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Journal articles on the topic 'Metal hydroxides; High resolution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Arrigo, Rosa, and Manfred Schuster. "On the High Structural Heterogeneity of Fe-Impregnated Graphitic-Carbon Catalysts from Fe Nitrate Precursor." Catalysts 9, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9040303.

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Wet impregnation is broadly applied for the synthesis of carbon-supported metal/metal oxide nanostructures because of its high flexibility, simplicity and low cost. By contrast, impregnated catalysts are typified by a usually undesired nanostructural and morphological heterogeneity of the supported phase resulting from a poor stabilization at the support surface. This study on graphite-supported Fe-based materials from an Fe nitrate precursor is concerned with the understanding of the chemistry that dictates during the multistep synthesis, which is key to designing structurally homogeneous catalysts. By means of core-level X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and atomic resolution electron microscopy, we found not only a large variety of particles sizes and morphologies but also chemical phases. Herein, thermally stable single atoms and few atoms clusters are identified together with large agglomerates of an oxy-hydroxide ferrihydrite-like phase. Moreover, the thermally induced phase transformation of the initially poorly ordered oxy-hydroxide phase into several oxide phases is revealed, together with the existence of thermally stable N impurities retained in the structure as Fe–N–O bonds. The nature of the interactions with the support and the structural dynamics induced by the thermal treatment rationalize the high heterogeneity observed in these catalysts.

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Case, C. Patrick, Lyndon Ellis, Justine C. Turner, and Ben Fairman. "Development of a Routine Method for the Determination of Trace Metals in Whole Blood by Magnetic Sector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with Particular Relevance to Patients with Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty." Clinical Chemistry 47, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/47.2.275.

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Abstract Background: Joint-replacement surgery has revolutionized the treatment of osteoarthritis and is still the most effective therapy. A recent clinical trend reintroducing metal-on-metal bearing surfaces has in turn stimulated a requirement for accurate measurement of the concentrations of relevant metals in both pre- and postoperative patients. Thus, there is a need for cost-effective, multielement methods for trace metal analysis in whole blood to monitor possible increases in wear metal concentrations. Methods: A method was developed to allow routine analysis of whole blood samples for molybdenum, cobalt, chromium, and nickel. Sample preparation consisted of a simple 1:10 dilution of whole blood with a solution of 10 mL/L Triton X-100, 0.0002 mol/L EDTA, and 0.01 mol/L ammonium hydroxide. Final determination was performed by a double-focusing magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer operated in medium-resolution mode (resolution, 3400). Online addition of rhodium was used for internal standardization. Results: Detection limits in whole blood were 0.06 μg/L for chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum and 0.30 μg/L for nickel. Base concentrations of 0.22, 0.17, 0.62, and 0.99 μg/L for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, and nickel, respectively, in whole blood have been found. Polyatomic interferences on all four elements have been shown to be resolved from the analyte masses by use of a resolution of >3000. Conclusions: The simple, rapid method of sample preparation is effective in minimizing potential contamination and enables 60 samples (run time, 8 h) to be analyzed before cleaning the instrument is necessary. A resolution >3000 was sufficient to separate polyatomic interferences from the masses of interest. The method was used to analyze a large number of blood samples taken from primary patients awaiting total hip arthroplasty. The method is sensitive enough to provide base concentrations for chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum in whole blood. The results for nickel were compromised by high signals for blank samples.

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3

Kemmitt, Tim, and William Henderson. "A New Route to Silicon Alkoxides from Silica." Australian Journal of Chemistry 51, no. 11 (1998): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/c98060.

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A novel route to tetraethoxysilane and other silicon alkoxides is described, from amorphous silica (SiO2.nH2O) as the raw material. The reaction of amorphous silica with triethanolamine is enhanced by using an alkali metal hydroxide catalyst, to form a range of triethanolamine-substituted silatrane species. These can undergo alkoxide exchange in acidic alcohols to form alkoxysilatranes, tetraalkoxysilanes, hexaalkoxydisiloxanes and higher siloxanes. Reaction of triethanolamine-substituted silatranes with acetic anhydride produces acetoxysilatrane. Products were identified by multinuclear (1H, 13C and 29Si) magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electrospray mass spectrometry or high-resolution gas chromatography electron impact mass spectrometry.

