Relevant bibliographies by topics / Metal flames

Academic literature on the topic 'Metal flames'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Metal flames"

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Hagauer, Josef, Ulrich Matlschweiger, Christian Tippelreither, Markus Lutz, Thomas Hribernig, and Maximilian Lackner. "Controlling Metal Fires through Cellulose Flake Blanketing Followed by Water Spray Cooling." Fire 5, no. 3 (June 17, 2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5030083.

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The traditional methods of fighting metal fires are not always safe for firefighters. The sand and salts that are thrown onto the fire to suffocate the flames can lead to splashes of molten metal, putting the firefighters and the surroundings at risk. A novel process is described where magnesium fires are brought under control using a simple two-step process. First, coated cellulose flakes, which contain approx. 30% inorganic salts, are blown onto the fire from a distance of several meters. Due to its low bulk density, the material settles smoothly on the fire and immediately covers the flames for several seconds. Before the hot metal can break through this cover, a fine water spray is applied to the fire. The water spray wets the top layer of the cellulose flakes, which will begin to char from the bottom. The water evaporates from within the cellulose flake layer and withdraws heat. It was observed that no hydrogen is formed and that this technique can safely control fires. It is judged that 90 kg of flakes could safely bring a pile of 75 kg of burning Mg flakes under control. By using a pneumatic conveying unit for the flakes, firefighters can effectively and efficiently cover the flames from a safe distance. This novel method could be recommended to firefighters in industrial magnesium processing plants, as well as local firefighters in the vicinity of such plants.
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Xu, Wu, and Yong Jiang. "Combustion Inhibition of Aluminum–Methane–Air Flames by Fine NaCl Particles." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 3147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113147.

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The effect of NaCl as an extinguishing agent on metal dust fires require further exploration. This paper reports the results of an experimental study on the performance of micron-sized NaCl powders on hybrid aluminum–methane–air flames. NaCl particles with sub-10 μm sizes were newly fabricated via a simple solution/anti-solvent method. The combustion characteristics of aluminum combustion in a methane-air flame were investigated prior to the particle inhibition study to verify the critical aluminum concentration that enables conical aluminum-powder flame formation. To study the inhibition effectiveness, the laminar burning velocity was measured for the established aluminum–methane–air flames with the added NaCl using a modified nozzle burner over a range of dust concentrations. The results were also compared to flames with quartz sand and SiC particles. It is shown that the inhibition performance of NaCl considerably outperformed the sand and SiC particles by more rapidly decreasing the burning velocity. The improved performance can be attributed to contributions from both dilution and thermal effects. In addition, the dynamic behavior of the NaCl particles in the laminar aluminum–methane–air flame was investigated based on experimental observations. The experimental data provided quantified the capabilities of NaCl for metal fire suppression on a fundamental level.
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Peng, Dian Hua, and Jian Xing Wu. "Flameless Venting Devices for Dust Explosions and Experimental Confirmation of their Efficiency." Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (September 2013): 340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.340.

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In a closed pulverized coal preparation system, a special device must be installed to vent flames and pressure during unexpected dust explosions. A vent flame arrestor is a key element in this device, which helps prevent a dangerous second explosion by venting flames. Traditional vent flame arrestors are designed with mounting metal fiber or rock fiber on both the sides and the top of the arrestor to cool dust flames and arrest burning dust during an explosion. This type of arrestor is widely used, but their application is still problematic, even for St1 dust at low reduced pressure (Pred). To solve these problems, we designed two types of flameless venting devices. The first is intended for St1 dust explosion venting at Pred 0.07 MPa, and was modified from an original device by adopting a labyrinth-like structure in the interior space to successively reduce the strength of the dust flame. The second is intended for St1 dust explosion venting at 0.07 < Pred 0.18 MPa, and was modified from the first type by adding a special suppressant in the interior space to make the dust flames cooler than the ignition point of the dust. Our experiments confirmed that our designs yield improved efficiency of flameless venting devices, leading to safer vent flame arrestors.
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Wimberly, Bobby J., James O. Hornkohl, and Christian G. Parigger. "Measurement of Strontium Monoxide in Methane–Air Flames." Applied Spectroscopy 71, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702816653132.

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The spectroscopy of alkaline earth metal compounds is stimulated by the use of these compounds in practical areas ranging from technology to medicine. Applications in the field of pyrotechnics were the motivation for a series of flame emission spectroscopy experiments with strontium-containing compounds. Specifically, strontium monoxide (SrO) was studied as a candidate radiator for the diagnosis of methane–air flames. Strontium monoxide emissions have been observed in flames with temperatures in the range 1200 K to 1600 K for two compounds: strontium hydroxide and strontium chloride. Comparisons are made of the measured SrO spectra to simulated spectra in the near-infrared region of 700 nm to 900 nm.
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Velavan, A., C. G. Saravanan, and M. Vikneswaran. "The Impact of Formation of Oxide Layer on the Piston Crown Using Micro - Arc Oxidation on the Characteristics of the Spark Ignition Engine." Key Engineering Materials 813 (July 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.813.31.

