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Academic literature on the topic 'Meta-policy'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Meta-policy"

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Mann, C. "Can meta-analysis make policy?" Science 266, no. 5187 (November 11, 1994): 960–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7973676.

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Polyrakis, A., and R. Boutaba. "The meta-policy information base." IEEE Network 16, no. 2 (2002): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/65.993222.

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Gechert, Sebastian. "Reconsidering macroeconomic policy prescriptions with meta-analysis." Industrial and Corporate Change 31, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 576–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtac005.

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Abstract This paper investigates recent developments in meta-analysis, the tool to quantitatively synthesize research in a certain body of literature. After providing a brief overview on how to do a meta-analysis and discussing recent methodological advancements, I review applied contributions to the field of macroeconomics. It turns out that meta-analyses have often questioned the conventional wisdom and established new consensuses in fiscal, monetary, and labor market policies by uncovering substantial publication bias and unexpected determining factors in many bodies of literature—in particular those dominated by policy conclusions in the neoclassical tradition like minimum wages, central bank strategies, financial regulation and the relative effects of tax and spending policies.
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Kiesler, Charles A. "Meta analysis, clinical psychology, and social policy." Clinical Psychology Review 5, no. 1 (January 1985): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(85)90026-1.

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Guo, Yijie, Qiucheng Wu, and Honglak Lee. "Learning Action Translator for Meta Reinforcement Learning on Sparse-Reward Tasks." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 6 (June 28, 2022): 6792–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i6.20635.

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Meta reinforcement learning (meta-RL) aims to learn a policy solving a set of training tasks simultaneously and quickly adapting to new tasks. It requires massive amounts of data drawn from training tasks to infer the common structure shared among tasks. Without heavy reward engineering, the sparse rewards in long-horizon tasks exacerbate the problem of sample efficiency in meta-RL. Another challenge in meta-RL is the discrepancy of difficulty level among tasks, which might cause one easy task dominating learning of the shared policy and thus preclude policy adaptation to new tasks. This work introduces a novel objective function to learn an action translator among training tasks. We theoretically verify that the value of the transferred policy with the action translator can be close to the value of the source policy and our objective function (approximately) upper bounds the value difference. We propose to combine the action translator with context-based meta-RL algorithms for better data collection and moreefficient exploration during meta-training. Our approach em-pirically improves the sample efficiency and performance ofmeta-RL algorithms on sparse-reward tasks.
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Peilouw, Christian Timotius, and Bintang Kusucahyo. "OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES AND DEBT POLICY (A META-ANALYSIS)." Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Aksioma 21, no. 2 (December 26, 2022): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/aksioma.v21i2.163.

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This study aims to understand the effect of ownership structure on debt policy, as well as to examine and analyze the variation of result study on debt policy in Indonesia. Agency Theory is the grand theory used to explain the effect of ownership structure on debt policy. This study used meta-analysis approach with sample is 31 researches in Indonesia, both the published and unpublished in 2006-2019. The result of this study, meta-analysis strengthen the findings of the previous study which stated that the ownership structure can decrease debt policy. The differences of the previous studies are due to the presence of moderation effect from the measurement model of debt policy and ownership structure.
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Park, Daekwon, Beomcheol Shin, and Seung-Ho Lee. "Qualitative Meta-synthesis on the Free Semester Policy." Korea Society Of The Politics Of Education 26, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 133–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52183/kspe.2019.26.1.133.

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Swiontkowski, Marc. "Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews: JBJS Policy Revisited." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 103, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.21.00233.

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Baskerville, Richard, and Mikko Siponen. "An information security meta‐policy for emergent organizations." Logistics Information Management 15, no. 5/6 (December 2002): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09576050210447019.

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Card, David, Jochen Kluve, and Andrea Weber. "Active Labour Market Policy Evaluations: A Meta‐Analysis." Economic Journal 120, no. 548 (October 19, 2010): F452—F477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02387.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Meta-policy"

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Polyrakis, Andreas. "The Meta-Policy information base." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58776.pdf.

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Galindo, Luis Miguel, Joseluis Samaniego, Carbonell Jimy Ferrer, José Eduardo Alatorre, and Orlando Reyes. "Meta-Analysis of Income and Price Elasticities Energy Demand: Some Public Policy Implications for Latin America." Economía, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117330.

