Relevant bibliographies by topics / Metabolism nutrition

Academic literature on the topic 'Metabolism nutrition'

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Published: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Metabolism nutrition"

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Dorao, P., J. L. Vazquez, F. Ruza, S. García, M. A. Delgado, C. Calvo, Jennifer J. Verhoeven, et al. "Nutrition/Metabolism." Intensive Care Medicine 22, S2 (June 1996): S195—S196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03216390.

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Gamba, P. G., L. Zancan, P. Midrio, L. Antoniello, N. Tommasoni, E. Talenti, E. Panadero, et al. "Nutrition/Metabolism." Intensive Care Medicine 22, S2 (June 1996): S247—S249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03216409.

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Souba, Wiley W. "Glutamine Metabolism and Nutrition for the Surgeon." Japanese Journal of SURGICAL METABOLISM and NUTRITION 48, no. 3 (2014): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11638/jssmn.48.3_35.

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SHIAMALA SINGH, SHIAMALA SINGH, and Harsh Vardhan Singh Harsh Vardhan Singh. "Nutrition and Metabolism in Geriatric Oral Health." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 495–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/apr2014/177.

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Connor, William E. "Metabolism and nutrition." Current Opinion in Endocrinology and Diabetes 1, no. 1 (January 1994): 249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00060793-199400010-00044.

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&NA;. "Metabolism and nutrition." Current Opinion in Endocrinology and Diabetes 4, no. 6 (December 1997): B212—B232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00060793-199712000-00012.

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Clifton, Peter M., and Jennifer B. Keogh. "Nutrition and metabolism." Current Opinion in Lipidology 25, no. 6 (December 2014): 469–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mol.0000000000000136.

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Van Way, CW. "Nutrition and metabolism." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 26, no. 6 (November 2002): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148607102026006389.

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Singer, Pierre, and Jonathan Cohen. "Nutrition Is Metabolism." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 34, no. 5 (September 2010): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148607110362769.

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HEIMBACH, DAVID M. "Nutrition and Metabolism." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 30 (December 1990): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199012001-00002.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metabolism nutrition"

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Robinson, Brenton Scott. "Choline nutrition and metabolism in sheep /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr658.pdf.

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Trotter, James Marshall. "Nutrition and cancer : studies on nutritional abnormalities, nutritional support and protein metabolism in malnourished cancer patients /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MD/09mdt858.pdf.

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Coe, Benjamin Lloyd. "Obesity a growing concern about fetal nutrition /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4636.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (February 6, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Breen, Leigh. "Influence of protein nutrition and exercise on muscle metabolism." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1549/.

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At present, there is no clear consensus as to whether protein feeding harnesses any ergogenic benefit for endurance athletes. In this thesis demonstrate no effect of protein on endurance performance. Furthermore, data presented herein indicates that protein co-ingestion does not enhance recovery 24 hours after exercise. Consequently, there is currently no basis on which to recommend protein feeding for endurance performance and recovery. Nutrient strategies implemented after exercise can markedly alter the acute response of muscle protein synthesis and, potentially, long-term phenotypic adaptation. Protein nutrition has traditionally been considered in the context of resistance exercise. Endurance exercise followed by protein ingestion increases the synthesis of mixed muscle protein via increased mRNA translation. Herein, we demonstrate that protein feeding after endurance exercise elevates the synthetic rate of contractile proteins and specific mRNA signalling intermediates. Insulin resistance that precedes Type II diabetes is characterized by blunted sensitivity of the pancreas to glucose and impaired glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Lifestyle interventions including nutrient and exercise have the potential to improve glycemic control. The final experimental chapter in this thesis provides mechanistic evidence to support the benefits of resistance exercise for lowering post-prandial glucose concentrations. Interestingly, protein ingestion did not augment the glucose-lowering effects of prior resistance exercise.
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Smith, Ruth Deborah. "Potassium intake, growth and energy metabolism." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295704.

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Hum, Susan. "Glutathione metabolism in the rat under varied nutritional conditions." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59940.