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In the present study, experiments were conducted to compare the effect of oxide layer formation on the piston crown coated using Micro-Arc Oxidation (MAO) with uncoated piston on the combustion and emission characteristics of the port injected Spark Ignition engine fueled by gasoline. The micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating technique is the modern process to form a ceramic oxide layer on the reactive metal substrate (base metal) by electrochemical and electro-thermal oxidation in an alkaline electrolytic solution. Using MAO technique, an oxide layer of thickness 72 μm was formed on the piston crown. This oxide layer acts as a thermal barrier to reduce the in-cylinder heat rejection and increase the durability of the piston by withstanding high temperature and pressure produced during combustion. Combustion flames have been captured using the AVL combustion analyzer to analyze the development and propagation of flames within the engine cylinder. From the flame images, it was observed that propagation of flame was faster in MAO coated piston compared to uncoated piston. This is because of higher local temperature inside the combustion chamber that was resulted due to low thermal conductivity of MAO layer. It was also found that carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were reduced as a result of efficient fuel combustion, while NOx emissions increased because of increased combustion temperatures for MAO coated pistons. Keywords: Electro-thermal oxidation, Flame propagation, Micro-arc oxidation, Piston crown, Thermal barrie
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Tran, Quang, Nicholas S. Karellas, and John M. Goodings. "Ion chemistry of transition metals in hydrocarbon flames. I. Cations of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 2210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-352.

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A fuel-rich, premixed, conical, methane–oxygen flame at 2200 K and atmospheric pressure is doped with approximately 1 ppm of the transition metals Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. Metallic ions of these metals and their compounds formed by chemical ionization reactions with H3O+ are observed by sampling the flame through a nozzle into a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Concentration profiles of individual and total cations are measured as a function of distance along the flame axis, and also mass spectra at a fixed point in the burnt gas. For a given metal A, the mass spectra are dominated by the atomic ion A+ with smaller amounts of the molecular ions AH+, AOH+, A(OH)H+, A(OH)2H+, and ACO+ and their hydrates. The spectra for Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu are very similar, but no ions are observed for Zn. The ion chemistry is dominated by proton transfer reactions from H3O+ to A and to the metallic compounds AO, AOH, and A(OH)2 which exist in the flame. In addition, A+ can be formed from the reaction of H3O+ with A by a charge transfer process. Also, some ions are formed by three-body association and free radical stripping reactions. The chemistry is discussed in detail to explain the relative magnitudes of the ion signals observed. In particular, when the atomic A+ ion is dominant, its concentration can reach a superequilibrium level early in the burnt-gas region before it slowly decays downstream; the phenomenon is similar to the free radical overshoot which occurs in hydrogen flames.
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Linteris, Gregory T., Marc D. Rumminger, and Valeri I. Babushok. "Catalytic inhibition of laminar flames by transition metal compounds." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 34, no. 3 (June 2008): 288–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2007.08.002.

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Long, Gary L., William J. Newman, Greg L. Klunder, and Jim Mahaney. "The Phosphine Depression in Flame Atomic Spectrometry." Applied Spectroscopy 41, no. 2 (February 1987): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370287774986697.

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The presence of PH3 in C2H2 can cause serious depressions of analyte atomic signals in air/C2H2 and N2O/C2H2 flames. In elements other than those in group 1a and 1b, a refractory metal-phosphorus-oxygen compound is formed during analyte desolvation and appears to slow the vaporization process. Data is presented describing the magnitude of the PH3 depression for elements routinely determined in these flames. The effects of the PH3 depression for these elements are compared to H3PO4 depressions, and the success of using chelating agents (EDTA) to reduce the depression is explored. Deviations from mathematical models describing the PH3 effect are discussed, and the possibility of incomplete PH, combustion occurring in the flames is explored.
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Bartkowiak, Grażyna, Anna Dąbrowska, and Agnieszka Greszta. "Development of Smart Textile Materials with Shape Memory Alloys for Application in Protective Clothing." Materials 13, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030689.

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The latest directions of research on the design of protective clothing concern the implementation of smart materials, in order to increase its protective performance. This paper presents results on the resistance to thermal factors such as flames, radiant heat, and molten metals, which were obtained for the developed smart textile material with shape memory alloys (SMAs). The laboratory tests performed indicated that the application of the designed SMA elements in the selected textile material system caused more than a twofold increase in the resistance to radiant heat (RHTI24 = 224 s) with an increase of thickness of 13 mm (sample located vertically with a load), while in the case of tests on the resistance to flames, it was equal to 41 mm (sample located vertically without a load) and in the case of tests on the resistance to molten metal, it was 17 mm (sample located horizontally).
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Lee, Minhyeok, Yong Fan, and Yuji Suzuki. "Wall Chemical Effect of Metal Surfaces on Steady Cool Flames." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2018 (2018): 0130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2018.0130.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metal flames"

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Altman, Igor, and n/a. "Peculiarities of Nanoparticle Formation and Implications to Generation of Environmental Aerosols." Griffith University. School of Environmental Engineering, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20051111.122816.

