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1
Spencer, K. L., and C. L. MacLeod. "Distribution and partitioning of heavy metals in estuarine sediment cores and implications for the use of sediment quality standards." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 6 (December 31, 2002): 989–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-989-2002.
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Abstract. Total metal concentrations in surface sediments and historically contaminated sediments were determined in sediment cores collected from three estuaries (Thames, Medway and Blackwater) in south-east England. The partitioning behaviour of metals in these sediments was also determined using a sequential extraction scheme. These data were then compared with sediment quality values (SQVs) to determine the potential ecotoxicological risk to sediment dwelling organisms. When total metal concentrations in surface sediments are examined, no risk to biota in any of the estuaries is indicated. However, when historically contaminated sediments at depth are also considered, risks to biota are apparent and are greatest for the Thames, followed by the Medway and then the Blackwater. This suggests that regulatory authorities should examine vertical metal profiles, particularly in estuaries that are experiencing low sediment accumulation rates where historically contaminated sediments are in the shallow sub-surface zone and where erosion or dredging activities may take place. When metal partitioning characteristics are also considered, the risk to biota is comparable for the Medway and the Blackwater with the potentially bioavailable fraction presenting no ecotoxicological risk. Conversely, over 70% of metals are labile in the Thames Estuary sediments and toxic effects are probable. This suggests that the application of SQVs using total sediment metal concentrations may over- or under-estimate the risk to biota in geochemically dissimilar estuarine sediments. Keywords: sediment quality values, estuarine sediments, metal contamination, partitioning, sequential extraction
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Simpson, Stuart L., Louisa Rochford, and Gavin F. Birch. "Geochemical influences on metal partitioning in contaminated estuarine sediments." Marine and Freshwater Research 53, no. 1 (2002): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf01058.
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Stormwater runoff has resulted in heavy metal contamination throughout much of the Port Jackson estuary, Sydney, Australia. Metal partitioning was investigated in the benthic estuarine sediments of Iron Cove, an off-channel embayment of Port Jackson. Contamination was greatest near the stormwater canal, where sediments were anoxic and contained high concentrations of sulfide in the porewater. Away from the canal a layer of non-cohesive, sub-oxic surficial sediment containing high dissolved iron was found overlaying a more cohesive substratum. At all sites, porewater Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were <2.5 g L–1, and negligible metal release was observed upon sediment resuspension. According to water quality guidelines, the ecological risk posed by dissolved metals from the Iron Cove sediments is low. Estimated fluxes of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn from the sediments were calculated to be <0.2 mol m–2 day–1. The rapid oxidation then hydrolysis of iron(II) in porewaters caused a drop in pH and the formation of iron hydroxide precipitate. These processes may affect dissolved metal concentrations; hence, oxidation of samples must be avoided during sampling and extraction procedures. Sediment-bound zinc was the metal most easily mobilized.
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Savvides, C., A. Papadopoulos, K. J. Haralambous, and M. Loizidou. "Sea sediments contaminated with heavy metals: metal speciation and removal." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 9-10 (November 1, 1995): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0671.
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The contamination of sediments with heavy metals may lead to serious environmental problems and in some cases action has to take place for their decontamination. In this work, studies were performed on sediments near the outfall of domestic and industrial waste. The metals examined were Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn and Fe. Indeed, high metal content was found in the sediments and the contamination factors were quite high, indicating the effect of the nearby discharge of effluents. The results of the application of a sequential extraction partitioning procedure indicated that an important part of the metal content is carried by the residual phase but also a significant percentage is found in the organic and reducible fractions, i.e. in potentially available fractions. Batch extraction experiments using acid solutions of various concentrations and different acid-sediment contact times were performed in order to remove heavy metals from the sediments. For most metals studied, a satisfactory percentage was extracted at low contact times.
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van den Berg, Gerard A., J. P. Gustav Loch, John J. G. Zwolsman, and Lambertus M. van der Heijdt. "Non-steady state behaviour of heavy metals in contaminated freshwater sediments." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 6-7 (March 1, 1998): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0733.
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The behaviour of heavy metals has been investigated in contaminated sediments of the river Meuse, The Netherlands. Due to temporal changes in temperature and degradability of organic matter, the depths of the redox boundaries fluctuate. This contributes to a non-steady state. As a result of oxidation processes, a distinct peak in heavy metal concentrations in pore water is measured at the sediment-water interface. Because the studied anoxic sediments contain low levels of sulphide, other solid phases are expected to be of importance in the binding of heavy metals. Furthermore, heterogeneity of the sediment and complexation with dissolved organic compounds may result in supersaturation of the anoxic pore waters with respect to discrete heavy metal sulphides, thus influencing heavy metal mobility. Calculations using concentration gradients of heavy metals indicate that diffusive fluxes between the sediment and the surface water contribute to concentrations in the surface water, although significant effects may be confined to specific locations.
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Zhu, Xiao Juan, Wei Chen, and Jiang Hua Li. "Proteomics Study on Heavy Metal Contaminated Bellamya aeruginosas in Poyang Lake." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.299.
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Heavy metal contamination to Poyang Lake is increasingly severe. Bellamya aeruginosas, the dominant species of bellamya in Poyang Lake, was chosen in this project to carry out a proteomics study, because they obtain nutrients from sediments directly and have a strong heavy metal enrichment capability. To get a better knowledge of the contamination level of Poyang Lake and a better understanding of toxicity and bioavailability of heavy metals contamination, the main heavy metals of surface sediments were tested and a proteomics study was carried out on bellamya aeruginosa, the dominant species of bellamya in Poyang Lake. Results of heavy metal tests show, to Poyang Lake, the most contaminated heavy metal is Cu, the widest contaminated heavy metal is Pb, the most contaminated area is the south lake area, and the least contaminated area is the entrance of Xioushui River. Proteomics analysis shows the main significantly different proteins are keratins or similar substances. These proteins are higher expressed in the samples obtained from the most contaminated area, so they could be the responding biomarkers for monitoring heavy metal contamination of surface sediment in Poyang Lake.
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Tsai, L. J., S. T. Ho, and K. C. Yu. "Correlations of extractable heavy metals with organic matters in contaminated river sediments." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 9 (May 1, 2003): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0502.
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In southern Taiwan, almost all the main rivers have been contaminated by anthropogenic heavy metals and organic matters. The main pollution sources include agricultural, industrial, and domestic activities. River sediments potentially have large capacities to accumulate heavy metals and organic matters when the river water flows through it. The sediments sampled from high contaminated river (the Yenshui River) and moderately contaminated rivers (the Tsengwen, Chishui, Potzu, and Peikang Rivers) were used to realize correlations between each kind of aqua regia extractable heavy metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Mn, and Fe) and organic matters in vertical sediment cores. Organic matters and aqua regia extractable heavy metal concentrations, analyzed by strong acid-digested extraction, were determined in vertical profile segments from downstream sediments of the five rivers. Sum of six aqua regia extractable heavy metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb) were below 3,000 mg/kg in sediments of the Yenshui River, and below 500 mg/kg in the other four rivers' sediments. Strongly positive correlations (r = 0.83-0.95) between each kind of aqua regia extractable heavy metals and organic matters (concentration range between 0.6 to 3.8%) were observed in sediments of the Yenshui River. The slopes of the linear regressive lines approximated the average metal complexation ratios with organic matters in the sediments. In sediments of the other four rivers, smaller positive correlation coefficients between aqua regia extractable heavy metals and organic matters (below 2.6%) were observed. The complexation ratios derived from the four moderately polluted river sediments were smaller than those derived from the highly contaminated river sediments, indicating that the importance of organic matters in the accumulation of heavy metals in river sediments.
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Fonti, Viviana, Antonio Dell’Anno, and Francesca Beolchini. "Biogeochemical Interactions In The Application Of Biotechnological Strategies To Marine Sediments Contaminated With Metals." Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 12–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nbec-2015-0010.