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The aim of this paper is to analyze the variation in empirical estimates of the income and price elasticities of energy demand. The evidence presented, through a meta-analysis, allows identification of the weighted average of the income and price elasticities, shows that the estimates are very heterogeneous, that there is publication bias, and that factors such as region, energy sector, among others, affect its volatility. The evidence also indicates that income elasticity in Latin America is greater than in the OECD countries, and that the price elasticity of energy demand is lower in Latin America than in the OECD countries. Therefore, continued economic growth in Latin America will be accompanied by a growth in energy demand. Moreover, the establishment of a tax in Latin America, under the current elasticities, is less effective and will be insufficient to control the increase in energy consumption.
El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la variación de las elasticidades ingreso y precio de la demanda de energía. La evidencia presentada, con un metaanálisis, permite identificar la media ponderada de estas elasticidades ingreso y precio, muestra que las estimaciones son muy heterogé- neas, que existe sesgo de publicación y que algunos factores como la región, el sector del consumo de energía, entre otros, inciden en su volatilidad. La evidencia también indica que la elasticidad ingreso en América Latina es mayor que aquella de los países de la OCDE y, simultáneamente, que la elasticidad precio de la demanda de energía es menor en América Latina que en los países de la OCDE. Así, un crecimiento económico continuo en América Latina vendrá acompañado de un crecimiento de la demanda de energía y que el establecimiento de un impuesto en América Latina, bajo las actuales elasticidades, es menos efectivo y en general sería insuficiente para controlar el aumento del consumo de energía.
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Mackintosh, Christopher Iain. "The paradox of English sport development policy and practice : examining the mass participation agenda during an era of austerity and continued change." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2016. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4484/.

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This PhD by published work critically synthesises eight papers using a meta-ethnographic methodology in the field of community sport development. In particular, it provides an overarching critical analysis of mass participation sport development policy and practice in England using research with national governing bodies, county sport partnerships, local government and school-based sport development officers. Latterly, the synthesis centres upon the communities themselves that have been the focus of policy in the lead up to the London 2012 Olympics with its associated participation legacy. Research was undertaken using a predominantly qualitative research methodology, with varied methods including 58 in-depth interviews, 10 focus groups, five video diaries, observational and field note accounts. The meta-ethnographical methodology developed by Noblitt and Hare (1988) was utilised to provide the framework and conceptual approach to developing a critical meta-synthesis across the eight individual papers. The PhD offers a rare analytical insight across organisational boundaries, industry sub-fields (teaching, local government, County Sport Partnerships, National Governing Bodies) and professional-community binary oppositions. Findings from this study highlight key drivers limiting the mass participation agenda. These themes include the increased diversity and fragility of the delivery platform provision under austerity, challenge the industry assumptions of pathways of progression and question existing behaviour change assumptions. Further future explanatory themes that emerged from the meta-ethnography included divergence and widening in sport development delivery (“the haves and have not’s”), sport development workforce challenges in an era of modernisation (emerging skills, knowledge and expectations in the field) and finally what was termed in this study ‘the policy rhetoric gap’.
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Garside, Ruth. "A comparison of methods for the systematic review of qualitative research : two examples using meta-ethnography and meta-study." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/116289.

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Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been a central pillar of evidence-based practice and policy-making in healthcare over recent years. Traditionally, this has focused on effectiveness evidence from trials.. There is increasing understanding, however, that other study designs also provide essential information and this has led to interest in developing ways to review and synthesis such evidence. Qualitative research has unique potential to illuminate the patient experience. This research has three aims: 1) To review and compare the proposed methods of systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research. 2) To develop and assess two methods of systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research. 3) To compare these two methods and suggest how they might be used in a policy-making context. In addressing these aims, this thesis substantially contributes to debates about the purpose and practice of systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research, particularly in the context of health technology assessment and related pOlicy-making. I undertake a unique critical comparison of the methods suggested for reviewing and synthesising qualitative research, based on their approach to key stages of systematic review. This is used to produce a comprehensive framework for good practice~ I use the framework in two systematic reviews, one about heavy menstrual bleeding using meta-ethnography, and one about hysterectomy using meta-study. These two reviews allow a comparison of the two methods, and in particular explore the impact of expanding the meta-ethnography approach through meta-study, which adds explicit steps to assess the impact of study methodology and theory on findings. The ability of meta-study to unpack the procedures and theories that produce particular findings is key and illuminates the importance of theory in systematic reviews of qualitative research. Through the two systematic reviews, my thesis also contributes to understanding of these reproductive health topic areas through the creation of new insights and concepts from the synthesis. The synthesis of heavy menstrual bleeding studies produced a detailed patient illness model based on women's experiences. In addition, it allowed an understanding of elements that contribute to women's certainty or uncertainty about whether or not their periods could be seen as problematic and requiring medical help. This helps to establish the limitations of the medical model for doctors, as well as women who suffer from heavy menstrual bleeding. The synthesis of hysterectomy studies produced a detailed description of the journey that women make to, and through, hysterectomy, based on their experiences. I also created a theoretical framework, which shows that hysterectomy needs to be understood in the context of personal, physical experiences, together with sociocultural forces that affect the way in which hysterectomy is experienced, and that the interaction of these micro- and macro-concerns mediate through, and affect, relationships with key other people. Methodology affected the research questions posed and the conclusions of research. Comparing the two methods of review and synthesis showed the importance of taking account of the methods and theories that produce research findings. However this additional detail may be at the expense of certainty and requires additional resources.
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Sullivan, Shannon. "Knowledge Translation of Economic Evaluations and Network Meta-Analyses." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32109.

