Journal articles: 'Metal cladding'

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Viňáš, Ján, Miroslav Greš, and Tomáš Vaško. "Cladding of Wear-Resistant Layers in Metallurgy and Engineering." Materials Science Forum 862 (August 2016): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.862.41.

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The paper presents the application of weld layers used in renovations of functional surfaces of components that are exposed to several tribodegradation factors in operation of metallurgical and engineering industries. Surfaces of selected components are renovated using arc welding processes, namely: (MMAW) Manual Metal Arc Welding, (SAW) Submerged Arc Welding methods, (GMAW) Gas metal arc welding and (FCAW) Flux cored wire metal arc welding without gas shield. Claddings were made always three-layered directly on the surfaces of renovated components using dedicated cladding machines in operations and laboratory conditions respectively. Their quality was assessed using non-destructive tests, namely (VT) visual testing by STN EN ISO 17637 and (UT) Ultrasonic testing STN EN ISO 11666. Within the destructive tests the quality of claddings was evaluated using the metallographic analysis conducted on a light microscope Olympus BX and electron microscope Jeol where the impact of mixing the weld metal as well as heat treatment after cladding on the final structure of claddings was observed. Using the Shimadzu HMV 2 device the microhardness of cladding layers was evaluated on metallographic samples by STN EN ISO 9015-2. In laboratory conditions the resistance of cladding layers to abrasive wear was verified on the device Di-1. Experimental testing of the claddings confirmed that the selected additives and cladding parameters witting individual technology were chosen correctly as in cladding layers no presence of internal defects was observed.

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Peng, De-Xing, and Yuan Kang. "Wear behavior of ceramic powder and nano-diamond cladding on carbon steel surface." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 66, no. 2 (March 4, 2014): 272–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-11-2011-0101.

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Purpose – Thick composite claddings of carbides on a metal matrix are ideal for use in components that are subject to severe abrasive wear. It is a metal matrix composite (MMC) that is reinforced by an appropriate ceramic phase and nano-diamond cladding to reduce friction and to protect the opposing surface. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This work evaluated the wear performance of carbon steel cladded with TiC/nano-diamond powders by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) method. The microstructures, chemical compositions, and wear characteristics of cladded surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Findings – The cladding was uniform, continuous, and almost defect-free, and particles were evenly distributed throughout the cladding layer. The results of wear test indicate that the friction coefficient of the TiC+1.5% nano-diamond cladding is lower than that of AISI 1020 carbon steel. Thus, the wear scar area of the TiC+1.5% nano-diamond cladding is only one-tenth of the AISI 1020 carbon steel. Originality/value – The experiments in this study confirm that, by reducing friction and anti-wear, the cladding layer prepared using the proposed methods can prolong machinery operating life.

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Wang, Kai, Yongjun Shi, Xiaoyu Zhou, Changmin Zhai, Yankuo Guo, and Jianfeng Jiang. "Microstructure and properties of NiCrBSi coating formed by ultrasonic vibration combined with induction cladding." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 2 (2022): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022017.

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A new method of ultrasonic vibration combined with induction cladding was used to prepare nickel-based alloy coating on 45 steel to improve the properties of NiCrBSi coating by induction cladding. The temperature field distribution was simulated and analyzed by finite element method, and the optimum process parameters were determined. The transmission mechanism of ultrasonic wave in traditional non-contact ultrasonic vibration composite cladding was revealed. The effects of non-contact and contact ultrasonic vibration on the grain size, element distribution, porosity, and microhardness of the coating were studied. The cross-section of the coating was analyzed by using a scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer, and microhardness tester. The results show that the properties of the coating prepared by non-contact ultrasonic vibration combined with induction cladding were not improved because most of the ultrasonic energy was emitted. In contact ultrasonic vibration combined induction cladding, dendrite structure was destroyed, and the coating grains were refined under the action of ultrasonic vibration. The porosity also decreased evidently under the action of ultrasonic cavitation effect. The microhardness of the coating top area been significantly improved in the microhardness test.

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Yue, Kun, Guofu Lian, Meiyan Feng, and Youji Zhan. "Investigation on the effect of powder size on the properties of cladding layer based on RSM." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 1 (2022): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022003.

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This paper aims to reveal the influence of different TiC powder particle sizes and process parameters on the cladding morphology of composite materials and realize the forming control of cladding layer. The center composite design of response surface method was adopted to analyze the effects of laser power, scanning speed and particle size on the cladding morphology of composite materials. The mathematical models between process parameters, TiC powder particle size and micro-hardness, wear volume of the composite cladding layer were established and confirmed by variance analysis and model verification. The results indicate that powder particle size has most significant effect on the micro-hardness, and it increase with the increase of scanning speed, laser power and powder particle size; the effect of powder particle size on the wear resistance of the clad layer is most significant, and it increases with the increase of powder particle size and decreases with the increase of scanning speed and laser power. The optimization of process parameters is carried out with the target of maximizing micro-hardness and minimizing wear area. The error rates between prediction and experiment for the micro-hardness and wear area are 0.1% and 2.0% respectively. The results of this paper provide a reference for the prediction and control of the cladding morphology of composite materials.

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Lekhov, O. S., A. V. Mikhalev, and M. M. Shevelev. "PRODUCTION OF THREE-LAYER STEEL BIMETALLIC STRIPS IN THE UNIT OF CONTINUOUS CASTING AND DEFORMATION. REPORT 2." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 10 (November 3, 2019): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-10-763-768.