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This Thesis considers peculiarities of nanoparticle formation from the gas in different systems. The main role of the surface condensation in the nanoparticle growth in metal flames was established through a series of experiments and was described by the developed model. The stagnation of the post-nucleation nanoparticle growth was experimentally revealed and theoretically explained. The influence of generation conditions on the post-processing nanoparticle properties was examined. The non-isothermal approach to correct the homogeneous nucleation theory was developed. The results of this work can be summarized in 3 categories: (1) Nanoparticle formation in metal flames. In this work, it was demonstrated that the surface condensation is a main process responsible for nanooxides growth during metal combustion. It was shown that the rate of this condensation growth is consistent with the exponential law, which could lead to the formation of the lognormal particle size distribution in the system, where the Brownian coagulation is suppressed. The post-nucleation stagnation of the nanoparticle growth was found. The particle overheating was suggested as a cause of the growth stagnation. The found stagnation leads to the accumulation of the supercritical clusters in the system generating nanoparticles. The role of these supercritical clusters in the nanoparticle agglomeration was considered. (2) Study of properties of nanoparticles generated in different metal flames. The light absorption, photoluminescence and magnetic properties of nanoparticles produced in different metal flames were examined. The significant broadening of the absorption edge was found in nanooxides produced by direct metal combustion. This broadening allowed one to excite the unforeseen photoluminescence from these nanoparticles. The significant light absorption in the visible light found in the titania particles produced by metal combustion allows one to consider these particles as a prospective photocatalyst. The unusual optical properties revealed were related to the extreme conditions of the nanoparticle formation, namely, to high energy release (about 5 eV per condensing molecule). The stabilization of spinel structure was found in iron oxide particles synthesized by iron combustion. It allowed one to produce nanoparticles with magnetization close to the high-limit value of the bulk. (3) Approach to correct the homogeneous nucleation theory. The existing homogeneous nucleation theory implies that nucleation occurs at isothermal conditions, i.e. subcritical clusters have the same temperature as the ambient gas does. However, the theory overestimates the actual nucleation rate and underestimates the critical cluster size. It is understandable that due to release of the latent heat of condensation, the cluster temperature in the nucleating system should be higher than the environment temperature. In this work, it was suggested the method to account for the cluster overheating during nucleation. It was demonstrated that the consistent description of the detailed balance in the nucleating system may allow one to evaluate magnitudes of overestimation of the actual nucleation rate and underestimation of the number of molecules in the critical cluster, usually obtained by the isothermal nucleation theory. The numerical estimates are in good agreement with the wellknown experimental results. The implications of the results to generation of atmospheric aerosols were discussed.
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Altman, Igor. "Peculiarities of Nanoparticle Formation and Implications to Generation of Environmental Aerosols." Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366347.

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This Thesis considers peculiarities of nanoparticle formation from the gas in different systems. The main role of the surface condensation in the nanoparticle growth in metal flames was established through a series of experiments and was described by the developed model. The stagnation of the post-nucleation nanoparticle growth was experimentally revealed and theoretically explained. The influence of generation conditions on the post-processing nanoparticle properties was examined. The non-isothermal approach to correct the homogeneous nucleation theory was developed. The results of this work can be summarized in 3 categories: (1) Nanoparticle formation in metal flames. In this work, it was demonstrated that the surface condensation is a main process responsible for nanooxides growth during metal combustion. It was shown that the rate of this condensation growth is consistent with the exponential law, which could lead to the formation of the lognormal particle size distribution in the system, where the Brownian coagulation is suppressed. The post-nucleation stagnation of the nanoparticle growth was found. The particle overheating was suggested as a cause of the growth stagnation. The found stagnation leads to the accumulation of the supercritical clusters in the system generating nanoparticles. The role of these supercritical clusters in the nanoparticle agglomeration was considered. (2) Study of properties of nanoparticles generated in different metal flames. The light absorption, photoluminescence and magnetic properties of nanoparticles produced in different metal flames were examined. The significant broadening of the absorption edge was found in nanooxides produced by direct metal combustion. This broadening allowed one to excite the unforeseen photoluminescence from these nanoparticles. The significant light absorption in the visible light found in the titania particles produced by metal combustion allows one to consider these particles as a prospective photocatalyst. The unusual optical properties revealed were related to the extreme conditions of the nanoparticle formation, namely, to high energy release (about 5 eV per condensing molecule). The stabilization of spinel structure was found in iron oxide particles synthesized by iron combustion. It allowed one to produce nanoparticles with magnetization close to the high-limit value of the bulk. (3) Approach to correct the homogeneous nucleation theory. The existing homogeneous nucleation theory implies that nucleation occurs at isothermal conditions, i.e. subcritical clusters have the same temperature as the ambient gas does. However, the theory overestimates the actual nucleation rate and underestimates the critical cluster size. It is understandable that due to release of the latent heat of condensation, the cluster temperature in the nucleating system should be higher than the environment temperature. In this work, it was suggested the method to account for the cluster overheating during nucleation. It was demonstrated that the consistent description of the detailed balance in the nucleating system may allow one to evaluate magnitudes of overestimation of the actual nucleation rate and underestimation of the number of molecules in the critical cluster, usually obtained by the isothermal nucleation theory. The numerical estimates are in good agreement with the wellknown experimental results. The implications of the results to generation of atmospheric aerosols were discussed.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environmental Engineering
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Burns, Iain Stewart. "A sensor for combustion thermometry based on blue diode lasers." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244070.