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AbstractSediment contamination in coastal areas with high anthropogenic pressure is a widespread environmental problem. Metal contaminants are of particular concern, since they are persistent and cannot be degraded. Microorganisms can influence metal mobility in the sediment by several direct and indirect processes. However, the actual fate of metals in the environment is not easily predictable and several biogeochemical constraints affect their behaviour. In addition, the geochemical characteristics of the sediment play an important role and the general assumptions for soils or freshwater sediments cannot be extended to marine sediments. In this paper we analysed the correlation between metal mobility and main geochemical properties of the sediment. Although the prediction of metal fate in sediment environment, both forex-situbioleaching treatments andin-situbiostimulation strategies, appears to require metal-specific and site-specific tools, we found that TOM and pH are likely the main variables in describing and predicting Zn behaviour. Arsenic solubilisation/increase in mobility appears to correlate positively with carbonate content. Cd, Pb and Ni appear to require multivariate and/or non-linear approaches.
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Chapman, Peter M., Feiyue Wang, Colin Janssen, Guido Persoone, and Herbert E. Allen. "Ecotoxicology of metals in aquatic sediments: binding and release, bioavailability, risk assessment, and remediation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 2221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-145.
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Major metal-binding phases in the aerobic layer of sediments are iron and manganese oxyhydroxides (FeOOH and MnOOH) and particulate organic carbon (POC). The acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) model proposed for predicting nontoxicity from metals-contaminated sediments is only applicable to anaerobic sediments. In other sediments, normalization by POC or FeOOH and MnOOH may be predictive, but binding constants are not well understood. Metal mobilization is enhanced by ligand complexation and oxidation of anaerobic sediments. Free metal ion is the most bioavailable species, but other labile metal species and nonchemical variables also determine metal bioavailability; biotic site binding models have shown promise predicting toxicity for systems of differing chemistry. Hazard identification and ecological risk assessment (ERA) depend on determining bioavailability, from water (overlying, interstitial) and food, which can be done prospectively (e.g., normalized sediment chemistry, laboratory bioassays) or retrospectively (e.g., in situ bioassays, field studies). ERA of sediment-bound metals requires primary emphasis on toxicity and consideration of the three separate transformation processes for metals in the aquatic environment, the differences between essential and nonessential metals, the complex interactions that control bioavailability, adaptation, which may occur relatively simply without appreciable cost to the organism, weight of evidence, and causality.
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Vidya, P., and Rajashekhar K. Patil. "Heavy metal distribution in mangrove sediment cores from selected sites along western coast of India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 11 (September 26, 2016): 9356. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1978.8.11.9356-9364.
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Sediment cores were collected from four different mangrove areas of northern Kerala and southern Karnataka, western coast of India. The cores were analysed for the concentration of five heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu Fe) using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The levels of heavy metals in the present study from all the four sediment cores were in the order Fe > Pb > Zn > Ni > Cu and the mean concentrations of each elements in different cores were comparable. According to Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG), the mangrove sediments analysed here were moderately contaminated with Ni and heavily contaminated with Pb. The increased concentration of Ni and Pb in the sediments might be due to their atmospheric deposition or water discharge from different far away sources since the areas selected for study were not disturbed by direct anthropogenic impacts. Elevated levels of Fe which is considered to be a common phenomenon in mangrove sediments have also been found in the present study. Heavy metal levels in sediments showed statistically significant correlations with pH, calcium carbonate and organic matter. This suggests the influence of physico-chemical parameters on the adsorption, deposition and persistence of heavy metals in mangrove sediments. The heavy metal concentration and the pollution status of the mangroves of west coast, especially the areas selected in this work are less studied before. Hence the data provide from the present baseline study would be further helpful in remediation and management of mangrove ecosystem.
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Zhang, Min, Xiangchun Wang, Long Yang, and Yangyang Chu. "Research on Progress in Combined Remediation Technologies of Heavy Metal Polluted Sediment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 5098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245098.
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Heavy metals contaminated sediment has become a worldwide environmental issue due to its great harm to human and aquatic organisms. Thus, economical, effective, and environmentally-friendly remediation technologies are urgently needed. Among which, combined remediation technologies have attracted widespread attention for their unique advantages. This paper introduces combined remediation technologies based on physical-, chemical-, and bio-remediation of heavy metal polluted sediments. Firstly, the research progress in physical-chemical, bio-chemical, and inter-organismal (including plants, animals, microorganisms) remediation of heavy metal polluted sediments are summarized. Additionally, the paper analyzes the problems of the process of combined remediation of heavy metals in river sediments and outlooks the future development trends of remediation technologies. Overall, this review provides useful technology references for the control and treatment of heavy metal pollution in river sediments.
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GENC, Tuncer Okan, and Fevzi YILMAZ. "Risk Assessment and Accumulation of Metals in Sediment of Koycegiz Lagoon System, Turkey." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 6, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 804–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v6i1.5386.
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This paper focuses on metal (Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn and Zn) accumulation and degree of contamination in the sediments of the Koycegiz Lagoon Systems. Pollution by these metals was examined using several calculation methods: pollution load index (PLI), contamination factor (CF), geoaccumulation index (lgeo) and enrichment factors (EF). The mean value of contamination factor (CF) for Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn metals showed low degree of contamination (CF < 1), whereas Cr showed considerably degree (3CF< 6). Higher PLI values were observed in sampling sites III where discharge point of waste water and the PLI values indicated that Cr is the major contributors to the sediment pollution. Average lgeo values of analyzed metals (except Cr) indicating uncontaminated to moderately contaminated status of the sediment whereas the Igeo values for Cr indicates moderately to strongly contaminated status. For most of the sites EF of the studied metals were lower than 1 indicating there is not intense human influence to the metal pollution in sediments.
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Gao, Yue, Martine Leermakers, Annelies Pede, Aurelie Magnier, Koen Sabbe, Beatriz Lourino Cabana, Gabriel Billon, Willy Baeyens, and David C. Gillan. "Response of diffusive equilibrium in thin films (DET) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) trace metal profiles in sediments to phytodetritus mineralisation." Environmental Chemistry 9, no. 1 (2012): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en11075.
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Environmental contextContaminated sediments can have a large and lasting effect on marine ecosystems. It was discovered that significant amounts of pollutants, especially arsenic, were released from contaminated sediments during a phytoplankton bloom in the Belgian Continental Zone. Once released to the water column, these pollutants can accumulate up marine food chains and be a source of contaminants to humans. AbstractField data from the Belgian Continental Zone showed elevated trace metal concentrations at the sediment–water interface after the occurrence of a phytoplankton bloom. In the present study, laboratory incubation experiments were used to investigate the effect of the phytodetritus remineralisation process on the release of trace metals from contaminated muddy sediments. This remineralisation process was followed by the measurement of chlorophyll-a and dissolved organic carbon levels in the top sediment layers. Two gel techniques, diffusive equilibrium in thin films (DET) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), were used to assess vertical metal profiles in the sediment pore waters and to calculate the metal effluxes. These metal effluxes compared very well with the trace metal concentration variations in the overlying water of the sediment. Much higher effluxes of Mn, Co and As were observed after 2 days of incubation in the microcosms which received additions of phytodetritus. This trend gradually decreased after 7 days of incubation, suggesting that the elevated efflux of trace metals was proportional to the quantity of phytodetritus mineralised at the sediment–water interface. The release of large amounts of toxic elements from the sediments after phytoplankton blooms can therefore potentially affect the marine ecosystem in the Belgian Continental Zone.
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Chen, S. Y., and J. G. Lin. "Factors affecting bioleaching of metal contaminated sediment with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 12 (June 1, 2000): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0281.
