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1
MENG, XIANG-YU, ZE-WEI BAO, FU-SHENG YANG, and ZAO-XIAO ZHANG. "THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF SOLAR ENERGY HIGH TEMPERATURE HEAT STORAGE TECHNOLOGY BASED ON METAL HYDRIDES." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 19, no. 02 (June 2011): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132511000508.
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A solar energy storage system based on metal hydrides was proposed in this paper. The numerical simulation of processes of energy storage and thermal release were carried out. The dynamic behavior of heat and mass transfer in the metal hydride energy system were reported. Some factors which influence the whole system performance were discussed. The paper also made an economic analysis of the system, the results proved that the large amounts of metal hydride materials and the configurations of metal hydrides energy storage system involve a critical situation from an economical point of view. Then further analysis, particularly regarding the performance optimization and new plant arrangement of the metal hydrides energy storage system, has to be developed in order to attain the economical feasibility of the proposal.
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Jensen, Emil H., Martin Dornheim, and Sabrina Sartori. "Scaling up Metal Hydrides for Real-Scale Applications: Achievements, Challenges and Outlook." Inorganics 9, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9050037.
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As the world evolves, so does the energy demand. The storage of hydrogen using metal hydrides shows great promise due to the ability to store and deliver energy on demand while achieving higher volumetric density and safer storage conditions compared with traditional storage options such as compressed gas or liquid hydrogen. Research is typically performed on lab-sized samples and tanks and shows great potential for large scale applications. However, the effects of scale-up on the metal hydride’s performance are relatively less investigated. Studies performed so far on both materials, and hydride-based storage tanks show that the scale-up can significantly impact the system’s capacity, kinetics, and sorption properties. The findings presented in this review suggest areas of further investigation in order to implement metal hydrides in real scale applications.
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Kim, Sun Woo, and Kwang J. Kim. "Hydrogen Storage with Annular LaNi5 Metal Hydride Pellets." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1671.
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Thermal conduction capability of metal hydrides can be enhanced by 400 ~ 500% through pelletizing the metal hydride powder after a well-controlled copper-coating treatment. In this paper, pelletized LaNi5 metal hydride is studied to evaluate its heat transfer performance and hydrogen absorption rate. In order to analyze the transient heat transfer and hydriding reaction, numerical simulations are carried out based on a multiple-physics modeling. The reactor temperature variation and the dimensionless mass of absorbed hydrogen are plotted for different hydrogen gas supply pressures. The results are compared with the conventional powder-type metal hydride reactor.
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Desai, Fenil J., M. Nizam Uddin, Muhammad M. Rahman, and Ramazan Asmatulu. "Studying the properties of polymeric composites of metal hydrides and carbon particles for hydrogen storage." Journal of Management and Engineering Integration 14, no. 1 (June 2021): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.62704/10057/24774.
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Metal hydrides are promising hydrogen storage materials widely studied and accepted by many authorities, but still, it has not reached the set goal. In this work, polymer-based carbon particles along with metal hydride materials are proposed as a storage medium for hydrogen. Metal hydride particles were integrated into a polymeric matrix with carbon particles to improve the thermal stability and hydrogen storage capacity. Some physical properties, morphological effects, and thermal conductivity values of the polymeric composite were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The test results indicated that metal hydrides and carbon particles were well integrated into the polymeric structure, which could drastically affect the hydrogen storage capacity of the polymeric composites for applications in the transportation industry.
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Comanescu, Cezar. "Graphene Supports for Metal Hydride and Energy Storage Applications." Crystals 13, no. 6 (May 27, 2023): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13060878.
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Energy production, distribution, and storage remain paramount to a variety of applications that reflect on our daily lives, from renewable energy systems, to electric vehicles and consumer electronics. Hydrogen is the sole element promising high energy, emission-free, and sustainable energy, and metal hydrides in particular have been investigated as promising materials for this purpose. While offering the highest gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen storage capacity of all known materials, metal hydrides are plagued by some serious deficiencies, such as poor kinetics, high activation energies that lead to high operating temperatures, poor recyclability, and/or stability, while environmental considerations related to the treatment of end-of-life fuel disposal are also of concern. A strategy to overcome these limitations is offered by nanotechnology, namely embedding reactive hydride compounds in nanosized supports such as graphene. Graphene is a 2D carbon material featuring unique mechanical, thermal, and electronic properties, which all recommend its use as the support for metal hydrides. With its high surface area, excellent mechanical strength, and thermal conductivity parameters, graphene can serve as the support for simple and complex hydrides as well as RHC (reactive hydride composites), producing nanocomposites with very attractive hydrogen storage properties.
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Bogdanovic, Borislav, Michael Felderhoff, and Guido Streukens. "Hydrogen storage in complex metal hydrides." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 74, no. 2 (2009): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0902183b.
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Complex metal hydrides such as sodium aluminohydride (NaAlH4) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) are solid-state hydrogen-storage materials with high hydrogen capacities. They can be used in combination with fuel cells as a hydrogen source thus enabling longer operation times compared with classical metal hydrides. The most important point for a wide application of these materials is the reversibility under moderate technical conditions. At present, only NaAlH4 has favorable thermodynamic properties and can be employed as a thermally reversible means of hydrogen storage. By contrast, NaBH4 is a typical non-reversible complex metal hydride; it reacts with water to produce hydrogen.
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Kukkapalli, Vamsi Krishna, Sunwoo Kim, and Seth A. Thomas. "Thermal Management Techniques in Metal Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage Applications: A Review." Energies 16, no. 8 (April 14, 2023): 3444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083444.
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Metal hydrides are a class of materials that can absorb and release large amounts of hydrogen. They have a wide range of potential applications, including their use as a hydrogen storage medium for fuel cells or as a hydrogen release agent for chemical processing. While being a technology that can supersede existing energy storage systems in manifold ways, the use of metal hydrides also faces some challenges that currently hinder their widespread applicability. As the effectiveness of heat transfer across metal hydride systems can have a major impact on their overall efficiency, an affluent description of more efficient heat transfer systems is needed. The literature on the subject has proposed various methods that have been used to improve heat transfer in metal hydride systems over the years, such as optimization of the shape of the reactor vessel, the use of heat exchangers, phase change materials (PCM), nano oxide additives, adding cooling tubes and water jackets, and adding high thermal conductivity additives. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest, state-of-the-art techniques in metal hydride reactor design and heat transfer enhancement methodologies and identifies key areas for future researchers to target. A comprehensive analysis of thermal management techniques is documented, including performance comparisons among various approaches and guidance on selecting appropriate thermal management techniques. For the comparisons, the hydrogen adsorption time relative to the reactor size and to the amount of hydrogen absorbed is studied. This review wishes to examine the various methods that have been used to improve heat transfer in metal hydride systems and thus aims to provide researchers and engineers working in the field of hydrogen storage with valuable insights and a roadmap to guide them to further explore the development of effective thermal management techniques for metal hydrides.
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Koseki, Takami, Harunobu Takeda, Kazuaki Iijima, Masamitu Murai, Hisayoshi Matsufuji, and Osamu Kawaguchi. "Development of Heat-Storage System Using Metal Hydraid: Experiment of Performance by the Actual Loading Condition." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 128, no. 3 (December 28, 2005): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2210492.