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4

Kawaguchi, Shogo, Michitaka Takemoto, Hideki Tanaka, Shotaro Hiraide, Kunihisa Sugimoto, and Yoshiki Kubota. "Fast continuous measurement of synchrotron powder diffraction synchronized with controlling gas and vapour pressures at beamline BL02B2 of SPring-8." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 616–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520001599.

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A gas- and vapour-pressure control system synchronized with the continuous data acquisition of millisecond high-resolution powder diffraction measurements was developed to study structural change processes in gas storage and reaction materials such as metal organic framework compounds, zeolite and layered double hydroxide. The apparatus, which can be set up on beamline BL02B2 at SPring-8, mainly comprises a pressure control system of gases and vapour, a gas cell for a capillary sample, and six one-dimensional solid-state (MYTHEN) detectors. The pressure control system can be remotely controlled via developed software connected to a diffraction measurement system and can be operated in the closed gas and vapour line system. By using the temperature-control system on the sample, high-resolution powder diffraction data can be obtained under gas and vapour pressures ranging from 1 Pa to 130 kPa in temperatures ranging from 30 to 1473 K. This system enables one to perform automatic and high-throughput in situ X-ray powder diffraction experiments even at extremely low pressures. Furthermore, this developed system is useful for studying crystal structures during the adsorption/desorption processes, as acquired by millisecond and continuous powder diffraction measurements. The acquisition of diffraction data can be synchronized with the control of the pressure with a high frame rate of up to 100 Hz. In situ and time-resolved powder diffraction measurements are demonstrated for nanoporous Cu coordination polymer in various gas and vapour atmospheres.

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5

Chitrakar, Iva, Syed Fardin Ahmed, Andrew T. Torelli, and Jarrod B. French. "Structure of the E. coli agmatinase, SPEB." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): e0248991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248991.

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Agmatine amidinohydrolase, or agmatinase, catalyzes the conversion of agmatine to putrescine and urea. This enzyme is found broadly across kingdoms of life and plays a critical role in polyamine biosynthesis and the regulation of agmatine concentrations. Here we describe the high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of the E. coli agmatinase, SPEB. The data showed a relatively high degree of pseudomerohedral twinning, was ultimately indexed in the P31 space group and led to a final model with eighteen chains, corresponding to three full hexamers in the asymmetric unit. There was a solvent content of 38.5% and refined R/Rfree values of 0.166/0.216. The protein has the conserved fold characteristic of the agmatine ureohydrolase family and displayed a high degree of structural similarity among individual protomers. Two distinct peaks of electron density were observed in the active site of most of the eighteen chains of SPEB. As the activity of this protein is known to be dependent upon manganese and the fold is similar to other dinuclear metallohydrolases, these peaks were modeled as manganese ions. The orientation of the conserved active site residues, in particular those amino acids that participate in binding the metal ions and a pair of acidic residues (D153 and E274 in SPEB) that play a role in catalysis, are similar to other agmatinase and arginase enzymes and is consistent with a hydrolytic mechanism that proceeds via a metal-activated hydroxide ion.

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6

Hemmati, Shohreh, Erin Retzlaff-Roberts, Corren Scott, and Michael T. Harris. "Artificial Sweeteners and Sugar Ingredients as Reducing Agent for Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (January 21, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9641860.

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An environmentally friendly technique has been developed to produce metal nanoparticles using green synthesis methods. In this study, silver nanostructures were synthesized using different sugar substitutes and artificial sweeteners as green reducing agents in an aqueous solution at low temperature. The main ingredients (such as maltodextrin, sucrose, saccharin, and sucralose) of the artificial sweeteners acting as reducing agents were used to reduce Ag+ ions to Ag0. The pH of the solution was controlled during synthesis through the addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to increase the strength of the reducing agents by converting nonreducing sugars to reducing ones and consequently increasing the rate of silver nanoparticle formation. The size and morphology of the synthesized nanostructures were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The formation of nanostructures during the course of the reactions was investigated by UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy characterization of an aliquot of sample at specific intervals. The function of each artificial sweetener and corresponding ingredients as a reducing agent and capping agent was investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mass spectrometry (MS).

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7

Li, Mengxue, Jianyong Liu, Yunfeng Xu, and Guangren Qian. "Phosphate adsorption on metal oxides and metal hydroxides: A comparative review." Environmental Reviews 24, no. 3 (September 2016): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2015-0080.