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Bioleaching is one of the feasible methods for the treatment of sediments contaminated with heavy metals. Effects of solid content, substrate (sulfur) concentration and pH on the performance of bioleaching process were investigated in this study. It was found that rates of sediment acidification and metal solubilization decreased with increasing solid content. Besides, sulfur concentration greater than 5 g/l was found to be inhibitory to bacterial activity and metal solubilization from sediment. It was concluded that a substrate concentration of 5 g/l in reactor was the optimum concentration for bioleaching process. It was also observed that solubilization of heavy metal from the sediment was highly pH-dependent. For all values of solid content and sulfur concentration tested, the efficiency of metal solubilization from sediment followed the order Cu>Zn>Pb>Cr.
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Yang, Hsin-Yi, Sheng-Kung Chen, Jiun-Shiuan Wang, Chih-Jen Lu, and Hung-Yu Lai. "Farmland Trace Metal Contamination and Management Model—Model Development and a Case Study in Central Taiwan." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 10066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310066.
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In this study, the water quality of the irrigation system and concentration of trace metals in the sediments were combined to establish a farmland trace metal contamination and management model (FTM_CMM). The purpose of this model was to clarify the main sources of the trace metals that have caused the contamination of paddy soil in central Taiwan. The results of the model simulation showed that the trace metals in the paddy soil mainly came from the irrigation water and especially from the sediments in the irrigation channels. The contribution of the sediments in the irrigation channel to the individual trace metals in the paddy soil ranged from 56% to 72% as the contributions for Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn were 72%, 68%, 56%, and 62%, respectively. The trace metal species according to their concentration in the contaminated soil ranked in the order of Zn > Cr ≈ Cu > Ni, which is about the same as in the channel sediment. During the simulation process, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn exceeded the control standards for farmlands in the 18th, 12th, 13th, and 17th years, respectively. This highlights that, in addition to the management of irrigation water quality, the management of trace metal contaminated sediment in adjacent canal irrigation systems is also an important part of the prevention of trace metal contamination in farmland.
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Wang, Chao, Shuai Cheng, Pei Fang Wang, and Yan Yan Ma. "Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities in Chromium and Lead-Contaminated Sediments." Advanced Materials Research 798-799 (September 2013): 1139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.798-799.1139.
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The relationship between microbial biomass and enzyme activities under heavy metal pollution had attracted much attention in ecology. The experimental sediment samples were supplemented with Pb and Cr and incubated at room temperature for a month. Microbial properties such as microbial biomass, urease, catalase and cellulase activities, together with several chemical properties such as pH, total organic carbon , oxidation-reduction potential, total nitrogen and phosphorus were measured to evaluate changes in sediment qualities. Our results demonstrate that heavy metals would inhibit sediment microbe biomass and enzyme activities. Such decreases in sediments microbial biomass and enzyme activities by Pb and Cr contamination may help to evaluate heavy metals contaminated soil ecologies.
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Rainbow, Philip S. "Mining-contaminated estuaries of Cornwall – field research laboratories for trace metal ecotoxicology." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531541900122x.
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AbstractA century or so after the cessation of almost all mining in Cornwall, certain estuaries still have extremely high sediment concentrations of toxic trace metals, particularly copper and arsenic, but also lead and zinc. These high trace metal loadings in the sediments are to a large degree bioavailable to the local infauna, especially sediment-ingesting invertebrates. Some sediment trace metal bioavailabilities are so high as to be of ecotoxicological concern, with deleterious effects on the local biota at levels of biological organization up to and including changed community structure. The estuaries of interest here are those of the Rivers Carnon (Restronguet Creek), Tamar (and Tavy), Gannel, West Looe and Hayle. These estuaries are especially attractive field sites for comparative trace metal ecophysiology and ecotoxicology research for they lack the confounding presence of other anthropogenic contaminants inevitably present in most estuaries in the developed world. The estuaries also offer a range of combinations of different trace metals and a comparative gradient of sediment bioavailabilities of these trace metals.
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Enuneku, AA, and F. Ineh. "Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Surface Sediments of Ikpoba River, Southern Nigeria." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 3, no. 1 (July 19, 2020): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.156.
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The potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in surface sediments of Ikpoba River, Edo State was estimated in this study after assessment of heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments from seven stations of the study area. Heavy metals were analyzed in the sediments using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The index of geo-accumulation for the metals (Lead (Pb); Iron (Fe); Nickel (Ni) and Copper (Cu)) studied were less than zero showing that the stations sampled were unpolluted with heavy metals. Contamination factor followed same pattern. Generally, there was a low potential ecological risk for heavy metal contamination to sediment dwelling organisms. However, station 4 (Capitol) was moderately contaminated and extremely enriched with Cu. Heavy metal values in this study were below the EPA limits for sediments except station 4 which was heavily polluted with Cu following the EPA guidelines. Regular monitoring and assessment of pollution load of Ikpoba River is recommended.
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Šestinová, Oľga, Lenka Findoráková, and Jozef Hančuľák. "Toxicity Testing of Sediments." Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10296-012-0012-1.
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Abstract This study presents the results of the testing toxicity of the contaminated sediments from the water reservoir of Ružín No.I deposit (Slovak Republic) by using Phytotoxkit tests (MicroBioTests Inc., Belgium). The Phytotoxkit system is a screening tool used for a variety of toxicity testing applications. The advantages of this toxicity bioassay are its speed, relative simplicity and low cost compared to chemical analysis and many other biotests. Evaluation of sediments phytotoxicity was based on the testing of seed germination and the assesment of the root growth decrease of the plant Sinapis alba which allows to complete the assays after only 3 days of incubacion. Chemical analysis of the sediment samples involved determination of heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Ni, As, Sb and Hg) concentration. No potential phytotoxic effect of heavy metals in contaminated sediments was observed in the majority of tested seeds of Sinapis alba.
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Buckley, Dale E., and Gary V. Winters. "Geochemical characteristics of contaminated surficial sediments in Halifax Harbour: impact of waste discharge." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2617–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-208.
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Analyses of 274 surface sediment samples collected from Halifax inlet between 1986 and 1990 permit assessment of the chemical environmental quality of this major east coast Canadian harbour. Contamination of the marine sediments is due to discharge of untreated sewage and industrial waste directly into the harbour, and leaching of solid waste deposits on land. Concentrations of total Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, and Cd in the uppermost 2 cm of sediments on the sea floor ranks Halifax Harbour among the most contaminated marine areas in the industrialized world. Statistical factor analysis has been used to identify five types of sediments based on sedimentological and geochemical characteristics. The dominant factor type accounts for 41% of the chemical variance and represents sediments that are highly contaminated with metals and organics derived from sewage effluents and waste deposits. More than 50% of the total Cu, Zn, and Pb in the sediments is potentially reactive as reducible or oxidizable metal.A simple two-layer estuarine circulation model has been used to assess the significance of dissolved metal sources and sinks in the harbour. The contribution to sediment contamination from dissolved metal inputs is relatively minor, with more than 88% of the potentially reactive Cu, Zn, Pb, and Hg being directly associated with particulate deposition. However, the model suggests that high proportions of the dissolved annual inputs of Zn (40% of 5.5 t), Pb (100% of 1.3 t), Hg (100% of 0.02 t), and Mn (89% of 19.6 t) are taken up by the bottom sediments.Future environmental quality management of Halifax Harbour should take into consideration the geochemical stability of sediments. New sewage treatment facilities may reduce the loading of contaminants, but some remobilization of metals from sediments may reduce long-term improvements in contaminant levels in the water column.
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Silva, Yuri Jacques Agra Bezerra da, José Ramon Barros Cantalice, Vijay Pal Singh, Clístenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento, Bradford Paul Wilcox, and Ygor Jacques Agra Bezerra da Silva. "Heavy metal concentrations and ecological risk assessment of the suspended sediments of a multi-contaminated Brazilian watershed." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 41, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 42620. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v41i1.42620.