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The application of an innovative heat-storage system with metal hydride to building air-conditioning is investigated. Metal hydrides characteristically generate heat through the absorption process and absorb heat through the desorption process, allowing the development of a new air-conditioning system without chlorofluorocarbons. The trial system is composed of two heat-storage vessels, a “shell-and-tube-type” heat exchanger built with heat transfer fins and filled with metal hydride, and a compressor equipped for hydrogen transfer. The purpose of heat storage is to decrease the difference between electric power demand in the daytime and at night. This system transfers hydrogen using electric power at night and reverses the reaction during the day using only the pressure difference between two heat-storage vessels. The experimental results indicate that heat-storage is attained within a limited time, and the heat-storage quantity is 13.5MJ, which is sufficient for the heat capacity to cool the 10m2 room for 3hr. The stored heat per unit metal hydride volume is 289MJ∕m3, which is sufficiently higher than the conventional system using water or ice. In addition, the coefficient of performance of the system is 2.44.
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Kazakov, Alexey, Dmitry Blinov, Ivan Romanov, Dmitry Dunikov, and Vasily Borzenko. "Metal hydride technologies for renewable energy." E3S Web of Conferences 114 (2019): 05005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911405005.
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Significant progress in the installation of renewable energy requires the improvement of energy production and storage technologies. Hydrogen energy storage systems based on reversible metal hydride materials can be used as an energy backup system. Metal hydride hydrogen storage systems are distinguished by a high degree of safety of their use, since hydrogen is stored in a solid phase, a high volumetric density of stored hydrogen, and the possibility of long-term storage without losses. A distinctive feature of metal hydride materials is the reversible and selective absorption and release of high-purity hydrogen. This paper presents experimental studies of LaNi5-based metal hydride materials with a useful hydrogen capacity of 1.0–1.3 wt.% H2 with equilibrium pressures of 0.025 - 0.05 MPa and 0.1 - 1.2 MPa at moderate temperatures of 295 - 353 K for the hydrogen purification systems and hydrogen long-term storage systems, respectively. The applicability of metal hydride technologies for renewable energy sources as energy storage systems in the form of hydrogen is also shown.
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Puszkiel, Julián, Aurelien Gasnier, Guillermina Amica, and Fabiana Gennari. "Tuning LiBH4 for Hydrogen Storage: Destabilization, Additive, and Nanoconfinement Approaches." Molecules 25, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010163.
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Hydrogen technology has become essential to fulfill our mobile and stationary energy needs in a global low–carbon energy system. The non-renewability of fossil fuels and the increasing environmental problems caused by our fossil fuel–running economy have led to our efforts towards the application of hydrogen as an energy vector. However, the development of volumetric and gravimetric efficient hydrogen storage media is still to be addressed. LiBH4 is one of the most interesting media to store hydrogen as a compound due to its large gravimetric (18.5 wt.%) and volumetric (121 kgH2/m3) hydrogen densities. In this review, we focus on some of the main explored approaches to tune the thermodynamics and kinetics of LiBH4: (I) LiBH4 + MgH2 destabilized system, (II) metal and metal hydride added LiBH4, (III) destabilization of LiBH4 by rare-earth metal hydrides, and (IV) the nanoconfinement of LiBH4 and destabilized LiBH4 hydride systems. Thorough discussions about the reaction pathways, destabilizing and catalytic effects of metals and metal hydrides, novel synthesis processes of rare earth destabilizing agents, and all the essential aspects of nanoconfinement are led.
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Lang, Julien, and Jacques Huot. "The effect of cold rolling on the crystal structure of Mg and MgH2." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314082035.
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Hydrogen could have a leading role as an energy carrier in the future. As a storage medium, metal hydrides are interesting from a fundamental as well as practical point of view. Hydrogen storage applications have been the main driving force of research on these materials but lately uses such as thermal storage are considered. Magnesium and magnesium alloys are interesting as a hydrogen storage material since they are low cost and have a high gravimetric capacity (7.6 wt. %). As a preparation technique, cold rolling has been recently shown to be an equivalent to high energy ball milling for magnesium hydride [1]. In this presentation we will review the use of x-ray and neutron diffraction to study the effect of cold rolling on magnesium and magnesium hydride's crystal structure. Cold rolling on magnesium plate produced a highly textured material. When performed on magnesium hydride, cold rolling reduced the crystallite size down to nanometer scale. The impact of texture and naocrystallinity on hydrogen storage behaviours will also be discussed.
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Li, Feng, Urs Aeberhard, Hong Wu, Man Qiao, and Yafei Li. "Global minimum beryllium hydride sheet with novel negative Poisson's ratio: first-principles calculations." RSC Advances 8, no. 35 (2018): 19432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra02492h.
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Keith, Matthew Duncan, Vamsi Krishna Kukkapalli, and Sunwoo Kim. "Phase Change Cooling of a Metal Hydride Reactor for Rapid Hydrogen Absorption." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 2490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072490.
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As the world is keen on cleaner and sustainable energy, hydrogen energy has the potential to be part of the green energy transition to replace fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. However, hydrogen energy storage is a difficult task since physical storage in the form of compressed gas under high pressure is associated with safety issues. Another form of hydrogen storage is material-based storage, which is the safest way to store hydrogen energy in a particulate matter, known as metal hydrides. Metal hydrides can store hydrogen at room temperature and use less volume to store the same amount of hydrogen compared to classical gas tanks. The challenges with the metal hydrides reactor are their slow charging process and the requirement of proper thermal management during the charging process. In this study, a metal hydride reactor model is developed in COMSOL Multiphysics, and the associated heat transfer simulations are performed. The main objective of this research is to optimize the cooling channel design in the metal hydride reactor, where the R-134a coolant rejects heat through both latent and sensible heat transfer. The study showed that the phase-changing coolant and varying convection coefficient along the length of tubes significantly reduce the hydrogen charging time and the peak temperature of the reactor during hydrogen absorption. The pumping power analysis for the R-134a flow was also conducted. The computation results reveal that coolant channel configurations with nine or more tube-passes require significantly large pumping power.
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Lin, Kuen-Song, Yao-Jen Mai, Su-Wei Chiu, Jing-How Yang, and Sammy L. I. Chan. "Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Hydride/Carbon Aerogel Composites for Hydrogen Storage." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/201584.
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Two materials currently of interest for onboard lightweight hydrogen storage applications are sodium aluminum hydride (NaAlH4), a complex metal hydride, and carbon aerogels (CAs), a light porous material connected by several spherical nanoparticles. The objectives of the present work have been to investigate the synthesis, characterization, and hydrogenation behavior of Pd-, Ti- or Fe-doped CAs, NaAlH4, and MgH2nanocomposites. The diameters of Pd nanoparticles onto CA’s surface and BET surface area of CAs were 3–10 nm and 700–900 m2g−1, respectively. The H2storage capacity of metal hydrides has been studied using high-pressure TGA microbalance and they were 4.0, 2.7, 2.1, and 1.2 wt% for MgH2-FeTi-CAs, MgH2-FeTi, CAs-Pd, and 8 mol% Ti-doped NaAlH4, respectively, at room temperature. Carbon aerogels with higher surface area and mesoporous structures facilitated hydrogen diffusion and adsorption, which accounted for its extraordinary hydrogen storage phenomenon. The hydrogen adsorption abilities of CAs notably increased after inclusion of metal hydrides by the “hydrogen spillover” mechanisms.