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Phosphorus removal from wastewater is important for eutrophication control of water bodies. Metal oxides and metal hydroxides have always been developed and investigated for phosphorus removal, because of their abundance, low cost, environmental friendliness, and chemically stability. This paper presents a comparative review of the literature on the preparation methods, adsorption behaviors, adsorption mechanisms, and the regeneration of metal (hydr)oxides (e.g., Fe, Zn, Al, etc.) with regard to phosphate removal. The contrasting results showed that metal hydroxides could offer an effective and economic alternative to metal oxides, because of their cost–benefit synthesis methods, higher adsorption capacities, and shorter adsorption equilibrium times. However, the specific surface area of metal oxides is larger than that of metal hydroxides because of the calcination process. Metal oxides with a higher pH at the zero point of charge have wider optimal adsorption pH ranges than metal hydroxides because of their surface precipitation in alkaline solutions. The regeneration of metal oxides using acids, bases, and salts and that of metal hydroxides using acids and bases has been critically examined. Further research on uniform metal (hydr)oxides with small particle size, high stabilities, low cost, and that are easily regenerated with promising desorbents are proposed. In addition, quantitative mechanism study and application in continuous-mode column trials are also suggested.

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8

Sill, Claude W. "Precipitation of actinides as fluorides or hydroxides for high-resolution alpha spectrometry." Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management 7, no. 3-4 (January 1987): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-815x(87)90066-0.

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9

Zhao, Zehao, Kaichang Kou, Limin Zhang, and Hongjing Wu. "High efficiency electromagnetic wave absorber derived from transition metal layered double hydroxides." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 579 (November 2020): 733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.06.123.

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10

Blanc, J., M. Broyer, J. Chevaleyre, Ph Dugourd, H. K�hling, P. Labastie, M. Ulbricht, J. P. Wolf, and L. W�ste. "High resolution spectroscopy of small metal clusters." Zeitschrift f�r Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters 19, no. 1-4 (March 1991): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01448245.

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11

Ihara, Ikuo, and Cheng-Kuei Jen. "High resolution ultrasonic measurements in molten metal." Materia Japan 39, no. 6 (2000): 526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.39.526.

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12

Nishibori, Eiji, and Hidetaka Kasai. "High-resolution charge density of metal hexaborides." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 73, a2 (December 1, 2017): C1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273317081876.

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13

Manohara, G. V., Li Li, Andrew Whiting, and H. Chris Greenwell. "Ultra-high aspect ratio hybrid materials: the role of organic guest and synthesis method." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 9 (2018): 2933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt04312k.

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14

Li, Shaofeng, Chang Yu, Juan Yang, Changtai Zhao, Mengdi Zhang, Huawei Huang, Zhibin Liu, Wei Guo, and Jieshan Qiu. "A superhydrophilic “nanoglue” for stabilizing metal hydroxides onto carbon materials for high-energy and ultralong-life asymmetric supercapacitors." Energy & Environmental Science 10, no. 9 (2017): 1958–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee01040k.

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15

Xu, Hong, Kazunori Sakai, Kazuki Kasahara, Vasiliki Kosma, Kou Yang, Henry C. Herbol, Jeremy Odent, Paulette Clancy, Emmanuel P. Giannelis, and Christopher K. Ober. "Metal–Organic Framework-Inspired Metal-Containing Clusters for High-Resolution Patterning." Chemistry of Materials 30, no. 12 (June 5, 2018): 4124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b01573.

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16

Jeong, Hyun Jin, Jae Woo Lee, Sug Whan Kim, and A. Ram Kang. "High-Resolution Spectroscopy of 15 Metal-Poor Stars." Key Engineering Materials 277-279 (January 2005): 851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.277-279.851.

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We present high-resolution chemical abundance results of 15 metal-poor dwarf stars in the solar neighborhood. Our metallicity measurements are in a good agreement with previous estimates. The stars under investigation have metallicities ranging from -1.6 to -2.8 with the mean value of [Fe/H] = -2.28. The mean values of elemental abundances are [O/Fe] = 0.73, [Na/Fe] = -0.16, [Ca/Fe] = 0.28, and [Ti/Fe] = 0.60. Our results are found to be consistent with those of giant metal-poor stars.