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Metal concentrations in suspended sediments of one of the most polluted rivers in Brazil were measured. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma while Hg and As were analyzed with hydride generation flow injection atomic absorption spectroscopy. Contamination of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn was assessed using pollution indices, ecological risk assessment, statistical multivariate techniques and comparison with sediment quality guidelines. Suspended sediments of the upstream portion of the Ipojuca River are moderately contaminated, especially with Mn and As. On the other hand, sediments of the downstream section are highly contaminated, mainly with Zn, Pb, and As. Furthermore, the mean Ei (potential ecological risk) values of Pb and As showed considerable ecological risk in the downstream cross section. The comparison of our data with sediment guideline values indicated that the concentrations of Mn and Pb in the upstream section of the Ipojuca River pose a risk to sediment-dwelling organisms, while Pb and Zn are the metals of concern in the downstream section.
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Dąbrowska, Lidia. "Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediments of the Mitręga Reservoir." Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2016-0017.
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Abstract Bottom sediments originating from the Mitręga water reservoir were studied. It was assayed, in what chemical forms heavy metals (zinc, copper, nickel, cadmium and lead) occur in sediments, using the method of sequential extraction BCR. According to the geochemical criteria with respect to the content of Zn, Cu and Ni, the sediments in all measuring points were classified as uncontaminated, however because of the Cd content - as moderately contaminated. The highest Cu and Ni content was found in the sediment collected in the southern part of the reservoir, 15 and 11 mg/kg d.m, respectively. In the case of Zn, Pb and Cd, the sediment collected at the outflow of the Mitręga river was the most contaminated; metal content amounted to 136; 35; 3 mg/kg d.m., respectively. Based on the conducted fractionation of heavy metals, it was found that the potential mobility of metals, hence the possibility of secondary pollution of the reservoir open water, are arranged in the following order: Zn> Cd> Ni> Cu ~ Pb.
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German, J., and G. Svensson. "Metal content and particle size distribution of street sediments and street sweeping waste." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0679.
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During recent years the interest in street sweeping as a pollutant control measure has increased. For planning of street sweeping programs and disposal of street sweeping waste there is a need to investigate the composition of street sweeping waste and the effect of street sweeping on the remaining sediments on the street. Particle size distribution and heavy metal concentration has been measured for street sweeping waste, street sediments before sweeping and remaining sediments after sweeping. The results show that the concentrations of heavy metals are a function of particle diameter and proportional to the inverse of the particle diameter, i.e. the highest concentrations are found in finest fractions. Regression equations for metal concentrations as a function of particle diameter are presented. According to Swedish guidelines for environmental quality of contaminated sites, heavy metal concentration in the sweeping waste can not be considered as a serious problem. The largest amount of metals and sediment is found in the sandy fractions (0.125-0.5mm). The street sweeper is more effective in removing coarse sediments than fine. This means that the street sediments after sweeping are finer than the sediments before.
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Aleksander-Kwaterczak, Urszula, Anna Kostka, and Andrzej Leśniak. "Multiparameter assessment of select metal distribution in lacustrine sediments." Journal of Soils and Sediments 21, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 512–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02732-x.
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Abstract Purpose The main objective of the study was the determination of the Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn distribution in Wigry Lake sediments, as well as the contamination and ecotoxicological risk assessment on the basis of a large data set. Materials and methods Select metal concentrations were determined via AAS or ICP-MS. Contamination assessment was achieved via the implementation of different geochemical background values, selected pollution indices, and by way of comparison with the limit values of the sediment quality guidelines and supported by cartographic methods. Results and discussion Metal concentrations presented in the paper were associated with a specific type of sediment and sedimentation environment. The highest concentrations of metals were found in the fluvial-lacustrine sediment covering the bottom of the bay of eutrophic character. The lowest amounts were found in the lacustrine chalk and clastic sediment present in the littoral parts of the lake, while profundal sediments were more enriched with metals. Studies revealed that the examined metals have mostly natural, but also anthropogenic origin. The assessment of lake sediments, with the use of geochemical background values and different indices, yielded highly diversified results associated with the variability of background values applied in the study. However, ultimately, the Wigry Lake sediments were found to be only slightly contaminated with Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn, while Pb concentrations were considered to be more disturbing. The potential ecotoxicological risk was assessed as low. Conclusions Particular attention in this study was paid to the significance of the geochemical background values adopted for calculations, which, in the case of Wigry Lake, gave very divergent results. A uniquely large data set facilitated the performance of a thorough analysis of metal distributions in recent lacustrine sediments and highlighted the necessity of using integrated approaches in aquatic ecosystem studies.
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Chen, Su, Lei Chao, Li Na Sun, and Tie Heng Sun. "Plant-Microorganism Combined Remediation for Sediments Contaminated with Heavy Metals." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1223.
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In order to investigate the effects of four heavy metal tolerant microorganisms, Staphylococcus pasteuri (X1), Agrobacterium tumefaciens (X2), Penicillium chrysogenum (Z1) and Paecilomyces lavender (Z2), on heavy metals uptake by the heavy metal tolerance plant-maize and the cadmium hyperaccumulator plant-Beta vulgaris var. cicla L., a pot experiment with sediments was conducted. Through comparing the overall situations of four microorganisms’ role in enhancing maize and Beta vulgaris var. cicla L. to gather cadmium, lead, copper and zinc, plant biomasses, and enrichment characteristics, the combination of bacterium X2, fungus Z2 and these two plants can effectively repair these four heavy metals in sediments.
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Borgmann, U., and W. P. Norwood. "Identification of the toxic agent in metal-contaminated sediments from Manitouwadge Lake, Ontario, using toxicityaccumulation relationships in Hyalella azteca." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 1055–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-021.
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Toxicity of sediments from Manitouwadge Lake, Ontario, to Hyalella correlated closely with bioaccumulation of zinc but not copper. Bioaccumulation in 1-week exposures was sufficient to infer chronic zinc toxicity. Close similarity between toxicity-accumulation relationships from Manitouwadge Lake and those obtained from zinc-spiked Hamilton Harbour sediments indicate that toxicity is due to zinc itself and not some other chemical that correlates with zinc in sediments. Sediment concentrations of zinc, on the other hand, are unreliable indicators of effects; toxicity was not highest in sediments from the most contaminated site. Copper accumulation was insufficient to cause short-term (1-week) toxicity. Chronic copper toxicity cannot be predicted from bioaccumulation, but the absence of a significant growth reduction, which is specific to copper, strongly suggests that the contribution of copper to chronic toxicity was minimal. Body concentrations of zinc and copper in wild animals from contaminated lakes (in contrast to laboratory animals exposed to sediments from those lakes) are not reliable indicators of metal toxicity, either because these amphipods have adapted to contaminated conditions or because they survive in selected microhabitats with reduced metal availability.
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Talbi, Hanane, and Slimane Kachi. "Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Seybouse River, Guelma – Annaba, Algeria." Journal of Water and Land Development 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2019-0008.
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Abstract The surface sediments of Seybouse River and its affluents have been studied and assessed to determine their degree of heavy metal contamination (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn and Fe). The contamination factor (CF), the contamination degree (CD) and statistical tools (correlation and APC) has been used in assessing: metal contamination, sediment toxicity and to identify the origin of metals which have enriched the sediments. Heavy metals concentrations of sediments are generally heterogeneous and vary according to the metal and the sampling site. The results have been compared to the reference values of the unpolluted sediments and have shown that Seybouse River sediments are more contaminated by Pb, Cd and Zn respectively. CF values indicate moderate to considerable contamination for most stations. CD values show that the most toxic sediments are located mainly at the estuary and downstream of large agglomerations. The matrix correlation between the metallic elements shows a very strong correlation between Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn indicating that they have a similar source. These different metallic elements appear as traces of anthropogenic pollution. Despite using wastewater treatment plants as protective measures, Seybouse River pollution is remaining a big issue and more efforts has to be done by local authorities.
