Journal articles: 'Metal deposition process'

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Huang, Bo Wun, Wen-Ye Huang, and Nan-Wem Lin. "A model for the metal deposition process." Microsystem Technologies 23, no. 6 (March 28, 2017): 1727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00542-017-3383-z.

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Zhu, W., P. C. Yang, J. T. Glass, and F. Arezzo. "Diamond nucleation and growth on reactive transition-metal substrates." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 6 (June 1995): 1455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.1455.

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Diamond deposition on group VIII transition metals of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni has been achieved by a multi-step chemical vapor deposition process consisting of (i) seeding the substrate with diamond powders, (ii) annealing the seeded substrate in hydrogen at high temperatures, and (iii) diamond nucleation and growth. It was found that high quality diamond can be grown on these substrates, and the often accompanied graphite formation, which has been the main obstacle in the deposition of diamond on these metal surfaces, can be largely suppressed by the above step-deposition procedure. This technique was further extended to the processes of depositing diamond on steels and Co-bonded WC materials.

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Zhang, Kai, Wei Jun Liu, and Xiao Feng Shang. "Process Research on the Laser Rapid Manufacturing Technology." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 4042–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.4042.

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Laser additive direct deposition of metals is a new rapid manufacturing technology, which combines with computer aided design, laser cladding and rapid prototyping. The advanced technology can build fully-dense metal components directly from the information transferred from a computer file by depositing metal powders layer by layer with neither mould nor tool. Based on the theory of this technology, an experimental setup for laser rapid manufacturing process was developed. Through this state-of-the-art automated apparatus, some cladding experiments were performed to grasp the process features of laser rapid manufacturing technology. Finally, the columnar/equiaxed grain growth transition model is used to explain the morphology characteristic. Accordingly, the appropriate microstructure can be obtained by adjusting the processing parameters.

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Riza, Syed H., Syed H. Masood, Cui'e Wen, and William Song. "Development of Bio-Compatible Metallic Structures Using Direct Metal Deposition Process." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.141.

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This paper investigates the capabilities of Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) process, which is a novel additive manufacturing technique, for creating structures that can be used as bone implants. Emphasis is on the use of bio-compatible metals, because metals are the most suitable materials in terms of mechanical strength when the requirement arises for supporting and replacing the load bearing bones and joints such as hip and knee. Specimens using two different metal powders, 41C stainless steel and Ti6Al4V titanium alloy, are generated by DMD process on mild steel and titanium plates as substrates respectively. Metallographic samples were made from the cladding, and tested for surface roughness and micro-hardness. The results indicate that at low laser power, hard and strong structures with good porosity can be successfully created using the DMD system.

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Chen, Xue Yong, Todd Sparks, Jian Zhong Ruan, and Frank Liou. "Study of TI64 Vibration Laser Metal Deposition Process." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.512.

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This paper presents the usage of vibration in laser direct deposition of Ti64. The vibration is used to refine the crystalline structure of the deposition. The vibration device vibrates in the laser deposition system along the Z axis. A design of experiments approach is applied in studying the effect of vibration on the deposited material. Vibration during deposition led to grain refinement and an increase in microhardness over that of samples from no-vibration. Also, vibration frequency is a significant factor. From the experiment results, it is found that a vibration frequency greater than 20Hz is desirable.

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Arai, Susumu. "Fabrication of Metal/Carbon Nanotube Composites by Electrochemical Deposition." Electrochem 2, no. 4 (October 21, 2021): 563–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2040036.

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Metal/carbon nanotube (CNT) composites are promising functional materials due to the various superior properties of CNTs in addition to the characteristics of metals, and consequently, many fabrication processes of these composites have been vigorously researched. In this paper, the fabrication process of metal/CNT composites by electrochemical deposition, including electrodeposition and electroless deposition, are comprehensively reviewed. A general introduction for fabrication of metal/CNT composites using the electrochemical deposition is carried out. The fabrication methods can be classified into three types: (1) composite plating by electrodeposition or electroless deposition, (2) metal coating on CNT by electroless deposition, and (3) electrodeposition using CNT templates, such as CNT sheets and CNT yarns. The performances of each type have been compared and explained especially from the view point of preparation methods. In the cases of (1) composite plating and (2) metal coating on CNTs, homogeneous dispersion of CNTs in electrochemical deposition baths is essential for the formation of metal/CNT composites with homogeneous distribution of CNTs, which leads to high performance composites. In the case of (3) electrodeposition using CNT templates, the electrodeposition of metals not only on the surfaces but also interior of the CNT templates is the key process to fabricate high performance metal/CNT composites.

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TIAN, W. J., H. Y. ZHANG, and J. C. SHEN. "SOME PROPERTIES OF INTERFACES BETWEEN METALS AND POLYMERS." Surface Review and Letters 04, no. 04 (August 1997): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x97000705.

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We focus on the published results of the interfaces between depositing metals and insulating and semiconducting polymers, and the interfaces between polymer films and metals. They indicated that when metal was deposited on polymer films, diffusion action occurred at the polymer surface and new interfacial states were formed during the process of deposition. Chemical reactions led to good adhesion and good performance of charge transfer between metal and polymer. When polymers were deposited on metal substrates, adsorption to the substrate occurred at the interface.

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Stinson, Harley, Richard Ward, Justin Quinn, and Cormac McGarrigle. "Comparison of Properties and Bead Geometry in MIG and CMT Single Layer Samples for WAAM Applications." Metals 11, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11101530.

