Relevant bibliographies by topics / Metal grain boundary diffusion

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Metal grain boundary diffusion'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Metal grain boundary diffusion"

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Niu, Li Sha, and Ting Ting Dai. "Finite Element Study of the Creep Size-Effect in Thin Metal Films." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 1858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.1858.

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A 2-D Finite element simulation method was developed based on the kinetic law and the energy evolution during the whole process of deformation, which is used to investigate the creep size effects in polycrystalline thin metal film on substrates. Three diffusion paths (e.g. surface, grain boundary and lattice diffusion) are considered in the present model. The diffusion rate for these three processes was compared under different loading conditions with corresponding microstructure. It’s found that grain boundary diffusion is coupled with another diffusion channel. Creep size effects result from mass transferring in thin film. The model gave the quantitative results of the influences of the film thickness, grain size, and the constraints of the substrate on polycrystalline metal film diffusion. The simulated results present the evolution of the point defects in grain interior, the strain and stress field. The distribution of the crack-like stress in the grain boundary could explain the stress concentration mechanisms clearly and this also agrees with the literature results.
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Poletaev, G. M., I. V. Zorya, R. Yu Rakitin, and M. D. Starostenkov. "Effect of light elements impurity atoms on grain boundary diffusion in FCC metals: a molecular dynamics simulation." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 12 (January 15, 2020): 930–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-12-930-935.

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Effect of carbon and oxygen impurity atoms on diffusion along the tilt grain boundaries with <100> and <111> misorientation axis in metals with FCC lattice was studied by mean of molecular dynamics method. Ni, Ag, and Al were considered as metals. Interactions of metal atoms with each other were described by many-particle Clery-Rosato potentials constructed within the framework of tight binding model. To describe interactions of atoms of light elements impurities with metal atoms and atoms of impurities with each other, Morse pair potentials were used. According to obtained results, impurities in most cases lead to an increase in self-diffusion coefficient along the grain boundaries, which is caused by deformation of crystal lattice near the impurity atoms. Therefore, additional distortions and free volume are formed along the boundaries. It is more expressed for carbon impurities. Moreover, with an increase in concentration of carbon in the metal, an increase in coefficient of grain-boundary self-diffusion was observed first, and then a decrease followed. This behavior is explained by formation of aggregates of carbon atoms at grain boundary, which leads to partial blocking of the boundary. Oxygen atoms had smaller effect on diffusion along the grain boundaries, which is apparently explained by absence of a tendency to form aggregates and lesser deformation of crystal lattice around impurity. The greatest effect of impurities on self-diffusion along the grain boundaries among the examined metals was observed for nickel. Nickel has the smallest lattice parameter, impurity atoms deform its lattice around itself more than aluminum and silver, and therefore they create relatively more lattice distortions in it and additional free volume along the grain boundaries, which lead to an increase in diffusion permeability. Diffusion coefficients along the high-angle boundaries with misorientation angle of 30° turned out to be approximately two times higher than along low-angle boundaries with a misorientation angle of 7°. Diffusion along the <100> grain boundaries flowed more intensively than along the <111> boundaries.
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Farzin, Mahmoud, Reza Jafari Nedoushan, and Mohammad Mashayekhi. "Simulation of Hot Sheet Metal Forming Processes Based on a Micro-Structural Constitutive Model." Key Engineering Materials 473 (March 2011): 556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.473.556.

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A constitutive model is proposed for simulations of hot forming processes. Dominant mechanisms in hot forming including inter-granular deformation, grain boundary sliding and grain boundary diffusion are considered in the constitutive model. A Taylor type polycrystalline model is used to predict inter-granular deformation. Previous works on grain boundary sliding and grain boundary diffusion are extended to drive three dimensional macro stress-strain rate relationships for each mechanism. In these relationships, the effect of grain size is also taken into account. It is shown that for grain boundary diffusion, stress-strain rate relationship obeys the Prandtl-Reuss flow rule. The proposed model is used to simulate step strain rate tests and the results are compared with experimental data. It is concluded that the model can be used to predict flow stress for various grain sizes and strain rates. The proposed model can be directly used in simulation of hot forming processes and as an example the bulge forming process is simulated and the results are compared with experimental data.
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Kim, B. N., K. Hiraga, and K. Morita. "Viscous grain-boundary sliding and grain rotation accommodated by grain-boundary diffusion." Acta Materialia 53, no. 6 (April 2005): 1791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2004.12.028.

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King, A. H. "Diffusion induced grain boundary migration." International Materials Reviews 32, no. 1 (January 1987): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/095066087790150304.

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Gao, H., L. Zhang, W. D. Nix, C. V. Thompson, and E. Arzt. "Crack-like grain-boundary diffusion wedges in thin metal films." Acta Materialia 47, no. 10 (August 1999): 2865–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(99)00178-0.