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Smal, Halina, Sławomir Ligęza, Anna Wójcikowska-Kapusta, Stanisław Baran, Danuta Urban, Radomir Obroślak, and Artur Pawłowski. "Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in bottom sediments of two small dam reservoirs (south-east Poland)." Archives of Environmental Protection 41, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2015-0041.
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Abstract Sediments of two dam reservoirs in SE Poland, Zalew Zemborzycki (ZZ) and Brody Iłżeckie (BI) were studied. The sediments from both reservoirs were sampled in the transects perpendicular to the shoreline, at the river inflow and the frontal dam. The total concentration of Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr and Ni was determined by ICP-EAS method after the sample digestion in the mixture of concentrated HNO3 and HClO4 acids. The statistical analyses: value intervals, mean values, variation coefficient, the median and the skewed distribution were performed. To estimate differences between the means for transects, Tukey’s test was applied with least significant difference (LSD) determination. The maps of the metal spatial distribution were drawn and sediment quality according to the geochemical and ecotoxicological criteria evaluated. Differences between the reservoirs in terms of heavy metals concentration in bottom sediments, and regularities in their spatial distribution were found. In the ZZ sediments the concentration was at the level of geochemical background (Zn, Cr), slightly (Cd, Cu, Ni) or moderately (Pb) contaminated sediments. The metal concentration in the sediments of the BI was up to eight times higher as compared to the ZZ. Moreover, sediments from the BI reservoir showed a greater variability of metal concentration than those from ZZ, which resulted from the dredging operation performed in the part of the reservoir. Metal concentration in sediments of the dredged part was ca. 2–5 times lower than in the undredged one, which indicates that after the dredging operation, accumulation of these metals was slight. The concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cd from the undredged part of BI were at the level of contaminated sediments and exceeded the probable effects level (PEL). In the ZZ, the greatest accumulation of metals occurred in the upper part of the reservoir and at the frontal dam, and the lowest in the middle part of the reservoir. In BI, the lower outflow of water in this reservoir caused a lower metal concentration in the sediments at the frontal dam, as compared with the other sediments in the undredged part of the reservoir. The results indicate that in small and shallow reservoirs, areas of accumulation of heavy metals depend on such factors as a parent river current, reservoir depth, water waving, reservoir shape (narrowing, coves/bays), and type of water outflow.
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Martins, Afonso Henriques, Débora Fernandes Almeida, Luciano Rodrigues Gomes Santos, and Thiago Toussaint Marcelino Moreira. "Metal bioavailability potential of São Francisco river sediments in Três Marias (Minas Gerais - Brazil)." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 67, no. 2 (June 2014): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672014000200004.
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Sediment contamination by metals is very common and frequently researched worldwide with the objective of assessing the environmental impact of these contaminants. The bulk metal concentration in sediments is not enough for assessing toxicity and therefore, needs additional research and assays. To estimate the potentially bioavailable fraction of the metals in the sediment, the acid-volatile sulfides / simultaneously extracted metals (AVS/SEM) method was used. Seven samples in duplicate were collected from the São Francisco River and its tributary, near a zinc metallurgical plant in the city of Três Marias (MG). The AVS/SEM results suggest that, although the bulk metal concentrations are above TEL (Threshold Effects Level: A chemical concentration above which some adverse effect to biota is expected), samples from the São Francisco River presented relatively low potential for bioavailability (uncertain toxicity). These results should be taken into consideration before deciding about contaminated sediment management.
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Zhang, Zhibin, Xianhui Shi, Yanhao Zhang, Shengrui Wang, Meng Wang, Yuchen Wang, W. M. Sumana Bandara Weerakoon, and Olga Sanginova. "Study on immobilization of diatomite, Ca(H2PO4)2, CaCO3, HAP and nano-HAP for heavy metal contaminated sediment." Water Quality Research Journal 55, no. 4 (October 21, 2020): 370–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2020.117.
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Abstract The immobilization performances of Diatomite, Ca(H2PO4)2, CaCO3, Hydroxyapatite (HAP) and Nano-HAP (n-HAP) for Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cd contaminated sediments were investigated by immobilization experiments and evaluated by the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) extraction test, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The result of BCR indicated that HAP and Nano-HAP (n-HAP) had a better immobilization effect on metal contaminated sediments, and the residual fractions of Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cd increased from 30.4, 31.9, 55.49 and 54.27% to 36, 39, 72, and 57%, respectively. The order for immobilized effects of additive was: n-HAP > HAP > CaCO3 > Ca(H2PO4)2 > diatomite. However, the cost-effectiveness of HAP was slightly higher than that of n-HAP, so HAP was more suitable for immobilization of heavy metals in sediment. The TCLP test showed that with HAP as immobilization the leaching amount was reduced by approximately 76, 28, 78, and 85% for Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cd, respectively, compared to the blank group. The results also proved that HAP would be an effective and economical agent for immobilizing heavy metals in sediment, with the optimum mass dosage of 10% (the mass ratios of HAP/sediment (dry weight)) of the sediment.
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Alvarez, Ana M., and Alfredo E. Trento. "Analytical and numerical solutions for sediment and heavy metal transport: a 1D simplified case." Water Quality Research Journal 49, no. 3 (April 23, 2014): 258–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2014.028.
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The use of mathematical models to study the transport of suspended sediments and heavy metals (HM) in water and riverbeds is of growing interest among the scientific community. A model of three partial differential equations solved by a numerical scheme of a third order was applied. The aim was to verify a numerical one-dimensional (1D) model for sediment and heavy metal concentrations in the water and bed applying analytical solutions, for three sedimentological conditions with a continuous source. The importance of the magnitude and sense of the diffusive process in the active bed sediment layer was studied. Differences between numerical and analytical results were quantified for: sediment concentration in the water column, total HM concentration in the water column and HM concentration in bed sediments. All these differences were less than 0.4% in all cases. Numerical results for two more complex scenarios were included. For the first scenario, water without HM flowing over a contaminated bed was assumed, whereas for the second one, the opposite – contaminated water with HM flowing over a clean bed − was adopted. A brief analysis of the initial conditions of HM concentration showed the importance of determining such initial conditions in actual environmental studies.
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Tang, Q., Y. Bao, X. He, and A. Wen. "Heavy metal enrichment in the riparian sediments and soils of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 367 (March 3, 2015): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-367-244-2015.
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Abstract. The Three Gorges Reservoir encompasses a riparian zone with a vertical height of 30 m and a total area of 349 km2 that has been subjected to alternate inundation and exposure due to regular impoundment. Sedimentation on the riparian landforms constitutes an important pathway for riverine contaminant redistribution. In an attempt to understand heavy metal enrichment since water inundation, riparian sediments and soils were sampled along five transects in a typical riparian zone composed of cultivated bench terraces in the middle reaches. Heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb) were determined to characterize the lateral distribution and vertical transfer ratio. The results indicated that all heavy metals were enriched to varying extents both in the riparian sediments and soils, compared with regional background contents in soils and the reference levels in sediments. However, heavy metal levels in the riparian sediments were generally higher than those in the riparian soils, while those in the upper riparian soils (0–5 cm) were overall slightly higher than those in the lower riparian soils (5–10 cm). There was a decreasing trend of heavy metal contents with increasing elevation. The elevated levels of heavy metals in the riparian sediments may be attributed to sediment yields from upstream anthropogenic sources, especially during major rainstorms in the wet season when large loads of contaminated sediment may be produced from diffuse source areas. Heavy metals can also be adsorbed to pure sediment in the course of mobilization or after deposition. Considering that the riparian soils are local weathering products without mobilization, the enrichment of heavy metals may principally be ascribed to chemical adsorption from dissolved fractions or vertical transfer from overlaid sediments. Heavy metal enrichment may further be affected by the specific type of hydrologic regime such that relatively long flooding duration caused by water impoundment and natural floods was responsible for the relatively higher levels of heavy metals in the lower portions of the riparian zone.