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We developed a methodology to measure plasma hepatic glutathione (GSH) turnover and we tested it in rats treated with an inhibitor of GSH synthesis. Our goal was to determine whether protein intakes above NRC recommendations maximize hepatic GSH stores and turnover in vivo. We also wished to learn if plasma GSH, cysteine, or methionine concentrations or plasma GSH turnover could be used as noninvasive predictors of liver GSH status. Rats were fed purified diets containing 0, 5, 10, 20 or 40% casein for one week. The 0 and 5% casein diets were considered inadequate in protein, 10% marginal, 20% adequate and 40% excessive. Liver GSH content (mmol/liver) of rats fed 0 and 5% casein diets was 12.29 $ pm$ 1.11 and 16.43 $ pm$ 0.95, respectively, and increased to 23.62 $ pm$ 1.82 in the 10% group. Liver GSH content did not differ between the 20 and 40% groups. As dietary casein increased from 0-20%, free plasma GSH and cysteine concentrations and plasma GSH turnover increased, but did not increase further with the 40% diet. A sigmoidal relationship between plasma GSH turnover and hepatic GSH content was demonstrated. The best predictor of liver GSH content was not free plasma GSH concentration nor plasma GSH turnover, but the free plasma cysteine concentration.
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Beggs, Louise Alice. "Evaluation of the problem solving method in nutrition education." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26164.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the problem solving method applied to a self-instructional material in nutrition education. A comparative evaluation design was employed to determine the value of a problem solving model reflected in a commercially developed material, referred to as the 'Calcium Calculator'. Data were collected using a quasi-experimental randomized group pretest, posttest research design. A panel of judges then evaluated the impact of the problem solving method in nutrition education. Three research questions were generated for the purpose of this study. The first involved comparing impacts produced by the two forms of the 'Calcium Calculator'. Measures of impact, selected based on learner objectives of the 'Calcium Calculator', were learners': attitudes toward dietary calcium and osteoporosis; perception of problem solving ability and self-reported dietary calcium intake. The second research question was posed to investigate the nature of relationships between learners' levels of self-esteem and measures of instructional impact. Influences of selected biodemographic variables on change in the measures of impact were explored in the third research question. Eighteen groups of women (n=241) from community centres were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups: Groups A and B were exposed to active problem solving methods while group C viewed a film, a passive information-oriented instructional technique. The latter group was included in.the study since active learning was hypothesized to result in greater impact than passive learning. Pretest data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and food intake form. Posttest data were collected an average of 4.7 weeks later using a modification of the pretest questionnaire which included a self-esteem scale, along with the food intake form. Forty-four percent of women (n=l06) who completed pretest questionnaires returned for the posttest session. Participants in all three intervention groups experienced increases in attitude scores from pre- to posttest, and these changes were significant within groups B and C. Perceptions of problem solving ability were maintained within intervention groups B and C, yet decreased significantly within intervention group A. Significant increases in self-reported dietary calcium intakes occurred in all three intervention groups among non-pregnant women whose pretest dietary calcium intakes were below their Recommended Nutrient Intake. Impacts produced by form A and B of the 'Calcium Calculator' were significantly different on only one dependent variable: perception of problem solving ability (p≤0.05). Changes in the dependent variables produced by problem solving versus non-problem solving interventions were not significantly different. Changes in dietary calcium intake and attitude toward dietary calcium and osteoporosis were not significantly correlated with self-esteem levels. However, positive significant correlations were identified between learners' levels of self-esteem and change in learners' perceptions of their problem solving ability (p≤0.0l). Measures of impact were infrequently influenced by the biodemographic variables. Of the associations that were identified, most involved dietary characteristics of participants. Yet change in perception of problem solving ability was also affected by a combination of three demographic variables: age, employment status and education. A panel of users (n=9) of educational materials was asked to make judgements on selected study results. Although judges did not distinguish between impacts produced by the two problem solving materials, they acknowledged that: (1) an important relationship exists between self-esteem and learners' perceptions of their problem solving ability and (2) the problem solving method is valuable when directed to specific kinds of learners. The quasi-experimental research design used in this study appeared appropriate for the evaluation of innovative instructional methods. Two main advantages of the design were its comparative nature and its use of a panel of experts to judge the relative effectiveness of both forms of the 'Calcium Calculator' as well as the value of the problem solving method and self-esteem in material design.
Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
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Deng, Shuang. "Regulation of Ketone Body and Coenzyme A Metabolism in Liver." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1309875212.