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Yang, Y., Tomonrori Kitashima, T. Hara, Y. Hara, Yoko Yamabe-Mitarai, M. Hagiwara, and L. J. Liu. "Effect of Grain Size on Oxidation Resistance of Unalloyed Titanium." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 2187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.2187.

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The effect of the grain size on the high-temperature oxidation resistance of unalloyed titanium was experimentally investigated using titanium samples with two different grain sizes of 219 μm and 118 μm. The weight gain during oxidation and the penetration depth of oxygen from a metal surface were larger in the small-grain-size sample compared with the large-grain-size sample. In addition, oxygen diffusion was faster in the substrate of the small-grain-size sample. These results were attributed to the grain-boundary diffusion of oxygen. A steep change in the oxygen concentration was observed at a grain boundary. Our simulation results suggested that slower oxygen diffusion into the inner grain from the surface through the grain boundary with high diffusivity can cause the observed steep change in the oxygen concentration.
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Dolgopolov, Nikolai, A. Petelin, and S. Rakov. "Role of Diffusion as a Control Stage of a Grain Boundary Liquid Grooving." Defect and Diffusion Forum 249 (January 2006): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.249.227.

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The interaction of liquid metals with solid polycrystalline metal leads to the appearance of liquid grooves at grain boundaries. The shapes of these grooves may be of a very wide variety. In this paper the typical features of different liquid grooves are presented, classified and analyzed on the base of our experimental data. The developed models confirm the dominant role of diffusion mechanisms.
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Panigrahi, B. B., K. Das, and M. M. Godkhindi. "Dilatometry of ball milled nickel nano powder during non-isothermal sintering." Science of Sintering 39, no. 1 (2007): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos0701025p.

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This work attempts to evaluate the sintering mechanisms of ball milled nanocrystalline nickel during nonisothermal heating. Samples showed a sintered density of 91.2% (theoretical) and grain growth up to 414 nm at 1273K. The activation energies of 12.4, 32.0 and 51.6 kJ/mol were found for viscous flow, lattice diffusion and grain boundary diffusion mechanisms respectively. Sintering was found to be controlled by interface reactions involving surface and grain boundary diffusions.
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Apyhtina, Irina, Kseniia Kovaleva, Alexander Novikov, Darya Orelkina, Alexander Petelin, and Egor Yakushko. "Diffusion Controlled Grain Boundary and Triple Junction Wetting in Polycrystalline Solid Metal." Defect and Diffusion Forum 363 (May 2015): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.363.127.

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Grain boundary liquid grooving process takes place during the contact of solid phase with the melt. The liquid bismuth network formation along grain boundaries (GBs) and triple junctions (TJs) was investigated in copper polycrystalline samples. The in situ experimental observation technique of Bi penetration through the Cu plate was used. The temperature dependencies of GB and TJ effective penetration depths were determined. The effect of the GB and TJ diffusion on the liquid channels growth mechanism was discussed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metal grain boundary diffusion"

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Moon, D. P. "Studies of segregation at interfaces." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379916.

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Xu, Lei. "Controlling interfacial reaction in aluminium to steel dissimilar metal welding." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/controlling-interfacial-reaction-in-aluminium-to-steel-dissimilar-metal-welding(721d3009-de49-434c-bd81-b01ff5973706).html.

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Two different aluminium alloys, AA6111 (Al-Mg-Si) and AA7055 (Al-Mg-Zn), were chosen as the aluminium alloys to be welded with DC04, and two welding methods (USW and FSSW) were selected to prepare the welds. Selected pre-welded joints were then annealed at T=400 - 570oC for different times. Kinetics growth data was collected from the microstructure results, and the growth behaviour of the IMC layer was found to fit the parabolic growth law. A grain growth model was built to predict the grain size as a function of annealing time. A double-IMC phase diffusion model was applied, together with grain growth model, to predict the thickness of each phase as a function of annealing time in the diffusion process during heat treatment. In both material combinations and with both welding processes a similar sequence of IMC phase formation was observed during the solid state welding. η-Fe2Al5 was found to be the first IMC phase to nucleate. The IMC islands then spread to form a continuous layer in both material combinations. With longer welding times a second IMC phase, θ-FeAl3, was seen to develop on the aluminium side of the joints. Higher fracture energy was received in the DC04-AA6111 joints than in the DC04-AA7055 joints. Two reasons were claimed according to the microstructure in the two joints. The thicker IMC layers were observed in the DC04-AA7055 joints either before or after heat treatment, due to the faster growth rate of the θ phase. In addition, pores were left in the aluminium side near the interface as a result of the low melting point of AA7055.The modelling results for both the diffusion model and grain growth model fitted very well with the data from the static heat treatment. Grain growth occurred in both phases in the heat treatment significantly, and was found to affect the calculated activation energy by the grain boundary diffusion. At lower temperatures in the phases with a smaller grain size, the grain boundary diffusion had a more significant influence on the growth rate of the IMC phases. The activation energies for the grain boundary diffusion and lattice diffusion were calculated as 240 kJ/mol and 120 kJ/mol for the η phase, and 220 kJ/mol and 110 kJ/mol for the θ phase, respectively. The model was invalid for the growth of the discontinuous IMC layers in USW process. The diffusion model only worked for 1-Dimensional growth of a continuous layer, which was the growth behaviour of the IMC layer during heat treatment. However, due to the highly transient conditions in USW process, the IMC phases were not continuous and uniform even after a welding time of 2 seconds. Therefore, the growth of the island shaped IMC particles in USW was difficult to be predicted, unless the nucleation stage was taken into consideration.
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Garcia, de la Cruz Lucia. "Ultrafine grained nickel processed by powder metallurgy : microstructure, mechanical properties and thermal stability." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC224.