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Roosa, Stéphanie, Ruddy Wattiez, Emilie Prygiel, Ludovic Lesven, Gabriel Billon, and David C. Gillan. "Bacterial metal resistance genes and metal bioavailability in contaminated sediments." Environmental Pollution 189 (June 2014): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.031.
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Gutiérrez, Mélida, Zachary Collette, Anastasia McClanahan, and Kevin Mickus. "Mobility of Metals in Sediments Contaminated with Historical Mining Wastes: Example from the Tri-State Mining District, USA." Soil Systems 3, no. 1 (March 23, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3010022.
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The Tri-State Mining District (TSMD) of Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma was a world class zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) producer. Mining ceased in the 1950s, leaving behind a large amount of mine wastes. Although much of the affected areas have been remediated, stream sediments may still contain toxic levels of these metals. The mobility of the metals was determined for sediment samples from Turkey Creek, Missouri. The median values of the metal content were 2700 mg/kg Zn, 161 mg/kg Pb, and 10.8 mg/kg Cd. These concentrations marginally surpass the sediment quality guidelines that differentiate between toxic and nontoxic conditions. Mobility was determined by sequential extraction of two phases—bioavailable and Fe-oxides. The fraction of the metal available to biota was 7.7% for Zn, 5.0% for Cd, and 0.4% for Pb, whereas the Fe-oxide fraction retained 25% of Zn, 21% of Pb, and 35% Cd. These values roughly agree with the values reported for other areas of the TSMD. Fractionation provides an estimate of the amount of metal available at the present conditions and gives the amount of metal available should the pH and/or Eh vary. The methodology puts an emphasis on ecosystem health and can be applied to other areas where Zn–Pb concentrations in soils and sediments are a concern.
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Rijkenberg, Micha J. A., and Craig V. Depree. "Heavy metal stabilization in contaminated road-derived sediments." Science of The Total Environment 408, no. 5 (February 2010): 1212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.053.
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Gillan, David C., and Philippe Pernet. "Adherent bacteria in heavy metal contaminated marine sediments." Biofouling 23, no. 1 (January 2007): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927010601108725.
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Boivin, M. E. Y., G. D. Greve, J. V. García-Meza, B. Massieux, W. Sprenger, M. H. S. Kraak, A. M. Breure, M. Rutgers, and W. Admiraal. "Algal–bacterial interactions in metal contaminated floodplain sediments." Environmental Pollution 145, no. 3 (February 2007): 884–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.003.
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Sahli, Leila, Fatima-Zohra Afri-Mehennaoui, Mohamed El Hadef El Okki, Christian Blaise, and Smail Mehennaoui. "Spatial and seasonal variations and ecotoxicological significance of sediment trace metal concentrations in Kebir-Rhumel basin (Northeast of Algeria)." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 8 (October 1, 2011): 1759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.693.
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This study sought to assess sediment contamination by trace metals (cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc), to localize contaminated sites and to identify environmental risk for aquatic organisms in Wadis of Kebir Rhumel basin in the Northeast of Algeria. Water and surficial sediments (0–5 cm) were sampled in winter, spring, summer and autumn from 37 sites along permanent Wadis of the Kebir Rhumel basin. Sediment trace metal contents were measured by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Trace metals median concentrations in sediments followed a decreasing order: Mn > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd. Extreme values (dry weights) of the trace metals are as follows: 0.6–3.4 μg/g for Cd, 10–216 μg/g for Cr, 9–446 μg/g for Cu, 3–20 μg/g for Co, 105–576 μg/g for Mn, 10–46 μg/g for Ni, 11–167 μg/g for Pb, and 38–641 μg/g for Zn. According to world natural concentrations, all sediments collected were considered as contaminated by one or more elements. Comparing measured concentrations with American guidelines (Threshold Effect Level: TEL and Probable Effect Level: PEL) showed that biological effects could be occasionally observed for cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel levels but frequently observed for copper and zinc levels. Sediment quality was shown to be excellent for cobalt and manganese but medium to bad for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc regardless of sites.
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North, Nadia N., Sherry L. Dollhopf, Lainie Petrie, Jonathan D. Istok, David L. Balkwill, and Joel E. Kostka. "Change in Bacterial Community Structure during In Situ Biostimulation of Subsurface Sediment Cocontaminated with Uranium and Nitrate." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 8 (August 2004): 4911–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.8.4911-4920.2004.
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ABSTRACT Previous studies have demonstrated that metal-reducing microorganisms can effectively promote the precipitation and removal of uranium from contaminated groundwater. Microbial communities were stimulated in the acidic subsurface by pH neutralization and addition of an electron donor to wells. In single-well push-pull tests at a number of treated sites, nitrate, Fe(III), and uranium were extensively reduced and electron donors (glucose, ethanol) were consumed. Examination of sediment chemistry in cores sampled immediately adjacent to treated wells 3.5 months after treatment revealed that sediment pH increased substantially (by 1 to 2 pH units) while nitrate was largely depleted. A large diversity of 16S rRNA gene sequences were retrieved from subsurface sediments, including species from the α, β, δ, and γ subdivisions of the class Proteobacteria, as well as low- and high-G+C gram-positive species. Following in situ biostimulation of microbial communities within contaminated sediments, sequences related to previously cultured metal-reducing δ-Proteobacteria increased from 5% to nearly 40% of the clone libraries. Quantitative PCR revealed that Geobacter-type 16S rRNA gene sequences increased in biostimulated sediments by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude at two of the four sites tested. Evidence from the quantitative PCR analysis corroborated information obtained from 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, indicating that members of the δ-Proteobacteria subdivision, including Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans-related and Geobacter-related sequences, are important metal-reducing organisms in acidic subsurface sediments. This study provides the first cultivation-independent analysis of the change in metal-reducing microbial communities in subsurface sediments during an in situ bioremediation experiment.
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Krantzberg, G., and P. M. Stokes. "Metal Regulation, Tolerance, and Body Burdens in the Larvae of the Genus Chironomus." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-051.
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Bioaccumulation of metals are determined and compared for two populations of chironomid larvae collected from acidic lakes differing in their metal contamination. Results from laboratory experiments indicated that chironomid larvae from the more contaminated lake were able to regulate, or control their accumulation of Cu, Ni, and to some extent, Mn. Both populations regulated Zn, and neither population could regulate Pb or Cd. When larvae from the less contaminated site were exposed to sediments from the more contaminated lake, their growth was retarded and metals were accumulated to higher concentrations than for the native population. The data indicate that chronic exposure to elevated metal levels may result in the development of metal tolerance.
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Kouakou, Adjoumani Rodrigue, N’guessan Louis Berenger Kouassi, Edmond Konan Kouassi, Albert Trokourey, Benjamin Kouassi Yao, and Kopoin Adouby. "Lead concentrations in sediments and mollusc gastropod from Vridi Canal, Côte d’Ivoire." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i1.26.
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Lead (Pb) is one of the most frequent and toxic contaminant in the environment. It can be bioaccumulated by marine organisms through contaminated sediments as well as their food chains. The current study aimed at investigating Pb occurrence in the sediments and gastropod P. haemastostoma from Vridi Canal. Sediment samples were taken using a Van Veen steel grab of 0.02 m2 area, sealed in plastic bags and transported to the laboratory at 4 °C. Gastropod P. haemastostoma species were collected manually using gloves, and then placed in polyethylene plastic bags. The different concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrometer Varian AA 20. The results showed seasonal variability of Pb concentrations in sediments and P. haemastostoma. In the both matrices, Pb exhibited the same trend in the distribution between the seasons. This study also mentioned that sediments were highly contaminated by Pb (54.27-134.71 mg/kg). Vridi Canal was found to be one of the most contaminated seaport area. Pb levels (49.55-104.19 mg/kg) in P. haemastostoma exceeding the maximum permitted levels according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). This research demonstrated that sediments having lower ecological risk may be resulting in lower tissue Pb of P. haemastostoma.