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The paper states urgency of the problem of determining stressstrain state of metals of the cladding layer and the main strip in production of three-layer bimetal: alloyed steel-constructional steelalloyed steel. Temperature field of the main strip and cladding layer is given to calculate stress-strain state of metals of three-layer bimetallic strip. Initial data for calculating this stress-strain state are given. To assess the effect of coefficient of friction between cladding layer s and the main strip on stress-strain state of metals in deformation zone, three values of it are taken. Geometric model is described for calculating stress-strain state and metal flow in deformation center of cladding layer. Characteristic lines and points of calculation are provided. Technique for solving the problem of determining stresses and flows in deformation focus is described by finite element method using ANSYS app. Regularities of flow of cladding layer’s metal along the length of deformation center and movement of the main strip of bimetallic ingot are given. Values of mutual displacement of layers of bimetallic strip are determined as a function of deformation degree of the cladding layer. And the recommendations are given on this degree to improve quali ty of a three-layer bimetal. Regularities of distribution of axial and tangential stresses in deformation center are presented for production of steel three-layer bimetallic strips in the unit of combined continuous casting and deformation. Stress state of the cladding layer’s metal in focus of cyclic deformation was estimated from the position of improving quality of three-layer bimetallic strips produced in such unit.

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Zhang, Wei, and Jian Hua Yao. "Research on Technics of Laser Direct Metal Deposition Forming Technology." Advanced Materials Research 69-70 (May 2009): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.69-70.54.

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The technological parameters of laser direct metal deposition (DMD) were researched by DMD forming experiments using 2Cr13 powder. Fixing other parameters, the lower of laser power, the smaller the characteristic sizes of cladding layer are. Increasing of laser power, cladding height would firstly increase and then decrease, cladding width would firstly increase and then almost maintain constant, while cladding depth would gradually increase. When other parameters are invariable, with increasing of powder feeding speed, cladding height would increase, cladding width and cladding depth would decrease. When other parameters are invariable, cladding width, cladding height and cladding depth would decrease with the adding of scanning speed. The microstructure of single track cladding had three typical patterns, cellular dendritic, column dendritic and equiaxed crystal. The patterns depended on the temperature gradient and the solidification velocity. Under different technical parameters, the average hardness of specimens would change from 300HV0.2 to 550HV0.2.

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Cao, Qiang, Guo-fu Lian, Chang-rong Chen, and Mei-yan Feng. "Sensitivity analysis of the process parameters of laser cladding NiCrCoAlY." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 2 (2022): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022015.

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This research aims to explore the forming quality of Laser Cladding NiCrCoAlY. The small changes in process parameters on the geometric characteristics of cladding layer was investigated. Mathematical models were established based on the linear regression analysis, and the influence of process parameters on the geometric morphology was obtained through the sensitivity analysis. The results show that the mathematical models have remarkable fitting accuracy. The laser power is positively correlated with clad height, width, and dilution rate; while the scanning speed is negatively correlated with clad height and width but positively with dilution rate. The powder feeding voltage has a positive correlation with clad height and a negative with clad width and dilution rate. In addition, the clad height has the greatest negative sensitivity to scanning speed, while the clad width is most sensitive to laser power and nearly insensitive to powder feeding voltage, which indicates that the clad width cannot be controlled effectively by powder feeding voltage. The dilution rate is most sensitive to laser power. The findings of this research provide a characteristic diagram of sensitivity for the geometric characteristics of laser cladding NiCrCoAlY, and also provide a theoretical basis for the further effective control on the forming quality of cladding layer.

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Soodi, Mehdi, S. H. Masood, and Milan Brandt. "A Study of Laser Cladding with 420 Stainless Steel Powder on the Integrity of the Substrate Metal." Advanced Materials Research 230-232 (May 2011): 949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.230-232.949.

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Laser cladding is a thermal process for depositing a metallic alloy on to a parent metal to repair corrosion, erosion, wear or other physical damage. The present work studies the effects of the laser cladding process on the integrity of metal substrates and the bond between the cladding layer and the base metal. It also evaluates some physical characteristics of the cladding layer, in this case grade 420 stainless steel. The research compares the work with Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding and concludes that, due to the small size of the heat-affected zone, this laser cladding process does not adversely affect the physical properties of the metallic substrates.

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Peyre, Patrice. "Additive Layer Manufacturing using Metal Deposition." Metals 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10040459.

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Among the additive layer manufacturing techniques for metals, those involving metal deposition, including laser cladding/Direct Energy Deposition (DED, with powder feeding) or Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM, with wire feeding), exhibit several attractive features [...]

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Lam, Y. W. "Noise Transmission Through Profiled Metal Cladding Part III: Double-Skin SRI Prediction." Building Acoustics 2, no. 2 (June 1995): 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1351010x9500200201.

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This paper extends previous studies on the sound transmission through single-skin profiled metal cladding systems to cover realistic double-skin cladding constructions. A method for predicting the sound reduction of such double-skin cladding systems is developed which takes proper account of the orthotropic nature of the cladding sheets, the sound bridging through fixing supports, and the transmission loss through the in-fill insulation. The method is verified against sound reduction measurements made on a variety of commercial cladding products which cover a good range of basic double-skin cladding construction types. Good agreement between prediction and measurement is found.

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Goncharov, Nikolay G., Alexey A. Yushin, Oleg I. Kolesnikov, and Pavel A. Ponomarev. "Pipe metal and welded connection defect repair by cladding." SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION 10, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2020-10-4-379-385.

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Cladding repair is the one of the most simple and least expensive repair technologies. It refers to both permanent and temporary repair methods. It reduces work costs and time of repair works while retaining the quality required by the statutory requirements. With the help of cladding repair, a significant number of defects of corrosion-mechanical origin can be eliminated. The problem of improving this technology is of utmost importance. The purpose of the present research is to develop the technology for effective and safe cladding repair of such defects as corrosion damages of pipe metal and such welded connection defects as incomplete groove filling, undercut, pores, strikes, slag inclusion. The following problems were solved to reach this goal: research of thermal cycles in the course of cladding, research of cladding modes, development of multipass repair technology, determination of allowable defect parameters, and detection of methods for optimal quality control of repaired areas. The specialists performed testing of full-scale pipe samples and circular joint of pipes, imitating the surface defects after cladding repair. The test results did not reveal the damage of metal and welded connection areas. Cladding repair allows recovering bearing capacity of pipeline to design level. This technology can be used in the works on shutdown pipelines and on pipelines under operation.