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La synthèse par métallurgie des poudres de nickel à grains ultrafins (UFG) a été effectuée, et l’effet de l’affinement de la microstructure sur le comportement mécanique et les propriétés physiques a été étudié. La possibilité de coupler le broyage et le frittage flash est étudiée avec des résultats prometteurs. Des échantillons de haute densité avec des tailles de grains d = 0.65 – 4 µm, caractérisés par une fraction élevée des joints de grains Σ3 et un faible niveau de contrainte ont été synthétisés. Les propriétés mécaniques des échantillons UFG montrent une bonne combinaison ductilité-résistance mécanique, avec un impact mineur des porosités présentes. L’étude de l’influence de la taille de grain dans le régime UFG sur les propriétés mécaniques montre une limite d’élasticité supérieure à celle attendue et une capacité d’écrouissage plus faible. Ces observations sont cohérentes avec la microstructure déformée à rupture, étudiée par diffraction d’électrons rétrodiffusés et microscopie électronique en transmission. Une haute diffusivité, mesurée par des expériences de traceurs radioactifs, montrent des profils de pénétration très différents liés aux structures de porosités diverses présents dans les échantillons. Ces différentes structures sont aussi responsables de la densification rétrograde observée, uniquement pour les échantillons frittés à partir de poudres broyées
The present manuscript concerns the synthesis of ultrafine grained (UFG) Ni by powder metallurgy, and the study of the influence of UFG microstructures on the mechanical behavior and physical properties. The possibilities of coupling ball milling and Spark Plasma Sintering are presented showing promising results. Highly dense homogeneous specimens are obtained, with average grain sizes d = 0.65 - 4 µm, and microstructures highlighted by a high fraction of Σ3 grain boundaries dependent on grain size. The mechanical properties in tensile testing for UFG samples are evaluated showing a good combination of strength and ductility, with little impact from porosities, the major drawback of powder metallurgy. The influence of grain size in the UFG regime on the mechanical properties is investigated, showing strength values that deviate from the expected behavior for grain refinement. Likewise, a reduced strain hardening capacity is depicted which correlates to the microstructural observations performed on the deformed state. High diffusivity measured by means of radiotracer experiments is observed in the sintered samples, displaying different penetration profiles that relate to diverse porosity structures. Such structures are also responsible for retrograde sintering observed exclusively in samples processed from BM powders
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Meredith, Steven L. "CHARACTERIZATION OF A VISCOELASTIC RESPONSE FROM THIN METAL FILMS DEPOSITED ON SILICON FOR MICROSYSTEM APPLICATIONS." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/53.