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Economic evaluations and network meta-analyses (NMAs) are complex methodologies. Increasing their transparency and accessibility could enhance confidence in the legitimacy of policy decisions informed by these analyses. Four systematic reviews were conducted to understand policymakers’ informational needs and to determine what guidance researchers have on how to present economic evaluations and NMAs. Qualitative interviews were conducted with Canadian policymakers, i.e., knowledge users, to understand barriers and facilitators to using and communicating economic evaluations and NMAs and with individuals in international health technology assessment organizations, i.e. knowledge producers, to explore current approaches to communicating economic evaluations and NMAs. A toolkit for NMAs and economic evaluations was proposed based on an integrated review of these findings and guided by the Knowledge-to-Action framework. Examples of tools were developed and applied to an economic evaluation and NMA of osteoporosis therapies. Systematic reviews and qualitative interviews found that communication approaches that provide robust content, identify contextual factors relevant to policy decisions and enhance clarity were valued. Twelve tools were proposed that enhance communication, education and access to resources for policymakers. Two of these tools were developed: Economic Guidance for Researchers and NMA Guidance for Researchers.
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Russell, Joseph. "A Meta-analysis: The Full Range of Leadership Model Impacting Policing Organizations." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3631.

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Police leadership has traditionally been dominated by the commander style, yet the more recent generation of police officers reject this style of leadership. Little, however, is known about whether the different leadership styles of the full range of leadership model result in positive outcomes in policing organizations. The purpose of this quantitative meta-analysis study was to examine the relationship between transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles and the leadership outcomes in a policing context, such as subordinate satisfaction, perception of leadership effectiveness, and exerting extra effort. Data for this research synthesis derived from primary research studies, which included 9 U.S. and international correlational policing studies that together comprised 1,939 police officers who completed the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) instrument. The meta-analysis provided effect size estimates on the relationship between transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles and perception of leadership effectiveness, extra effort, and subordinate satisfaction. The results of this meta-analysis indicate the transformational style has a stronger positive relationship with perception of leadership effectiveness, extra effort, and subordinate satisfaction, than the other 2 leadership styles. The positive social change implications of this study provide recommendations to police executives to include transformational leadership with contemporary law enforcement practices. The transformational style may result in improvements to police officer motivation, performance, and job satisfaction, thus offering opportunities to improve public safety outcomes.
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Gibson, Brendan John Joseph, and brendan gibson@health gov au. "From Transfer to Transformation: Rethinking the Relationship between Research and Policy." The Australian National University. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20040528.165124.

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The most common and enduring explanation for the way research is used (or abused or not used) in policy is the ‘two communities’ theory. According to this theory, the problematic relationship between research and policy is caused by the different ‘cultures’ inhabited by policy makers and researchers. The most common and enduring types of strategies that are put forward to increase research use in policy involve bridging or linking these ‘two communities’. This study challenges this way of thinking about the relationship between research and policy. Four case studies of national public health policy in Australia—breast cancer screening, prostate cancer screening, needle and syringe programs in the community, and needle and syringe programs in prisons—are used to present the context, events, processes, research, and actors involved in policy making. Three theories are deployed to explore the relationship between research and policy in each of the cases individually and across the cases as a whole. These theories bring different determinants and dynamics of the relationship to light and each is at least partially successful in increasing our understanding of the relationship between research and policy. The Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) understands the relationship in terms of a power struggle between competing coalitions that use research as a political resource in the policy process. The Policy Making Organisation Framework (PMOF) understands the relationship in terms of institutional and political factors that determine the way data is selected or rejected from the policy process. The Governmentality Framework (GF) understands the relationship in terms of the Foucauldian construct of power/knowledge that is created through discourse, ‘regimes of truth’ and ‘regimes of practices’ found in public health policy and research. This study has found that in three of the four case studies, public health policy was strongly influenced by research, the exception being NSP in prisons. In all cases, however, it is not possible to construct a robust and coherent account of the policy process or the policy outcome without considering the multifaceted role of research. When these theories are explored at a more fundamental level they support the argument that when research influences policy it is transformed into knowledge-for-policy by being invested with meaning and power. This process of transformation occurs through social and political action that mobilises ideal structures (such as harm minimisation and the World Health Organisation’s principles for evaluating screening programs) and material structures (such as medical journals and government advisory bodies) to resolve meta-policy problems (such as how to define complex public health problems in a way that makes them amenable to empirical research and practical action). This study provides good evidence that the notion of ‘research transfer’ between ‘two communities’ is a flawed way of understanding the research–policy relationship. Rethinking the relationship between research and policy involves building an enhanced theoretical repertoire for understanding this complex social interaction. This step is essential to the success of future efforts to make public health policy that is effective, just and emancipatory. This study makes a contribution to this task.
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Eberhard, Rachel. "The metagovernance of Australian water policy: Practices, rationales and outcomes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/118143/1/Rachel_Eberhard_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis examines how governments work with stakeholders to develop and implement water policy in Australia. Evidence from the Great Barrier Reef and the Murray Darling Basin showed the challenges involved, and how this can affect environmental outcomes. Results show how government can work more effectively with stakeholders, and the potential of non-government organisations to help broker better policy outcomes.
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Escalona, Iralys Eugenia González. "Política del agua en Venezuela para el cumplimiento de la meta del milenio sobre acceso al agua potable y saneamiento durante el período 2000-2010." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/14543.