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The process of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) utilizes arc welding technology to fabricate metallic components by depositing material in a selective layered fashion. Several welding processes exist that can achieve this layered deposition strategy. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) derived processes are commonly favored for their high deposition rates (1–4 kg/h) and minimal torch reorientation required during deposition. A range of GMAW processes are available; all of which have different material transfer modes and thermal energy input ranges and the resultant metallic structures formed from these processes can vary in their mechanical properties and morphology. This work will investigate single-layer deposition and vary the process parameters and process mode to observe responses in mechanical properties, bead geometry and deposition rate. The process modes selected for this study were GMAW derived process of Metal Inert Gas (MIG) and Cold Metal Transfer (CMT). Characterization of parameter sets revealed relationships between torch travel speeds, wire feed speeds and the specimen properties and proportions. Differences were observed in the cross-sectional bead geometry and deposition rates when comparing MIG and CMT samples though the influence of process mode on mechanical properties was less significant compared to process parameter selection.

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Castellano, Anna, Marco Mazzarisi, Sabina Luisa Campanelli, Andrea Angelastro, Aguinaldo Fraddosio, and Mario Daniele Piccioni. "Ultrasonic Characterization of Components Manufactured by Direct Laser Metal Deposition." Materials 13, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 2658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112658.

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Direct laser metal deposition (DLMD) is an innovative additive technology becoming of key importance in the field of repairing applications for industrial and aeronautical components. The performance of the repaired components is highly related to the intrinsic presence of defects, such as cracks, porosity, excess of dilution or debonding between clad and substrate. Usually, the quality of depositions is evaluated through destructive tests and microstructural analysis. Clearly, such methodologies are inapplicable in-process or on repaired components. The proposed work aims to evaluate the capability of ultrasonic techniques to perform the mechanical characterization of additive manufactured (AM) components. The tested specimens were manufactured by DLMD using a nickel-based superalloy deposited on an AISI 304 substrate. Ultrasonic goniometric immersion tests were performed in order to mechanical characterize the substrate and the new material obtained by AM process, consisting of the substrate and the deposition. Furthermore, the relationship was evaluated between the acoustic and the mechanical properties of the AM components and the deposition process parameters and the geometrical characteristics of multiclad depositions, respectively. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed non-destructive experimental approach for the characterization of the created deposition anomalies has been investigated.

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Dwivedi, R., and R. Kovacevic. "Process Planning for Multi-Directional Laser-Based Direct Metal Deposition." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 219, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 695–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440605x31535.

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Laser-based direct metal deposition has demonstrated the capability to deposit metal along multiple directions. Suitable control of parameters, namely, the metal-powder feed rate, the traverse speed, and the laser power allow fabrication of a desired shape for a large family of parts. The capability to deposit material along multiple directions eliminates the requirement for support structures. However, accessing the point of deposition and manipulating the direction of deposition require a coordinated control of two kinematical systems; one is related to the deposition platform, whereas the other is related to the deposition head. The identification of the key challenges, a mathematical basis of the process, possible solutions, the subsequent process planning, and experimental results are the subjects of this article.

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Postole, G., A. Gervasini, A. Auroux, and B. Bonnetot. "Boron Nitride Supported Metal Catalysts: Influence of the Metal and Preparation Method." Materials Science Forum 518 (July 2006): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.518.203.

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In this study we report on the preparation and characterization of boron nitride supported noble metal catalysts with potential applications as catalysts for oxidation reactions. The deposition and the dispersion of the active phase were strongly influenced by the preparation process and in particular by the solvent used as the dispersing phase. Techniques such as BET, XRD and TEM were used to study the role played by the phase used as solvent (benzene, glyme, water, THF, diglyme, isopropanol, glycol) in particles size and dispersion of metals deposed on the BN support. Different palladium depositions under various conditions and different noble metal coatings under the same deposition condition are presented. The catalytic performances were tested in methane traces oxidation in excess oxygen and in the presence of water. The light-off temperature (50 % methane conversion) increased in the following order: Ag/BN < Pt/BN < Au/BN < Pd /BN.

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Qi, Huan, Jyoti Mazumder, Larry Green, and Gary Herrit. "Laser beam analysis in direct metal deposition process." Journal of Laser Applications 17, no. 3 (August 2005): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.1896965.

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Bonaccorso, F., L. Cantelli, and G. Muscato. "Arc welding Control for Shaped Metal Deposition Process." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 44, no. 1 (January 2011): 11636–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20110828-6-it-1002.01575.

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Small, Leo J., Michael T. Brumbach, Paul G. Clem, and Erik D. Spoerke. "Deposition of Tungsten Metal by an Immersion Process." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 164, no. 6 (2017): D269—D274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0131706jes.

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Kim, SooJin, Jinmyeong Seo, Sanghwa Yoon, and Bongyoung Yoo. "High Purity Pd Nanofilm Deposition Via Cu Incorporation Control in Slrr Process." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 23 (October 9, 2022): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0223957mtgabs.