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17

IHARA, Ikuo, and Hideo KOGUCHI. "703 High Resolution Ultrasonic Imaging in Liquid Metal." Proceedings of Conference of Hokuriku-Shinetsu Branch 2000.37 (2000): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehs.2000.37.253.

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18

Haslberger, P., W. Ernst, and R. Schnitzer. "High resolution imaging of martensitic all-weld metal." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 22, no. 4 (November 15, 2016): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2016.1240980.

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19

Sathiyanarayanan, K., and V. Sathesh. "Direct Chemo-, Regio-, and Diastereoselective Synthesis of β-Keto Ethers from Acrylonitrile by Cascade Aldol/Oxo-Michael Reaction with Cyclododecanone." Synlett 28, no. 11 (April 11, 2017): 1331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1558975.

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This paper describes the utility of mild metal hydroxides for the catalytic chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselective transformation of cyclododecanone into β-keto ethers through a cascade aldol/oxo-Michael reaction. The choice of acrylonitrile as a co-reactant is critical in achieving chain extension in the C–C bond-formation reaction. Metal hydroxides are effective catalysts for delivering a single product in a high yield (≤86%), and with excellent diastereoselectivity (≤95:5) under solvent-free conditions.

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20

Stonor, Maxim R., Thomas E. Ferguson, Jingguang G. Chen, and Ah-Hyung A. Park. "Biomass conversion to H2 with substantially suppressed CO2 formation in the presence of Group I & Group II hydroxides and a Ni/ZrO2 catalyst." Energy & Environmental Science 8, no. 6 (2015): 1702–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ee04103h.

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21

Zhao, Yajun, Tao Sun, Qing Yin, Jian Zhang, Shuoxiao Zhang, Jianeng Luo, Hong Yan, Lirong Zheng, Jingbin Han, and Min Wei. "Discovery of a new intercalation-type anode for high-performance sodium ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 25 (2019): 15371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta03753e.

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A CoFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) pillared by nitrates as an anode for sodium ion batteries exhibits high capacity with excellent cycling stability. An exceptional intercalation/de-intercalation mechanism for Na⁺ storage has been revealed in metal hydroxides, rather than the routinely believed conversion reaction presenting in lithium ion batteries.

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22

Bovin, Jan-Olov, Jan-Olle Malm, Søren Bøwadt, Thomas K. Hansen, Karikath S. Varma, Jan Becher, and Allan E. Underhill. "High-Resolution Electron Microscope Structure Images of Metal Particles." Acta Chemica Scandinavica 45 (1991): 791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3891/acta.chem.scand.45-0791.

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23

Sheehan, John G. "A metal- coating Chamber for High-Resolution Cryo-SEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (August 12, 1990): 418–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100180847.

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Improvements in particulate coatings for printable paper require understanding mechanisms of colloidal interactions in paper coating suspensions. One way to deduce colloidal interactions is to mage particle spacings and orientations at high resolution with cryo-SEM. Recent improvements in cryo-SEM technique have increased resolution enough to image particles in coating paints,vhich are sometimes smaller than 100 nm. In this report, a metal-coating chamber is described for preparation of colloidal suspensions for cryo-SEM at resolution down to 20 nm. It was found that etching is not necessary to achieve this resolution.A 120 K cryo-SEM sample will remain in an SEM for hours without noticeable condensation of imorphous ice. This is due to the high vapor pressure of vapor-condensed amorphous ice, measured by Kouchi. However, clean vacuum is required to coat samples with the thinnest possible continuous metal films which are required for high magnification SEM. Vapor contaminants, especially hrydrocarbons, are known to interfere with thin-film nucleation and growth so that more metal is needed to form continuous films, and resolution is decreased. That is why the metal-coating chamber in fig. 1 is designed for the cleanest possible vacuum. Feedthroughs for the manipulator md the shutter, which are operated during metal coating, are sealed with leak-proof stainless-steel Dellows. The transfer rod slides through a baseplate feedthrough that is double o-ring sealed.

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24

Chen, F. C., U. Netzelmann, M. Disque, and M. Kröning. "High Resolution Photothermal Imaging of Metal Matrix Composite Interface." Materials Science Forum 210-213 (May 1996): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.210-213.447.

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25

Han, Yiwei, and Jingyan Dong. "High-Resolution Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Direct Printing of Molten Metal." Procedia Manufacturing 10 (2017): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.070.