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Lammes, Eva. "Nutrition, energy metabolism and body composition in the frail elderly /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7357-058-3/.

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Soop, Mattias. "Effects of perioperative nutrition on insulin action in postoperative metabolism /." Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-529-8/.

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Books on the topic "Metabolism nutrition"

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Appleton, Amber. Metabolism and nutrition. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2013.

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Lim, Ming Yeong. Metabolism and nutrition. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Mosby/Elsevier, 2007.

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Macdonald, Ian, Helen M. Roche, and S. Lanham-New. Nutrition and metabolism. 2nd ed. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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Lanham-New, Susan A., Ian A. Macdonald, and Helen M. Roche, eds. Nutrition and Metabolism. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444327779.

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Mantzoros, Christos S., ed. Nutrition and Metabolism. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-453-1.

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Metabolism and nutrition. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier, 2006.

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Canagaratnam, Miruna. Metabolism and nutrition. Edited by Shaw David BSc. London: Hodder Arnold, 2005.

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J, Gibney Michael, Macdonald Ian 1921-, Roche Helen M, and Nutrition Society (Great Britain), eds. Nutrition and metabolism. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press/Blackwell Science, 2003.

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Thureen, Patti J., and William W. Hay, eds. Neonatal Nutrition and Metabolism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511544712.

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W, Hay William, ed. Neonatal nutrition and metabolism. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Metabolism nutrition"

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Collier, Bryan, Daniel I. Lollar, and Eric H. Bradburn. "Enteral Nutrition." In Surgical Metabolism, 241–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39781-4_12.

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Zhao, Vivian M., Thomas R. Ziegler, and Kimberly A. Davis. "Parenteral Nutrition." In Surgical Metabolism, 251–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39781-4_13.

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Bradburn, Eric H., and Bryan Collier. "Enteral Nutrition." In Surgical Metabolism, 199–211. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1121-9_11.

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Zhao, Vivian M., and Thomas R. Ziegler. "Parenteral Nutrition." In Surgical Metabolism, 213–24. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1121-9_12.

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Moore, Laura J. "Sepsis and Nutrition." In Surgical Metabolism, 203–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39781-4_10.

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Moore, Laura J., and Frederick A. Moore. "Sepsis and Nutrition." In Surgical Metabolism, 167–81. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1121-9_9.

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Gottschalk, Gerhard. "Nutrition of Bacteria." In Bacterial Metabolism, 1–11. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1072-6_1.

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Brooks, George A. "Nutrition and Metabolism." In High Altitude, 285–300. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8772-2_15.

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Murphy, Mary E. "Nutrition and Metabolism." In Avian Energetics and Nutritional Ecology, 31–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0425-8_2.

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Graf, Lauren, Corina Nailescu, Phyllis J. Kaskel, and Frederick J. Kaskel. "Nutrition and Metabolism." In Pediatric Nephrology, 307–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76341-3_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Metabolism nutrition"

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Филатова, Анастасия Александровна, and Елена Ивановна Козленко. "INCREASING HEALTH WITHIN NUTRITION." In Psychology, Sports science and Medicine (Психология. Спорт. Здравоохранение): сборник статей международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Октябрь 2022). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/221030.2022.12.55.008.