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Department of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea *byyoo@hanyang.ac.kr ABSTRACT The deposition of palladium has been considered in many industrial applications and in fundamental science because of the high catalytic activities. Careful control of smooth and continuous Pd film less than 1nm thickness is critical for achieving highly active catalysts. Furthermore, perspective of cost-effective view, minimum usage of Pd is essential for catalyst while showing maximum activity for catalyst due to its high cost. Electrochemical-atomic layer deposition (E-ALD), can achieve the growth of atomic level of metal film under room temperature and simple condition. E- ALD protocol proceeds using surface limited redox replacement (SLRR). SLRR involves 2 step. First, Au substrate is covered with Cu monolayer, the result of underpotential deposition of Cu (sacrificial element). Underpotential deposition (UPD) is the deposition occurs at more positive potential than equilibrium potential which the potential where deposition actually strats and UPD can limit Cu deposition by atomic layer. Second, Cu atomic layer is replaced by more noble metal (Pd) by galvanic displacement without applying potential. In one cell approach, the concentration ratio of sacrificial metal and noble metal and potential set is carefully set in order to deposit pure noble metal layer. Therefore, precise control of potential and metal concentration is important to execute successful SLRR which prevent Cu incorporation and Pd overpotential deposition upon Cu UPD formation. In this study, pure Pd nanofilm was formed on Au substrate using Cu sacrificial metal by SLRR protocol. Effort of minimizing Cu incorporation was conducted by controlling Pd ion concentration, potential , open circuit potential condition and adding additive. Pd film was characterized by XPS, AFM and open circuit potential was analyzed by potentiostat. By controlling Pd deposition condition, pure Pd film was successfully formed. KEYWORDS Palladium, one-cell, nanofilm, SLRR, Cu UPD

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Shcherbakov, A. V., R. V. Rodyakina, and R. R. Klyushin. "Enhancement of Deposition Process Controlling in Electron Beam Metal Wire Deposition Method." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 969 (November 13, 2020): 012105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/969/1/012105.

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Seki, Yoshiyuki, Yutaka Sawada, Hiroshi Funakubo, Kazuhisa Kawano, and Noriaki Oshima. "Preparation of iridium metal films by spray chemical vapor deposition." MRS Advances 5, no. 31-32 (2020): 1681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.99.

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AbstractMetal Ir films were prepared by spray chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in air from an Ir precursor, (1,3-cyclohexadiene)(ethylcyclopentadienyl)iridium, Ir(EtCp)(CHD). Film deposition was ascertained at 270–430°C on a SiO2/Si substrate and the deposition rate increased with the deposition temperature but was saturated above 330°C. The obtained films consisted of Ir metal without any iridium oxide impurity irrespective of the deposition temperature. Films tended to orient to (111) with increasing deposition temperature. Resistivity of these Ir films decreased with increasing film thickness and reached to values on the order of 10-6 Ω・cm, which was the same order of the values for bulk Ir metal. Good step coverage was observed for the Ir metal films deposited at 270°C and 330°C. This shows that the simple spray CVD process in air is a good candidate for depositing Ir metal films with good conductivity and step coverage.

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Łosiewicz, Bożena. "Electrodeposition Mechanism of Composite Coatings." Solid State Phenomena 228 (March 2015): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.228.65.

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The mechanism of co-deposition of solid particles with metal ions has not been thoroughly explained so far. This, among others, results from a number of factors that influence the process and their mutual relations. Therefore, the present paper aims at deeper understanding of the mechanism of electrolytic co-deposition and the mathematical models developed over the years to describe the incorporation of solid particles into electrodeposited metals. In this review, three mechanisms explaining the process of co-deposition of solid particles with the metal matrix have been discussed: (i) the electrophoretic, (ii) the mechanistic, and (iii) the adsorption ones.

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Belmonte, T., V. Guérold, and H. Michel. "Modelling of a chemical vapour deposition process to coat hollow substrates byα-zirconia." Revue de Métallurgie 97, no. 12 (December 2000): 1509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal:2000124.

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Köhler, Robert, Philipp Sauerbier, Gisela Ohms, Wolfgang Viöl, and Holger Militz. "Wood Protection through Plasma Powder Deposition—An Alternative Coating Process." Forests 10, no. 10 (October 11, 2019): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100898.

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In contrast to conventional coating processes such as varnishing, plasma powder deposition by means of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet on wood is not yet widely used. A key advantage of this process is that volatile organic compounds and organic solvents are avoided. In the present work, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) were coated with polymer (polyester), metal (aluminum coated silver) or metal oxide (bismuth oxide) particles. Furthermore, a layer system consisting of polyester and metal or metal oxide was investigated. The layer thickness and topography were analyzed with a laser scanning microscope and scanning electron microscope, revealing thicknesses of 2–22 µm depending on the coating material. In general, the chemical composition of the layers was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurements. The coatings consisting of metal and metal oxide showed a band gap and plasmon resonance in the range of 540 and 450 nm. Through this absorption, the wood may be protected against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In the water uptake and release tests, the polyester layers exhibited a reduction of water vapor absorption after 24 h in 100% relative humidity (RH) by 53%–66%, whereas the pure metal oxide layers indicated the best desorption performance. The combination of metal oxide and polyester in the one-layer system combines the protection properties of the single coatings against water vapor and UV radiation.

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Zhang, Kai, Wei Jun Liu, and Xiao Feng Shang. "Characteristics of Laser Aided Direct Metal Powder Deposition Process for Nickel-Based Superalloy." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.457.

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Laser additive direct deposition of metals is a new rapid manufacturing technology, which combines with computer aided design, laser cladding and rapid prototyping. The advanced technology can build fully-dense metal components directly from CAD files without a mould or tool. With this technology, a promising rapid manufacturing system called “Laser Metal Deposition Shaping (LMDS)” is being constructed and developed. Through the LMDS technology, fully-dense and near-net shaped metallic parts can be directly obtained through melting coaxially fed powder with a laser. In addition, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-formed samples were tested and analyzed synthetically. The results showed significant processing flexibility with the LMDS system over conventional processing capabilities was recognized, with potentially lower production cost, higher quality components, and shorter lead time.