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O presente estudo tem como objetivo conhecer e descrever o modelo de política pública desenhada e implementada pelo Governo Venezuelano durante o período 2000-2010, para o êxito da meta do milénio em matéria de acesso a água potável e saneamento. Para isso, se fez primeiro um repasso da importância da água no mundo, e o que tens sido as políticas de água no nível da Região da América Latina até chegar a Venezuela. Através de um processo de Observação da realidade Venezuelana em um Barrio, e nas Entrevistas em Profundidade, queremos entender como o Governo Venezuelano alcançou em curto tempo, sucesso em um objetivo internacional, como a meta do Milénio relacionada a " acesso sustentável de água potável e a serviços básicos de saneamento". Nossos resultados indicam que uma Política Pública para ter êxito, deve ser um esforço compartilhado entre os atores do Estado e o povo, na qual oficializem estes esforços, deve ser acompanhado de uma consolidada institucionalidade e marco jurídico, más, sobretudo da participação e organização da comunidade; RESUMEN:El presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer y describir el modelo de política pública diseñada e implementada por el Gobierno Venezolano durante el período 2000-2010, para el logro de la meta del milenio en materia de acceso a agua potable y saneamiento. Para ello, se hizo primero un repaso de lo que es la importancia del agua en el mundo, y lo que han sido las políticas del agua a nivel de la Región de América Latina hasta llegar a Venezuela. A través de un proceso de Observación de la realidad Venezolana en un Barrio, y las Entrevistas en Profundidad, quisimos entender cómo el Gobierno Venezolano alcanzó en corto tiempo, lograr un Objetivo Internacional, como lo es la Meta del Milenio relacionada a “acceso sostenible de agua potable y a servicios básicos de saneamiento”. Nuestros resultados indicaron que una Política Pública para tener éxito, debe ser un esfuerzo compartido entre los actores del Estado y el pueblo, en la cual para que se legitimen estos esfuerzos, debe acompañarse de una consolidada institucionalidad y marco jurídico, pero sobretodo de la participación y organización de la comunidade; ABSTRACT:The present study aims to show and describe the model of public policy designed and implemented by the Venezuelan Government for the period 2000-2010, to achieve the Millennium Development Goals on access to clean water and sanitation. To do this, we first review the importance of water in the world, and the policies on water in Latin America particularly in Venezuela. Through a process of observation of the Venezuelan reality in an Barrio, and by depth interviews, we wanted to understand how the Venezuelan government met in a short time an international goal, the Millennium Development Goal, related to "sustainable access to drinking water and basic sanitation." Our results indicated that a public policy to succeed must be a joint effort between actors in the State and the people, in which in order to legitimize these efforts, there must be a consolidated institutional and legal framework, but most importantly the participation and organization of the community.
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Travitzki, Rodrigo. "ENEM: limites e possibilidades do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio enquanto indicador de qualidade escolar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-28062013-162014/.