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Система питания - достаточно широкое понятие, используемое для описания комплексного процесса, включающего выбор пищи, оценку и расчет ее питательной и энергетической ценности, поступление в организм и последующих ее превращений, включая метаболизм и выведение. Нутрициология подходит к питанию комплексно, углубляясь в состав и качество продуктов. Это наука о питании во всех его аспектах: от химии, биологии, молекул и клеток. The nutrition system is a fairly broad concept used to describe a complex process that includes food selection, assessment and calculation of its nutritional and energy value, intake and subsequent transformations, including metabolism and excretion. Nutriciology approaches nutrition in a complex way, delving into the composition and quality of products. It is the science of nutrition in all its aspects: from chemistry, biology, molecules and cells.
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Cai, Jian-Guang, and Xin-Kang Zhang. "Energy Metabolism and Nutrition Supplement of Aerobics." In 2015 International Conference on Medicine and Biopharmaceutical. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814719810_0159.

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"SINuC - Italian Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism." In SINuC - Italian Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism First SINuC National Congress - Rome, June 8th - 10th 2016 - NH Collection Vittorio Veneto. Frontiers Media SA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-023-7.

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Pinotti, L., M. Ottoboni, A. Luciano, G. Savoini, D. Cattaneo, and M. Tretola. "Ex-food in animal nutrition: potentials and challenges." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_3.

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Shirakashi, Ryo, Tomomi Yoshida, Christophe Provin, Kiyoshi Takano, Yasuyuki Sakai, and Teruo Fujii. "Steady Measurement of Glucose Metabolism of Hepatocyte." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32750.

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Production of hybrid artificial organs for implantation is one of the main topics of tissue engineering. A large organ consisting of soft tissues requires a high cell density, c.a. 108 cells/mL, to satisfy the same physiological metabolic rate per organ-volume as an organ in vivo. Therefore, the supply of oxygen and nutrition to all the cells composing the soft tissue is always critical problem for the in vitro artificial organ production. Energy metabolic rates, such as oxygen and glucose metabolism rate, of single cell at various temperatures are the basic data for designing the oxygen and nutrition transport in an artificial organ. It is reported that several conditions including pH, temperature, oxygen or glucose concentration have effects on energy metabolism, although these interactions are not clearly quantitatively measured mainly because of the problems of measuring systems. In this study, convenient method to measure glucose consumption rate of hepatocyte (HepG2 cell line) at different temperature and glucose concentration is proposed. A device for the measurement was developed which consists of a small closed chamber with an inlet and an outlet of culture medium at the both ends of the chamber. On the one side of the walls in the chamber, confluent HepG2 on a coverslip was installed. Culture medium supplemented with various concentration of glucose was supplied to the open flow chamber in a constant flow rate. The whole chamber was in a thermostatic bath to keep the temperature in the chamber constant. Glucose consumption rate can be calculated by measuring the difference between glucose concentration of inlet culture medium and outlet culture medium, the flow rate and the number of cells in the chamber. Enzymatic analysis using D-Glucose-HK allows quantification of the sample glucose concentration. The advantages of the proposed method include; 1) small number of cells is required for the measurement, c. a. 105cells, 2) the flow pattern and the glucose supply are in steady state. Especially the latter advantage made it possible to evaluate the effects of different conditions on the glucose consumption rate. Since the most of the metabolic rate were measured under unsteady state, conditions, such as pH, oxygen concentration and glucose concentration, were changed sometime drastically during the measurement. The results provided the several parameters of Michaelis-Menten kinetics at various temperatures.
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Cantalapiedra-Hijar, G., G. Martinez-Fernandez, E. Forano, C. Chantelauze, C. McSweeney, and D. Morgavi. "Nitrogen metabolism in rumen bacteria can be characterised by their N isotopic signature." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_60.

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Furbeyre, H., and E. Labussiere. "A minimally invasive catheterization of external jugular vein in piglets using ultrasound guidance." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_129.

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Nijland, H. J. "24. On the uttering of coping strategies to deal with cognitive dissonance regarding eating animals." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-892-6_24.

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Vandaele, L., K. Goossens, J. De Boever, and S. De Campeneere. "Several roads lead to Rome: about improving nitrogen efficiency in cattle." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_1.