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Kobayashi, Shunsuke. "Hafnium oxide films grown on silicon substrates by electron beam-induced deposition." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 40, no. 6 (December 2022): 060602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0002140.

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Electron beam-induced deposition (EBID) is an effective technique for directly fabricating materials with arbitrary shapes on substrates. EBID techniques have mostly been applied to the deposition of metals; however, only a few methods have been applied to metal oxides. As an application of metal oxides in EBID, I report on the fabrication of hafnium oxide (HfO2) films and their structural analysis using transmission electron microscopy techniques. Hafnium tetra- tert-butoxide [Hf(OC4H9)4] was supplied as a precursor from the gas injection system to deposit HfO2 films on silicon substrates. As a result of structural analysis, the grain size of the HfO2 film was less than 1 nm and residual carbon in the film remained. Although deposition conditions to reduce or remove residual carbon in the films need to be improved, the results demonstrate the applicability of one method of HfO2 fabrication and the potential of the EBID method for various metal oxide depositions.

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Mazzarisi, Marco, Vito Errico, Andrea Angelastro, and Sabina Luisa Campanelli. "Influence of standoff distance and laser defocusing distance on direct laser metal deposition of a nickel-based superalloy." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 120, no. 3-4 (February 23, 2022): 2407–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-08945-3.

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AbstractThe direct laser metal deposition (DLMD) is an additive manufacturing technology, based on laser cladding, which focuses mainly on 3D manufacturing applications. DLMD allows the production of thin-walled components by overlaying single-track depositions. Several issues can affect the deposition process and compromise the flatness of the surface on which subsequent tracks will be deposited. This work focused on deposition troubles simulated by means of a designed variation of the standoff distance and the laser defocusing distance. The effects of these two important process parameters on the deposition process were investigated. The experimental tests were performed by depositing a nickel-based superalloy powder on AISI 304 stainless steel plates through a coaxial nozzle. The work was carried out using an ytterbium fiber laser source and a deposition head equipped with an advanced and innovative motorized optics system. This allows the decoupled variation of the laser defocusing distance and consequently the laser spot size on the substrate surface with respect to the standoff distance. Results showed an influence of standoff distance and laser defocusing distance on the geometrical characteristics of the clad, such as clad width, clad height, penetration depth, and dilution. An experimental setup consisting of a light coaxial to the powder flow and a laterally positioned camera was designed to investigate the spatial powder distribution. Moreover, an analytical model for the powder distribution and clad width were proposed and validated. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a general linear model was also employed to describe the results.

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Li, Wenxin, Jiawen Wang, Wanyu Ding, Youping Gong, Huipeng Chen, and Dongying Ju. "Exploring the Dual Characteristics of CH3OH Adsorption to Metal Atomic Structures on Si (111)-7 × 7 Surface." Molecules 26, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 5824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195824.

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Metal atoms were deposited on an Si (111)-7 × 7 surface, and they were adsorbed with alcohol gases (CH3OH/C2H5OH/C3H7OH). Initially, CnH2n+1OH adsorption was simply used as an intermediate layer to prevent the chemical reaction between metal and Si atoms. Through scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and a mass spectrometer, the CnH2n+1OH dissociation process is further derived as the construction of a surface quasi-potential with horizontal and vertical directions. With the help of three typical metal depositions, the surface characteristics of CH3OH adsorption are more clearly presented in this paper. Adjusting the preheating temperature, the difference of thermal stability between CH3O– and H+ could be obviously derived in Au deposition. After a large amount of H+ was separated, the isolation characteristic of CH3O– was discussed in the case of Fe deposition. In the process of building a new metal-CH3O–-H+ model, the dual characteristics of CH3OH were synthetically verified in Sn deposition. CH3O– adsorption is prone to influencing the interaction between the metal deposition and substrate surface in the vertical direction, while H+ adsorption determines the horizontal behavior of metal atoms. These investigations lead one to believe that, to a certain extent, the formation of regular metal atomic structures on the Si (111)-7 × 7-CH3OH surface is promoted, especially according to the dual characteristics and adsorption models we explored.

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Mizuhata, Minoru, Yasuhito Saito, Mariko Takagi, and Shigehito Deki. "Depositing Mechanism of Metal Oxide Thin Film in the Liquid Phase Deposition Process." ECS Transactions 16, no. 46 (December 18, 2019): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3169324.

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Shahmohammadi Beni, Mehrdad, Tzu Hsien Tan, and K. N. Yu. "Atomistic modeling of pileup process in metal deposition manufacture." Results in Physics 12 (March 2019): 1660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.01.075.

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Barua, Shyam, Frank Liou, Joseph Newkirk, and Todd Sparks. "Vision-based defect detection in laser metal deposition process." Rapid Prototyping Journal 20, no. 1 (January 14, 2014): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-04-2012-0036.