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Zhang, Wen Xue, Xin Hu, Xiao Bin Lin, and Cheng He. "Zr-Catalyzed Hydrogen Chemisorptions on an Al Surface." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 1096–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1096.
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The most promising hydrogen storage materials are perhaps complex metal hydrides. Thus, a plausible first step in the rehydrogenation mechanism is proposed by simulating the reversible hydrogen storage in Zr-doped NaAlH4. It provides insight into the catalytic role of Zr atoms on an Al surface in the chemisorptions of molecular hydrogen. It is found that the diffusion of hydride species on Al-metallic phase and formation of Al hydride species is probably the key to syntheses the next products in the rehydrogenation reaction.
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Nyallang Nyamsi, Serge, Ivan Tolj, and Mykhaylo Lototskyy. "Metal Hydride Beds-Phase Change Materials: Dual Mode Thermal Energy Storage for Medium-High Temperature Industrial Waste Heat Recovery." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 17, 2019): 3949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203949.
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Heat storage systems based on two-tank thermochemical heat storage are gaining momentum for their utilization in solar power plants or industrial waste heat recovery since they can efficiently store heat for future usage. However, their performance is generally limited by reactor configuration, design, and optimization on the one hand and most importantly on the selection of appropriate thermochemical materials. Metal hydrides, although at the early stage of research and development (in heat storage applications), can offer several advantages over other thermochemical materials (salt hydrates, metal hydroxides, oxide, and carbonates) such as high energy storage density and power density. This study presents a system that combines latent heat and thermochemical heat storage based on two-tank metal hydrides. The systems consist of two metal hydrides tanks coupled and equipped with a phase change material (PCM) jacket. During the heat charging process, the high-temperature metal hydride (HTMH) desorbs hydrogen, which is stored in the low-temperature metal hydride (LTMH). In the meantime, the heat generated from hydrogen absorption in the LTMH tank is stored as latent heat in a phase change material (PCM) jacket surrounding the LTMH tank, to be reused during the heat discharging. A 2D axis-symmetric mathematical model was developed to investigate the heat and mass transfer phenomena inside the beds and the PCM jacket. The effects of the thermo-physical properties of the PCM and the PCM jacket size on the performance indicators (energy density, power output, and energy recovery efficiency) of the heat storage system are analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the PCM melting point, the latent heat of fusion, the density and the thermal conductivity had significant impacts on these performance indicators.
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Cao, Zhijie, Franziska Habermann, Konrad Burkmann, Michael Felderhoff, and Florian Mertens. "Unstable Metal Hydrides for Possible On-Board Hydrogen Storage." Hydrogen 5, no. 2 (May 10, 2024): 241–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5020015.
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Hydrogen storage in general is an indispensable prerequisite for the introduction of a hydrogen energy-based infrastructure. In this respect, high-pressure metal hydride (MH) tank systems appear to be one of the most promising hydrogen storage techniques for automotive applications using proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. These systems bear the potential of achieving a beneficial compromise concerning the comparably large volumetric storage density, wide working temperature range, comparably low liberation of heat, and increased safety. The debatable term “unstable metal hydride” is used in the literature in reference to metal hydrides with high dissociation pressure at a comparably low temperature. Such compounds may help to improve the merits of high-pressure MH tank systems. Consequently, in the last few years, some materials for possible on-board applications in such tank systems have been developed. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art developments of these metal hydrides, mainly including intermetallic compounds and complex hydrides, and offers some guidelines for future developments. Since typical laboratory hydrogen uptake measurements are limited to 200 bar, a possible threshold for defining unstable hydrides could be a value of their equilibrium pressure of peq > 200 bar for T < 100 °C. However, these values would mark a technological future target and most current materials, and those reported in this review, do not fulfill these requirements and need to be seen as current stages of development toward the intended target. For each of the aforementioned categories in this review, special care is taken to not only cover the pioneering and classic research but also to portray the current status and latest advances. For intermetallic compounds, key aspects focus on the influence of partial substitution on the absorption/desorption plateau pressure, hydrogen storage capacity and hysteresis properties. For complex hydrides, the preparation procedures, thermodynamics and theoretical calculation are presented. In addition, challenges, perspectives, and development tendencies in this field are also discussed.
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Hadjixenophontos, Efi, Erika Michela Dematteis, Nicola Berti, Anna Roza Wołczyk, Priscilla Huen, Matteo Brighi, Thi Thu Le, et al. "A Review of the MSCA ITN ECOSTORE—Novel Complex Metal Hydrides for Efficient and Compact Storage of Renewable Energy as Hydrogen and Electricity." Inorganics 8, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics8030017.
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Hydrogen as an energy carrier is very versatile in energy storage applications. Developments in novel, sustainable technologies towards a CO2-free society are needed and the exploration of all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) as well as solid-state hydrogen storage applications based on metal hydrides can provide solutions for such technologies. However, there are still many technical challenges for both hydrogen storage material and ASSBs related to designing low-cost materials with low-environmental impact. The current materials considered for all-solid-state batteries should have high conductivities for Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, while Al3+-based compounds are often marginalised due to the lack of suitable electrode and electrolyte materials. In hydrogen storage materials, the sluggish kinetic behaviour of solid-state hydride materials is one of the key constraints that limit their practical uses. Therefore, it is necessary to overcome the kinetic issues of hydride materials before discussing and considering them on the system level. This review summarizes the achievements of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) innovative training network (ITN) ECOSTORE, the aim of which was the investigation of different aspects of (complex) metal hydride materials. Advances in battery and hydrogen storage materials for the efficient and compact storage of renewable energy production are discussed.
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Zacharia, Renju, and Sami ullah Rather. "Review of Solid State Hydrogen Storage Methods Adopting Different Kinds of Novel Materials." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/914845.
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Overview of advances in the technology of solid state hydrogen storage methods applying different kinds of novel materials is provided. Metallic and intermetallic hydrides, complex chemical hydride, nanostructured carbon materials, metal-doped carbon nanotubes, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), metal-doped metal organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and clathrates solid state hydrogen storage techniques are discussed. The studies on their hydrogen storage properties are in progress towards positive direction. Nevertheless, it is believed that these novel materials will offer far-reaching solutions to the onboard hydrogen storage problems in near future. The review begins with the deficiencies of current energy economy and discusses the various aspects of implementation of hydrogen energy based economy.
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Huang, Yen C., Hiroyuki Goto, Akira Sato, Tomoaki Hayashi, and Hirohisa Uchida. "Solar Energy Storage by Metal Hydride*." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 164, Part_2 (January 1989): 1391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.1989.164.part_2.1391.
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Kuhnert, Eveline, Merit Bodner, Dmytro Stepanov, and Viktor Hacker. "(Digital Presentation) Heat Transfer Enhancement in Room-Temperature Metal Hydride Storage Systems." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 38 (July 7, 2022): 1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01381716mtgabs.