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Andreini, E. M., S. M. Augenstein, C. S. Fales, R. D. Sainz, and J. W. Oltjen. "Effects of feeding level on efficiency of high and low residual feed intake beef steers." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_10.

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Reports on the topic "Metabolism nutrition"

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Fait, Aaron, Grant Cramer, and Avichai Perl. Towards improved grape nutrition and defense: The regulation of stilbene metabolism under drought. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594398.bard.

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The goals of the present research proposal were to elucidate the physiological and molecular basis of the regulation of stilbene metabolism in grape, against the background of (i) grape metabolic network behavior in response to drought and of (ii) varietal diversity. The specific objectives included the study of the physiology of the response of different grape cultivars to continuous WD; the characterization of the differences and commonalities of gene network topology associated with WD in berry skin across varieties; the study of the metabolic response of developing berries to continuous WD with specific attention to the stilbene compounds; the integration analysis of the omics data generated; the study of isolated drought-associated stress factors on the regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plantaand in vitro. Background to the topic Grape quality has a complex relationship with water input. Regulated water deficit (WD) is known to improve wine grapes by reducing the vine growth (without affecting fruit yield) and boosting sugar content (Keller et al. 2008). On the other hand, irregular rainfall during the summer can lead to drought-associated damage of fruit developmental process and alter fruit metabolism (Downey et al., 2006; Tarara et al., 2008; Chalmers et al., 792). In areas undergoing desertification, WD is associated with high temperatures. This WD/high temperature synergism can limit the areas of grape cultivation and can damage yields and fruit quality. Grapes and wine are the major source of stilbenes in human nutrition, and multiple stilbene-derived compounds, including isomers, polymers and glycosylated forms, have also been characterized in grapes (Jeandet et al., 2002; Halls and Yu, 2008). Heterologous expression of stilbenesynthase (STS) in a variety of plants has led to an enhanced resistance to pathogens, but in others the association has not been proven (Kobayashi et al., 2000; Soleas et al., 1995). Tomato transgenic plants harboring a grape STS had increased levels of resveratrol, ascorbate, and glutathione at the expense of the anthocyanin pathways (Giovinazzo et al. 2005), further emphasizing the intermingled relation among secondary metabolic pathways. Stilbenes are are induced in green and fleshy parts of the berries by biotic and abiotic elicitors (Chong et al., 2009). As is the case for other classes of secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of stilbenes is not very well understood, but it is known to be under tight spatial and temporal control, which limits the availability of these compounds from plant sources. Only very few studies have attempted to analyze the effects of different environmental components on stilbene accumulation (Jeandet et al., 1995; Martinez-Ortega et al., 2000). Targeted analyses have generally shown higher levels of resveratrol in the grape skin (induced), in seeded varieties, in varieties of wine grapes, and in dark-skinned varieties (Gatto et al., 2008; summarized by Bavaresco et al., 2009). Yet, the effect of the grape variety and the rootstock on stilbene metabolism has not yet been thoroughly investigated (Bavaresco et al., 2009). The study identified a link between vine hydraulic behavior and physiology of stress with the leaf metabolism, which the PIs believe can eventually lead to the modifications identified in the developing berries that interested the polyphenol metabolism and its regulation during development and under stress. Implications are discussed below.
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Upah, Nathan, Sarah Pearce, Nicholas K. Gabler, and Lance H. Baumgard. Effects of Heat Stress and Plane of Nutrition on Production and Metabolism in Growing Pigs. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-107.

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Ades, Dennis. The role of iron nutrition in regulating patterns of photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in the green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5533.

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Bösch, Elana, and Johannes Scherr. How genetic variations (such as SNPs) affect the metabolism of healthy adults, especially with regard to personalized nutrition - Systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0068.

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Boisclair, Yves R., and Arieh Gertler. Development and Use of Leptin Receptor Antagonists to Increase Appetite and Adaptive Metabolism in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697120.bard.