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Purpose – Laser metal deposition (LMD) is a type of additive manufacturing process in which the laser is used to create a melt pool on a substrate to which metal powder is added. The powder is melted within the melt pool and solidified to form a deposited track. These deposited tracks may contain porosities or cracks which affect the functionality of the part. When these defects go undetected, they may cause failure of the part or below par performance in their applications. An on demand vision system is required to detect defects in the track as and when they are formed. This is especially crucial in LMD applications as the part being repaired is typically expensive. Using a defect detection system, it is possible to complete the LMD process in one run, thus minimizing cost. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the research on a low-cost vision system to study the deposition process and detect any thermal abnormalities which might signify the presence of a defect. Design/methodology/approach – During the LMD process, the track of deposited material behind the laser is incandescent due to heating by the laser; also, there is radiant heat distribution and flow on the surfaces of the track. An SLR camera is used to obtain images of the deposited track behind the melt pool. Using calibrated RGB values and radiant surface temperature, it is possible to approximate the temperature of each pixel in the image. The deposited track loses heat gradually through conduction, convection and radiation. A defect-free deposit should show a gradual decrease in temperature which enables the authors to obtain a reference cooling curve using standard deposition parameters. A defect, such as a crack or porosity, leads to an increase in temperature around the defective region due to interruption of heat flow. This leads to deviation from the reference cooling curve which alerts the authors to the presence of a defect. Findings – The temperature gradient was obtained across the deposited track during LMD. Linear least squares curve fitting was performed and residual values were calculated between experimental temperature values and line of best fit. Porosity defects and cracks were simulated on the substrate during LMD and irregularities in the temperature gradients were used to develop a defect detection model. Originality/value – Previous approaches to defect detection in LMD typically concentrate on the melt pool temperature and dimensions. Due to the dynamic and violent nature of the melt pool, consistent and reliable defect detection is difficult. An alternative method of defect detection is discussed which does not involve the melt pool and therefore presents a novel method of detecting a defect in LMD.

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Eiamsa-ard, Kunnayut, and Kittinat Wannissorn. "Conformal bubbler cooling for molds by metal deposition process." Computer-Aided Design 69 (December 2015): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2015.04.004.

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Graf, B., A. Marko, T. Petrat, A. Gumenyuk, and M. Rethmeier. "3D laser metal deposition: process steps for additive manufacturing." Welding in the World 62, no. 4 (April 23, 2018): 877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-0590-x.

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Song, Lijun, Vijayavel Bagavath-Singh, Bhaskar Dutta, and Jyoti Mazumder. "Control of melt pool temperature and deposition height during direct metal deposition process." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 58, no. 1-4 (May 27, 2011): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3395-2.

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Chao, Yan Pu, Le Hua Qi, Xiang Hui Zeng, Jun Luo, and Hua Huang. "Experimental Research of Process Parameters in Metal Droplet Deposition Manufacturing." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 4028–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.4028.

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In the droplet-based manufacturing process, the accuracy and density of forming parts are determined by experimental parameters such as the velocity and temperature of substrate, droplets spraying frequency, line deposition space and layer thickness etc. Using Sn60-Pb40, the droplets deposition experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the parameters on the accuracy and density of formed lines, layers and solids on the experimental system. The experiment results showed that the high quality lines were obtained when the overlapping ratio of the adjacent droplets was controlled around 30% by the substrate velocity and droplet spraying frequency, meanwhile，the temperatures of the substrate and droplet were maintained at 270°C and 140°C, respectively. When the lines deposited space was about 90% of droplet diameter and the layer thickness was about 80% of droplet diameter, good deposition results of layers and solids can be obtained. This work has offered experimental guide for metal droplet deposition manufacturing.

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Li, Wenxin, Wanyu Ding, Youping Gong, and Dongying Ju. "Metal Deposition Induced by the Step Region of Si (111)-(7 × 7) Surface." Coatings 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030281.

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Scanning tunneling microscope results showed that Au and Fe atoms were steamed on the Si (111)-(7 × 7) substrate surface, with or without the step region. The experimental comparison proved that the induced effect of the step region is a controllable process, which CH3OH can adjust. In this paper, the latest progress on the dynamic phenomenon on the step region is discussed, including three deposition types: strong deposition, weak deposition, and the new quasi deposition. With a relatively weak interaction between Au and Si atoms, the linearity of the weak deposition is present in the step region. In contrast, Fe atoms tend to form a strong deposition along the boundary line between the flat and step regions. Different depositions correspond to different surface potential energy: a newly formed surface is stabilized by a quasi-potential made by breaking, and a metal atomic structure can be stabilized by forming several quasi depositions. After discussing the good adsorption properties, CH3OH can be used as an intermediate layer on the step region. As an important result of quasi deposition, a regular linear Fe cluster structure is created, which is perpendicular to the boundary line.

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Patron, Alexandra M., Timothy S. Hooker, Daniel F. Santavicca, Corey P. Causey, and Thomas J. Mullen. "Expanding the molecular-ruler process through vapor deposition of hexadecanethiol." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (November 7, 2017): 2339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.233.

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The development of methods to produce nanoscale features with tailored chemical functionalities is fundamental for applications such as nanoelectronics and sensor fabrication. The molecular-ruler process shows great utility for this purpose as it combines top-down lithography for the creation of complex architectures over large areas in conjunction with molecular self-assembly, which enables precise control over the physical and chemical properties of small local features. The molecular-ruler process, which most commonly uses mercaptoalkanoic acids and metal ions to generate metal-ligated multilayers, can be employed to produce registered nanogaps between metal features. Expansion of this methodology to include molecules with other chemical functionalities could greatly expand the overall versatility, and thus the utility, of this process. Herein, we explore the use of alkanethiol molecules as the terminating layer of metal-ligated multilayers. During this study, it was discovered that the solution deposition of alkanethiol molecules resulted in low overall surface coverage with features that varied in height. Because features with varied heights are not conducive to the production of uniform nanogaps via the molecular-ruler process, the vapor-phase deposition of alkanethiol molecules was explored. Unlike the solution-phase deposition, alkanethiol islands produced by vapor-phase deposition exhibited markedly higher surface coverages of uniform heights. To illustrate the applicability of this method, metal-ligated multilayers, both with and without an alkanethiol capping layer, were utilized to create nanogaps between Au features using the molecular-ruler process.