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Spatially-resolved measurements of flame temperature have been demonstrated with diode lasers for the first time. The technique is based on the use of blue diode lasers to perform laser-induced fluorescence on indium atoms seeded to the flame. Temperature measurements have been carried out in laminar flames both by the two-line atomic fluorescence technique, and also by a novel line-shape thermometry method that requires the use of only a single diode laser. The first part of this work involved the development of blue extended cavity diode lasers with favourable tuning properties. Two custom-designed extended cavity diode lasers (ECDL) have been built, emitting at wavelengths of around 410 nm and 451 nm respectively. These devices are capable of mode-hop free tuning over ranges greater than 90 GHz. The performance of these devices exceeds that of commercially available systems and a patent application has been filed. High resolution fluorescence spectroscopy has been performed on both the 52P1/2→62S1/2 and 52P3/2→62S1/2 transitions of indium atoms seeded at trace quantities into atmospheric pressure flames. In both cases, the spectra obtained show excellent agreement with a theoretical fit based on the individual hyperfine components of the transition. The two ECDLs have been used to build a sensor for the measurement of temperature in combustion systems. It is much simpler, more compact, less expensive, and more versatile than any previously existing device. The two lasers were used sequentially to probe indium atoms seeded to the flame. The ratio of the resulting fluorescence signals is related to the relative populations in the two sub-levels of the spin-orbit split ground state of indium, and thus to the temperature. Temperature measurements have been successfully performed in a laminar flame and the data thus obtained do not need to be corrected by any ‘calibration constant’. This novel thermometry technique offers a robust alternative to traditional methods involving bulky high power lasers. A further development has been made by demonstrating a fluorescence line-shape thermometry technique requiring only a single diode laser excitation source. Progress has been made towards the goal of rapid temperature measurements appropriate to the study of turbulent flames. This involved the development of a simple technique for actively locking the wavelength of the blue diode laser to a resonance line of the tellurium molecule. A high-speed thermometry system would work by rapidly switching between the two locked laser beams using an optical modulator.
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Soga, Benedictus Hope. "Regeneration of heavy metal contaminated soil leachate with chitosan flakes." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33844.

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Chemical treatment of contaminated soils (in-situ or ex-situ) is the current most practical option for remediation. The degree of metal complexation by organic acids depends on the type, concentration, metal type, pH and temperature. The influence of pH, temperature on the extraction efficiency of lead, zinc and copper was evaluated using Sodium citrate and sodium acetate buffers. Sodium citrate buffer was selected for the soil treatment. The soil was characterized for its pH, total metal content and the distribution of target heavy metals in soil fractions. Optimal conditions for Pb extraction with 0.5M citrate buffer was used to treat soil in batches and in columns, to evaluate their extraction efficiency and possible use for in-situ remediation.
Chitosan, a derivative of chitin is a versatile biopolymer with metal uptake capabilities. Due to the large amounts of chitosan required to treat heavily contaminated leachates, magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) metals granules were evaluated for stripping the heavy metals from solution before the use of chitosan at optimized conditions to effectively polish the soil washing. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Gad, A. M. M. "Metal chelates as flame retardants and photostabilisers for some vinyl polymers." Thesis, City University London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356010.

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Leicht, Philipp [Verfasser]. "Local electronic properties of graphene flakes on noble metal surfaces / Philipp Leicht." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2015. http://d-nb.info/109726954X/34.

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Kosuri, Divya D'Souza Nandika Anne. "Polyethylene-layered double hydroxides and montmorillonite nanocomposites thermal, mechanical and flame retardance properties /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-6087.

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Barth, Dominic. "Modelling and control of combustion in a high velocity air flame (HVAF) thermal spraying process." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1266.

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Thermal spraying is a technology, which is used for coating of components and structures in order to achieve certain tribological characteristics, or for protection against corrosion, excessive temperature and wear. Within thermal spray, there are processes, which utilise combustion of liquid fuel to obtain high velocities flows providing, therefore, good adhesion of coating materials to substrates. These include High Velocity Oxygen Flame (HVOF) and High Velocity Air Flame (HVAF) process, of which the former one is widely used as it has been developed for at least two decades, while HVAF is less common. However, some studies indicate that HVAF has a number of advantages over HVOF, including the economic benefits. The thermal spray gun, based on the HVAF process, has been developed before, but the system was controlled manually. Therefore, there is a need to develop a fully automated controller of an HVAF thermal spray system. Process control of thermal spraying is highly complex as it involves simultaneous control of a number of processes, including; ignition process, combustion process, spraying material melting, as well as control and monitoring of auxiliary equipment. This paper presents the development of a control system for an HVAF thermal spray system, based on a Microchip PIC microcontroller. The designed control system was applied for controlling of thermal spraying of carbides powders, and provided a reliable ignition and stable combustion process, powder feeding and all other functions of control.
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Henry, John F. "Rekindling the flame a journey through pastoral depression /." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2002. http://www.tren.com.

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Barnes, Otho. "LEACHING POTENTIAL OF METALS AND BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS IN OBSOLETE NOTEBOOK COMPUTERS." MSSTATE, 2009. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-06242009-160001/.

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Due to the increasing use of electronic components and the accelerated rate in which these components become obsolete, there has been a dramatic increase of discarded electronic waste (E-waste). E-waste includes obsolete electronic products such as computers, scanners, cellular phones, etc. These electronic components are manufactured using a variety of hazardous materials. As these components are discarded, the toxic and hazardous substances may become mobile and could impact human health and the environment. The toxic substances of concern contained in E-waste include heavy metals and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This study attempts to identify the leaching potential of BFRs and metals.
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Books on the topic "Metal flames"

1

University of California, Los Angeles. Fowler Museum of Cultural History., ed. Flames of devotion: oil lamps from South and Southeast Asia and the Himalayas. Los Angeles: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 2006.

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Rubtsov, Nikolai M., Boris S. Seplyarskii, and Michail I. Alymov. Initiation and Flame Propagation in Combustion of Gases and Pyrophoric Metal Nanostructures. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57891-6.

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Marquiset, Robert. Poires à poudre. La Tour du Pin [France]: Editions du Portail, 1990.

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Edgell, Kenneth. USEPA method study 38 SW-846 method 3010 acid digestion of aqueous samples and extracts for total metals for analysis by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1989.

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Edgell, Kenneth. USEPA method study 38 SW-846 method 3010 acid digestion of aqueous samples and extracts for total metals for analysis by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1989.