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Objectives The original project had 2 major objectives: (1) To determine the effects of centrally administered leptin antagonist on appetite and adaptive metabolism in the sheep; (2) To develop and prepare second-generation leptin antagonists combining high binding affinity and prolonged in vivo half-life. Background Periods of suboptimal nutrition or exaggerated metabolic activity demands lead to a state of chronic energy insufficiency. Ruminants remain productive for a surprisingly long period of time under these circumstances by evoking adaptations sparing available energy and nutrients. The mechanism driving these adaptations in ruminant remains unknown, but could involve a reduction in plasma leptin, a hormone acting predominantly in the brain. In laboratory animals, reduced leptin signaling promotes survival during nutritional insufficiency by triggering energy sparing adaptations such as reduced thyroid hormone production and insulin resistance. Our overall hypothesis is that similar adaptations are triggered by reduced leptin signaling in the brain of ruminants. Testing of this hypothesis in ruminants has not been possible due to inability to block the actions of endogenous leptin and access to ruminant models where leptin antagonistic therapy is feasible and effective. Major achievements and conclusions The Israeli team had previously mutated 3 residues in ovine leptin, with no effect on receptor binding. This mutant was renamed ovine leptin antagonist (OLA) because it cannot activate signaling and therefore antagonizes the ability of wild type leptin to activate its receptor. To transform OLA into an effective in vivo antagonist, the Israeli made 2 important technical advances. First, it incorporated an additional mutation into OLA, increasing its binding affinity and thus transforming it into a super ovine leptin antagonist (SOLA). Second, the Israeli team developed a method whereby polyethylene glycol is covalently attached to SOLA (PEG-SOLA) with the goal of extending its half-life in vivo. The US team used OLA and PEG-SOLA in 2 separate animal models. First, OLA was chronically administered directly into the brain of mature sheep via a cannula implanted into the 3rdcerebroventricule. Unexpectedly, OLA had no effect of voluntary feed intake or various indicators of peripheral insulin action but reduced the plasma concentration of thyroid hormones. Second, the US team tested the effect of peripheral PEG-SOLA administration in an energy sensitive, rapidly growing lamb model. PEG-SOLA was administered for 14 consecutive days after birth or for 5 consecutive days before sacrifice on day 40 of life. Plasma PEG-SOLA had a half-life of over 16 h and circulated in 225- to 288-fold excess over endogenous leptin. PEG-SOLA administration reduced plasma thyroid hormones and resulted in a higher fat content in the carcass at slaughter, but had no effects on feed intake, body weight, plasma glucose or insulin. These results show that the team succeeded in developing a leptin antagonist with a long in vivo half-life. Moreover, in vivo results show that reduced leptin signaling promotes energy sparing in ruminants by repressing thyroid hormone production. Scientific and agricultural implications The physiological role of leptin in ruminants has been difficult to resolve because peripheral administration of wild type leptin causes little effects. Our work with leptin antagonists show for the first time in ruminants that reduced leptin signaling induces energy sparing mechanisms involving thyroid hormone production with little effect on peripheral insulin action. Additional work is needed to develop even more potent leptin antagonists, to establish optimal administration protocols and to narrow down phases of the ruminant life cycle when their use will improve productivity.
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Boisclair, Yves R., Alan W. Bell, and Avi Shamay. Regulation and Action of Leptin in Pregnant and Lactating Dairy Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7586465.bard.