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Among the existing methods of short- and long-term storage of renewable energy, reversible metal hydrides (MH) are considered safe and volume efficient. They provide efficient hydrogen storage capacity for various applications, including Low Temperature PEM Fuel Cells (LT PEMFCs) [1]. The heat transfer in the MH reactor has a substantial influence on the efficiency of the storage process. In order to achieve the established goals for tank filling times, enhanced heat transfer techniques will be essential [2]. Therefore, this work investigates technical solutions for thermal conductivity enhancement in MH storage systems. Different tank designs are assessed in terms of their applicability and the effect of different solid matrices in the storage system on the internal heat transfer is studied. With the help of thermal imaging, the impact of the geometry of the solid matrices on the uniformity of gas distribution along the MH bed is analysed. The MH tanks are operated with room temperature (RT) metal hydrides that achieve a hydrogen storage capacity of up to 105 kgH2 m−3 in a wide range of temperatures (from 50 to -40°C). The tests are carried out within a limited pressure range of 1 to 0.1 MPa to reduce the reliance on additional H2 compressors when used in stationary applications. [1] M. V. Lototskyy et al., „Metal hydride systems for hydrogen storage and supply for stationary and automotive low temperature PEM fuel cell power modules“, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, Bd. 40, Nr. 35, S. 11491–11497, Sep. 2015. [2] K. C. Smith, Y. Zheng, T. S. Fisher, T. L. Pourpoint, und I. Mudawar, „Heat Transfer in High-Pressure Metal Hydride Systems“, J. Enhanc. Heat Transf., Bd. 16, Nr. 2, S. 189–203, 2009.
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Cheon, Hyungjun, Dongmin Kim, Sinwoo Choi, Bongjae Lee, Heesook Roh, and Joongmyeon Bae. "Development of Fuel Cell System Using Metal Hydride and Hydrogen Peroxide in Low-Oxygen Environments." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 55 (August 28, 2023): 2696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01552696mtgabs.
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Hydrogen energy is attracting attention as a promising power system due to high energy storage density and environmentally friendly features. For these reasons, fuel cell system using hydrogen energy in unmanned underwater vehicles have been studied. However, in low-oxygen environment, fuel cell system requires an oxygen storage as well as a hydrogen storage. In this study, a fuel cell system using a metal hydride and hydrogen peroxide was designed. The metal hydride can charge and discharge hydrogen at a lower pressure than a high-pressure hydrogen tank and has a high hydrogen storage density. In this system, AB2 type metal hydride is used to store hydrogen. Hydrogen desorption reaction of the metal hydride is an endothermic reaction, and heat supply is required to maintain the temperature of the metal hydride in order to stably supply hydrogen. Therefore, in this system, hydrogen peroxide was used as an oxygen source. Hydrogen peroxide reacts with a metal catalyst to generate oxygen and water. The decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide is an exothermic reaction and can supply heat required for the metal hydride. In this system, hydrogen peroxide is decomposed into water and oxygen through a catalytic reaction, and the generated heat is supplied to the metal hydride. Finally, hydrogen and oxygen are supplied to the PEMFC stack to generate power. For system design, in this study, PCT characteristics of AB2 type metal hydride, thermal management method, and hydrogen peroxide decomposition catalyst were studied, and an operation strategy for non-humidified PEMFC operation was proposed. This system generated a power output of about 290 W for 97 hours, and the hydrogen utilization rate of the fuel cell was confirmed to be 92.3%.
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Cetinkaya, Sera Ayten, Tacettin Disli, Gamze Soyturk, Onder Kizilkan, and C. Ozgur Colpan. "A Review on Thermal Coupling of Metal Hydride Storage Tanks with Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010341.
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Hydrogen is one of the energy carriers that has started to play a significant role in the clean energy transition. In the hydrogen ecosystem, storing hydrogen safely and with high volumetric density plays a key role. In this regard, metal hydride storage seems to be superior to compressed gas storage, which is the most common method used today. However, thermal management is a challenge that needs to be considered. Temperature changes occur during charging and discharging processes due to the reactions between metal, metal hydride, and hydrogen, which affect the inflow or outflow of hydrogen at the desired flow rate. There are different thermal management techniques to handle this challenge in the literature. When the metal hydride storage tanks are used in integrated systems together with a fuel cell and/or an electrolyzer, the thermal interactions between these components can be used for this purpose. This study gives a comprehensive review of the heat transfer during the charging and discharging of metal hydride tanks, the thermal management system techniques used for metal hydride tanks, and the studies on the thermal management of metal hydride tanks with material streams from the fuel cell and/or electrolyzers.
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Blinov, D. V., V. I. Borzenko, A. V. Bezdudny, and N. V. Kuleshov. "Prospective metal hydride hydrogen storage and purification technologies." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-2-149-160.
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To develop metal hydride reactors for storage and purification hydrogen of various types. Integrate metal hydride hydrogen storage and purification devices with a fuel cell (FC) and an electrolyzer with a solid polymer electrolyte. METHODS. For the melting of samples of intermetallic compounds (IMC), the method of melting in an electric arc furnace with a non-consumable tungsten electrode on a water-cooled copper crystallizer in an argon atmosphere is used. The study of the integral characteristics of metal hydride devices and the study of the processes during the extraction of hydrogen from a mixture of gases is carried out using thermal mass flow meters and a thermoconductometric gas analyzer. RESULTS. The results of the development and creation of metal hydride reactors for the storage and purification of hydrogen of various types are presented. The results of experimental studies of the system integration of metal hydride reactors, fuel cells, and an electrolyzer are presented. CONCLUSION. The accumulation of energy in hydrogen makes it possible to use the lowest possible gas pressure in the reactor, thereby obtaining the maximum safety during operation of the device, as well as avoiding mandatory safety certification and training of personal personnel on working with high-pressure cylinders. The use of the metal hydride method of flow purification shows high rates of hydrogen extraction for subsequent accumulation and use in the fuel cell at high volume hydrogen contents in the mixture (≥10% vol.), while the method of periodic evacuation of accumulated impurities is most effective at low hydrogen contents in the mixture (<10% vol.). Experimental power plants H>2Bio and H2Smart with an electric power of 200 W and 1 kW are developed, the results of the main operating modes of power plants are presented.
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Liu, Yuchen, Djafar Chabane, and Omar Elkedim. "Intermetallic Compounds Synthesized by Mechanical Alloying for Solid-State Hydrogen Storage: A Review." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 5758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185758.
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Hydrogen energy is a very attractive option in dealing with the existing energy crisis. For the development of a hydrogen energy economy, hydrogen storage technology must be improved to over the storage limitations. Compared with traditional hydrogen storage technology, the prospect of hydrogen storage materials is broader. Among all types of hydrogen storage materials, solid hydrogen storage materials are most promising and have the most safety security. Solid hydrogen storage materials include high surface area physical adsorption materials and interstitial and non-interstitial hydrides. Among them, interstitial hydrides, also called intermetallic hydrides, are hydrides formed by transition metals or their alloys. The main alloy types are A2B, AB, AB2, AB3, A2B7, AB5, and BCC. A is a hydride that easily forms metal (such as Ti, V, Zr, and Y), while B is a non-hydride forming metal (such as Cr, Mn, and Fe). The development of intermetallic compounds as hydrogen storage materials is very attractive because their volumetric capacity is much higher (80–160 kgH2m−3) than the gaseous storage method and the liquid storage method in a cryogenic tank (40 and 71 kgH2m−3). Additionally, for hydrogen absorption and desorption reactions, the environmental requirements are lower than that of physical adsorption materials (ultra-low temperature) and the simplicity of the procedure is higher than that of non-interstitial hydrogen storage materials (multiple steps and a complex catalyst). In addition, there are abundant raw materials and diverse ingredients. For the synthesis and optimization of intermetallic compounds, in addition to traditional melting methods, mechanical alloying is a very important synthesis method, which has a unique synthesis mechanism and advantages. This review focuses on the application of mechanical alloying methods in the field of solid hydrogen storage materials.