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26

Verd, J., M. Sansa, A. Uranga, F. Perez-Murano, J. Segura, and N. Barniol. "Metal microelectromechanical oscillator exhibiting ultra-high water vapor resolution." Lab on a Chip 11, no. 16 (2011): 2670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1lc20103d.

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27

Wortmann, Martin, Arne Ludwig, Jan Meijer, Dirk Reuter, and Andreas D. Wieck. "High-resolution mass spectrometer for liquid metal ion sources." Review of Scientific Instruments 84, no. 9 (September 2013): 093305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4822275.

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28

Van Der Veen, J. F., and E. J. Van Loenen. "High-resolution rutherford backscattering spectrometry of metal-silicon interfaces." Surface Science Letters 168, no. 1-3 (March 1986): A139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2584(86)90492-5.

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29

Liu, J., G. G. Hembree, G. E. Spinnler, and J. A. Venables. "High resolution Auger electron imaging of supported metal particles." Catalysis Letters 15, no. 1-2 (1992): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00770906.

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30

van der Veen, J. F., and E. J. van Loenen. "High-resolution Rutherford backscattering spectrometry of metal-silicon interfaces." Surface Science 168, no. 1-3 (March 1986): 701–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(86)90902-7.

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31

Balram, Anirudh, Jie Chao Jiang, Moisés Hernández Fernández, and Dennis De Sheng Meng. "Nickel-Cobalt Double Hydroxide Decorated Carbon Nanotubes via Aqueous Electrophoretic Deposition towards Catalytic Glucose Detection." Key Engineering Materials 654 (July 2015): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.654.70.

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In this work, we present a facile technique based on electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to produce transition metal hydroxide decorated carbon nanotubes (CNT) for electrochemical applications. We specifically explore the performance of nickel-cobalt hydroxides given their high activity, conductivity and stability as compared to the individual hydroxides. We exploit the high local pH at the negative electrodes during water-based EPD to form nanoparticles of nickel-cobalt hydroxides in situ on the CNT surface. We focus our work here on obtaining functional and conductive deposits on CNTs. The hydrophilic binderless deposits of Ni-Co double hydroxide decorated CNTs obtained here are used for non-enzymatic glucose detection. XPS data and electrochemical testing reveal difference in the deposited double hydroxide based on chronology of charging salt addition even at the same ratio. When cobalt and nickel salts are sequentially added at a ratio of 1:1, the deposited double hydroxides show excellent glucose sensitivity of ~3300μA/mM.cm2 at applied potential of 0.55V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode.

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32

André, Laurie, and Stéphane Abanades. "Recent Advances in Thermochemical Energy Storage via Solid–Gas Reversible Reactions at High Temperature." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 5859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13225859.

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The exploitation of solar energy, an unlimited and renewable energy resource, is of prime interest to support the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy alternatives. Solar energy can be used via concentrated solar power (CSP) combined with thermochemical energy storage (TCES) for the conversion and storage of concentrated solar energy via reversible solid–gas reactions, thus enabling round the clock operation and continuous production. Research is on-going on efficient and economically attractive TCES systems at high temperatures with long-term durability and performance stability. Indeed, the cycling stability with reduced or no loss in capacity over many cycles of heat charge and discharge of the material is pursued. The main thermochemical systems currently investigated are encompassing metal oxide redox pairs (MOx/MOx−1), non-stoichiometric perovskites (ABO3/ABO3−δ), alkaline earth metal carbonates and hydroxides (MCO3/MO, M(OH)2/MO with M = Ca, Sr, Ba). The metal oxides/perovskites can operate in open loop with air as the heat transfer fluid, while carbonates and hydroxides generally require closed loop operation with storage of the fluid (H2O or CO2). Alternative sources of natural components are also attracting interest, such as abundant and low-cost ore minerals or recycling waste. For example, limestone and dolomite are being studied to provide for one of the most promising systems, CaCO3/CaO. Systems based on hydroxides are also progressing, although most of the recent works focused on Ca(OH)2/CaO. Mixed metal oxides and perovskites are also largely developed and attractive materials, thanks to the possible tuning of both their operating temperature and energy storage capacity. The shape of the material and its stabilization are critical to adapt the material for their integration in reactors, such as packed bed and fluidized bed reactors, and assure a smooth transition for commercial use and development. The recent advances in TCES systems since 2016 are reviewed, and their integration in solar processes for continuous operation is particularly emphasized.