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Understanding the mechanisms that control the mechanical behavior of microscale actuators is necessary to design an actuator that responds to an applied actuation force with the desired behavior. Micro actuators which employ a diaphragm supported by torsional hinges which deform during actuation are used in many applications where device stability and reliability are critical. The material response to the stress developed within the hinge during actuation controls how the actuator will respond to the actuating force. A fully recoverable non-linear viscoelastic response has been observed in electrostatically driven micro actuators employing torsional hinges of silicon covered with thin metal films. The viscoelastic response occurs over a time period of 50 minutes at an operating temperature of 35°C. This viscoelastic phenomenon is similar to that reported in articles addressing anelastic behavior associated with viscous grain boundary slippage and dislocation bowing. In order to investigate this viscoelastic response as a function of metal film composition and thickness, bi-layer torsional hinge actuators consisting of Si with a deposited metal layer were designed to exhibit similar stress levels as the electrostatically driven micro actuators. The test devices were fabricated using common semiconductor fabrication techniques. The actuators were micromachined by deep etching 100mm diameter, 425µm thick, double side polished, single crystal (100) wafers to create a 4.5µm thick device layer. Subsequent etching of the device layer released the fixed-fixed torsional hinge test actuators. Physical vapor depositions of Au, Al and Al-Ti in two different thicknesses (100nm, and 150nm) were deposited in order to investigate the impact of metal film thickness and composition on the viscoelastic response. Grain sizes of the deposited films were estimated using backscattered electron images. Rotational actuation of the test actuators was achieved by using a modified Ambios XP-1 surface profiler that applies a constant force of 0.28mN while measuring the displacement of the actuator with respect to time. The viscoelastic response was observed in the test devices with Au and Al thin films indicating that this phenomenon is attributable to the stresses induced on the torsional hinge. Results indicate that the viscoelastic response was not observed in AlTi thin films consisting of 0.3at% titanium. Two theoretical models are presented that discuss the mechanism associated with the viscoelastic response as well as a method for inhibiting these mechanisms by the addition of an alloying element to form a second phase precipitate.
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Heiser, Thomas. "Developpement d'une technique d'analyse localisee des defauts electriquement actifs dans les semiconducteurs." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13136.

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Methode basee sur l'emission thermique de porteurs electriques pieges par les niveaux profonds dans la bande interdite. La modelisation de la technique a permis de determiner l'influence des divers parametres physiques sur la resolution spatiale de la technique et d'etablir les conditions optimales de mesures. L'exploitation numerisee des signaux augmente sensiblement la capacite de detection de la technique. Le phenomene de "gettering" de l'or par les dislocations ainsi que la diffusion acceleree de l'or a travers le joint de grain d'un bicristal de silicium ont ete mis en evidence
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Ihlal, Ahmed. "Analyses quantitatives par sem/ebic des defauts recombinants dans les semiconducteurs polycristallins : influence des traitements thermiques sur l'activite electrique des bicristaux de silicium." Caen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CAEN2007.

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Etude quantitative , par la methode ebic, de la recombinaison des porteurs minoritaires dans des bicristaux de silicium en fonction des traitements thermiques, entre 450 et 950**(o)c. Un developpement des phenomenes physiques regissant la creation de differentes theories conduisant au traitement quantitatif du signal ebic est presente. Selon le traitement thermique, le contraste des deux types de joints de grains evolue avec la temperature: vitese de recombinaison et longueur de diffusion varient avec la temperature de recuit
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Gryaznov, Denis, Juergen Fleig, and Joachim Maier. "Numerical study of grain boundary diffusion." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-195828.

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Gryaznov, Denis, Juergen Fleig, and Joachim Maier. "Numerical study of grain boundary diffusion: size effects." Diffusion fundamentals 2 (2005) 49, S. 1-2, 2005. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14382.

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Hiscock, Matthew John. "Importance of grain boundary diffusion : an experimental study." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8882.

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This research is concerned with the mechanisms of diffusion in the Earth and the implications of such an understanding. Specifically, this work is concerned with one particular aspect of diffusion: Grain Boundary Diffusion (GBD). An experimental investigation of GBD has been conducted by considering three specific scenarios; GBD of H in stoichiometric Mg-spinel, GBD of Ti in Quartz and GBD of Li in olivine. By considering the GBD of three very different elements it has been possible to synthesise an understanding of some of the mechanisms involved in the process. GBD is potentially a very important process within the Earth with wide ranging implications. Grain boundaries may provide fast pathways for transportation of a range of compatible and incompatible diffusing species in the Earth’s interior – potentially acting as storage locations and also as efficient pathways between different geological reservoirs. It is also potentially very important in the application of a number of techniques including dating and geothermometry and geobarometry. Here, an experimental study of the GBD of H has been carried out with the overall finding that GBD appears to occur at slightly greater yet broadly similar rates to lattice diffusion. This finding is considered in terms of the mantle properties which are affected by the presence and transport of H. A follow up series of experiments was conducted looking at Li diffusion. Li was chosen due to its volatile nature and larger atomic radius as compared to H. As such, it provided a useful test of the hypothesis that the radius of a diffusant might affect its chosen method of diffusion. A third set of experiments were carried out to investigate the GBD of Ti in quartz with particular reference to the TitaniQ geothermo(baro)meter. This set of experiments provided a very useful comparison to the data which had previously been obtained from lighter elements. This investigation has found that a combination of factors including charge, diffusant diameter and the specific mineralogical characteristics of the host phase will define the dominant diffusive mechanism and the size of the contribution made by that mechanism towards observed bulk diffusivities. A characterisation of the temperature dependency of diffusion within each setting has also been completed. As such, it also makes a useful contribution to the current dataset for GBD.
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Swaroop, Sathya, Martin Kilo, Christos Argirusis, Günter Borchardt, and Atul H. Chokshi. "Lattice and grain boundary diffusion of cations in tetragonal zirconia." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-194753.