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Blinov, D. V., V. I. Borzenko, A. V. Bezdudny, and A. N. Kazakov. "Metal hydride hydrogen storage and purification technologies." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2039, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2039/1/012005.
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Abstract The results of the development of metal hydride (MH) reactors for the storage and purification of hydrogen of various types are presented. Two methods of metal hydride purification of hydrogen are presented. The use of the MH method of flow-through purification of hydrogen has high hydrogen recovery rates at high volume contents of hydrogen in the mixture (⩾10% vol.), while the method of periodic evacuation of accumulated impurities is most effective at low hydrogen contents in the mixture (<10% vol.).
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Kelton, K. F., and P. C. Gibbons. "Hydrogen Storage in Quasicrystals." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 11 (November 1997): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400034473.
Full textAbstract:
Quasicrystals may have important applications as new technological materials. In particular, work in our laboratory has shown that some quasicrystals may be useful as hydrogen-storage materials.Some transition metals have a capacity to store hydrogen to a density exceeding that of liquid hydrogen. Such systems allow for basic investigations of solid-state phenomena such as phase transitions, atomic diffusion, and electronic structure. They may also be critical materials for the future energy economy. The depletion of the world's petroleum reserves and the increased environmental impact of conventional combustion-engine powered automobiles are leading to renewed interest in hydrogen. TiFe hydrides have already been used as storage tanks for stationary nonpolluting hydrogen internal-combustion engines. Nickel metal-hydride batteries are commonly used in a wide range of applications, most notably as power sources for portable electronic devices—particularly computers. The light weight and low cost of titanium-transition-metal alloys offer significant advantages for such applications. Unfortunately they tend to form stable hydrides, which prevents the ready desorption of the stored hydrogen for the intended use.Some titanium/zirconium quasicrystals have a larger capacity for reversible hydrogen storage than do competing crystalline materials. Hydrogen can be loaded from the gas phase at temperatures as low as room temperature and from an electrolytic solution. The hydrogen goes into solution in the quasicrystal structure, often avoiding completely the formation of undesirable crystalline hydride phases. The proven ability to reversibly store variable quantities of hydrogen in a quasicrystal not only points to important areas of application but also opens the door to previously inaccessible information about the structure and dynamics of this novel phase. Selected results illustrating these points appear briefly here.
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ZHU, Dan, Han WANG, Shengquan WU, Zhi FENG, and Xuan ZHAO. "Dynamic modeling and performance analysis of metal hydride hydrogen storage system." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 41, no. 4 (August 2023): 794–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20234140794.
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Metal hydride hydrogen storage has the advantages of high hydrogen storage volume density, high safety, and high hydrogen purity, which can meet the hydrogen storage and supply needs of fuel cells in both mobile and fixed scenarios. It has become one of the most promising hydrogen storage methods. This work studies the dynamic performance of metal hydride hydrogen storage systems under absorption and desorption process by establishing dynamic models and heat exchange models. The dynamic properties of metal hydride hydrogen storage system are analyzed in different reaction process with the experimental test. Results show that when the ambient temperature is within a certain range, low temperatures are conducive to hydrogen absorption, while high temperatures can improve hydrogen release dynamics. Besides, raising the flow rate of hydrogen and reducing the volume fraction of hydrogen storage materials can help to improve the efficiency of hydrogen absorption and desorption reaction.
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Duda, Filip, Lukáš Tóth, Natália Jasminská, and Marián Lazár. "Design of Metal Hydride Pressure Vessel." MATEC Web of Conferences 369 (2022): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236901012.
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This article describes the issue of hydrogen storage in the structure of metallic alloys and then solves the design and structural analysis in ANSYS Static Structural of low-pressure metal hydride steel vessel for hydrogen storage in metallic alloy based on MnTiVFeZr used for mobile applications.
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Hardy, Bruce J., Claudio Corgnale, and Stephanie N. Gamble. "Operating Characteristics of Metal Hydride-Based Solar Energy Storage Systems." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 12117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112117.
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Thermochemical energy storage systems, based on a high-temperature metal hydride coupled with a low-temperature metal hydride, represent a valid option to store thermal energy for concentrating solar power plant applications. The operating characteristics are investigated for a tandem hydride bed energy storage system, using a transient lumped parameter model developed to identify the technical performance of the proposed system. The results show that, without operational control, the system undergoes a thermal ratcheting process, causing the metal hydride concentrations to accumulate hydrogen in the high-temperature bed over time, and deplete hydrogen in the low temperature. This unbalanced system is compared with a ’thermally balanced’ system, where the thermal ratcheting is mitigated by thermally balancing the overall system. The analysis indicates that thermally balanced systems stabilize after the first few cycles and remain so for long-term operation, demonstrating their potential for practical thermal energy storage system applications.
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Aymard, Luc, Yassine Oumellal, and Jean-Pierre Bonnet. "Metal hydrides: an innovative and challenging conversion reaction anode for lithium-ion batteries." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (August 31, 2015): 1821–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.186.
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The state of the art of conversion reactions of metal hydrides (MH) with lithium is presented and discussed in this review with regard to the use of these hydrides as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. A focus on the gravimetric and volumetric storage capacities for different examples from binary, ternary and complex hydrides is presented, with a comparison between thermodynamic prediction and experimental results. MgH2 constitutes one of the most attractive metal hydrides with a reversible capacity of 1480 mA·h·g−1 at a suitable potential (0.5 V vs Li+/Li0) and the lowest electrode polarization (<0.2 V) for conversion materials. Conversion process reaction mechanisms with lithium are subsequently detailed for MgH2, TiH2, complex hydrides Mg2MH x and other Mg-based hydrides. The reversible conversion reaction mechanism of MgH2, which is lithium-controlled, can be extended to others hydrides as: MH x + xLi+ + xe− in equilibrium with M + xLiH. Other reaction paths—involving solid solutions, metastable distorted phases, and phases with low hydrogen content—were recently reported for TiH2 and Mg2FeH6, Mg2CoH5 and Mg2NiH4. The importance of fundamental aspects to overcome technological difficulties is discussed with a focus on conversion reaction limitations in the case of MgH2. The influence of MgH2 particle size, mechanical grinding, hydrogen sorption cycles, grinding with carbon, reactive milling under hydrogen, and metal and catalyst addition to the MgH2/carbon composite on kinetics improvement and reversibility is presented. Drastic technological improvement in order to the enhance conversion process efficiencies is needed for practical applications. The main goals are minimizing the impact of electrode volume variation during lithium extraction and overcoming the poor electronic conductivity of LiH. To use polymer binders to improve the cycle life of the hydride-based electrode and to synthesize nanoscale composite hydride can be helpful to address these drawbacks. The development of high-capacity hydride anodes should be inspired by the emergent nano-research prospects which share the knowledge of both hydrogen-storage and lithium-anode communities.