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Yang, Qihui, Zhenhua Li, Ruikang Zhang, Lei Zhou, Mingfei Shao, and Min Wei. "Carbon modified transition metal oxides/hydroxides nanoarrays toward high-performance flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors." Nano Energy 41 (November 2017): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.09.049.

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Springer, C. S. "Measurement of Metal Cation Compartmentalization in Tissue by High-Resolution Metal Cation NMR." Annual Review of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry 16, no. 1 (June 1987): 375–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.16.060187.002111.

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35

Zhu, Jia-Hu, Xu-Guang Huang, and Xian Mei. "High-Resolution Plasmonic Refractive-Index Sensor Based on a Metal-Insulator-Metal Structure." Chinese Physics Letters 28, no. 5 (May 2011): 054205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/28/5/054205.

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36

Chen, Ya, and David Wokosin. "Chromium Coating for High Resolution SEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 1233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600013052.

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High quality imaging of the macromolecular structure of biological samples can be obtained when combining high resolution SEM with advanced thin metal film coating techniques. A thin layer of fine grain metal film is often necessary to enrich the secondary electron (SE) signal generation and to enhance the contrast of features of interest, because the yield of SE signal from biological samples is low. Secondary electron signals, types SE-I and SE-II, are generated by primary beam at the impact point or by backscattered electrons (BSE) dislocated from the impact point, respectively (Peters, 1982; Joy, 1984). The SE-II signal yield depends on the amount of BSE signal and the collection ratio of SE-I/SE-II components regulates the surface topographic contrast. Therefore, the low atomic number metals with low backscattering coefficients should be considered for high resolution SEM coating. Chromium, which has both the features of low atomic number (Z=24) and sufficient SE signal yield, is an appropriate choice and was first used by Peters (1982) for high resolution SEM imaging.

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37

Karwowska, Malgorzata, Karol Fijalkowski, and Andrzej Czerwiński. "Corrosion of Hydrogen Storage Metal Alloy LaMm-Ni4.1Al0.3Mn0.4Co0.45 in the Aqueous Solutions of Alkali Metal Hydroxides." Materials 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 2423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11122423.

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Corrosion of pristine AB5-type metal alloy LaMm-Ni4.1Al0.3Mn0.4Co0.45 in the aqueous solutions of alkali metal hydroxides of diverse composition and concentration was tested. Correlation was observed between the alloy corrosion intensity in various hydroxide solutions, and its electrochemical capacity in these electrolytes. Mm(OH)3, CoO(OH), and nickel metal aggregates were detected among the products of selective oxidation of the alloy. High intensity corrosion of the alloy was observed in RbOH and CsOH solutions leading to formation of ternary oxides at the surface of the alloy. Presence of rubidium and cesium ions in the electrolyte were found to create an additional driving force for lanthanides (La and Ce) to leave the lattice of the alloy, thus, enhancing its corrosion. Corrosion, together with mechanical degradation, were found to be the main reasons of deactivation of LaMm-Ni4.1Al0.3Mn0.4Co0.45 alloy upon elongated electrochemical treatment.

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Ma, Shulan, Qingmei Chen, Hao Li, Pengli Wang, Saiful M. Islam, Qingyang Gu, Xiaojing Yang, and Mercouri G. Kanatzidis. "Highly selective and efficient heavy metal capture with polysulfide intercalated layered double hydroxides." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 26 (2014): 10280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta01203h.

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39

Kizuka, Tokushi, Hideki Ichinose, and Yoichi Ishida. "High Resolution Interfacial Electron Microscopy of Metal-Ceramic Nanocrystalline Composite." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 55, no. 2 (1991): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.55.2_227.

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Klengel (Bennemann), S., M. Krause, L. Berthold, M. Petzold, J. Förster, K. Pressel, and T. Meyer. "High resolution analyzes of resistance behavior in eWLB metal contacts." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 000241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-tp2-paper3.