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The original project had four specific objectives: (1) To complete the development of a radioimmunoassay for bovine leptin; (2) To characterize the leptin system in lactating dairy cows during the transition from pregnancy to lactation; (3) To identify endocrine factors regulating the production of leptin by bovine adipose tissue; (4) To study the actions of leptin on bovine adipose and mammary tissues in vitro. However, BARD funded only the development of the bovine leptin RIA (Objective 1) for a single year. This report describes our work in completing this objective. Leptin, a protein hormone secreted predominantly by white adipose tissue, plays a critical role in the regulation of energy metabolism. In rodents and humans, leptin informs the central nervous system of the size of the energy reserves, coordinates adaptations to periods of nutrient insufficiency, and regulates the metabolism of key tissues involved in the storage and dissipation of energy. However, almost nothing is known on the biology of leptin in cattle, in part because of the absence of a valid assay to measure bovine leptin. To remediate this situation, we have developed a radioimmunoassay capable of measuring bovine leptin with a high degree of sensitivity, accuracy and precision. First, we produced recombinant bovine leptin and used it to immunize rabbits, and to prepare bovine leptin trace and standards. A single antiserum with sufficient affinity and titer was identified. Using this antiserum, binding of 125I bovine leptin was displaced in a dose dependent manner by the addition of bovine or ovine leptin. Serial dilution of bovine and ovine plasma gave displacement curves that were parallel to that of bovine or ovine leptin. Recoveries of external addition of bovine leptin in ewe and cow plasma ranged between 94 and 104%. Plasma leptin concentration measured by this assay was increased by the plane of nutrition in growing calves and lambs. Finally, plasma leptin concentration was linearly related to the fat content of the empty carcass in growing cattle. We conclude that circulating leptin in sheep and cattle is increased by fatness and plane of nutrition, consistent with results in humans and rodents. This assay provides an important tool to investigate mechanisms that regulate plasma leptin in cattle and sheep.
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Luke, Nancy, Kaivan Munshi, Anu Oommen, and Swapnil Singh. Economic Development, the Nutrition Trap and Metabolic Disease. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29132.

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Fraanje, Walter, and Samuel Lee-Gammage. What is food security? Edited by Tara Garnett. Food Climate Research Network, March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/e49a6c96.

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Being able to reliably obtain, consume and metabolise sufficient quantities of safe and nutritious and foods, is essential to human well-being. This building block explains the meaning of the food security concept.
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Jander, Georg, Gad Galili, and Yair Shachar-Hill. Genetic, Genomic and Biochemical Analysis of Arabidopsis Threonine Aldolase and Associated Molecular and Metabolic Networks. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696546.bard.

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Since the amino acids threonine and isoleucine can be limiting in mammalian diet and there is interest in increasing their abundance in certain crop plants. To meet this need, a BARD proposal was written with two main research objectives: (i) investigate new avenues for manipulating threonine and isoleucine content in plants and (ii) study the role of threonine aldolase in plant metabolism. Research conducted to meet these goals included analysis of the sub-cellular localization of threonine aldolase in the plant, analysis of metabolic flux in developing embryos, over- and under-expression of Arabidopsis threonine aldolases, and transcriptional and metabolic analysis of perturbations resulting from altered threonine aldolase expression. Additionally, the broader metabolic effects of increasing lysine biosynthesis were investigated. An interesting observation that came up in the course of the project is that threonine aldolase activity affects methionine gamma-lyase in Arabidopsis. Further research showed that threonine deaminase and methionine gamma-lyase both contribute to isoleucine biosynthesis in plants. Therefore, isoleucine content can be altered by manipulating the expression of either or both of these enzymes. Additionally, both enzymes contribute to the up to 100-fold increase in isoleucine that is observed in drought-stressed Arabidopsis. Toward the end of the project it was discovered that through different projects, both groups had been able to independently up-regulate phenylalanine accumulation by different mechanisms. The Galili lab transformed Arabidopsis with a feedbackinsensitive bacterial enzyme and the Jander lab found a feedback insensitive mutation in Arabidopsis arogenate dehydratase. Exchange of the respective plant lines has allowed a comparative analysis of the different methods for increasing phenylalanine content and the creation of double mutants. The research that was conducted as part of this BARD project has led to new insights into plant amino acid metabolism. Additionally, new approaches that were found to increase the accumulation of threonine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine in plants have potential practical applications. Increased threonine and isoleucine levels can increase the nutritional value of crop plants. Elevated isoleucine accumulation may increase the osmotic stress tolerance of plants. Up-regulation of phenylalanine biosynthesis can be used to increase the production of downstream higher-value plant metabolites of biofuel feed stocks.
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Aharoni, Asaph, Zhangjun Fei, Efraim Lewinsohn, Arthur Schaffer, and Yaakov Tadmor. System Approach to Understanding the Metabolic Diversity in Melon. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593400.bard.