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Lázár, Marián, Ivan Mihálik, Tomáš Brestovič, Natália Jasminská, Lukáš Tóth, Romana Dobáková, Filip Duda, Ľubomíra Kmeťová, and Šimon Hudák. "A Newly Proposed Method for Hydrogen Storage in a Metal Hydride Storage Tank Intended for Maritime and Inland Shipping." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 9 (August 23, 2023): 1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091643.
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The utilisation of hydrogen in ships has important potential in terms of achieving the decarbonisation of waterway transport, which produces approximately 3% of the world’s total emissions. However, the utilisation of hydrogen drives in maritime and inland shipping is conditioned by the efficient and safe storage of hydrogen as an energy carrier on ship decks. Regardless of the type, the constructional design and the purpose of the aforesaid vessels, the preferred method for hydrogen storage on ships is currently high-pressure storage, with an operating pressure of the fuel storage tanks amounting to tens of MPa. Alternative methods for hydrogen storage include storing the hydrogen in its liquid form, or in hydrides as adsorbed hydrogen and reformed fuels. In the present article, a method for hydrogen storage in metal hydrides is discussed, particularly in a certified low-pressure metal hydride storage tank—the MNTZV-159. The article also analyses the 2D heat conduction in a transversal cross-section of the MNTZV-159 storage tank, for the purpose of creating a final design of the shape of a heat exchanger (intensifier) that will help to shorten the total time of hydrogen absorption into the alloy, i.e., the filling process. Based on the performed 3D calculations for heat conduction, the optimisation and implementation of the intensifier into the internal volume of a metal hydride alloy will increase the performance efficiency of the shell heat exchanger of the MNTZV-159 storage tank. The optimised design increased the cooling power by 46.1%, which shortened the refuelling time by 41% to 2351 s. During that time, the cooling system, which comprised the newly designed internal heat transfer intensifier, was capable of eliminating the total heat from the surface of the storage tank, thus preventing a pressure increase above the allowable value of 30 bar.
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Kudiiarov, Viktor, Roman Elman, Natalia Pushilina, and Nikita Kurdyumov. "State of the Art in Development of Heat Exchanger Geometry Optimization and Different Storage Bed Designs of a Metal Hydride Reactor." Materials 16, no. 13 (July 7, 2023): 4891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134891.
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The efficient operation of a metal hydride reactor depends on the hydrogen sorption and desorption reaction rate. In this regard, special attention is paid to heat management solutions when designing metal hydride hydrogen storage systems. One of the effective solutions for improving the heat and mass transfer effect in metal hydride beds is the use of heat exchangers. The design of modern cylindrical-shaped reactors makes it possible to optimize the number of heat exchange elements, design of fins and cooling tubes, filter arrangement and geometrical distribution of metal hydride bed elements. Thus, the development of a metal hydride reactor design with optimal weight and size characteristics, taking into account the efficiency of heat transfer and metal hydride bed design, is the relevant task. This paper discusses the influence of different configurations of heat exchangers and metal hydride bed for modern solid-state hydrogen storage systems. The main advantages and disadvantages of various configurations are considered in terms of heat transfer as well as weight and size characteristics. A comparative analysis of the heat exchangers, fins and other solutions efficiency has been performed, which makes it possible to summarize and facilitate the choice of the reactor configuration in the future.
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Elhamshri, Fawzi Ali, Mohamed Ahmed Aissa, and Salahldin Ali Uallus. "Enhancement of Hydrogen Storage Process Using Heat Pipe." مجلة الجامعة الأسمرية: العلوم التطبيقية 6, no. 5 (December 31, 2021): 651–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.59743/aujas.v6i5.1519.
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Heat transfer from/to the metal hydride bed is a critical factor affecting the performance of metal hydride storage tanks (MHSTs for short). This study examined the effect of heat pipe on the metal hydride tank by means of heat management. The experimental study explains the use of heat pipe for enhancement the heat transfer in MHSTs, which built using LaNi4.75Al0.25 as the storage media and under various hydrogen pressure supply in the range of 2 to10 bar. This study also presents comparisons between the two different MHSTs which are designed with and without heat pipe. Two configurations of metal hydride tanks are considered and consisted of tubular cylindrical tanks with same base dimensions. The first one is a closed cylinder that exchanges heat through its lateral and base surfaces by means cool with natural convection. Heat pipe is made of copper–methanol combination and situated along the axis of the second reactor. Results show that the usage of heat pipe can be a good choice to increase hydrogen storing performance. The absorption time at 10 bar hydrogen inlet pressure was reduced more than 30%, and the mass of hydrogen storage increased by approximately 10% - 15%.
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Facci, Andrea Luigi, Marco Lauricella, Sauro Succi, Vittorio Villani, and Giacomo Falcucci. "Optimized Modeling and Design of a PCM-Enhanced H2 Storage." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061554.
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Thermal and mechanical energy storage is pivotal for the effective exploitation of renewable energy sources, thus fostering the transition to a sustainable economy. Hydrogen-based systems are among the most promising solutions for electrical energy storage. However, several technical and economic barriers (e.g., high costs, low energy and power density, advanced material requirements) still hinder the diffusion of such solutions. Similarly, the realization of latent heat storages through phase change materials is particularly attractive because it provides high energy density in addition to allowing for the storage of the heat of fusion at a (nearly) constant temperature. In this paper, we posit the challenge to couple a metal hydride H2 canister with a latent heat storage, in order to improve the overall power density and realize a passive control of the system temperature. A highly flexible numerical solver based on a hybrid Lattice Boltzmann Phase-Field (LB-PF) algorithm is developed to assist the design of the hybrid PCM-MH tank by studying the melting and solidification processes of paraffin-like materials. The present approach is used to model the storage of the heat released by the hydride during the H2 loading process in a phase change material (PCM). The results in terms of Nusselt numbers are used to design an enhanced metal-hydride storage for H2-based energy systems, relevant for a reliable and cost-effective “Hydrogen Economy”. The application of the developed numerical model to the case study demonstrates the feasibility of the posited design. Specifically, the phase change material application significantly increases the heat flux at the metal hydride surface, thus improving the overall system power density.
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Li, Jin. "Advancements in Metal Hydride Materials for Hydrogen Storage." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 58 (July 12, 2023): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v58i.10114.
Full textAbstract:
Hydrogen energy is attracting the attention of scientists because of its high energy density and low environmental pollution in the world trend of clean energy use. In addition, the basis for the use of hydrogen energy is its secure, cost-effective, and efficient storage. After decades of devotions by experts, many high-performance hydrogen storage materials have been created. The poor hydrogen storage capacity, challenging hydrogen storage circumstances, slow hydrogen storage speed, and potential safety concerns remain, nonetheless, with the present hydrogen storage materials. Metal hydride materials, which have a high hydrogen storage density and safe reactions, have so steadily been a research focus in recent years. In this paper, magnesium-based materials and titanium-based materials are selected as the representatives of metal hydride materials, and their hydrogen storage mechanisms, common modification methods, and the advanced research progress of these methods are reviewed. Through the analysis of data, the hydrogen storage properties and the respective characteristics of each modified hydrogen storage material are rigorously presented. The key technical limitations and possible improvement directions of these materials are summarized, and the future application prospects and development trends of hydrogen storage materials are predicted at the end.