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Books on the topic "Metal grain boundary diffusion"

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Gottstein, G. Grain boundary migration in metals: Thermodynamics, kinetics, applications. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2010.

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Shvindlerman, L. S. (Lazarʹ Simkhovich), ed. Grain boundary migration in metals: Thermodynamics, kinetics, applications. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2010.

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Kaur, Inderjeet. Fundamentals of grain and interphase boundary diffusion. Stuttgart: ZieglerPress, 1988.

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Kaur, Inderjeet. Fundamentals of grain and interphase boundary diffusion. 2nd ed. Stuttgart: Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung and Institut für Metallkunde, 1989.

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Kaur, Inderjeet. Fundamentals of grain and interphase boundary diffusion. 3rd ed. Chichester: John Wiley, 1995.

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Kaur, Inderjeet. Handbook of grain and interphase boundary diffusion data. Stuttgart: Ziegler Press, 1989.

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Kaur, Inderjeet. Handbook of grain and interphase boundary diffusion data. Stuttgart: Ziegler Press, 1989.

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Kaur, Inderjeet. Handbook of grain and interphase boundary diffusion data. Stuttgart: Ziegler Press, 1989.

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The measurement of grain boundary geometry. Bristol: Institute of Physics Pub., 1993.

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Zhang, Hung. Diffusion-induced grain boundary migration in CeO2-Zr)2 system. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Metal grain boundary diffusion"

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Aucouturier, Marc. "Grain Boundary Segregation. Grain Boundary Diffusion." In Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, 47–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82441-8_4.

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Bokstein, Boris, Alexey Rodin, and A. N. Smirnov. "Retardation Effect of Grain Boundary Segregation on Grain Boundary Diffusion." In Defect and Diffusion Forum, 167–72. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-17-5.167.

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Purdy, Gary R. "Dislocation and Grain Boundary Diffusion." In Diffusion in Materials, 309–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1976-1_14.

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Liu, Guo Xun, and Zhuo-Ming Guan. "Diffusion Induced Grain Boundary Migration." In Defect and Diffusion Forum, 95–0. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908450-97-7.95.

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Atkinson, A., and C. Monty. "Grain Boundary Diffusion in Ceramics." In Surfaces and Interfaces of Ceramic Materials, 273–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1035-5_15.

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Vaganov, Danil, and Sergey Zhevnenko. "Isothermes of Grain Boundary Tension and Grain Boundary Adsorption in Cu-Sn System." In Defect and Diffusion Forum, 427–32. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-36-1.427.

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Sursaeva, Vera G., and Boris Straumal. "Shape of Moving Grain Boundary and its Influence on Grain Boundary Motion in Zinc." In Defect and Diffusion Forum, 183–88. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-17-5.183.

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Rothová, Vĕra, Jiří Buršík, Milan Svoboda, and Jiří Čermák. "Grain Boundary Self-Diffusion in Nickel." In Defect and Diffusion Forum, 207–12. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-35-3.207.

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Belova, Irina V., and Graeme E. Murch. "Phenomenological Aspects of Grain Boundary Diffusion." In Defect and Diffusion Forum, 483–90. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-36-1.483.

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Penrose, Oliver, and J. W. Cahn. "A Mathematical Model for Diffusion-induced Grain Boundary Motion." In Free Boundary Problems, 237–54. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7893-7_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Metal grain boundary diffusion"

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McLeod, Logan S., Levent F. Degertekin, and Andrei G. Fedorov. "Grain Boundary Diffusion of Hydrogen in Nano-Structured Pd/Ag Alloy Membranes." In ASME 2008 3rd Energy Nanotechnology International Conference collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/enic2008-53014.