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O Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) está entre os maiores do mundo, abrangendo seis milhões de pessoas ao ano. Um de seus objetivos é permitir a comparação das escolas brasileiras, através da publicação de médias, tornando-se peça central na política brasileira de accountability escolar. Há, contudo, críticas técnicas e filosóficas ao uso do ENEM como indicador de qualidade escolar. Investigamos o potencial alcance de tais críticas, assim como possíveis efeitos benéficos do ranking de escolas. Pressupomos que o processo educativo na democracia é uma relação intersubjetiva, com finalidades e estratégias minimamente definidas pelas pessoas envolvidas. METODOLOGIA: buscamos articular uma reflexão filosófica sobre as questões sócio-políticas da escolarização com métodos quantitativos. Realizamos análise multinível dos microdados do ENEM 2009 em três níveis: indivíduo, escola e estado. Estimamos o efeito escola, o efeito estado e a variância explicada. Analisamos algumas edições do ENEM com base na Teoria Clássica dos Testes e na Teoria da Resposta ao Item. RESULTADOS: identificamos diversas concepções de inteligência e de qualidade escolar, sendo poucas delas contempladas pelos indicadores baseados em testes padronizados. Mostramos que a supervalorização desses testes cria o risco de colonização do cotidiano escolar pela razão instrumental, empobrecendo as relações intersubjetivas e as práticas pedagógicas. Identificamos riscos de se utilizar o mesmo teste para diversas finalidades. Constatamos a existência de dois modelos de ENEM, antes e depois de 2009. A análise multinível revelou um efeito escola em torno de 22%; controlando o nível socioeconômico ele reduz para 7%. Cerca de 20% da variação nas notas dos alunos foi explicada por fatores contextuais. No nível das escolas, o valor aumenta para 79%. Excluindo as notas de redação, como no ranking de 2012, a variância explicada chega a 87%, demonstrando que o desempenho da escola é altamente influenciado por fatores que não estão sob seu controle. Constatamos também que as médias entre escolas próximas no ranking não são estatisticamente diferentes. CONCLUSÕES: embora o ENEM possa avaliar o mérito dos alunos, é pouco informativo sobre o mérito das escolas, sendo inadequado para avaliar, isoladamente, a qualidade dessas instituições. Apontamos alguns limites do ranking como indicador de qualidade escolar (grande sobreposição de intervalos de confiança; supervalorização de um único exame; pouca informação sobre o mérito da escola; risco de empobrecer o currículo e as relações intersubjetivas no cotidiano escolar; risco de aumentar as desigualdades) assim como algumas possibilidades criadas por ele (referência objetiva para comparação, sinalizar para o ensino médio não focar excessivamente na quantidade de conteúdos; mobilização pela qualidade escolar; criação de outros indicadores). Disponibilizamos uma seleção das melhores instituições de ensino médio em termos de efeito escola, com objetivo de dar visibilidade àquelas que provavelmente realizam um bom trabalho dentro das condições em que se encontram.
The national secondary Brazilian examination (ENEM) is one of the largest standards in the world, covering six million people every year. One of his goals is to allow comparison of schools, thus being a central piece in the Brazilian school accountability system. However, there are technical and philosophical criticism to use ENEM as an indicator of school quality. We investigate the potential scope of such criticisms, as well as potential beneficial effects of school league tables. We assume that the educational process in democracy is an intersubjective relationship with purposes and strategies minimally defined by people involved in it. METHODS: we seek to articulate a philosophical reflection on the socio-political issues of schooling with quantitative methods. We conducted multilevel analysis of ENEM 2009 microdata at three levels: individual, school and state. We estimate the school effect, the \"state effect\" and explained variation. We analyse some ENEM exams based on Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory. RESULTS: we identified several concepts of intelligence and school quality, few of them covered by indicators based on standards. We show that overvaluating standards creates the risk of colonizating everyday school life by instrumental rationality, making interpersonal relationships and pedagogical practices poorer. We identified risks of using the same test for different purposes. We found two ENEM models: before and after 2009. The multilevel analysis revealed a school effect around 22%; controlling socioeconomic status reduces it to 7%. About 20% of the variation in student scores was explained by contextual factors. At the school level, the figure rises to 79%. Excluding the writing test, as in 2012 league table, the explained variation reaches 87%, showing that school score is highly influenced by factors they can not control. We also showed that the averages between neighboring schools in the league table are not statistically different. CONCLUSIONS: Although ENEM can evaluate the merit of the students, it tells little about the merits of the schools. Therefore, it is inappropriate to evaluate, alone, the quality of these institutions. We point out some limitations of ENEM as school quality indicator (confidence intervals overlapping; overvaluation of a single test; few information on the merits of school; risk of impoverishing the curriculum and interpersonal relationships in school life; risk of increasing inequalities) as well as some possibilities created by it (objective reference for comparison; message to schools not overly focus on amount of contents; mobilization for school quality; creation of other indicators). Accordingly, we provide a selection of the best Brazilian high schools in school effect, aiming to give visibility to institutions that do a good job in not necessarily good conditions.
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Books on the topic "Meta-policy"

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Polyrakis, Andreas. The Meta-Policy information base. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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Crane, Robert Dickson. Meta-law: An Islamic policy paradigm. Washington, VA: Islamic Institute for Strategic Studies, 2000.

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Bergh, Jeroen C. J. M. van den, 1965-, ed. Meta-analysis in environmental economics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

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Hē Hellada meta tēn krisē. Athēna: Ekdoseis Kastaniōtē, 2009.

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Ishchenko, I︠U︡ A. Humanitarna ekspertyza: Zasadnychi prynt︠s︡ypy, meta, zavdanni︠a︡. Kyïv: T︠S︡entr humanitarnoï osvity NAN Ukraïny, 2002.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Advances in Meta-Analysis. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012.

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Meta to "Mnēmonio": Oikonomikē politikē stēn Hellada hypo diethnē elencho. Athēna: Ekdoseis Papazēsē, 2011.

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Stergiou, Dēmētrios L. Autē einai hē Hellada: Ta 8 megalytera enklēmata stēn oikonomia meta tē metapoliteusē. Athēna: Hellēnika Grammata, 2000.

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Meta-geopolitics of outer space. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

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Gianniōtēs, Alexandros. Hē hellēnikē oikonomia meta ton Deutero Pankosmio Polemo: Hē Makra Poreia pros tēn Krisē, hē Mnēmoniakē Diacheirisē kai hoi Epiptōseis tēs : ektimēseis kai prooptikes. Athēna: Ekdoseis Stamoulē A.E., 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Meta-policy"

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Bergh, J. C. J. M., K. J. Button, P. Nijkamp, and G. C. Pepping. "Meta-Approaches to Environmental Policy Assessment." In Meta-Analysis in Environmental Economics, 9–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8865-2_2.

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Yorke, Jon, and Lesley Vidovich. "A Meta-analysis of Policy Processes." In Learning Standards and the Assessment of Quality in Higher Education: Contested Policy Trajectories, 217–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32924-6_10.