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Di Giorgio, Paolo, Gabriele Scarpati, Giovanni Di Ilio, Ivan Arsie, and Elio Jannelli. "Development of a plug-in fuel cell electric scooter with thermally integrated storage system based on hydrogen in metal hydrides and battery pack." E3S Web of Conferences 334 (2022): 06013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233406013.
Full textAbstract:
The thermal management of lithium-ion batteries in hybrid electric vehicles is a key issue, since operating temperatures can greatly affect their performance and life. A hybrid energy storage system, composed by the integration of a battery pack with a metal hydride-based hydrogen storage system, might be a promising solution, since it allows to efficiently exploit the endothermic desorption process of hydrogen in metal hydrides to perform the thermal management of the battery pack. In this work, starting from a battery electric scooter, a new fuel cell/battery hybrid powertrain is designed, based on the simulation results of a vehicle dynamic model that evaluates power and energy requirements on a standard driving cycle. Thus, the design of an original hybrid energy storage system for a plug-in fuel cell electric scooter is proposed, and its prototype development is presented. To this aim, the battery pack thermal power profile is retrieved from vehicle simulation, and the integrated metal hydride tank is sized in such a way to ensure a suitable thermal management. The conceived storage solution replaces the conventional battery pack of the vehicle. This leads to a significant enhancement of the on-board gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, with clear advantages on the achievable driving range. The working principle of the novel storage system and its integration within the powertrain of the vehicle are also discussed.
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Wang, Yan, Shi Wei Wu, Tian Le Li, Shen Shen Li, and Zhong Qiu Cao. "Doping with Metal and Compound to Improve the Properties of Hydrogen Storage of MgH2." Advanced Materials Research 1015 (August 2014): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1015.606.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, Magnesium hydride MgH2is one of the attractive hydrogen storage materials because it reaches a high hydrogen capacity. However, the reaction kinetics is too slow and needs high temperature for progressing hydrogen absorption and desorption reactions, which hinders the process of practical applications and it is necessary to improve the hydrogen storage propesties. In this paper, most used or under research methods (Doping with metal and compound) of improving on the hydrogen storage of magnesium hydride are reviewed, in particular to elements substitution, addition of transition metal oxides or fluorine and so on. The advantages and disadvantages of vaious methods of improving on the hydrogen storage of magnesium hydride are compared. The trend of the methods of improving is also introduced.
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Niemann, Michael U., Sesha S. Srinivasan, Ayala R. Phani, Ashok Kumar, D. Yogi Goswami, and Elias K. Stefanakos. "Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Storage Applications: A Review." Journal of Nanomaterials 2008 (2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/950967.
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Nanomaterials have attracted great interest in recent years because of the unusual mechanical, electrical, electronic, optical, magnetic and surface properties. The high surface/volume ratio of these materials has significant implications with respect to energy storage. Both the high surface area and the opportunity for nanomaterial consolidation are key attributes of this new class of materials for hydrogen storage devices. Nanostructured systems including carbon nanotubes, nano-magnesium based hydrides, complex hydride/carbon nanocomposites, boron nitride nanotubes,TiS2/MoS2nanotubes, alanates, polymer nanocomposites, and metal organic frameworks are considered to be potential candidates for storing large quantities of hydrogen. Recent investigations have shown that nanoscale materials may offer advantages if certain physical and chemical effects related to the nanoscale can be used efficiently. The present review focuses the application of nanostructured materials for storing atomic or molecular hydrogen. The synergistic effects of nanocrystalinity and nanocatalyst doping on the metal or complex hydrides for improving the thermodynamics and hydrogen reaction kinetics are discussed. In addition, various carbonaceous nanomaterials and novel sorbent systems (e.g. carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, nanofibers, polyaniline nanospheres and metal organic frameworks etc.) and their hydrogen storage characteristics are outlined.
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Saldan, Ivan. "A prospect for LiBH4 as on-board hydrogen storage." Open Chemistry 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 761–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-011-0068-9.
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AbstractIn contrast to the traditional metal hydrides, in which hydrogen storage involves the reversible hydrogen entering/exiting of the host hydride lattice, LiBH4 releases hydrogen via decomposition that produces segregated LiH and amorphous B phases. This is obviously the reason why lithium borohydride applications in fuel cells so far meet only one requirement — high hydrogen storage capacity. Nevertheless, its thermodynamics and kinetics studies are very active today and efficient ways to meet fuel cell requirements might be done through lowering the temperature for hydrogenation/dehydrogenation and suitable catalyst. Some improvements are expected to enable LiBH4 to be used in on-board hydrogen storage.
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Shalimov, Yuri N., Igor K. Shuklin, Vladimir I. Parfenyuk, Vladimir I. Korolkov, Alexander V. Russu, and Vladlen I. Kudryash. "INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS OF HEAT RELEASE IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS AND THEIR USE IN TECHNOLOGIES FOR PRODUCTION OF ENERGY-INTENSIVE SOURCES FOR AIRCRAFT." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196201.5798.
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The search for new, more energy-intensive types of fuel for the operation of the power plants of aircraft is the most important task in aviation. The unique fuel that has no analogues is hydrogen. The paper attempts to substantiate the technology of metal hydride hydrogen storage in electrochemical systems based on aluminum and its alloys as the most affordable materials from fossil metals, since the traditional methods based on the use of cylinders and cryostats are not effective in transport systems. It is shown that the volumetric storage of hydrogen in the porous structure of metals with the formation of hydrides on atomic bond defects is maximally suitable for the implementation of the system, eliminating the excessive pressure and the low temperatures. The porous structure of the material provides both a high degree of availability of the electrolyte solution to the electrode for the accumulation of hydrides in the entire volume of the metal, and not only on its surface, but also the conditions for the realization of the reduction effect that excludes the explosive nature of hydrogen extraction. The problem of increasing the temperature in the reaction zone, which sometimes causes a slowdown in the rate of certain stages of the electrochemical process, is considered. Using the example of galvanic chrome plating, it has been established that an increase in the temperature inhibits the process of the reducing of the metallic chromium. Therefore, the detailed account of the thermal effects in the electrochemical system allows us to determine the mechanism of the processes. The work revealed that the thermal effects arising at the cathode determine the kinetics of the hydrogen reduction processes during the formation of a hydride. And the thermal effects at the anode determine the kinetics of the formation of a porous structure in the metal. The authors proposed to use the principle of action associated with the transition to the technologies of the volumetric storage of hydrogen in a solid-phase system based on a metal hydride compound for the formation of a new class of aircraft - diaplan.
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Pentimalli, Marzia, Andrea Frazzica, Angelo Freni, Enrico Imperi, and Franco Padella. "Metal Hydride-Based Composite Materials with Improved Thermal Conductivity and Dimensional Stability Properties." Advances in Science and Technology 72 (October 2010): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.72.170.