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Palladium and its alloys have long been used as hydrogen separation membranes due to their extremely high permeability and selectivity to hydrogen over all other gases [1]. The hydrogen permeation process begins with selective chemisorption of the gas onto the metal surface. As the adsorption process is the point in the permeation sequence where the majority of gases become excluded, it follows that a cleverly designed device could be created to take advantage of the so-called ‘fast’ diffusion paths of surface and grain-boundary diffusion to further enhance permeability without sacrificing selectivity. The contribution of grain-boundary diffusion to the overall permeation rate is dependent on the relative volume in the membrane occupied by grain-boundaries versus bulk material. Typically, grain boundaries only make up a miniscule fraction of the overall volume and therefore only contribute an appreciable amount to the overall diffusion process at temperatures low enough to make the bulk diffusion process nearly stagnant. However, in the case of a nanostructured membrane this paradigm is no longer valid. The fabrication methods associated with extremely thin membrane deposition typically lead to highly non-equilibrium microstructure with an average grain size on the order of tens of nanometers [2]. In order to exploit the potential advantages of grain boundary diffusion the nano-scale grains must persist throughout operation. To avoid the tendency for the grain structure to relax to a more equiaxed, coarse-grained morphology the self-diffusion of metal atoms in the film must be minimized by operating the membranes at a temperature much lower than the membrane melting temperature. Figure 1 shows the microstructural changes in a thin, sputtered, Pd/Ag alloy film before and after annealing. The initial fine-grained structure on the bottom surface of the membrane is due to a combination of low substrate temperature during deposition and the Ti adhesion layer onto which the Pd/Ag layer was deposited. After annealing at 400 C the grains have coarsened and the top and bottom structure are identical.
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Alperine, S., and L. Lelait. "Microstructural Investigations of Plasma Sprayed Yttria Partially Stabilized Zirconia TBC: in Relation to Thermomechanical Resistance and High Temperature Oxidation Mechanisms." In ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/92-gt-317.

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This study deals with microstructural investigations of plasma sprayed yttria partially stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings, performed by classical and analytical transmission electron microscopy. The aim of the study was to determine eventual relationships between coating microstructure and toughness. The ceramic/metal interface which plays an important role during TBC thermomechanical sollicitation, has also been studied. In the 6 to 8 weight % Y2O3 range, the metastable tetragonal t’ phase is observed, showing special faulted microstructural features, such as grain twinning and antiphase boundary planes. Moreover, after high temperature annealing in air, a very fine and stable precipitation of the equilibrium cubic phase appears. It is believed that these microstructural elements could act as crack deviation sites and enhance coatings intrinsic toughness. Microstructural investigations of the alumina scales grown during high temperature annealing reveal yttrium segregation at oxide grain boundaries as well as significant quantities of zirconium inside the alumina grains. The oxide growth seems to be dominated by a classical grain boundary oxygen diffusion mechanism. The presence of zirconium inside the alumina grains suggests that Al2O3 also partially forms by chemical reduction of ZrO2 by Al.
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Tan, Taide, and Yitung Chen. "Simulations of Metal Oxidation in LBE at a Mesoscopic Level." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48025.

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The oxidation process of metals in lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) environment is studied at a mesoscopic scale. An improved stochastic cellular automaton model based on an improved Moore neighborhood is proposed to investigate the development of a continuous oxide layer of metals in LBE. The ionization of metal and the oxidation reaction were simulated with consideration of the transport of oxygen along the grain boundary and the diffusion of metallic ions. The growth of oxide layer in two directions is observed and the volume expansion effect can be realized by changing the volume control parameter. The model was benchmarked with a pure diffusion process, both with the analytical solution and with the previous work. Significant agreement was reached between the data. The developed model is also mapped with the experimental data from an LBE loop. A parametric study was conducted in order to check the importance of the main explicit parameters of the mesoscopic model.
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Yoo, Seung Chang, Kyoung Joon Choi, and Ji Hyun Kim. "Thermal Aging Effects on Microstructures of Type-II Boundary in Dissimilar Metal Weld Joints." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28700.

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In order to investigate the long-term thermal aging effects on the type-II boundary region in Alloy 152 weld metal, a representative dissimilar weld mock-up made of Alloy 690–Alloy 152–A533 Gr. B has been fabricated and heat treated under accelerated temperature conditions. To simulate the thermal aging effects, the heat treatment was performed at 450°C for 15, 30 and 60-yr equivalent times (1,375, 2,750 and 5,500 h). The aging time was determined by the diffusion equation based on the activation energy for chromium diffusion. The microstructure characterization was primarily conducted in the type-II boundary region of the weld root, which is a boundary parallel to fusion boundary existing within 100um from the fusion boundary and is known to be less resistant to stress corrosion cracking than other regions in the weld. The investigations were performed by scanning electron microscope, electron backscatter diffraction, and nanoindentation test. In this study, the dilution zone of the chromium content was observed at the weld metal region within a 1.5-mm range from the fusion boundary. Ferrites and high angle grain boundaries are found at the type-II boundary region of weld metal. In the narrow zone between the type-II boundary and fusion boundary, the hardness is relatively higher than that of other regions. These results show that the chromium content in the dilution zone increases with heat treatment, but the stiff chemical gradient still exists in the weld region at the narrow zone between the type-II boundary and fusion boundary.
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Hasegawa, Masataka, Kazuhiko Sasagawa, Masumi Saka, and Hiroyuki Abe´. "Expression of a Governing Parameter for Electromigration Damage on Metal Line Ends." In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35064.