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Edgell, Kenneth. USEPA method study 38 SW-846 method 3010 acid digestion of aqueous samples and extracts for total metals for analysis by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1989.

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Edgell, Kenneth. USEPA method study 38 SW-846 method 3010 acid digestion of aqueous samples and extracts for total metals for analysis by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1989.

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Edgell, Kenneth. USEPA method study 38 SW-846 method 3010 acid digestion of aqueous samples and extracts for total metals for analysis by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1989.

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Whittier, John Greenleaf. Barbara Frietchie. New York, NY: Greenwillow Books, 1992.

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Haar, D. Ter, C. Th J. Alkemade, Tj Hollander, W. Snelleman, and P. J. Th Zeegers. Metal Vapours in Flames. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Metal flames"

1

Hedderich, Hartmut G., and Cornelis E. Blom. "Monitoring Of Metal Oxides in Low Pressure Flames." In Monitoring of Gaseous Pollutants by Tunable Diode Lasers, 219–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0989-2_21.

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Rubtsov, Nickolai, Mikhail Alymov, Alexander Kalinin, Alexey Vinogradov, Alexey Rodionov, and Kirill Troshin. "The use of high-speed optical multidimensional technique to determine the characteristics of ignition and combustion of 40% H2 - air mix in the presence of platinum metal." In Remote studies of combustion and explosion processes based on optoelectronic methods, 126–51. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_62876066bef2a8.05945792.

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The main objective of this book is to acquaint the reader with the main modern problems of the multisensor data analysis and opportunities of the hyperspectral shooting being carried out in the wide range of wavelengths from ultraviolet to the infrared range, visualization of the fast combustion processes of flame propagation and flame acceleration, the limit phenomena at flame ignition and propagation. The book can be useful to students of the high courses and scientists dealing with problems of optical spectroscopy, vizualisation, digital recognizing images and gaseous combustion. The main goal of this book is to bring to the attention of the reader the main modern problems of multisensory data analysis and the possibilities of hyperspectral imaging, carried out in a broad wave-length range from ultraviolet to infrared by methods of visualizing fast combustion processes, propagation and flames acceleration, and limiting phenomena during ignition and flame propagation. The book can be useful for students of higher courses and experimental scientists dealing with problems of optical spectroscopy, visualization, pattern recognition and gas combustion.
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Rubtsov, Nickolai, Mikhail Alymov, Alexander Kalinin, Alexey Vinogradov, Alexey Rodionov, and Kirill Troshin. "Study of the combustion of hydrogen-air and hydrogen-hydrocarbon (C1- C6) -air mixtures over the surface of palladium metal with the combined use of a hyperspectral sensor and high-speed color filming." In Remote studies of combustion and explosion processes based on optoelectronic methods, 202–36. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_62876066c51665.20097229.

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The main objective of this book is to acquaint the reader with the main modern problems of the multisensor data analysis and opportunities of the hyperspectral shooting being carried out in the wide range of wavelengths from ultraviolet to the infrared range, visualization of the fast combustion processes of flame propagation and flame acceleration, the limit phenomena at flame ignition and propagation. The book can be useful to students of the high courses and scientists dealing with problems of optical spectroscopy, vizualisation, digital recognizing images and gaseous combustion. The main goal of this book is to bring to the attention of the reader the main modern problems of multisensory data analysis and the possibilities of hyperspectral imaging, carried out in a broad wave-length range from ultraviolet to infrared by methods of visualizing fast combustion processes, propagation and flames acceleration, and limiting phenomena during ignition and flame propagation. The book can be useful for students of higher courses and experimental scientists dealing with problems of optical spectroscopy, visualization, pattern recognition and gas combustion.
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Tsalev, Dimiter L. "Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (flame, electrothermal, vapour generation) in Environmental, Biological and Food Analysis." In Environmental Heavy Metal Pollution and Effects on Child Mental Development, 171–202. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0253-0_11.

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Akachukwu, Doris, Michael Adedapo Gbadegesin, Philippa Chinyere Ojimelukwe, and Christopher John Atkinson. "Biochar for Climate Change Adaptation: Effect on Heavy Metal Composition of Telfairia occidentalis Leaves." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1401–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_202.

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AbstractGas flaring is a key contributor of greenhouse gases that causes global warming and climate change. Adaptation measures for tackling impacts of climate change have gained much research interest. This chapter assessed vegetable farmers’ perception of gas flaring and the effect of biochar remediation on the heavy metal composition of cultivated Telfairia occidentalis. A gas-flared area, Ohaji/Egbema L.G.A of Imo State, and a non-gas-flared area, Umudike, Ikwuano L.G.A, were selected for this research. Structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from 120 respondents. Soils were collected from the study sites and transported to the greenhouse. Five different rates, 0 t ha−1, 7.1 t ha−1, 13.9 t ha−1, 20.9 t ha−1, and 28.0 t ha−1, of palm bunch biochar were applied to the soils in plastic buckets. After 2 weeks of mineralization, two viable seeds of Telfairia occidentalis were planted in each bucket and watered every other day for 8 weeks. The result revealed that 63% of vegetable farmers where female, while 37% were male in the gas-flared area. A total of 97% of the farmers had knowledge of gas flaring. A total decrease of 55% percent income, 90% yield, and 67% market quality of vegetable farmers was attributed to gas-flared activities. The plant height of cultivated vegetables increased every 2 weeks with greater increase in the test plant. Heavy metal concentration (Pb, and Cr) decreased with increasing biochar rate and was significantly lower for 28.0 t ha−1. Biochar can enhance soil fertility and help immobilize heavy metals. The effect of biochar application on the heavy metal composition is dependent on the rate of application. Biochar use could be a cheap adaptation measure in the face of a changing climate.
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VahidMohammadi, Armin, Emre Kayali, Jafar Orangi, and Majid Beidaghi. "Techniques for MXene Delamination into Single-Layer Flakes." In 2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes), 177–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19026-2_11.