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Ji, Xia, Jian Zhong Zhou, Hua Feng Guo, and Da Peng Xu. "Experimental Investigation on the Nickel-Based Metal Components Fabricated by Laser Cladding." Key Engineering Materials 375-376 (March 2008): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.375-376.338.

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This paper presents an experimental investigation on the metal components fabricated by laser cladding. In the present study, two process of laser cladding were conducted, that is pre-placed powder cladding and coaxial powder-feed cladding. The effect of processing parameters was studied and optimum set of parameters for the superior surface quality was established by employing the orthogonal design. The fabricated components were subjected to metallographic examinations and micro-hardness measurement. Results indicated that the microstructure of coaxial cladding components was finer than pre-placed powder cladding components. The micro-hardness of the fabricated specimen along and vertical the scanning direction were measured using a HVS-1000 micro-hardness tester with a 200 g applied load. Analysis of the physical properties provided further evidence of differences in micro-hardness produced by different process conditions, and the average micro-hardness value of pre-placed power cladding layer was lower than the coaxial powder-feed cladding layer.

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Kolesnikov, V. I., V. V. Shapovalov, and D. A. Ryabysh. "Metal-polymer cladding technology for metal friction surfaces." Materials Today: Proceedings 19 (2019): 2230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.540.

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Gelbart, William, and Richard Johnson. "Molybdenum Sinter-Cladding of Solid Radioisotope Targets." Instruments 3, no. 1 (February 2, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments3010011.

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In solid targets for radioisotope production, the parent materials—mostly metallic—are usually attached to a substrate (metal part, often copper or silver) to support it during handling and irradiation and to facilitate liquid or gas cooling to remove the heat generated by the particle beam. This cladding process is most frequently done by electroplating. One of the biggest challenges of preparing solid, high-current, 100Mo targets is the difficulty of cladding the substrate with molybdenum—metal that cannot be electroplated. A number of cladding techniques are used with varying degrees of complexity, success, and cost. A simple cladding process, especially suitable for the production of radioisotope targets, was developed. The process uses a metal slurry (metal powder and binder) painted on the substrate and heated in a hydrogen atmosphere where the metal is sintered and diffusion-bound to the substrate in a single step.

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Xu, Zhao Mei, and Zong Hai Hong. "Experimental Study on the Nickel-Based Metal Parts Manutactured by Laser Cladding." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.959.

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This paper presents an experimental research on the metal parts manufactured by laser cladding. The present studies showed two processes were conducted ,including coaxial powder-feed cladding and pre-placed powder cladding. The effect of processing parameters were studied and optimum set of parameters for the superior surface quality was established by employing the orthog -onal design. The manufactured parts were subjected to metallographic examination and micro -hardness measurement. Results showed that the microstructure of coaxial cladding parts was better than that of pre-placed powder cladding parts. The micro-hardness of the manufactured specimen along and vertical the scanning direction were measured using a HVS-1000 micro-hardness tester with a 200g applied load. Analysis of the physical properties provided further evidence of differences in micro-hardness produced by different process conditions, and the average micro -hardness value of pre-placed power cladding layer was lower than that of the coaxial powder-feed cladding layer.

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Zhao, Yong Tao, Wen Xue Li, and Jun Wei Zhou. "Effect on Microstructure and Hardness of Plunger Piston of Fe-Based Composite Coating by Laser Cladding." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.830.

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The laser cladding of Fe power technology was used to repair worn plunger piston surface. The microstructure of cladding layer, binder course and the matrix were observed by OM and SEM. Besides, the micro-hardness of different zones was measured through micro-hardness testing. The results show that the matrix metal microstructure of plunger piston is made of ferrite and austenite. By laser cladding Fe-based power on base metal, the cladding layer grain is fine and uniform, grain growth has obvious direction and finally become dendrites oriented, the microstructure of cladding layer is both second-phase hard particles and Fe-based solutes. The combination between matrix and cladding layer is smooth, belong to metallurgy bonding. The hardness of cladding layer is higher than that of other parts in three parts, the max value of micro-hardness is about 1250HV, it can agree with wear resistance need of plunge piston surface.

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Wu, Wei Yu, Xue Feng Liu, and Feng Yi. "Defect Formation Mechanism and Influence of Processing Parameters on Surface Quality of Copper Clad Steel Composite Wires Prepared by Core-Cladding Continuous Casting." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 1183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.1183.

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Copper clad steel (CCS) composite wires with the carbon steel core diameter of 8 mm and copper cladding thickness of 1 mm were prepared by core-cladding continuous casting method under argon protection. The effects of melt temperature, molten metal height and drawing velocity on the surface quality were investigated. The formation mechanisms of the surface defects were discussed. The results showed that CCS wires with good surface quality could be continuously fabricated at a melt temperature of 1120 to 1200°C, a molten metal height of 2 to 4 cm and a drawing velocity of 10 to 30 mm/min. Raising the melt temperature, increasing the molten metal height or decreasing the drawing velocity is in favor of improvements in the surface quality. Insufficient supplement of liquid copper during solidification shrinkage resulted in surface dimple. Transverse hot cracking and exposed steel defect appeared because the frictional force between cladding metal and mold was larger than the tensile strength of cladding metal under high temperature.

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Zhang, Yin Yong, Jian Guo Zhao, Lu Ping Ma, Yue Jin Ma, and Jian Jun Hao. "Process Optimization of Reaction Nitrogen Arc Welding Cladding TiCN/Fe Metal Ceramic Composite Coating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 1279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.1279.

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In order to research the technique of reaction nitrogen arc cladding, the 5 factors 4 levels orthogonal experiments have been designed, and the effects of process parameters (such as cladding current, tungsten polar diameter, nitrogen flow, cladding speed and precoated thickness) on coating wear resistance performance were discussed. The process parameters were optimized as follows: cladding current 200 A, tungsten polar diameter 1.6 mm, nitrogen flow 12L. min-1, cladding speed 2 mm.s-1, precoated thickness 1.5 mm.