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Recently, a governing parameter for electromigration damage, AFD*gen, was identified and, utilizing the parameter, a prediction method of electromigration failure was developed for the passivated polycrystalline line. The parameter AFD*gen was formulated considering the divergence of atomic flux due to electromigration in grain boundary network, and the boundary condition of metal line ends was not taken into account. So far, therefore, failure prediction was exclusively done for the metal line connected by electric-current input/output pads at both ends, not for the line connected by vias at both ends. It is known that there is threshold current density, jth, below which no electromigration damage appears, in the line connected by vias. In this study, first, a governing parameter for electromigration damage on the ends of passivated polycrystalline line is expressed considering the boundary condition of line ends concerning the atomic diffusion. Next, the way to estimate the threshold current density of the metal line with vias is shown based on the numerical simulation using the governing parameter.
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Asadi, Mahyar, Dominic Guillot, Arnaud Weck, Subray R. Hegde, Ashok K. Koul, Trevor Sawatzky, and Henry Saari. "Constructing a Validated Deformation Mechanisms Map Using Low Temperature Creep Strain Accommodation Processes for Nickel-Base Alloy 718." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78092.

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A creep Deformation Mechanism Map (DMM) of an engineering alloy can be an effective tool for developing physics-based prognostics systems. Many classical diffusion based rate equations have been developed for time dependent plastic flow where dislocation glide, dislocation glide-plus-climb and vacancy diffusion driven grain boundary migration (diffusion creep) are rate controlling. These creep rate equations have been proven experimentally for simple metals and alloys and form the basis of constructing an Ashby’s DMM. Long term creep testing and analysis of complex engineering alloys has shown that power law breakdown phenomenon is related to the dominance of Grain Boundary Sliding (GBS) as opposed to diffusion creep. Rate equations are now available for GBS in complex alloys and, in this paper, a DMM is constructed for a fine grained Alloy 718 and this is validated by comparison with a collection of experimental data obtained from the literature. The GBS accommodated by wedge type cracking is considered dominant at low homologous temperatures (0.3 to 0.5Tm i. e. melting temperature in Kelvin) whereas GBS accommodated by power-law or cavitation creep dominates above 0.55Tm.
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Tan, Taide, and Yitung Chen. "Numerical Investigation of Oxide Layer Growth of Stainless Steel LBE at a Mesoscopic Level." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67961.

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The corrosiveness of LBE, as an ideal coolant candidate in reactors and accelerator driven systems (ADS), presents a critical challenge for safe applications. One of the effective ways to protect the materials is to form and maintain a protective oxide film along the structural material surfaces by active oxygen control technology. The oxidation process of metals in lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) environment is investigated numerically at a mesoscopic scale. An improved stochastic cellular automaton model based on an improved Moore neighborhood is proposed to investigate the development of a continuous oxide layer of metals in LBE. The ionization of metal and the oxidation reaction were simulated with consideration of the transport of oxygen along the grain boundary and the diffusion of metallic ions. The model was benchmarked with a pure diffusion process, both with the analytical solution and with the previous work. Significant agreement was reached between the data. The developed model is also mapped with the experimental data from an LBE loop. A parametric study was conducted in order to check the importance of the main explicit parameters of the mesoscopic model. The boundary condition at the far end of the specimen has been investigated for the CA model.
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Tang, Jian Qun, and Jian Ming Gong. "Studies on Hydrogen Permeation of Weldments for Two Low-Alloyed Steels With Different Microstructures." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57419.

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16MnR and SPV50Q low-alloyed steels, which have ferrite-pearlite and tempered martensite microstructures, respectively, are widely used to fabricate storage tanks for liquefied petroleum gas. However, during the process of operation, some cracks often occur on tanks made by these steels due to the presence of hydrogen, especially on weldments. The occurrence of this cracking is closely related to the diffusion and permeation of hydrogen in the steels. In order to explore the effect of different microstructures on hydrogen permeation and compare the hydrogen permeability of these two weldments, measurements were conducted on various metals (base metal-BM, heat-affected zone-HAZ, and welded metal-WM) cut from 16MnR and SPV50Q weldments by using electrochemical permeation tests. The results show that the microstructure has an important effect on hydrogen permeability. For 16MnR steel weldment, the diffusion coefficient of BM is the minimum due to the presence of the strong hydrogen traps in the interface between banded pearlite and matrix as well as the interface between inclusion and matrix. The microstructure of WM provides great grain boundary area as a hydrogen diffusion path and makes hydrogen easily diffuse, which results in the maximum permeation rate and diffusion coefficient. The fine-grained microstructure of normalized zone in HAZ acts as barriers for the hydrogen diffusion, which makes the permeation rate and diffusion coefficient of HAZ located between those of BM and WM. Similarly, for SPV50Q weldment, the permeation rate and diffusion coefficient increase in the order of BM, HAZ and WM. Those of BM are the minimum, which is correlated with the strong hydrogen trap due to the large quantities of dislocation within the lath martensite. Those of WM are the maximum for its strongly hydrogen diffusion path like WM of 16MnR weldment. As comparing the hydrogen permeability of 16MnR and SPV50Q weldment, the corresponding metals of the former always have greater permeation rate and diffusion coefficient than those of the latter, which is also due to its intrinsic microstructures.
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Iijima, K., A. Yoshinari, T. Ishida, T. Yasuda, H. Matsuzaki, and K. Shimomura. "Processing of a Single Crystal Casting for Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine Blades: Creep and Metal/Mould Reaction Behavior of Al2O3-SiO2 Shell Mould." In ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-272.