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Bakir, Caner, and D. S. L. Jarvis. "Institutional and Policy Change: Meta-theory and Method." In Institutional Entrepreneurship and Policy Change, 1–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70350-3_1.

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Kunhi, Zahira, Lesley Vidovich, and Tom O’Donoghue. "Meta-analysis Along the Policy Trajectory and Discussion." In Twenty-first Century Curriculum Policy, 141–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61455-3_9.

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Jiang, Jingchi, Lian Yan, Xuehui Yu, and Yi Guan. "Contextual Policy Transfer in Meta-Reinforcement Learning via Active Learning." In Web Information Systems and Applications, 354–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20309-1_31.

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Cebeci, Münevver. "Deconstructing the ‘Ideal Power Europe’ Meta-Narrative in the European Neighbourhood Policy." In The Revised European Neighbourhood Policy, 57–76. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47182-6_3.

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Maki, Alexander, Mark A. Cohen, and Michael P. Vandenbergh. "Using Meta-Analysis in the Social Sciences to Improve Environmental Policy." In World Sustainability Series, 27–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67122-2_2.

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Sharma, Abhilasha, Nikhil Arora, and Paridhi Sachdeva. "Enhanced Opinion Classification Using Nature-Inspired Meta-Heuristics for Policy Evaluation." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 347–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7345-3_29.

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Ouyang, Song, and Hao Xu. "A Process Meta Model to Support Policy Based Management in Workflow System." In Computational Science – ICCS 2007, 289–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72588-6_48.

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Zuo, Guoyu, Zhipeng Tian, Shuai Huang, and Daoxiong Gong. "Sample-Efficient Reinforcement Learning Based on Dynamics Models via Meta-policy Optimization." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 360–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9247-5_28.

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Conference papers on the topic "Meta-policy"

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Dawes, Sharon S. "Information Policy Meta-Principles: Stewardship and Usefulness." In 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2010.233.

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Rana, Annie Ibrahim, Brendan Jennings, Micheal O. Foghlu, and Sven van der Meer. "Autonomic policy-based HAN traffic classification using augmented meta model for policy translation." In 2011 Eighth International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks - (WOCN). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wocn.2011.5872937.

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Lan, Lin, Zhenguo Li, Xiaohong Guan, and Pinghui Wang. "Meta Reinforcement Learning with Task Embedding and Shared Policy." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/387.

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Despite significant progress, deep reinforcement learning (RL) suffers from data-inefficiency and limited generalization. Recent efforts apply meta-learning to learn a meta-learner from a set of RL tasks such that a novel but related task could be solved quickly. Though specific in some ways, different tasks in meta-RL are generally similar at a high level. However, most meta-RL methods do not explicitly and adequately model the specific and shared information among different tasks, which limits their ability to learn training tasks and to generalize to novel tasks. In this paper, we propose to capture the shared information on the one hand and meta-learn how to quickly abstract the specific information about a task on the other hand. Methodologically, we train an SGD meta-learner to quickly optimize a task encoder for each task, which generates a task embedding based on past experience. Meanwhile, we learn a policy which is shared across all tasks and conditioned on task embeddings. Empirical results on four simulated tasks demonstrate that our method has better learning capacity on both training and novel tasks and attains up to 3 to 4 times higher returns compared to baselines.
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Liu, Ziyi, Zongyuan Li, Qianqian Cao, Yuan Wan, and Xian Guo. "Celebrating Robustness in Efficient Off-Policy Meta-Reinforcement Learning." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Real-time Computing and Robotics (RCAR). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rcar54675.2022.9872291.

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Xu, Siyuan, and Minghui Zhu. "Meta Value Learning for Fast Policy-Centric Optimal Motion Planning." In Robotics: Science and Systems 2022. Robotics: Science and Systems Foundation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15607/rss.2022.xviii.061.

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Fang, Boli, Zhenghao Peng, Hao Sun, and Qin Zhang. "Meta Proximal Policy Optimization for Cooperative Multi-Agent Continuous Control." In 2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9892004.

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Wu, Binghong, Kuangrong Hao, Xin Cai, Xuesong Tang, and Tong Wang. "Effective Policy Adjustment via Meta-Learning for Complex Manipulation Tasks." In 2018 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cac.2018.8623652.

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Hu, Yuh-Jong, and Harold Boley. "SemPIF: A Semantic Meta-policy Interchange Format for Multiple Web Policies." In 2010 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence-Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wi-iat.2010.238.

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Triwiyanto, Teguh, Suyanto, and Lantip Diat Prasojo. "Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Globalization on National Education Policy." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Education and Management (COEMA 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/coema-19.2019.36.

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Ghadirzadeh, Ali, Xi Chen, Petra Poklukar, Chelsea Finn, Marten Bjorkman, and Danica Kragic. "Bayesian Meta-Learning for Few-Shot Policy Adaptation Across Robotic Platforms." In 2021 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros51168.2021.9636628.