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Jeong, Jae-Il, Jong-Hyoung Kim, Si-Geun Choi, Young Tae Cho, Chan-Kyu Kim, and Ho Lee. "Mechanical Properties of White Metal on SCM440 Alloy Steel by Laser Cladding Treatment." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 2836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062836.

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The bearing is a machine element that plays an important role in rotating the shaft of a machine while supporting its weight and load. Numerous bearings have been developed to improve durability and life, depending on the functions and operating conditions in which they are desired. White metal is one of method to improve durability that is soft and bonded to the inner surface of the bearing to protect the bearing shaft. Currently, the centrifugal casting process is used as a white metal lamination method, but it involves problems such as long processing times, high defect rates and harmful health effects. In this paper, a laser cladding treatment is applied to bond powdered white metal to SCM440 alloy steel, which is used as bearing material in terms of replacing the risks of a centrifugal process. In order to understand whether laser cladding is a suitable process, this paper compares the mechanical properties of white metal produced on SCM440 alloy steel by centrifugal casting and the laser cladding process. The laser power, powder feed rate and laser head speed factors are varied to understand the mechanical properties and measure the hardness using micro Vickers and conduct field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and friction testing to understand the mechanical properties and surface characteristics. Based on the results, the hardness values of the cladding (white metal) layer ranged between 24 and 26 HV in both the centrifugal casting and laser cladding methods. However, the hardness of the white metal produced by laser cladding at about a depth of 0.1 mm rose rapidly in the cladding process, forming a heat-affected zone (HAZ) with an average hardness value of 200 HV at a laser power of 1.1 kW, 325 HV at 1.3 kW and 430 HV at 1.5 kW. The surface friction testing results revealed no significant differences in the friction coefficient between the centrifugal casting and laser cladding methods, which allows the assumption that the processing method does not significantly influence the friction coefficient.

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Howell, David M. "Pre‐coated metal cladding – evaluating failures." Structural Survey 9, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809110031583.

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Outlines the history of pre‐coated metal cladding, its use and the causes of failure. Discusses the process of manufacturing and the types of coating available. Examines the causes of failure, looking at loading requirements, span requirements, substrate type, profile, fixing requirements, pitch, coating type (external and internal faces), design life, site environmental conditions, insulation standards, packaging, handling and storage conditions and evidence of suitability. Suggests that there remains a need for improved national and international standards, the existence of which would help to ensure that products are properly selected for the intended building use, resulting in fewer cladding failures and a simpler method of allocating responsibility in the event of disputes.

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Janicki, Damian Michał. "High Power Diode Laser Cladding of Wear Resistant Metal Matrix Composite Coatings." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.587.

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The paper describes the application of high power direct diode laser (HPDDL), with a rectangular laser beam spot of size 1.8x6.8 mm, for the cladding of Ni-based alloy (NiSiB)+WC composite coatings. The laser cladding process was carried out with a direct injection of cladding powder into the melt pool. The influence of parameters, such as laser power beam (heat input) and WC particles size in the cladding powder on the coatings microstructure and wear properties was investigated. The microstructure and morphology of the coatings were assessed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Wear properties of the coatings were investigated using abrasive and erosive wear tests. The results showed that a proper selection of laser cladding parameters provides non-porous coatings with excellent metallurgical bonding and a homogeneous distribution of WC particles. The dissolution of WC particles increases with the size of WC particles decreasing in the cladding powder and increasing the laser power level (heat input). The coatings containing WC particles in size range of 100-200 µm provide the highestwear resistance under erosive and abrasiveconditions.

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Zhang, Kai, Xin Min Zhang, and Xiao Feng Shang. "Research on Cladding Process of Metal Powder during Laser Additive Manufacturing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 4311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.4311.

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The process of laser additive manufacturing consists of depositing successive layers of molten metal powder to create a near-net shape. A high-power laser is used to melt incoming metal powder, which forms a molten pool on the surface. As the latter moves beneath the laser, this newly created molten pool solidifies. By properly controlling the trajectory of deposition tracks, one can create a diverse range of shapes with varying complexities. In nature, the laser additive manufacturing technology is a continuous multilayer laser cladding process under the control of computer. The microstructure morphology of cladding layer is essential for the performance of as-deposited metal parts, so the cladding process was studied through related experiment. Based on the solidification theory, the microstructure morphology and the evolution rule were comprehensively analyzed. The results indicate that the temperature gradient and the solidification rate are the primary factor determining the microstructure morphology of cladding layer.

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Suntiniwat, Pattanawit, Eakkachai Warinsiriruk, and Sutep Joy-A-Ka. "Single-Pass Cladding Process Using Hot-wire Gas Metal Arc Welding Technique." MATEC Web of Conferences 269 (2019): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926901006.

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The aim of this study is to improve cladding process productivity by high production rate with low dilution process by specifying technique as hot-wire GMAW process. The base metal of carbon steel A516 Gr70 was cladded by austenitic stainless steel 309LSi for creating a buttering layer and stainless steel 308LSi for hot-wire filler for topping a cladding layer in a one-pass run. The studied parameters this experiment consist of the feeding ratio of hot wire feeding speed per GMAW wire feeding speed and travel speed. Welding phenomenon during welding was observed by CCD camera with specifying the optical device to see the appropriate condition. The result showed the hot-wire GMAW cladding process could reduce cycle time 3.5 times compare with conventional FCAW cladding process. Moreover, dilution of this process could decrease lower than 15% with acceptable FN 3 on the top of weld surface. Therefore, single pass cladding process achieved by using this method with low dilution by still keep microstructure capability.

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Xiao, Kun, Hongbai Bai, Xin Xue, and Yiwan Wu. "Damping Characteristics of Metal Rubber in the Pipeline Coating System." Shock and Vibration 2018 (November 6, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3974381.