Keywords: Metal Pb, sediment, P. haemastostoma, seasonal variation
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Song, Y., and G. Muller. "Biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and trace metals in anoxic freshwater sediments of the Neckar River, Germany." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 1 (1995): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950237.
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Pore-water components (SO42-, Fe2+, Mn2+), including nutrients (NH4+:, NO3-, PO43-), alkalinity and pH were determined at three sites in the Neckar River. Sequential extraction procedures and trace metals in both pore waters and sediments are reported in order to evaluate the mobility of trace metals in contaminated sediments. The results show that the mineralization of organic matter plays an important role in the cycling of nutrients and trace metals. Pore-water profiles (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) suggest that the element maximums at the sediment-water interface are caused by the decomposition of biomass. Low concentrations of dissolved Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in the anoxic sediments can be explained by a sharp decrease of SO42- in pore water concomitant with HS- production. This leads to the formation of highly insoluble metal sulfides. Solubility calculations show that the sediments act as a sink for trace metals with respect to trace metal sulfides. The organic/sulfidic-bound fraction accounts for 64-81% of Cd in the sediment cores, 36-67% of Pb and 51-69% of Cu. In contrast, Cr in pore water increases with depth because of its release from Fe/Mn oxides. NH4+ and PO43- are also released into the pore water owing to the mineralization of organic matter. No significant fluxes of NH4+ and PO43- into overlying water were found because of the existence of an oxic surface layer.
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Pedersen, T. F., B. Mueller, J. J. McNee, and C. A. Pelletier. "The early diagenesis of submerged sulphide-rich mine tailings in Anderson Lake, Manitoba." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 1099–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-093.
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The oxidation of sulphide-rich mine tailings stored on land by acidophilic bacteria is frequently associated with severe environmental degradation, as metal-rich acid drainage from the tailings contaminates groundwater and surface runoff. Permanent storage of tailings underwater may prove to be more chemically benign if oxidation is inhibited sufficiently. To assess this possibility, the chemistry of interstitial waters and the associated solid phases in tailings and organic-rich (20–30 wt.% C) natural sediments in Anderson Lake, Manitoba, is examined. The lake has been used as a receiving basin for sulphide-rich tailings since 1979, and is contaminated with metals as a result of the input of acid mine drainage along the north shore and the discharge of mill process water with the tailings. Three cores were collected and processed under nitrogen to extract interstitial waters. At all sites, the occurrence of high concentrations of dissolved iron in shallow pore waters indicates that the deposits are anoxic within several millimetres of the sediment–water interface. Despite high dissolved metal inventories in the lake, the concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd decrease abruptly with depth in the pore waters. This cannot be due to non-steady-state effects and indicates unequivocally that both the tailings and natural sediments are acting as sinks for metals, rather than as sources. Dissolved sulphate data and the widespread occurrence of framboidal pyrite in surface sediments suggest that the metals are being precipitated as sulphide phases at shallow depths.
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Pramod Kumar, G. L. Das, and Atul Garg. "Heavy metal accumulation in marine sediments - An assessment in ONGC’s platforms in Mumbai High Region, Arabian Sea." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 02, no. 01 (March 30, 2021): 060–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2021.2.1.0026.
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Heavy metal pollution, in the aquatic ecosystem, especially sediments, has become an area of concern garnering increasing attention since the past few decades. Some metals like manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are biologically important for marine life, others like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and Arsenic (As) are non-essential and become toxic at higher concentrations. These metals introduced into the marine ecosystem mainly due to anthropogenic activities. These heavy metals when discharged into the marine ecosystem may be absorbed in suspended solids, remain in seawater, etc., but ultimately end up in the sediments which act as a “sink” and later the “source”, due to their restricted mobility. Hence, monitoring the heavy metal concentrations in these marine sediments over a period of time is of great help in checking the pollution level and identifying the trend, which in turn will be instrumental in formulating sustainable practices. The paper mainly focuses on the study of the concentration of non-essential heavy metals in sea sediment around the operational areas of ONGC in western offshore area. The distribution of heavy metals in the sediments of ONGC’s exploratory blocks in Mumbai High Region, Arabian Sea was investigated. Surface sediment samples collected from 5 platforms (R-12A, BLQ, NBP, ICP and NQ) of Mumbai High Region, Arabian Sea and digested samples were analyzed by ICP-MS for 75As, 111Cd and 208Pb. Comparison of results in studied 5 platforms with various sediment quality guidelines is discussed to assess the present contamination. It reveals that sediments in study area are not contaminated with respect to perceived heavy metals. Generated data will assist in future for proactive measures and minimize the impact of anthropogenic sources.
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Dell’Anno, Filippo, Christophe Brunet, Leonardo Joaquim van Zyl, Marla Trindade, Peter N. Golyshin, Antonio Dell’Anno, Adrianna Ianora, and Clementina Sansone. "Degradation of Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metal Reduction by Marine Bacteria in Highly Contaminated Sediments." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091402.
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Investigations on the ability of bacteria to enhance removal of hydrocarbons and reduce heavy metal toxicity in sediments are necessary to design more effective bioremediation strategies. In this study, five bacterial strains, Halomonas sp. SZN1, Alcanivorax sp. SZN2, Pseudoalteromonas sp. SZN3, Epibacterium sp. SZN4, and Virgibacillus sp. SZN7, were isolated from polluted sediments from an abandoned industrial site in the Gulf of Naples, Mediterranean Sea, and tested for their bioremediation efficiency on sediment samples collected from the same site. These bacteria were added as consortia or as individual cultures into polluted sediments to assess biodegradation efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metal immobilisation capacity. Our results indicate that these bacteria were able to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, with a removal rate up to ca. 80% for dibenzo-anthracene. In addition, these bacteria reduced arsenic, lead, and cadmium mobility by promoting their partitioning into less mobile and bioavailable fractions. Microbial consortia generally showed higher performance toward pollutants as compared with pure isolates, suggesting potential synergistic interactions able to enhance bioremediation capacity. Overall, our findings suggest that highly polluted sediments select for bacteria efficient at reducing the toxicity of hazardous compounds, paving the way for scaled-up bioremediation trials.
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Dalu, Tatenda, Rolindela Tshivhase, Ross N. Cuthbert, Florence M. Murungweni, and Ryan J. Wasserman. "Metal Distribution and Sediment Quality Variation across Sediment Depths of a Subtropical Ramsar Declared Wetland." Water 12, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): 2779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102779.
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The study of wetlands is particularly important as these systems act as natural water purifiers and thus can act as sinks for contaminated particles. Wetland sediments are important as they provide an indication of potential contamination across temporal and spatial scales. The current study aimed to investigate the distributions of selected metals and nutrients in different sites in relation to sediment depth, and identify relationships among sediment metals. Significant differences in nutrient (i.e., N, P) and metal (i.e., K, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, B) concentrations were found across study sites, whereas nutrients (i.e., N, P) and metals (i.e., Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn) were significantly different with sediment depths. When compared against Canadian sediment standards, most of the assessed metals were within the “no effect” level across the different sites and depths. The K, Ca, and Mg concentration showed extreme contamination across all sites and depths. The enrichment factor values for K, Ca, and Mg showed extremely high enrichment levels for all sites and sediment depths. The Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and B concentration showed mostly background enrichment levels. All sediments across the different sites and sediment depths indicated deterioration of sediment quality. Pearson correlations suggest that most metals might have originated in a similar source as that of Mn and B, owing to a lack of significant differences. These results provide baseline information for the general management of the Nylsvley Wetland in relation to sediment metal pollution. The specific sources of metal contaminants also require further elucidation to further inform management efforts.