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Mazzucato, Federico, Alberta Aversa, Roberto Doglione, Sara Biamino, Anna Valente, and Mariangela Lombardi. "Influence of Process Parameters and Deposition Strategy on Laser Metal Deposition of 316L Powder." Metals 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9111160.

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In blown powder additive manufacturing technologies the geometrical stability of the built parts is more complex with respect to more conventional powder bed processes. Because of this reason, in order to select the most suitable building parameters, it is important to investigate the shape and the properties of the single metal bead formation and the effect that a scan track has on the nearby ones. In the present study, a methodology to identify an appropriate laser metal deposition process window was introduced, and the effect of the building parameters on the geometry of circular steel samples was investigated. The effect of the scanning strategy on the deposited part was also investigated. This work draws the attention to the importance of the obtainment of the most suitable melt pool shape, demonstrating that the laser power and the scanning strategy have a strong influence not only on the shape but also on the mechanical properties of the final component.

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Wu, Wei, Jiaxiang Xue, Zhanhui Zhang, Xianghui Ren, and Bin Xie. "Process Optimization on Multilayer Morphology During 316L Double-wire CMT+P Deposition Process." Metals 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9121334.

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Cold metal transfer (CMT) has been widely used in metal additive manufacturing for its low heat input, less splashing and high efficiency. Wire feeding speed and travelling speed are important processes that affect morphology in CMT deposition. This study optimized the forming process of 30-layer stainless-steel part deposited by double-wire and double-arc CMT plus pulse (CMT+P) process, and investigated the effect of the ratio of wire feeding speed to travelling speed on deposition morphology. The results show that asynchronous arc striking and extinguishing can improve the forming. Moreover, the deposition molding is affected by the interaction of heat input and heat accumulation. With the similar ratio of wire feeding speed to travelling speed and the similar heat input, increasing the wire feeding speed can increase the heat accumulation and the width of sample, and decrease the height. The optimum process interval of wire feeding speed to travelling speed ratio and heat input is 3.9–4.2 and 70–74.8 J/mm, respectively. Although the increasing heat accumulation makes grain coarse and slight decreases mechanical property, the highest deposition rate can be up to 5.4 kg/h, when wire feeding speed and travelling speed are 5 m/min and 120 cm/min, respectively, and the tensile strength and elongation rate of which can reach the basic standard requirements for stainless-steel forgings.

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Rabah, Mahmoud A. "Recovery of Nanoparticles of Metal Values from Spent Metallized Graphite Brushes and Slip Rings." Advanced Materials Research 1101 (April 2015): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1101.203.

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This work provides a method to recover monolayer metal values having nanoparticle in size from spent metalized graphite brushes. The recovered metals are supported on porous glassy carbon substrate by chemical or electro deposition process. The chemical method involves crushing and grinding of the spent brushes to pass 200 mesh. Magnetic separation removed magnetic susceptible metals such as iron. Nonferrous metals were leached using 3N nitric acid in hot conditions. Hydroxide gel of the dissolved metals generated with 1N ammonium hydroxide. The carbon substrate was multi-impregnated with metals hydroxide 3-4 times. In each time, the loaded carbon was dried. Free metals on the carbon substrate are obtained by reducing the hydroxide with hydrazine hydrate or by thermal reduction using hydrogen gas at 900°C. In the electro deposition process, ground spent brushes were packed in a polyethylene cloth used as anode. The electrolyte is 3M of sulfate salt of the metal of concern. Pulse current cyclic voltmetric technique was applied to control the particle diameter and thickness of the deposited metal. Results revealed that monolayer silver and copper of nanoparticles has been successfully prepared from spent metalized graphite brushes. Electro deposition is more friendly environment procedure and more convenient, less cost and more precise.

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Dongauzer, Konstantin, Mikhail G. Boyarshinov, Marat Bekmansurov, and Dmitriy Shamov. "Numerical Simulation of Welding Distortion in Laser Metal Deposition Additive Manufacturing Process." Key Engineering Materials 910 (February 15, 2022): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-3s97k6.

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The article presents the simulation of part distortion during laser metal deposition and a comparison of its results with the deposition performed in experiment. A numerical methodological approach to simulation is viewed which involves dividing the deposited material into primitive solids and further heating and cooling of each primitive solid along the deposition trajectory instead of simulating a moving heat source.

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Burad, Prayag, G. Chaitanya, Nikhil Thawari, Jatin Bhatt, and T. V. K. Gupta. "Characterization of Additive Manufactured Inconel 718 Alloy Using Laser Cladding." Key Engineering Materials 882 (April 2021): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.882.3.

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Laser based metal additive manufacturing (AM) is an emerging technology in various aerospace industries including aero-engine components and turbine manufactures. Laser cladding is a potential process for material deposition and surface enhancement technique that forms a strong metallurgical bond with the substrate. In the present study, Nickel based Inconel 718 (IN718) super alloy which maintains high strength working at elevated temperatures is used as the clad material. The study investigates the processing of Inconel 718 with powder morphology and microstructural properties and also two, three and four-layer deposition. This study explores the possibility of depositing IN718 using laser cladding that can be better considered as metal AM process.