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The reduction of vibration in submarine pipeline systems at high temperatures has always been a difficult problem. This paper aims to reduce the vibration of pipeline systems by using coated metal rubber. A theoretical model of the cladding damping structure, formed on the basis of the bilinear hysteresis model, is established. The mechanical model of the single degree of freedom hysteretic system is linearly equivalent to using the linearization method. The theoretical analysis indicates that the regularity of the stiffness of metal rubber decreases, and the damping increases, with the increase of the excitation amplitude. Experimental verification confirmed this analysis after an experimental system for pipelines coated by metal rubber was developed. A method for preparing the thin sheet of metal rubber, which is the damping layer, was introduced. At the same time, the force transfer rate and the structural loss factor were proposed to characterize the damping performance of the cladding damping structure. The vibration absorption characteristics of the cladding damping structure, along with its forming density, number of coating layers, and excitation magnitude, are investigated by means of the experimental method. The results indicate that the damping performance of metal rubber decreases with the increase of forming density, and the damping performance of metal rubber increases with the increase of the number of cladding layers and the magnitude of excited vibration.

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Yelistratov, A. P. "Peculiarities of laser cladding with feeding of the filler tape." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 3 (October 5, 2018): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2018-3-95-100.

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Semiconductor laser has some features that make it an efficient tool for surface treatment of metals, in particular for surface strengthening. It provides high enough concentration of energy in the heat spot, possibility to adjust process parameters in wide range. Insignificant, compare to other types of laser, energy density eliminates an extensive penetration and internal melting of the metal, which is very important for surface treatment and for the wear resistant covering.Method of metal layers deposition by feeding a metal strip and its melting by laser beam was developed. Metallurgical processes of the deposit lay forming were investigated; method of feeding the filler strip was optimized.

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Zhang, Kai, Wei Jun Liu, and Xiao Feng Shang. "Process Research on the Laser Rapid Manufacturing Technology." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 4042–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.4042.

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Laser additive direct deposition of metals is a new rapid manufacturing technology, which combines with computer aided design, laser cladding and rapid prototyping. The advanced technology can build fully-dense metal components directly from the information transferred from a computer file by depositing metal powders layer by layer with neither mould nor tool. Based on the theory of this technology, an experimental setup for laser rapid manufacturing process was developed. Through this state-of-the-art automated apparatus, some cladding experiments were performed to grasp the process features of laser rapid manufacturing technology. Finally, the columnar/equiaxed grain growth transition model is used to explain the morphology characteristic. Accordingly, the appropriate microstructure can be obtained by adjusting the processing parameters.

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Zhang, Yuan Bin, Bai Ying Huang, and Huai Xue Li. "Influence of the Parameters on the Laser Deposited TiAl Layer." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.496.

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TiAl based intermetallic compound claddings were produced on TA15 alloy surface by using laser depositing technology to melt Ti-46Al-2Cr metal powders. An interface layer between TA15 substrate and the TiAl claddings was formed. The influence of laser power, scanning speed and number of cladding layers on the interface layer and the hardness of TiAl claddings were investigated. Higher laser power and lower scanning speed made the interface layer thicker. Increasing the laser power and especially the scanning speed could improve the hardness of the TiAl claddings. When the second TiAl layer was deposited, there was no interface layer formed between the two TiAl layers, but the hardness of the first layer decreased and the second TiAl layer was softer than the first layer due to the rough microstructure.

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Cao, Jiazhao, Lingchao Kong, Yongxiong Chen, Zhibin Zhang, Xiubing Liang, Ming Xia, and Bo Sun. "Laser metal deposition of Ta-10W alloy based on annular laser cladding with internal wire feeding." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2285, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2285/1/012002.

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Abstract Laser metal deposition is a new type of laser forming technology with the advantages of small heat affected zone, low dilution rate and high bonding strength. Ta-10W is a high temperature refractory material, which often used in aerospace fields. However, the high melting point and thermal conductivity causes Ta-10W to be prone to cracks collapse during processing and forming. Annular laser cladding provides a feasible way to solve the contradiction between high temperature service performance and processing performance of Ta-10W due to its high energy density, freedom of direction and nearly 100% material utilization. In this paper, Ta-10W cladding layers without cracks and pores were successfully deposited on the Nb substrate based on the wire-annular laser cladding technology. The hardness of the cladding layer is 4 times that of the Nb substrate and the dilution rate is extremely low. The Ta-10W wire must be in the center of the annular laser, otherwise the cladding may fail to form. It is found that the larger the wire feeding speed results in the smaller the aspect ratio; while the larger scanning speed, defocus distance and laser power result in the larger aspect ratio. This work opens up a new path for the fabrication of refractory metals, which is significant for processing high temperature materials.

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Kong, Fan Zhi, Xiao Dong Hu, Jian Hua Yao, and Cheng Hua Lou. "Temper and Wear Resistance of Wide-Band Laser Cladded WC Coating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 4157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.4157.

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High power continuous wave (CW) CO2 laser cladding was performed on H13 steel, pre-coated by superfine WC. After laser cladding, the materials were tempered for 6 hours. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the morphologies of the cladding layer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to analyze the microstructure of the cladding layer. The changes of microhardness, temper resistance and wear resistance were tested. The microhardness of cladding layer before tempering was 1.4 times of that of base metal and 1.9 times after tempering at 500°C. The wear resistance and tempering resistance were improved.

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Gaidar, S. M., T. I. Balkova, A. M. Pikina, Naji Najm Abdulkhazra Farhud, and I. G. Golubev. "Development of Metal Cladding Additives for Agricultural Machinery Friction Unit Parts." Machinery and Equipment for Rural Area, no. 10 (November 8, 2021): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33267/2072-9642-2021-10-41-44.

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The choice of materials for the formulation of the metal cladding additive has been theoretically substantiated. A process has been developed and a copper-containing lubricant composition has been synthesized. It is shown that the use of a metal cladding additive having antifriction and antiwear properties reduces 2.9 times the part wear rate. The effect of the additive on the anticorrosion properties and thermal-oxidative stability of the base oil has been studied.