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Jouyandeh, Maryam, Henri Vahabi, Fouad Laoutid, Navid Rabiee, and Mohammad Reza Saeb. "Flame Retardancy of Recycled Polymer Composites." In Recycling of Plastics, Metals, and Their Composites, 197–219. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003148760-11.

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Morgan, Alexander B. "A Review of Transition Metal-Based Flame Retardants: Transition Metal Oxide/Salts, and Complexes." In ACS Symposium Series, 312–28. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2009-1013.ch019.

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Gripenberg, Henrik, and Rüdiger Eichler. "Direct Flame Impingement: A New Oxy-Fuel Based Technology for Continuous Annealing of Aluminium Strip." In Light Metals 2015, 423–25. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119093435.ch70.

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Gripenberg, Henrik, and Rüdiger Eichler. "Direct Flame Impingement: A New Oxy-Fuel Based Technology for Continuous Annealing of Aluminium Strip." In Light Metals 2015, 423–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48248-4_70.

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Conference papers on the topic "Metal flames"

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Chen, Yijia, Andrei Colibaba-Evulet, and Nick G. Glumac. "Metal Monoxide Diagnostics in Particle Synthesis Flames." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1552.

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Abstract Recent measurements of metal monoxides in powder producing flames are reviewed and discussed. While the mole fraction profiles of species such as SiO, AlO, and TiO can in principle be used to infer useful information about metalorganic decomposition in flames, the dominant features of these profiles appear to be due to the partial pressure of the solid product. Most monoxides do serve as good markers of the flame zone, but are no better than emission profiles of key excited intermediates. Monoxide profiles may, however, be of significant value in validating future comprehensive multiphase models of the synthesis process.
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Rajasegar, Rajavasanth, Constandinos M. Mitsingas, Eric K. Mayhew, Qili Liu, Tonghun Lee, and Jihyung Yoo. "Development and Experimental Characterization of Metal 3D-Printed Scalable Swirl Stabilized Mesoscale Burner Array." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-72577.

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The development of a mesoscale burner array capable of sustaining stable, clean, and compact flames suited for a variety of applications with performance and emission characteristics comparable to that of existing large scale burners is presented. The proposed architecture offers significant improvements in flame stability, by minimizing susceptibility to extinction, while maintaining high combustion efficiency and low emission levels under ultra-lean operating conditions for a wide range of combustion power outputs. A prototype 4×4 mesoscale burner array was designed and manufactured using Direct Metal Laser Sintering process (DMLS). The combustor array operates on gaseous fuel (methane) and employs a combination of swirl and bluff body for flame stabilization. The mesoscale burner array can sustain ultra-lean flames with lean blow off limits (LBO) of around ϕ = 0.65 independent of combustor power output that ensures adequate scalability. Thermocouple measurements indicated minimal element-to-element temperature variations with measured temperatures reaching adiabatic flame temperature levels indicating reduced heat loss due to increased flame interaction. Combustion efficiencies, about 98%, were estimated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the exhaust gas. The detected levels of combined unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were well below 0.1% by mass. Thus, the potential for an optimized mesoscale architecture which can be seamlessly scaled over a wide range of combustor power outputs capable of powering large scale gas turbines to compact portable units without any performance deterioration or loss in power to weight ratio has been successfully demonstrated.
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Modak, A., C. Dreyer, A. Abbud-Madrid, M. Branch, and J. Daily. "Numerical simulation of the structure of metal/carbon-dioxide flames in microgravity." In 38th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2000-845.

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Chan, S. H., and C. F. Chern. "A METHOD FOR TURBULENCE-RADIATION INTERACTION ANALYSIS IN MULTIPHASE LIQUID METAL DIFFUSION FLAMES." In International Heat Transfer Conference 9. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc9.1670.

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Asai, Tomohiro, Satoschi Dodo, Mitsuhiro Karishuku, Nobuo Yagi, Yasuhiro Akiyama, and Akinori Hayashi. "Performance of Multiple-Injection Dry Low-NOx Combustor on Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Fuel in an IGCC Pilot Plant." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25298.

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Successful development of oxygen-blown integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) technology requires gas turbines capable of achieving dry low-nitrogen oxides (NOx) combustion of hydrogen-rich syngas for low emissions and high plant efficiency. The authors have been developing a “multiple-injection burner” to achieve the dry low-NOx combustion of hydrogen-rich syngas. The purposes of this paper are to present test results of the multi-can combustor equipped with multiple-injection burners in an IGCC pilot plant and to evaluate the combustor performance focusing on effects of flame shapes. The syngas fuel produced in the plant contained approximately 50% carbon monoxide, 20% hydrogen, and 20% nitrogen by volume. In the tests, the combustor that produced slenderer flames achieved lower NOx emissions of 10.9 ppm (at 15% oxygen), reduced combustor liner and burner plate metal temperatures, and lowered the combustion efficiency at the maximum load. The test results showed that the slenderer flames were more effective in reducing NOx emissions and liner and burner metal temperatures. These findings demonstrated that the multiple-injection combustor achieved dry low-NOx combustion of the syngas fuel in the plant.
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Gomez-Ramirez, David, Srinath V. Ekkad, Brian Y. Lattimer, Hee-Koo Moon, Yong Kim, and Ram Srinivasan. "Separation of Radiative and Convective Wall Heat Fluxes Using Thermal Infrared Measurements Applied to Flame Impingement." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52322.