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Reports on the topic "Meta-policy"

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Card, David, Jochen Kluve, and Andrea Weber. Active Labor Market Policy Evaluations: A Meta-Analysis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16173.

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Villamizar-Villegas, Mauricio, Lucía Arango-Lozano, Geraldine Castelblanco, Nicolás Fajardo-Baquero, and Maria A. Ruiz-Sanchez. The effects of Monetary Policy on Capital Flows: A Meta-Analysis. Banco de la República de Colombia, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1204.

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We investigate whether central banks are able to attract or redirect capital flows, by bringing together the entire empirical literature into the first quantitative meta-analysis on the subject. We dissect policy effects by the type of flow and by the origin of the monetary shock. Further, we assess whether policy effects depend on factors that drive investors to either search for yields or fly to safety. Our findings indicate a mean effect size of inflows in the amount of 0.09% of quarterly GDP in response to either a 100 basis point (bp) increase in the domestic policy rate or a 100bp reduction in the external rate. However, the effect size under a random effect specification is much lower (0.01%). Factors that significantly attract inflows include foreign exchange reserves, output growth, and financial openness, while factors that deter flows include foreign debt, capital controls, and departures from the uncovered interest rate parity. Also, both local and global risks matter (global risks exerting a larger pressure). Finally, we shed light on differences across the different types of flows: banking flows being the most responsive to monetary policy, while foreign direct investment being the least responsive.
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Shephard, Daniel, Anne Ellersiek, Johannes Meuer, and Christian Rupietta. Influencing Policy and Civic Space: A meta-review of Oxfam’s Policy Influence, Citizen Voice and Good Governance Effectiveness Reviews. Oxfam GB, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2017.2326.

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JOHNSON, MEGAN M. Meta-Analysis of the Oil Price Elasticity of the GDP for Policy Analysis: Documentation. Test accounts, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1376319.

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Leiby, Paul Newsome, David Charles Bowman, Gbadebo A. Oladosu, Rocio Uria Martinez, and Megan M. Johnson. Meta-Analysis of the Oil Price Elasticity of the GDP for Policy Analysis: Documentation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1393888.

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Levin, Andrew, William Hanage, Nana Owusu-Boaitey, Kensington Cochran, Seamus Walsh, and Gideon Meyerowitz-Katz. Assessing the Age Specificity of Infection Fatality Rates for COVID-19: Meta-Analysis & Public Policy Implications. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27597.

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Mattheis, Ashley A. Atomwaffen Division and its Affiliates on Telegram: Variations, Practices, and Interconnections. RESOLVE Network, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/remve2022.1.

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This research brief details findings from a recent collaborative project exploring different groups related to Atomwaffen Division (AWD) on Telegram. The brief provides an initial foray into understanding the digital communicative practices these AWD-related groups use to maintain their loose structure as a transnational, digitally networked extremist culture. Groups affiliated with the meta-brand of AWD are continuing to develop globally and building a transnational, digital networked culture, despite increased scrutiny. This indicates that their structure as a digitally networked, transnational culture provides resilience to traditional policy and law enforcement approaches. Addressing this threat requires insight into the practices that such groups use to interconnect their now multi-nodal, supranational organization.
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Carney, Nancy, Tamara Cheney, Annette M. Totten, Rebecca Jungbauer, Matthew R. Neth, Chandler Weeks, Cynthia Davis-O'Reilly, et al. Prehospital Airway Management: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer243.