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Han, Guang Cai, Ya Wei Wang, Xiao Bin Deng, Li Feng Wang, Hai Na Lei, and Ming Li Liu. "Extraordinary Transmission through Periodic Arrays of Subwavelength Metal by Coating." Key Engineering Materials 428-429 (January 2010): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.428-429.479.

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In this paper, some virtuallab experiments have been done, in which the we get extraordinary transmission phenomenon by adding dielectric coating in the subwavelength periodic metallic slits. It is proved that dielectric coatings on the metal films can excite a surface wave which is transmitted in the metal slits by dielectric waveguides, and the symmetric wrapped dielectric cladding around the metal gains almost 10 times as great transmission as two surfaces cladding does. The paper explores a preliminary physics mechanism of this extraordinary transmission, which gets some valuable results in the application fields.

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Bai, Qiaofeng, Changyao Ouyang, Chunjiang Zhao, Binhui Han, and Yingliang Liu. "Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Laser Cladding of Fe-Based Alloy Coatings in Different Areas of Cladding Layer." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 2839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112839.

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In this study, laser cladding technology was used to prepare Fe-based alloy coating on a 27SiMn hydraulic support, and a turning treatment was used to obtain samples of the upper and middle regions of the cladding layer. The influence of microstructure, phase composition, hardness, and wear resistance in different areas of the cladding layer was studied through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), friction and wear tests, and microhardness. The results show that the bcc phase content in the upper region of the cladding layer is less than that in the middle region of the cladding layer, and the upper region of the cladding layer contains more metal compounds. The hardness of the middle region of the cladding layer is higher than that of the upper region of the cladding layer. At the same time, the main wear mechanism of the upper region of the cladding layer is adhesive wear and abrasive wear. The wear mechanism of the middle region of the cladding layer is mainly abrasive wear, with better wear resistance than the upper region of the cladding layer.

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Butaley, Sudarshan, Lalit P. Dhole, and Vivek W. Khond. "An overview of recent advancement in grade cladded surface using overlay techniques and various materials." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1259, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1259/1/012044.

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Abstract In this review paper, previous studies on effect of cladding on surface of welding using overlay was discussed. The Research papers up to 2021 related with various cladding methods, effect on mechanical properties and overlay methods were discussed. Also, paper discussed the effect on tribological behavior. This paper reported the various metal and its alloy, recent development in advanced materials for cladding in various high temperature applications. The merits, demerits, limitations and future development and possible area of research in welding cladding methods were discussed.

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Lin, Jie, Andreas Leven, R. Reyes, Y. K. Chen, and Fow-sen Choa. "Optical waveguide loss induced by metal cladding." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 23, no. 4 (2005): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1990126.

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35

Al-Sayed Ali, Samar Reda, Abdel Hamid Ahmed Hussein, Adel Nofal, Salah Ibrahim Hassab Elnaby, and Haytham Elgazzar. "A contribution to laser cladding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 6 (2019): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019060.

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A wear resistant coating was successfully made on an annealed Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy by laser surface cladding using 60 wt.% WC + wt.% 40 NiCrBSi powder blends. Coaxial laser cladding was performed by means of Yb:YAG disk laser with a 3-KW continuous wave. Different laser interaction times were attempted to get the optimal conditions for promising mechanical properties. The new contribution was to accomplish larger clad layer thickness with applying the shortest possible laser interaction time that can achieve superior clad layer properties. This will decrease energy consumption with an expected money saving which is an essential factor for successful engineering solutions. A high powder flow rate of 20 g.min−1 was intended in order to obtain a thick, nonporous and crack free clad layer. The clad samples were subjected to thorough microstructure investigations, in addition to microhardness and wear evaluation. The coating so produced exhibits multiple hardness values and exceptional wear resistance under adhesive/sliding wear conditions. The obtained results expose clad layer with superior quality that was achieved at a laser interaction time of 0.3 s. An enhancement in the microhardness values of the clad layers by more than fourfold was attained and the wear resistance was thus significantly improved.

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Viňáš, J., J. Brezinová, A. Guzanová, and M. Kotus. "Application of hard surfacing for repairing of agricultural parts." Research in Agricultural Engineering 59, No. 2 (May 31, 2013): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4/2012-rae.

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The contribution deals with the analysis of claddings quality realised by shielded metal arc welding with covered electrodes. For cladding, covered basic electrodes marked as E Z Fe 8 EN 14700 and E Z Fe 15 EN 14700 were used. The third type of electrode was experimentally made basic electrode with operating name EW11 (wolfram content 11%). New share made of C50R EN10083/1-98 was used as reference material. Quality of repairing deposits was evaluated by micro hardness measuring and by metallographic analysis of claddings and base material. Wear resistance of claddings was determined by weight loss during abrasive wear test by wading in following loose abrasive agents – Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (corundum), crushed rock and arable soil.  

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Zheng, Chao, Zong De Liu, Li Ping Zhao, and Yong Tian Wang. "High Temperature Erosion Behavior of Mo-Si-Ni-Al Metal-Ceramic Composite Cladding Layer Produced by TIG Welding." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.321.

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In this paper, the Mo-Si-Ni-Al metal-ceramic composite cladding layer on the surface of the 304 stainless steel was applied by using tungsten inert gas (TIG) method. The phase composition and microstructure of the cladding layer were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDS. With the high temperature erosion experiment in the range of 873-1073 K, the erosion behavior of the Mo-Si-Ni-Al cladding layer was studied. The maximum total mass loss was observed in the specimen, which was tested at 923 K and 45°erosion angle. The high temperature erosion mechanism of the Mo-Si-Ni-Al cladding layer was discussed.

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Zhu, Ling Xiao, Jian Jun Hao, Liang Gao, Yue Jin Ma, and Jian Guo Zhao. "Application of TiAl(CN) Metal Ceramic Coating by Reactive Nitrogen-Arc Cladding on Stubble-Cleaning Cutter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.83.