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Petrović, Dragana, Dejan Jančić, Martina Furdek, Nevenka Mikac, and Slađana Krivokapić. "Aquatic Plant Trapa natans L. as Bioindicator of Trace Metal Contamination in a Freshwater Lake (Skadar Lake, Montenegro)." Acta Botanica Croatica 75, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/botcro-2016-0031.
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Abstract Skadar Lake is the largest shallow lake in southeastern Europe. It is located within a national park, and is included in the Ramsar List of international important wetlands, so its preservation and protection from pollution is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate bioaccumulation of the ecotoxic metals Cd, Pb and Cr from sediments of Skadar Lake in the aquatic macrophyte Trapa natans L. Samples of sediment and plants were collected at nine locations covering all major water inputs to the lake as well as locations where contamination could be expected. The obtained results indicate that sediments from the Skadar Lake are only locally contaminated with Cd (0.03–1.18 mg kg−1), generally contaminated with Cr (15.8–180 mg kg−1), the concentrations of both elements frequently exceeding sediment quality guidelines, while concentrations of Pb were low (2.7–17.4 mg kg−1). The highest bioaccumulation of all metals from sediment to Trapa natans L. was observed in the root, with accumulation efficiency decreasing in the order Cd > Cr > Pb. Translocation from root to stem was also higher for Cd than for Cr and Pb, while the translocation from stem to leaf was comparable for all three metals. From the three investigated metals Cd showed the highest mobility. The results indicate that Trapa natans L. may be a very promising bioindicator of trace metal contamination in Skadar Lake.
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Gillan, David C., Bruno Danis, Philippe Pernet, Guillemette Joly, and Philippe Dubois. "Structure of Sediment-Associated Microbial Communities along a Heavy-Metal Contamination Gradient in the Marine Environment." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 2 (February 2005): 679–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.2.679-690.2005.
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ABSTRACT Microbial community composition and structure were characterized in marine sediments contaminated for >80 years with cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc. Four sampling sites that encompass a wide range of sediment metal loads were compared in a Norwegian fjord (Sørfjord). HCl-extractable metals and organic matter constantly decreased from the most contaminated site (S1) to the control site (S4). All sampling sites presented low polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations (Σ7PCB < 7.0 ng g [dry weight]−1). The biomass ranged from 4.3 × 108 to 13.4 × 108 cells g (dry weight) of sediments−1 and was not correlated to metal levels. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis indicated that diversity was not affected by the contamination. The majority of the partial 16S rRNA sequences obtained were classified in the γ- and δ-Proteobacteria and in the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides (CFB) bacteria. Some sequences were closely related to other sequences from polluted marine sediments. The abundances of seven phylogenetic groups were determined by using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). FISH was impaired in S1 by high levels of autofluorescing particles. For S2 to S4, the results indicated that the HCl-extractable Cu, Pb, and Zn were negatively correlated with the abundance of γ-Proteobacteria and CFB bacteria. δ-Proteobacteria were not correlated with HCl-extractable metals. Bacteria of the Desulfosarcina-Desulfococcus group were detected in every site and represented 6 to 14% of the DAPI (4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole) counts. Although factors other than metals may explain the distribution observed, the information presented here may be useful in predicting long-term effects of heavy-metal contamination in the marine environment.
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Kong, Ming, Xiaoshuai Hang, Longmian Wang, Hongbin Yin, and Yimin Zhang. "Accumulation and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments and zoobenthos (Bellamya aeruginosa and Corbicula fluminea) from Lake Taihu." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 1 (September 19, 2015): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.483.
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Accumulation and risk assessment of metals in sediments and zoobenthos (Bellamya aeruginosa and Corbicula fluminea) from Lake Taihu were studied. Results showed that metal (Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni) concentrations in Lake Taihu varied greatly, and Cd in the Zhushan Bay showed higher bioavailability compared to the other metals studied. The spatial distribution of metals in B. aeruginosa and C. fluminea was similar to that in sediments. Zn and Cu exhibited the higher mean concentration in B. aeruginosa and C. fluminea, which was in good accordance with its higher content in surrounding sediment. Labile fractions (i.e., acid-soluble (F1), reducible (F2) and F1 + F2) of Cu and Zn in sediments showed a significant positive correlation with them in B. aeruginosa (P < 0.01); no correlation relationship was found for metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni) between in the tissue of C. fluminea and in sediments. The results of ecological risk assessment showed that Zhushan Bay was seriously contaminated by metal Cd, as it made the main contribution of all the metals. Total target hazard quotients indicated that adults and children both had potential health risk through consuming C. fluminea. Hazard index values suggested that adults and children might experience adverse health effects through consuming B. aeruginosa and C. fluminea.
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Chen, S. Y., J. G. Lin, and C. Y. Lee. "Effects of ferric ion on bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediment." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 8 (November 1, 2003): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0464.
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Bioleaching is one of the promising procedures for removal of heavy metals from contaminated sediments. The advantages of this biotechnology are that it is easy, efficient, less costly and friendly to the environment. However, the principal disadvantage of this process is its slow kinetics in metal solubilization, which may limit practical application of the bioleaching process. In order to enhance the rate and efficiency of metal solubilization, the ferric ion was used as a catalytic agent in the bioleaching process. It was found that the sediment pH apparently decreased in the bioleaching after addition of ferric ion. The metal solubilization increased quickly after the addition of ferric ion. The rate of metal solubilization was enhanced by the addition of ferric ion, especially for Cr and Pb. An increase in the amount of ferric ion added increased the final efficiency of metal solubilization. The highest final efficiency of metal solubilization was obtained in the bioleaching with 1 g/L of ferric ion. Besides, the growth of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria was not affected by addition of ferric ion in the bioleaching. It was concluded that the kinetics of metal solubilization were enhanced by addition of ferric ion in the bioleaching process.
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Darricau, Louise, Abdellatif Elghali, Patrick Martel, and Mostafa Benzaazoua. "Evaluation of the Anthropogenic Metal Pollution at Osisko Lake: Sediments Characterization for Reclamation Purposes." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052298.
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The anthropogenic pollution of lake ecosystems by human activities (e.g., mining industries) is recognized as a serious issue. The Osisko urban lake located in Rouyn-Noranda (Quebec, Canada) was used partially as a waste disposal facility for many decades, causing a heavy pollution. The main undertakings of this study are (i) assessing the mineralogical and geochemical properties of lake Osisko sediments, and (ii) studying the pollution that occurred within lake water due to the sediments’ reactivity. Water and sediments across the lake were collected in different sensitive locations. Within the sediment samples, two parts were distinguished: a small layer of black vase over grey sediments. The black vase resembled organic matter while the gray sediment seemed close to clean lake sediments. The collected samples were characterized for their physical (particle size distribution, specific gravity and specific surface area), chemical (minor and major elements as well as total sulfur and carbon) and mineralogical (X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope) properties. Additionally, the reactivity of sediments was studied using weathering cells to quantify chemical species leaching and their releasing rates. The results showed that the vase was the only contaminated part with high concentrations of sulfur and metals such as copper, zinc and iron. Geochemical data showed that the composite sample and the vase potentially cause contaminated acid drainage if they are exposed to atmospheric conditions. Indeed, the pH values of the leachates from both samples were between 4 and 6, while those corresponding to sediments remained around circumneutral values. Quantitatively, the contaminant release from the tested samples was variable. Indeed, the Fe cumulative concentrations were around 200, 80 and 20 mg/kg for the vase, composite and sediment samples, respectively. Similarly, the Zn cumulative concentrations were around 4500, 4200, and below the detection limit for vase, composite and sediment samples, respectively. The same tendency was observed for Cu, S, and Fe. Thus, sediments within Osisko lake present a risk for water contamination if they are resuspended or dredged out of the lake. Consequently, they should be stabilized before their disposal. The samples’ high Cu contents also offer the possibility of their reprocessing.