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Flame impingement is critical for the processing and energy industries. The high heat transfer rates obtained with impinging flames are relevant in metal flame cutting, welding, and brazing; in fire research to understand the effects of flames on the structures of buildings; and in the design of high temperature combustion systems. Most of the studies on flame impingement are limited to surfaces perpendicular to the flame, and measurements are often performed using heat flux sensors (such as Schmidt-Boelter heat flux transducers) at discrete locations along the target surface. The use of in-situ probes provides high accuracy but heavily limits the spatial resolution of the measurement. Moreover, flame radiation effects are often neglected, due to the small contribution in non-luminous flames, and the entire heat flux to the target is assumed to be due to convection. Depending on the character of the flame and the impingement surface, local radiative heat transfer can be significant, and the contribution of radiation effects has not been fully quantified. This study presents a novel non-intrusive method with high spatial resolution to simultaneously determine the convective and radiative heat fluxes at a wall interacting with a flame or other high temperature environment. Two initial proof of concept experiments were conducted to evaluate the viability of the technique: one consisting of a flame impinging normal to a target and another with a flame parallel to the target surface. Application of the methodology to the former case yielded a stagnation convective heat flux in the order of 106kWm−2 that decreased radially away from the stagnation point. The radiation field for the direct impingement case accounted on average for 4.4% of the overall mean heat flux. The latter experiment exemplified a case with low convective heat fluxes, which was correctly predicted by the measurement. The radiative heat fluxes were consistent between the parallel and perpendicular cases.
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Arana, Claudya P., Ishwar K. Puri, and Swarnendu Sen. "How Do the Local Conditions Influence the Flame Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures?" In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60382.

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Since prepared substrates offer an appropriate method for the selective production of uniform arrays of aligned CNTs and CNFs, it is important to illustrate the influence of different catalysts on the resulting nanostructures. This investigation characterizes the activity of three catalysts — iron in alloyed form as stainless steel, nickel, and platinum — on carbon nanostructure formation under identical conditions in an ethylene/air nonpremixed flame. We have synthesized well-aligned multi-walled CNTs (on Ni) and CNFs (on stainless steel). The third transition metal Pt produces CNF structures of a different kind and its activity has not been previously characterized in flames. The catalyst and gas-phase conditions leading to the formation of these different structures are discussed.
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VYSOUDIL, František, Vladislav OCHODEK, Ondřej DIVIŠ, and Jiří BÍLEK. "THERMAL CYCLES ANALYSIS DURING OXY- ACETYLENE FLAME AND AIR PLAZMA CUTTING." In METAL 2022. TANGER Ltd., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/metal.2022.4479.

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MOŠNIČKOVÁ, Markéta, Martina NĚMCOVÁ, and Markéta PARÁKOVÁ. "The COrrosion resistance of zinc flake coatings." In METAL 2021. TANGER Ltd., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/metal.2021.4169.

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Gollahalli, S. R., and D. Pardiwalla. "Comparison of the Flame Characteristics of Circular and Elliptic Jets in a Cross-Flow." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1651.

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Abstract This study was directed to understand the coupling effects of the noncircular geometry of the burner and a cross-flow on the combustion of gas jets. This paper compares the characteristics of propane jet flames from circular (diameter = 0.45 cm) and elliptic (major axis = 0.75 cm, minor axis = 0.26 cm) burners of equivalent exit area in a cross-flow. The elliptic burner was oriented with its major axis or minor axis aligned with the cross-flow. Experiments were conducted in a wind-tunnel provided with optical and probe access and capable of wind speeds up to 12.5 m/s. The burners were fabricated with metal tubes. Instrumentation included a Pt-Pt/13%Rh thermocouple, a quartz-probe gas sampling system, chemiluminescent and non-dispersive infrared analyzers, a video-recorder, and a computer data acquisition system. The measurements consisted of the upper and lower limits of jet velocity for a stable flame, flame configuration, and visible length. Flame structure data including temperature profiles and concentration profiles of CO2, O2, CO, and NO were obtained in a two-zone flame configuration where a planar recirculation exists in the wake of the burner tube followed by an axisymmetric tail. Emission indices of CO and NO were estimated from the composition data. Results indicate that the upper and lower limits of the fuel jet velocity increase with the cross-flow velocity for all burners, and the rate of increase is highest for the elliptic burner with its minor axis aligned with the cross-flow. That burner configuration also produces the longest flame. The emission indices show that the CO production is lower and NO production is higher for elliptic burners than for circular burners in cross-flow. Also, aligning the minor axis of the elliptic burner with the cross-stream is superior in terms of flame stability and emissions of NO and CO.
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Reports on the topic "Metal flames"

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Kindt, Rick W., and W. R. Pickles. All-Metal Flared-Notch Array Radiator for Ultrawideband Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada530583.

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Bowen, S. M., M. R. Cisneros, L. L. Jacobson, N. C. Schroeder, and R. L. Ames. Stabilization of Rocky Flats combustible residues contaminated with plutonium metal and organic solvents. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/758773.

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Sugama, T. Surface modification, organometallic and polyaryl polymer coatings, and flame spray technologies for preventing corrosion of metals. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/135529.