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The metal ceramic coating of TiAl (CN) by nitrogen-arc cladding technology was produced on the surface of 45#steel.The phase composition of coating was analyzed with X-ray diffractometer; The bonding state and microstructure were observed with scanning electron microscope; The microhardness was examined and the wear resistance of the metal ceramic coating compared with that of 60Si2Mn steel treated by quenching and tempering was tested by abrasive tester as well. The results indicated that the TiAl (CN) ceramic particle synthesized in-situ is distributed dispersively in the cladding and the size is under 3 um. The excellent bonding between the coating and 45# steel substrate is strengthened by the strong metallurgical interface; the coating is uniform and continuous. The maximum microhardness of cladding is HV0.21820 and the abrasive performance is better than 60Si2Mn steel treated by quenching and tempering. The simulation test results showed that the cladding is good, and can be used to the repair and remanufacture for wearable parts of stubble-cleaning cutter.

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Sun, Jin, and Singare Sekou. "Investigation on the Process Characteristics of Laser Cladding Fabrication Using 45 Carbon Steel Wire." Advanced Materials Research 499 (April 2012): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.499.147.

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This study investigates the effect of wire feeding direction, angle, wire feeding speed, laser scanning speed and laser power in a high power Nd:YAG laser direct metal deposition process for single and multilayered clad/parts. The lap cladding experiment using 500 W Nd:YAG laser is designed to study the best lap rate of 45 carbon steel. The microstructure and micro hardness of the melting track shows that dense metal microstructure can be obtained using laser cladding.

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Wang, Ying Chun, Yu Yong Yang, and Mei Chun Wang. "Bioceramic Composite Coatings Fabricated by Nd-YAG Laser Cladding Process on Ti6Al4V Substrate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.68.

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Laser cladding technology was adopted to fabricate hydroxyapatite(HAP) and calcium phosphate compound coating according to the feature that a metallurgical bonding can be formed by laser cladding process. Compared with CO2laser, Nd-YAG laser has different wavelength(the former is 1.06μm and the latter is 10.06μm). Metal and ceramic material has quite different absorbance ability towards them and thus they can generate different laser cladding products by these two laser surface processings with different wavelength. This paper presents a new process and mechanism analysis to obtain bioceramic composite coating on Ti6Al4V substrate by Nd-YAG laser cladding. A bioceramic composite coating including HAP，Ca2P2O7，Ca3(PO4)2and calcium titanates and was successfully obtained by Nd-YAG laser cladding with pre-depositing mixed powders of CaHPO4•2H2O and CaCO3directly on Ti6Al4V substrate. Nd-YAG laser transmits mixed powders of CaHPO4•2H2O and CaCO3and the laser power is absorbed by Ti6Al4V substrate to produce a thin layer of molten region. There are mainly two kinds of chemical reaction systems in the coating during laser cladding processing. When CaHPO4•2H2O and CaCO3react together, they make calcium phosphate bioceramic products; The microstructure of the bioceramic composite coating is even and minute because of the rapid solidification in laser processing. A chemical metallergical bonding is formed between the boceramic composite coating and Ti6Al4V substrate. It can also be expected that Nd-YAG laser cladding technology can be used as a further modification procedure to enhance HAp/metal interface property.

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Kendall, Olivia, Panahsadat Fasihi, Ralph Abrahams, Anna Paradowska, Mark Reid, Quan Lai, Cong Qiu, Peter Mutton, Mehdi Soodi, and Wenyi Yan. "Application of a New Alloy and Post Processing Procedures for Laser Cladding Repairs on Hypereutectoid Rail Components." Materials 15, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 5447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155447.

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The development of a laser cladding repair strategy is critical for the continued growth of heavy-haul railway networks. Premium hypereutectoid rails have undergone laser cladding using a new martensitic stainless-steel alloy, 415SS, developed for high carbon rails after standard cladding metals were found to be incompatible. Non-destructive neutron diffraction techniques were used to measure the residual stress in different layers generated across a dissimilar metal joint during laser cladding. The internal stress distribution across the cladding, heat-affected zone (HAZ), and substrate was measured in the untempered rail, after 350 °C and 540 °C heat treatment procedures and two surface grinding operations. The martensitic 415SS depositions produce compressive stress in the cladding, regardless of tempering procedures, which may inhibit fatigue crack propagation whilst grinding operations locally relive surface stress. Balancing tensile stresses were recorded below the fusion boundary in the HAZ due to thermal gradients altering the microstructure. The combination of 540 °C tempering and 0.5 mm surface layer removal produced a desirable combination of compression in the cladding deposition with significantly reduced tensile stresses in the HAZ. A comparison with the current literature shows that this alloy achieves a unique combination of desirable hardness, low tensile stress, and compression in the cladding layer. Data obtained during strain scanning has been used to determine the location of microstructural changes at the fusion boundary and HAZ through correlation of the stress, strain, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and intensity profiles. Therefore, neutron diffraction can be used for both the accurate measurement of internal residual stress and to obtain microstructural information of a metallurgical join non-destructively.

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Ao, Sansan, Tai Wang, Yizhe Huang, Yu Dai, Yangchuan Cai, and Zhen Luo. "The Wear Properties of TiC/Al-Based Composite Coating Applied by Laser Cladding." Metals 8, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8110975.

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Aluminum powders with different concentrations of TiC ceramic particles were applied to an AZ31B magnesium alloy by laser cladding. Due to differences in coefficients of thermal expansion, the distribution of TiC ceramic particles in the cladding layer was not uniform. The results show that the degree of TiC ceramic particle agglomeration in the cladding layer increases with increasing TiC content. The phases of cladding metal mainly consisted of Al, γ-Al12Mg17, β-Al3Mg2, and TiC. The γ-Al12Mg17 phase mainly distributed to the bottom of the cladding layer, and the β-Al3Mg2 phase distributed to the middle and surface areas. The existence of the γ-Al12Mg17 phase enhanced the hardness of the fusion zone. The microhardness of the cladding layer increased with increasing TiC ceramic particle content. An appropriate TiC content improved the wear resistance of the cladding layer. When the TiC content was excessive, the agglomeration behavior of TiC ceramic particles strongly affected the wear resistance of the coatings.