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Al2O3-SiO2 moulds have been adopted successfully as shell moulds for a single crystal casting for jet engine blades. Heavy-duty gas turbine blades also have large dimensions and complex features comparable to those of jet engines. Then shell moulds should be subjected to similar severe service conditions when casting heavy-duty gas turbine blades. Creep behavior of 90mol%Al2O3+10mol%SiO2, which was manufactured through the lost wax process by using fused Al2O3 powder (average particle size, 15 μ m), was studied at temperatures of 1450 to 1550 °C. in four-point bending creep tests. Creep deflection rates were linearly proportional to stresses. The proposed creep mechanism was Al grain boundary diffusion at the interfacial regions between Al2O3 stucco powder. No severe metal/mould reaction appeared for the region adjacent to the interface between moulds and Ni base superalloys.
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Dibua, Obehi G., Anil Yuksel, Nilabh K. Roy, Chee S. Foong, and Michael Cullinan. "Nanoparticle Sintering Model, Simulation and Calibration Against Experimental Data." In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6383.

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One of the limitations of commercially available metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes is the minimum feature size most processes can achieve. A proposed solution to bridge this gap is microscale selective laser sintering (μ-SLS). The advent of this process creates a need for models which are able to predict the structural properties of sintered parts. While there are currently a number of good SLS models, the majority of these models predict sintering as a melting process, which is accurate for microparticles. However, when particles tend to the nanoscale, sintering becomes a diffusion process dominated by grain boundary and surface diffusion between particles. As such, this paper presents an approach to model sintering by tracking the diffusion between nanoparticles on a bed scale. Phase Field Modeling (PFM) is used in this study to track the evolution of particles undergoing sintering. Part properties such as relative density, porosity, and shrinkage are then calculated from the results of the PFM simulations. These results are compared to experimental data gotten from a Thermogravimetric Analysis done on dried copper nanoparticle inks, and the simulation constants are calibrated to match physical properties.
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Reports on the topic "Metal grain boundary diffusion"

1

Baca, Ana B., Michael T. Brumbach, Paul T. Vianco, Burton Patterson, and David Scrymgeour. Grain Boundary Diffusion Characterized by KPFM. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1436060.

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Baca, Ana B., Michael T. Brumbach, Paul T. Vianco, Pat Patterson, and David Scrymgeour. Grain Boundary Diffusion Characterized by KPFM. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1528815.

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Baca, Ana. Grain Boundary Diffusion Characterized by KPFM. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1761163.

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4

Stubican, V. S. Influence of point defects on grain boundary diffusion in oxides. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7082131.

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Chou, Y. T. Grain boundary diffusion in oriented Ni sub 3 Al bicrystals containing boron. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5879343.

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6

GA Young, R Najafabadi, W Strohmayer, J Vollmer, C Thompson, W Hamm, C Geller, et al. Applications of Ab Initio Modeling to Materials Science: Grain Boundary Cohesion and Solid State Diffusion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/824871.

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A.H. King and M.A. Dayananda. Diffusion in Grain Boundary Triple Junctions, and its Effects on the Behavior of Nanostructured Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/896482.

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8

Andersson, Anders D., Michael R. Tonks, Luis Casillas, Pankaj Nerikar, Shyam Vyas, Blas P. Uberuaga, and Christopher R. Stanek. Simulation of xenon, uranium vacancy and interstitial diffusion and grain boundary segregation in UO2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1163255.

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9

Stubican, V. S. Influence of point defects on grain boundary diffusion in oxides. [Annual report, July 1, 1990--March 1, 1992]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10182727.

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10

McDeavitt, S. M., and A. A. Solomon. Hot-isostatic pressing of U-10Zr by grain boundary diffusion and creep cavitation. Part 2: Theory and data analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/510397.

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