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Ayed, Achraf, Guénolé Bras, Henri Bernard, Pierre Michaud, Yannick Balcaen, and Joel Alexis. "Additive Manufacturing of Ti6Al4V with Wire Laser Metal Deposition Process." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.24.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) using wire as an input material is currently in full swing, with very strong growth prospects thanks to the possibility of creating large parts, with high deposition rates, but also a low investment cost compared to the powder bed fusion machines. A versatile 3D printing device using a Direct Energy Deposition Wire-Laser (DED-W Laser) with Precitec Coaxprinter station to melt a metallic filler wire is developed to build titanium parts by optimizing the process parameters. The geometrical and metallurgical of produced parts are analyzed. In the literature, several authors agree to define wire feed speed, travel speed, and laser beam power as first-order process parameters governing laser-wire deposition. This study shows the relative importance of these parameters taking separately as well as the importance of their sequencing at the start of the process. Titanium deposit are obtained with powers never explored in bibliography (up to 5 kW), and wire feed speed up to 5 m.min-1 with a complete process repeatability.

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Huang, Bo Wun, Jung-Ge Tseng, Wen-Ye Huang, Neng-Hsin Chiu, and Zhi-Yin Huang. "The position effect on electrical field intensity for metal deposition process." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231, no. 2 (August 6, 2016): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405415625917.

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Material characteristics, such as electric potential, distance between target material and substrate, and so on, are important parameters for vacuum metal films deposition (sputtering) system. Properly controlling these parameters during the sputtering process can reduce the residual stress after deposition and can effectively improve the deformation of substrate and density of metal thin film. This study aims at simulating a vacuum metal film deposition system for substrate application with normal metal material. Both the copper foil, as a target material, and the substrate that is placed on a carrier platform are included in a vacuum chamber. The argon ion gas is excited by a radio frequency power generator to form the plasma source in the sputtering system. “Glow Discharge” of the “Paschen Curve” during plasma generation process is employed to excite the argon ion gas to bombard the target material. The ejected atoms of target material are deposited on the substrate surface to form the desired thin films. Several different parameters, such as radio frequency power, electric field intensity, distance between the target materials and the substrate, and so on, are discussed in this article. Numerical analysis results indicate that the distance between the substrate and target materials may affect the density of metal film significantly. The MATLAB simulation results can provide the technique of finding better workpiece height and high coating quality for the semi-conduction industrial adopting sputtering system for metal thin film production.

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Tan, Kun, Sergii Markovych, Wenjie Hu, Oleksandr Shorinov, and Yurong Wang. "REVIEW OF APPLICATION AND RESEARCH BASED ON COLD SPRAY COATING MATERIALS." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2021.1.05.

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Cold spray technology is an advanced spray technology, and its technical principle is the same as that of additive manufacturing technology. Cold spraying technology combines multiple advantages in the spraying field: not only can the deposition of thick coatings be achieved, but the coatings prepared by this technology have the characteristics of high density, low oxygen content, good mechanical properties of the coating surface, and high deposition efficiency. Cold spraying technology can prepare corrosion-resistant coatings, high-temperature resistant coatings, wear-resistant coatings, conductive coatings, anti-oxidation coatings, and other functional coatings. After decades of development and exploration, cold spraying technology is preparing metal coatings. The application is very wide and the process is mature; the same cold spray technology can also prepare non-metallic coatings. Mainly to immerse repair and protect the surface of metal alloy parts and a small part of non-metal parts, so that these parts have better mechanical properties and mechanical behavior. This article mainly reviews the application of cold spray technology in the field of spray materials and summarizes the existing conventional metal series, rare metal series and non-metal material, conventional non-ferrous metals: copper, titanium, aluminum and nickel. Metal materials are currently widely used in the field of cold spraying. Among them, titanium-based metals restrict their applications due to their own properties; rare metals: tungsten, tantalum, and niobium-based metal materials. The application of rare metals in cold spraying is still in its infancy stage; non-metallic materials: polymer materials and ceramic powder materials, non-metallic materials have the characteristics of surface modification and strengthening technology, but also have low oxygen content, low thermal stress, high density, good bonding strength, in the deposition process and the substrate will not change the advantages of physical organization structure. Finally, the existing problems of rare metal materials and non-metal materials are raised.

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Zhang, An, Yanfeng Xing, Fuyong Yang, Xiaobing Zhang, Hongze Wang, and Tiejun Yu. "Development of a New Cold Metal Transfer Arc Additive Die Manufacturing Process." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (November 5, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9353820.

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Due to its high efficiency, cold metal transfer (CMT) arc additive manufacturing presents considerable potential in the aluminium alloy additive manufacturing industry. However, during CMT arc additive manufacturing, the surrounding air environment promotes the lateral flow of liquid aluminium and the instability of the molten pool, reduces the surface quality and material utilisation of deposition walls, and causes internal hydrogen pores and coarse columnar grains, which negatively affect the structure and mechanical properties of the deposition walls. This study developed a CMT arc additive die manufacturing process to control the substrate material and deposition path to improve the physical properties of the deposition wall. The experimental results indicated that the copper plates can affect molten pool flow and material formation in the additive process, minimise hydrogen pores, and refine columnar grains. The porosity dropped from 2.03% to 0.93%, and the average grain size decreased from 16.2 ± 1.4 to 13.6 ± 1.3 μm, thereby enhancing the structure and mechanical properties of the deposition wall to attain standard additive manufacturing products.

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Angelastro, Andrea, Sabina L. Campanelli, Giuseppe Casalino, Antonio D. Ludovico, and Simone Ferrara. "A Methodology for Optimization of the Direct Laser Metal Deposition Process." Key Engineering Materials 473 (March 2011): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.473.75.