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Zhang, Wei. "Influence of Scanning Speed on Microstructure and Hardness during Laser Cladding High-Cr Cast Iron." Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 1127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.1127.

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The experiments of laser cladding on the surface of 20 steel were made. High-chromium (Cr) cast iron powder was used as cladding material. The microstructure and hardness of laser cladding layers under different scanning speed were studied. The experiments showed that high-Cr cast iron cladding layer had better properties such as minute crystals, high density, no crack, no gas cavity and good metallurgical bonding with base metal. When the scanning speed was low, such as 10mm/min, the microstructure of cladding layer was cellular dendrite. There were much carbide with the shape of fish-bone distributing among cellular grains. Under higher scanning speed (from 100mm/min to 300mm/min), needle-shaped primary cementite would come into being. When laser scanning speed was 500mm/min, the carbide of cladding zone was very thin. With the increasing of laser scanning speed, the average hardness of cladding zone increased from 388HV0.2 to 580 HV0.2.

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Sun, Hou Shun, Shi Hong Shi, Ge Yan Fu, Jia Zhang, Chen Wang, and Hong Yuan Li. "Effect of Defocus Distance on Layer Quality in Insider-Laser Coaxial Powder Feeding Laser Cladding." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 2419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.2419.

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Insider-laser coaxial powder feeding laser cladding is one kind of technique, which can be used in metal part directly manufacturing field. Compared with outsider-laser coaxial powder feeding laser cladding techniques, it has significant advantages [1]. In order to research the effect of defocus distance on the layer quality in insider-laser coaxial powder feeding laser cladding, it has taken some expriments in this paper to study the layer quality by constantly changing the defocus distance, with other laser cladding process parameters invariable. In addition, this paper measues, analysis the cladding layer’s width, height, the surface quality (including surface flatness, flat-wide ratio and flat-high ratio [2]), hardness and microstructure, then summarizes the effect of the defocus distance on the layer quality in this paper.

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Zhou, Hongyuan, and Xiaojuan Wang. "In-Structure Shock of Surface Structures: A Theoretical Approach." Shock and Vibration 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/741986.

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Metal foam cladding emerges as a promising measure for structure protection against close range blast. With proper cladding design, a considerable amount of energy can be absorbed while the load transmitted to the protected structure can be lowered to a controllable level, leading to less damage of the protected structure. However, it is not clear whether the in-structure shock can be mitigated by attaching foam cladding. The present study theoretically investigates the response of a structural member subjected to a close range blast, for both scenarios with and without attaching foam cladding. Subsequently, shock response spectra are employed to assess the in-structure shock of both situations. It is found that applying foam cladding does not effectively mitigate in-structure shock of surface structures.

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Zhou, Bofang, and Keqin Feng. "Zr–Cu alloy filler metal for brazing SiC ceramic." RSC Advances 8, no. 46 (2018): 26251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra05480k.

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Yu, Hui Jun, Ting He, and Chuan Zhong Chen. "Advancement in Ferrite-Based Alloy Coatings by Laser Cladding." Key Engineering Materials 591 (November 2013): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.591.253.

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Fe-based alloy is widely used for its good wear resistance and high performance-to-price ratio compared with other alloys. Laser cladding is a kind of valid method of metal surface modification, which has been successfully employed to modify the microstructure and/or composition of the near surface region to improve the wear, corrosion and oxidation resistance of a ferrite-based alloy component. In this paper, the recent research status in laser clad ferrite-based alloys is reviewed. The rules of designing laser cladding materials are introduced. The main problems and the solutions of the laser cladding materials application are analysized. The development tendency of laser cladding is forecast.

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48

Balabanov, Victor. "Development and research of metal-cladding additive to lubricants." E3S Web of Conferences 262 (2021): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126201007.

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The article indicates that one of the directions of increasing the wear resistance of rubbing parts of machines and equipment, reducing friction losses and temperatures in the friction zone is the use of special metal-plating additives to lubricants. The Engineering Center of the Timiryazev Academy has developed an experimental metal-cladding additive under the code name “MP-21” based on a mixture of fatty acids (oleic, stearic, linoleic) and plastic metal salts of the same fatty acids. The tribotechnical properties of lubricating compositions with various additives in recommended concentrations were investigated on a modernized Timken-mashine friction machine in a steady state using samples from real rolling bearing assemblies. It has been established that the developed metal-cladding additive “MP-21”, along with the additive Renom Engine, provides maximum antiwear properties and allows to reduce the wear of rubbing samples in comparison with other investigated additives from 30% to several.

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Chen, Wenjing, Hui Chen, Yongjing Wang, Congchen Li, and Xiaoli Wang. "Characteristics of Ni–Cr–Fe laser clad layers on EA4T steel." International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, no. 16-19 (July 26, 2017): 1744031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217440313.

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The Ni–Cr–Fe metal powder was deposited on EA4T steel by laser cladding technology. The microstructure and chemical composition of the cladding layer were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The bonding ability between the cladding layer and the matrix was measured. The results showed that the bonding between the cladding layer and the EA4T steel was metallurgical bonding. The microstructure of cladding layer was composed of planar crystals, columnar crystals and dendrite, which consisted of Cr2Ni3, [Formula: see text] phase, M[Formula: see text]C6 and Ni3B phases. When the powder feeding speed reached 4 g/min, the upper bainite occurred in the heat affected zone (HAZ). Moreover, the tensile strength of the joint increased, while the yield strength and the ductility decreased.

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Feng, Guoying, Hao Zhou, Guorui Zhou, Hao Yang, Guoliang Deng, and Shouhuan Zhou. "Optical Properties of a Nanofiber with Metal Cladding." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 58, no. 4(1) (April 15, 2011): 930–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.58.930.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Metal cladding'

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