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Fruit quality is determined by numerous genetic factors that affect taste, aroma, ‎color, texture, nutritional value and shelf life. To unravel the genetic components ‎involved in the metabolic pathways behind these traits, the major goal of the project was to identify novel genes that are involved in, or that regulate, these pathways using correlation analysis between genotype, metabolite and gene expression data. The original and specific research objectives were: (1) Collection of replicated fruit from a population of 96 RI lines derived from parents distinguished by great diversity in fruit development and quality phenotypes, (2) Phenotypic and metabolic profiling of mature fruit from all 96 RI lines and their parents, (3) 454 pyrosequencing of cDNA representing mRNA of mature fruit from each line to facilitate gene expression analysis based on relative EST abundance, (4) Development of a database modeled after an existing database developed for tomato introgression lines (ILs) to facilitate online data analysis by members of this project and by researchers around the world. The main functions of the database will be to store and present metabolite and gene expression data so that correlations can be drawn between variation in target traits or metabolites across the RI population members and variation in gene expression to identify candidate genes which may impact phenotypic and chemical traits of interest, (5) Selection of RI lines for segregation and/or hybridization (crosses) analysis to ascertain whether or not genes associated with traits through gene expression/metabolite correlation analysis are indeed contributors to said traits. The overall research strategy was to utilize an available recombinant inbred population of melon (Cucumis melo L.) derived from phenotypically diverse parents and for which over 800 molecular markers have been mapped for the association of metabolic trait and gene expression QTLs. Transcriptomic data were obtained by high throughput sequencing using the Illumina platform instead of the originally planned 454 platform. The change was due to the fast advancement and proven advantages of the Illumina platform, as explained in the first annual scientific report. Metabolic data were collected using both targeted (sugars, organic acids, carotenoids) and non-targeted metabolomics analysis methodologies. Genes whose expression patterns were associated with variation of particular metabolites or fruit quality traits represent candidates for the molecular mechanisms that underlie them. Candidate genes that may encode enzymes catalyzingbiosynthetic steps in the production of volatile compounds of interest, downstream catabolic processes of aromatic amino acids and regulatory genes were selected and are in the process of functional analyses. Several of these are genes represent unanticipated effectors of compound accumulation that could not be identified using traditional approaches. According to the original plan, the Cucurbit Genomics Network (http://www.icugi.org/), developed through an earlier BARD project (IS-3333-02), was expanded to serve as a public portal for the extensive metabolomics and transcriptomic data resulting from the current project. Importantly, this database was also expanded to include genomic and metabolomic resources of all the cucurbit crops, including genomes of cucumber and watermelon, EST collections, genetic maps, metabolite data and additional information. In addition, the database provides tools enabling researchers to identify genes, the expression patterns of which correlate with traits of interest. The project has significantly expanded the existing EST resource for melon and provides new molecular tools for marker-assisted selection. This information will be opened to the public by the end of 2013, upon the first publication describing the transcriptomic and metabolomics resources developed through the project. In addition, well-characterized RI lines are available to enable targeted breeding for genes of interest. Segregation of the RI lines for specific metabolites of interest has been shown, demonstrating the utility in these lines and our new molecular and metabolic data as a basis for selection targeting specific flavor, quality, nutritional and/or defensive compounds. To summarize, all the specific goals of the project have been achieved and in many cases exceeded. Large scale trascriptomic and metabolomic resources have been developed for melon and will soon become available to the community. The usefulness of these has been validated. A number of novel genes involved in fruit ripening have been selected and are currently being functionally analyzed. We thus fully addressed our obligations to the project. In our view, however, the potential value of the project outcomes as ultimately manifested may be far greater than originally anticipated. The resources developed and expanded under this project, and the tools created for using them will enable us, and others, to continue to employ resulting data and discoveries in future studies with benefits both in basic and applied agricultural - scientific research.
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