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To address the issues of poor thermal conductivity and fragmentation of metal hydride particles undergoing hydriding/dehydriding reactions, a metal hydride-based composite material was developed. The active metal phase was embedded in a silica matrix and a graphite filler was incorporated by ball milling. A set of compact pellet samples at different composition were prepared and tested. Experimental data obtained from the thermal conductivity measurements shown that using powder graphite produced a quite linear increase in the thermal conductivity of the metal hydride – silica composite. Ongoing studies include composition optimization as well as long-term testing upon cycling of such metal hydride composites to evaluate their potentiality in technological hydrogen storage applications.
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Zhang, Jinsong, Timothy S. Fisher, P. Veeraraghavan Ramachandran, Jay P. Gore, and Issam Mudawar. "A Review of Heat Transfer Issues in Hydrogen Storage Technologies." Journal of Heat Transfer 127, no. 12 (August 25, 2005): 1391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2098875.
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Significant heat transfer issues associated with four alternative hydrogen storage methods are identified and discussed, with particular emphasis on technologies for vehicle applications. For compressed hydrogen storage, efficient heat transfer during compression and intercooling decreases compression work. In addition, enhanced heat transfer inside the tank during the fueling process can minimize additional compression work. For liquid hydrogen storage, improved thermal insulation of cryogenic tanks can significantly reduce energy loss caused by liquid boil-off. For storage systems using metal hydrides, enhanced heat transfer is essential because of the low effective thermal conductivity of particle beds. Enhanced heat transfer is also necessary to ensure that both hydriding and dehydriding processes achieve completion and to prevent hydride bed meltdown. For hydrogen storage in the form of chemical hydrides, innovative vehicle cooling design will be needed to enable their acceptance.
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Martvoňová, Lucia, Milan Malcho, Jozef Jandačka, and Ladislav Ďuroška. "Energy Management of a Metal Hydride Hydrogen Storage Tank Using a Loop Heat Pipe." MATEC Web of Conferences 369 (2022): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236902014.
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The article analyzes the thermal management of a metal hydride storage tank for hydrogen in the mode of filling the storage tank with hydrogen when it is necessary to cool the metal hydride filling intensively. Cooling is carried out by boiling water at low pressure and therefore also at low temperatures of around 50 °C. In the article, a heat transfer model during boiling is developed and the limits of heat transfer during boiling at low temperatures are determined.
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Pal, Pratibha, Jyh-Ming Ting, Shivani Agarwal, Takayuki Ichikawa, and Ankur Jain. "The Catalytic Role of D-block Elements and Their Compounds for Improving Sorption Kinetics of Hydride Materials: A Review." Reactions 2, no. 3 (September 18, 2021): 333–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reactions2030022.
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The goal of finding efficient and safe hydrogen storage material motivated researchers to develop several materials to fulfil the demand of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). In the past few years, several metal hydrides, complex hydrides such as borohydrides and alanates, have been researched and found efficient due to their high gravimetric and volumetric density. However, the development of these materials is still limited by their high thermodynamic stability and sluggish kinetics. One of the methods to improve the kinetics is to use catalysts. Among the known catalysts for this purpose, transition metals and their compounds are known as the leading contender. The present article reviews the d-block transition metals including Ni, Co, V, Ti, Fe and Nb as catalysts to boost up the kinetics of several hydride systems. Various binary and ternary metal oxides, halides and their combinations, porous structured hybrid designs and metal-based Mxenes have been discussed as catalysts to enhance the de/rehydrogenation kinetics and cycling performance of hydrogen storage systems.
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Kukkapalli, Vamsi Krishna, and Sun Woo Kim. "Metal Hydride Reactor Design Optimization for Hydrogen Energy Storage." Key Engineering Materials 708 (September 2016): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.708.85.
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As hydrogen generation technologies using renewable energy sources are being developed, considerable attention is paid to storage and transportation of hydrogen gas. Metal hydride alloys are considered as promising materials because they are viewed as an attractive alternative to conventional hydrogen storage cylinders and mechanical hydrogen compressors. Compared to storing in a classic gas cylinder, which requires compression of hydrogen at high pressures, metal hydride alloys can store the same amount of hydrogen at nearly room pressure. However, this hydrogen absorption necessitates an effective way to reject the heat released from the exothermic hydriding reaction. In this paper, fin structures are employed to enhance the heat transfer of metal hydride alloys in a cylindrical reactor. Numerical simulations are performed based on a multiple-physics modeling to analyze the transient heat transfer during the hydrogen absorption process. The objective is to minimize the time elapsed for the process and to reduce the hotspot temperature by determining the number and shape of rectangular fins while the total volume of fins used are fixed. The simulation results show that the more fins are applied the better heat transfer is achieved and that there exists an optimal length of the fins.
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Lloyd, George M., Kwang J. Kim, A. Razani, and Mohsen Shahinpoor. "Investigation of a Solar-Thermal Bio-mimetic Metal Hydride Actuator." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125, no. 1 (January 27, 2003): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1531147.
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Metal hydrides have been investigated for use in a number of solar thermal energy applications, such as heat regenerators or hydrogen storage technology, but rarely for thermal actuators. Preliminary experimental results from a prototype solar thermal metal hydride actuator, using copper-encapsulated porous metal hydride compacts of LaNi5, indicate that this thermal-mechanical system can produce high specific forces (over 100 (N/g)), with response times on the order of seconds. These operational characteristics, along with features such as being bio-mimetic, compact, operationally safe, lubricationless, noiseless, soft actuating, and environmentally benign, result in an actuator that is ideal for many industrial, space, defense, and biomedical applications. In this paper, we report recent work directed toward predicting and characterizing the performance bounds of the actuator, specifically concentrating on elements which might comprise an actuator driven by concentrated solar radiation. A complete solution of the 1-D governing heat and mass transfer equations with an ideally selective reactor surface are used to predict bounds on performance in terms of volume flow rates and realistic actuation times. The advantages and disadvantages of the design are discussed from this perspective. The preliminary data show a great potential for these metal hydride actuators to be used for solar thermo-mechanical applications.
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Hou, Xiao Jiang, Hong Chao Kou, Tie Bang Zhang, Rui Hu, Jin Shan Li, and Xiang Yi Xue. "First-Principles Studies on the Structures and Properties of Ti- and Zn-Substituted Mg2Ni Hydrogen Storage Alloys and their Hydrides." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.44.
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In order to study the improvement mechanism of transition metal elements on Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys, especially for the structures and properties of hydrogen storage alloy Mg2Ni, Ti and Zn substituted alloys Mg2-mMmNi,Mg2Ni1-nMn (M=Ti and Zn, m, n=0.1667), and their hydrides Mg2NiH4,Mg2-mMmNiH4,Mg2Ni1-nMnH4(M=Ti and Zn, m , n=0.125) have been investigated by first-principles. Through analyzing the results of the crystal structure, electron density distribution and density of states, the changes of structures and properties resulting from the adding of transition metal elements Ti and V of intermetallic Mg2Ni and its hydride Mg2NiH4 were investigated. The results showed that the addition of transition metal elements can reduce the stability of the Mg2Ni system to varying degrees and improve the dehydrogenation dynamics performance. Therefore, it may be considered that the substitution by transition metal elements in Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys is an effective technique to improve the thermodynamic behavior of hydrogenation/dehydrogenation in Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys (HSAs).
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Abraham, K. "Analysis of a metal hydride cold storage module." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 28, no. 4 (April 2003): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3199(02)00068-x.
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