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Freiboth, Cameron J., and Frank E. Gibbs. Disposition of Uranium -233 (sup 233U) in Plutonium Metal and Oxide at the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/774607.

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Saldanha, Ian J., Wangnan Cao, Justin M. Broyles, Gaelen P. Adam, Monika Reddy Bhuma, Shivani Mehta, Laura S. Dominici, Andrea L. Pusic, and Ethan M. Balk. Breast Reconstruction After Mastectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer245.

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Objectives. This systematic review evaluates breast reconstruction options for women after mastectomy for breast cancer (or breast cancer prophylaxis). We addressed six Key Questions (KQs): (1) implant-based reconstruction (IBR) versus autologous reconstruction (AR), (2) timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, (3) comparisons of implant materials, (4) comparisons of anatomic planes for IBR, (5) use versus nonuse of human acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) during IBR, and (6) comparisons of AR flap types. Data sources and review methods. We searched Medline®, Embase®, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL®, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to March 23, 2021, to identify comparative and single group studies. We extracted study data into the Systematic Review Data Repository Plus (SRDR+). We assessed the risk of bias and evaluated the strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42020193183). Results. We found 8 randomized controlled trials, 83 nonrandomized comparative studies, and 69 single group studies. Risk of bias was moderate to high for most studies. KQ1: Compared with IBR, AR is probably associated with clinically better patient satisfaction with breasts and sexual well-being but comparable general quality of life and psychosocial well-being (moderate SoE, all outcomes). AR probably poses a greater risk of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (moderate SoE), but IBR probably poses a greater risk of reconstructive failure in the long term (1.5 to 4 years) (moderate SoE) and may pose a greater risk of breast seroma (low SoE). KQ 2: Conducting IBR either before or after radiation therapy may result in comparable physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, sexual well-being, and patient satisfaction with breasts (all low SoE), and probably results in comparable risks of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE). We found no evidence addressing timing of IBR or AR in relation to chemotherapy or timing of AR in relation to radiation therapy. KQ 3: Silicone and saline implants may result in clinically comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence regarding double lumen implants. KQ 4: Whether the implant is placed in the prepectoral or total submuscular plane may not be associated with risk of infections that are not explicitly implant related (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence addressing the comparisons between prepectoral and partial submuscular and between partial and total submuscular planes. KQ 5: The evidence is inconsistent regarding whether human ADM use during IBR impacts physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, or satisfaction with breasts. However, ADM use probably increases the risk of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE) and may increase the risk of infections not explicitly implant related (low SoE). Whether or not ADM is used probably is associated with comparable risks of seroma and unplanned repeat surgeries for revision (moderate SoE for both), and possibly necrosis (low SoE). KQ 6: AR with either transverse rectus abdominis (TRAM) or deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but TRAM flaps probably increase the risk of harms to the area of flap harvest (moderate SoE). AR with either DIEP or latissimus dorsi flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but there is insufficient evidence regarding thromboembolic events and no evidence regarding other surgical complications. Conclusion. Evidence regarding surgical breast reconstruction options is largely insufficient or of only low or moderate SoE. New high-quality research is needed, especially for timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, for comparisons of implant materials, and for comparisons of anatomic planes of implant placement.
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Anderson, Michael T., Aaron A. Diaz, and Steven R. Doctor. Evaluation of Manual Ultrasonic Examinations Applied to Detect Flaws in Primary System Dissimilar Metal Welds at North Anna Power Station. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1049027.

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Anderson, Michael T., Aaron A. Diaz, Anthony D. Cinson, Susan L. Crawford, Matthew S. Prowant, and Steven R. Doctor. Final Assessment of Manual Ultrasonic Examinations Applied to Detect Flaws in Primary System Dissimilar Metal Welds at North Anna Power Station. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1130661.

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Kankash, Н., Т. Cherkasova, S. Novoseletska, N. Shapran, and L. Bilokonenko. The Use of Linguistic Means of Figurativeness and Evaluativity to Exert Influence in the Speeches of the Chief Delegates of the Ukrainian SSR at the Sessions of the UN General Assembly. Криворізький державний педагогічний університет, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4648.

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The purpose of the study is to identify the figurative means in the formal diplomatic texts of speeches of chief delegates of the Ukrainian SSR to exert influence at the sessions of the UN General Assembly. Based on the interpretive method of speech analysis and the method of generalisation of the data obtained, an attempt was made to identify the main figurative means and expressiveness of speech, which help to achieve the effect of influence on the reader (listener). In order to identify hidden meanings, a hermeneutic approach to understanding texts was used. According to the results of the study, the most actively used linguistic means of figurativeness in the considered texts are epithets, metaphors, phraseologies. There are many more negative epithets used in the texts of speeches than positive ones, which aim to make people aware of the idea of self-preservation, to arouse emotions of anxiety, fear, vigilance. Metaphors of positive and negative evaluation are used to verbalise mental states, social states and thought processes. Most of the epithets, metaphors, idioms represented in the text are used to denote a negative evaluation, which is perceived as a deviation from the norm and is motivated by the following factors: the reluctance of people to take positive action, irresponsible attitude of some people towards others, socially unacceptable flaws and shortcomings. A logical continuation of this study is the analysis of linguistic means of figurativeness and evaluativity of other types of texts of the official style, including statements and conventions.
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Evaluation of exposure to metals and flame retardants at an electronics recycling company. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshhhe201602573333.

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Evaluation of exposures to metals and flame retardants at an electronics recycling company. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshhhe201700133356.

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