concentration of Pb must be controlled to ensure that it follows the permissible amount set under environmental standard.
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Dzyazko, Yuliya, Vladimir Zakharov, Yevhen Kolomiiets, and Kateryna Kudelko. "COMPOSITE ION-EXCHANGES FOR THE RECYCLING OF LIQUID WASTE OF DAIRY INDUSTRY." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 86, no. 5 (July 15, 2020): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.86.5.2020.38-52.
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The method of directed formation of particles of hydrated zirconium and titanium oxides into anion exchange resins has been developed. The approach based on the Ostwald-Freundlich thermodynamic equation is applied. Such approach, in particular, connects the size of particles with the solubility of the compound, volume and concentration of reagents. Less soluble zirconium dioxide is deposited as non-aggregated nanoparticles, the size of which does not exceed 10 nm. The composition of such composites is the most reproducible. In the case of more soluble titanium dioxide, aggregates of nanoparticles (up to 70 nm) are formed. When the concentration of the solution of metal salts in the polymer increases, the particles of micron size are deposited, the composition of this type of material is less reproduced. Non-aggregated nanoparticles increase the exchange capacity of the polymer. This leads to an increase in its electrical conductivity in 1.4-1.8 times. This is due to an increase in the concentration of mobile charge carriers in the polymer matrix that is caused by reducing its swelling. Other reason is a contribution of the counter-ions of the functional groups of inorganic component to ion transport. On the contrary, the aggregates of nanoparticles amplify the polymer swelling, resulting in a reduction of exchange capacity and electrical conductivity. Ion-exchangers were used for the ion exchange processing of nanofiltration permeate of milky whey, and for electromembrane desalination of protein concentrate.
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Oros Daraban, Negrea, Artimon, Angelescu, Popan, Gheorghe, and Gheorghe. "A Deep Look at Metal Additive Manufacturing Recycling and Use Tools for Sustainability Performance." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (October 3, 2019): 5494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195494.
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The present study refers to 3D metal additive manufacturing (MAM) from an interdisciplinary perspective, providing an overview on sustainability, basic principles, and a conceptual framework on environmental performance, implicit constraints regarding materials, recycling and use/reuse tools for extended life cycle, regarded as the trendiest manufacturing processes in terms of material consumptions efficacy and energy efficiency. The demand for integrating MAM technology as a means to boosting sustainability in industry is based on its capacity to use smart or custom-designed materials to generate special geometries, unobtainable otherwise, allowing for further part optimisation or redesign. The outlined advantages and challenges of the new MAM processes and advanced technologies for functional objects and durable products underline the high interest in this area. Results from the literature and our MAM research interest indicate that some metal powder (MP) recycling and use/reuse technologies could be developed to save MP, as could MAM applications in component redesign and repairs to increase sustainability. The achievement has a high degree of generality and serves as a basis for future MAM sustainable methods.