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Direct Laser Metal Deposition (DLMD) is actually one of the most attractive techniques in the group of Material Accretion Manufacturing (MAM) processes. In fact, the DLMD technology is able to realize, to repair and restore, objects, moulds and tools, directly from the 3D CAD model in a rapid and economic way. A great variety of metals, including those very difficult to work with the conventional techniques, can be shaped in a large number of complex geometries. This technique is also well suited to produce very hard coatings. The metallic parts, which are obtained through melting coaxially fed powders with a laser, present very good mechanical properties, with minimum porosity and good adhesion to the substrate. The objective of this work was to optimise the scanning velocity of the laser beam in order to maximize the density of DLMD parts. The optimization procedure was worked out with a mathematical model together with an experimental analysis to study the shape of the track clad generated melting coaxially fed powders with a laser. The material tested was Colmonoy 227-F, a nickel alloy specially designed for manufacturing moulds. The presented methodology has permitted to select the better combination of parameters that produce almost full density parts, free of cracks and well bonded to the substrate sintered parts.

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Güpner, Michael, Andreas Patschger, and Jens Bliedtner. "Influence of Process Parameters on the Process Efficiency in Laser Metal Deposition Welding." Physics Procedia 83 (2016): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.068.

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Xiao, Xinyi, Clarke Waddell, Carter Hamilton, and Hanbin Xiao. "Quality Prediction and Control in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing via Novel Machine Learning Framework." Micromachines 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13010137.

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is capable of rapidly depositing metal materials thus facilitating the fabrication of large-shape metal components. However, due to the multi-process-variability in the WAAM process, the deposited shape (bead width, height, depth of penetration) is difficult to predict and control within the desired level. Ultimately, the overall build will not achieve a near-net shape and will further hinder the part from performing its functionality without post-processing. Previous research primarily utilizes data analytical models (e.g., regression model, artificial neural network (ANN)) to forwardly predict the deposition width and height variation based on single or cross-linked process variables. However, these methods cannot effectively determine the optimal printable zone based on the desired deposition shape due to the inability to inversely deduce from these data analytical models. Additionally, the process variables are intercorrelated, and the bead width, height, and depth of penetration are highly codependent. Therefore, existing analysis cannot grant a reliable prediction model that allows the deposition (bead width, height, and penetration height) to remain within the desired level. This paper presents a novel machine learning framework for quantitatively analyzing the correlated relationship between the process parameters and deposition shape, thus providing an optimal process parameter selection to control the final deposition geometry. The proposed machine learning framework can systematically and quantitatively predict the deposition shape rather than just qualitatively as with other existing machine learning methods. The prediction model can also present the complex process-quality relations, and the determination of the deposition quality can guide the WAAM to be more prognostic and reliable. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed quantitative process-quality analysis will be validated through experiments.

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Tatiana Nadryhailo, Viktor Vernyhora, and Angelika Kosenko. "THE PROCESS OF SEDIMENTATION OF SOLID PARTICLES OF THE GRINDING SLUDGE." World Science 1, no. 12(40) (December 30, 2018): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30122018/6262.

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Thousands of tons of grinding slimes are formed every month at the mechanical engineering enterprises (especially at bearing plants) and metallurgy ones, which are processing metals. Slimes are practically not processed at present, but exported to special landfills or dumps, worsening the environment. Slimes of abrasive metal processing can be a raw material base for powder metallurgy, as they contain 60-80% of metal particles. It is necessary to carry out the solid particles separation by density process at the slimes washing stage to increase the homogeneity of metal powder, which is extracted from grinding slimes of abrasive metal processing. The fluid flow consumption through the vertical nozzles, which allow keeping solid particles in a suspended state, is determined in this work on the basis of theoretical studies of the solid particles deposition process of grinding slimes.

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De Sousa, Jurandir Marcos Sá, Jhonattan Gutjahr, João Victor E. M. Osório, Francisco Ratusznei, Milton Pereira, and Rafael Gomes Nunes Silva. "External cladding for cylindrical surfaces through laser metal deposition process." Rio Oil and Gas Expo and Conference 20, no. 2020 (December 1, 2020): 276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.48072/2525-7579.rog.2020.276.

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Du, Jun, Zhengying Wei, Haihua Wu, Guangxi Zhao, and Xin Wang. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF PILEUP PROCESS IN METAL MICRODROPLET DEPOSITION MANUFACTURE." Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 23, no. 5 (2016): 413–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jenhheattransf.2018016117.

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Cui Baolei, 崔宝磊, 尚纯 Shang Chun, 杨光 Yang Guang, 卞宏友 Bian Hongyou, 钦兰云 Qin Lanyun, 项坤 Xiang Kun, 郭鹏飞 Guo Pengfei, and 齐鹏 Qi Peng. "Research on Process Parameters of Laser Metal Deposition Quality Influence." Applied laser 33, no. 3 (2013): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/al20133303.0245.

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Cui Baolei, 崔宝磊, 尚纯 Shang Chun, 杨光 Yang Guang, 卞宏友 Bian Hongyou, 钦兰云 Qin Lanyun, 项坤 Xiang Kun, 郭鹏飞 Guo Pengfei, and 齐鹏 Qi Peng. "Research on Process Parameters of Laser Metal Deposition Quality Influence." APPLIED LASER 33, no. 3 (2013): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/al20133303.245.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Metal deposition process'

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