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The embedded Wafer Level Ball Grid Array (eWLB) technology is a new packaging solution that allows a minimum package size for any number of interconnects at a given pitch and the possibility of further system integration in x-, y- and z-direction. The eWLB is a fan-out wafer level package solution realized by a thin film redistribution layer above the semiconductor chip and using standard thin-film processes. The eWLB technology is driven by smaller form factor and better electrical performance with respect to high frequency applications. For optimum electrical performance, it is important to measure and control the contact resistance at interfaces caused by intermediate layers of the electrical re-routing. This paper presents a case study for high resolution analyzes at the eWLB metallization system Al/TiW/Cu with different intermetallic resistance behavior. First, we investigate different eWLB metallization systems after different process step variations. We observe chemically high resistance intermediate layers using Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). These results show that the intermediate layer consists of carbon, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine and sulfur. Second, we applied Focused Ion Beam (FIB) preparation and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) as well as High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) experiments to investigate the metallization interface Al/TiW/Cu. We resolve a porous 2–10 nm thin layer. We show that control of different humidity concentration out of the mold compound and different pre-clean etch rates at warped wafer parts are crucial for optimum contact resistance. The results demonstrate that high resolution analyzes and combinations of different analytical methods (e.g. HRTEM and ToF-SIMS) are very important for optimum process developments in modern package technology.

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Malm, J. O., and M. A. O'Keefe. "Deceptive “lattice spacings” in high-resolution micrographs of metal nanoparticles." Ultramicroscopy 68, no. 1 (May 1997): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3991(97)00005-3.

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de Hosson, J. Th M., H. B. Groen, B. J. Kooi, and V. Vitek. "Metal–ceramic interfaces studied with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy." Acta Materialia 47, no. 15-16 (November 1999): 4077–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(99)00268-2.

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Eisert, D., W. Braun, S. Kuhn, J. Koeth, and A. Forchel. "Metal wire definition by high resolution imprint and lift-off." Microelectronic Engineering 46, no. 1-4 (May 1999): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9317(99)00056-8.

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Qin, Zhenyu, Joseph A. Caruso, Barry Lai, Andreas Matusch, and J. Sabine Becker. "Trace metal imaging with high spatial resolution: Applications in biomedicine." Metallomics 3, no. 1 (2011): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0mt00048e.

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Jiao, Jun, and Fangqiong Tang. "High Resolution TEM and EDX Investigation of Metal Coated Nanoparticles." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600028014.

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Nanoparticles are increasingly being heralded as the next-generation building blocks for modern materials design. Coating of semiconductor, metal, or metal oxide nanoparticles with a thin layer of a compatible material makes possible the control of interparticle and particle-matrix interactions, thereby further improving functional properties of devices and expanding the range of potential applications . The core-shell geometry has previously allowed for the enhancement of luminescence of semiconductor nanoparticles, charging of metal cores, chemical and colloidal stability, and optimization of magnetic properties of nanoparticles.The work reported here uses new approaches to synthesize metal-coated nanoparticles characterized with high-resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM), micro-diffraction, and electron energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Colloidal uniform composite nanoparticles of SiO2/TiO2 were synthesized using the sol-gel process. Fig. l-(a) shows a TEM micrograph of a group of particles coated with an outer layer.

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Burger, Eva-Maria, Susana LA Andrade, and Oliver Einsle. "Active sites without restraints: high-resolution analysis of metal cofactors." Current Opinion in Structural Biology 35 (December 2015): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2015.07.016.

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Yang, Dong-Sheng. "High-Resolution Electron Spectroscopy of Gas-Phase Metal−Aromatic Complexes." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2, no. 1 (December 8, 2010): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz101550d.

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Xie, Sheng-Ming, Ze-Jun Zhang, Zhi-Yu Wang, and Li-Ming Yuan. "Chiral Metal–Organic Frameworks for High-Resolution Gas Chromatographic Separations." Journal of the American Chemical Society 133, no. 31 (August 10, 2011): 11892–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2044453.

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Yubing Wang, 汪雨冰, 王睿 Rui Wang, 于永江 Yongjiang Yu, and 杨罕 Han Yang. "Small Metal Code Disk Based Photoelectric Encoder with High Resolution." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 56, no. 18 (2019): 180401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop56.180401.

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Ikuhara, Yuichi, and Pirouz Pirouz. "High resolution transmission electron microscopy studies of metal/ceramics interfaces." Microscopy Research and Technique 40, no. 3 (February 1, 1998): 206–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19980201)40:3<206::aid-jemt4>3.0.co;2-s.

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