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Objective. To assess the comparative benefits and harms across three airway management approaches (bag valve mask [BVM], supraglottic airway [SGA], and endotracheal intubation [ETI]) by emergency medical services in the prehospital setting, and how the benefits and harms differ based on patient characteristics, techniques, and devices. Data sources. We searched electronic citation databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus®) from 1990 to September 2020 and reference lists, and posted a Federal Register notice request for data. Review methods. Review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center Program methods guidance. Using pre-established criteria, studies were selected and dual reviewed, data were abstracted, and studies were evaluated for risk of bias. Meta-analyses using profile-likelihood random effects models were conducted when data were available from studies reporting on similar outcomes, with analyses stratified by study design, emergency type, and age. We qualitatively synthesized results when meta-analysis was not indicated. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed for primary outcomes (survival, neurological function, return of spontaneous circulation [ROSC], and successful advanced airway insertion [for SGA and ETI only]). Results. We included 99 studies (22 randomized controlled trials and 77 observational studies) involving 630,397 patients. Overall, we found few differences in primary outcomes when airway management approaches were compared. • For survival, there was moderate SOE for findings of no difference for BVM versus ETI in adult and mixed-age cardiac arrest patients. There was low SOE for no difference in these patients for BVM versus SGA and SGA versus ETI. There was low SOE for all three comparisons in pediatric cardiac arrest patients, and low SOE in adult trauma patients when BVM was compared with ETI. • For neurological function, there was moderate SOE for no difference for BVM compared with ETI in adults with cardiac arrest. There was low SOE for no difference in pediatric cardiac arrest for BVM versus ETI and SGA versus ETI. In adults with cardiac arrest, neurological function was better for BVM and ETI compared with SGA (both low SOE). • ROSC was applicable only in cardiac arrest. For adults, there was low SOE that ROSC was more frequent with SGA compared with ETI, and no difference for BVM versus SGA or BVM versus ETI. In pediatric patients there was low SOE of no difference for BVM versus ETI and SGA versus ETI. • For successful advanced airway insertion, low SOE supported better first-pass success with SGA in adult and pediatric cardiac arrest patients and adult patients in studies that mixed emergency types. Low SOE also supported no difference for first-pass success in adult medical patients. For overall success, there was moderate SOE of no difference for adults with cardiac arrest, medical, and mixed emergency types. • While harms were not always measured or reported, moderate SOE supported all available findings. There were no differences in harms for BVM versus SGA or ETI. When SGA was compared with ETI, there were no differences for aspiration, oral/airway trauma, and regurgitation; SGA was better for multiple insertion attempts; and ETI was better for inadequate ventilation. Conclusions. The most common findings, across emergency types and age groups, were of no differences in primary outcomes when prehospital airway management approaches were compared. As most of the included studies were observational, these findings may reflect study design and methodological limitations. Due to the dynamic nature of the prehospital environment, the results are susceptible to indication and survival biases as well as confounding; however, the current evidence does not favor more invasive airway approaches. No conclusion was supported by high SOE for any comparison and patient group. This supports the need for high-quality randomized controlled trials designed to account for the variability and dynamic nature of prehospital airway management to advance and inform clinical practice as well as emergency medical services education and policy, and to improve patient-centered outcomes.
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Hajarizadeh, Behzad, Jennifer MacLachlan, Benjamin Cowie, and Gregory J. Dore. Population-level interventions to improve the health outcomes of people living with hepatitis B: an Evidence Check brokered by the Sax Institute for the NSW Ministry of Health, 2022. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/pxwj3682.

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Background An estimated 292 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection globally, including 223,000 people in Australia. HBV diagnosis and linkage of people living with HBV to clinical care is suboptimal in Australia, with 27% of people living with HBV undiagnosed and 77% not receiving regular HBV clinical care. This systematic review aimed to characterize population-level interventions implemented to enhance all components of HBV care cascade and analyse the effectiveness of interventions. Review questions Question 1: What population-level interventions, programs or policy approaches have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B; and that may not yet be fully rolled out or evaluated in Australia demonstrate early effectiveness, or promise, in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B? Question 2: What population-level interventions and/or programs are effective at reducing disease burden for people in the community with hepatitis B? Methods Four bibliographic databases and 21 grey literature sources were searched. Studies were eligible for inclusion if the study population included people with or at risk of chronic HBV, and the study conducted a population-level interventions to decrease HBV incidence or disease burden or to enhance any components of HBV care cascade (i.e., diagnosis, linkage to care, treatment initiation, adherence to clinical care), or HBV vaccination coverage. Studies published in the past 10 years (since January 2012), with or without comparison groups were eligible for inclusion. Studies conducting an HBV screening intervention were eligible if they reported proportion of people participating in screening, proportion of newly diagnosed HBV (participant was unaware of their HBV status), proportion of people received HBV vaccination following screening, or proportion of participants diagnosed with chronic HBV infection who were linked to HBV clinical care. Studies were excluded if study population was less than 20 participants, intervention included a pharmaceutical intervention or a hospital-based intervention, or study was implemented in limited clinical services. The records were initially screened by title and abstract. The full texts of potentially eligible records were reviewed, and eligible studies were selected for inclusion. For each study included in analysis, the study outcome and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated. For studies including a comparison group, odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95%CIs were calculated. Random effect meta-analysis models were used to calculate the pooled study outcome estimates. Stratified analyses were conducted by study setting, study population, and intervention-specific characteristics. Key findings A total of 61 studies were included in the analysis. A large majority of studies (study n=48, 79%) included single-arm studies with no concurrent control, with seven (12%) randomised controlled trials, and six (10%) non-randomised controlled studies. A total of 109 interventions were evaluated in 61 included studies. On-site or outreach HBV screening and linkage to HBV clinical care coordination were the most frequent interventions, conducted in 27 and 26 studies, respectively. Question 1 We found no studies reporting HBV incidence as the study outcome. One study conducted in remote area demonstrated that an intervention including education of pregnant women and training village health volunteers enhanced coverage of HBV birth dose vaccination (93% post-intervention, vs. 81% pre-intervention), but no data of HBV incidence among infants were reported. Question 2 Study outcomes most relevant to the HBV burden for people in the community with HBV included, HBV diagnosis, linkage to HBV care, and HBV vaccination coverage. Among randomised controlled trials aimed at enhancing HBV screening, a meta-analysis was conducted including three studies which implemented an intervention including community face-to-face education focused on HBV and/or liver cancer among migrants from high HBV prevalence areas. This analysis demonstrated a significantly higher HBV testing uptake in intervention groups with the likelihood of HBV testing 3.6 times higher among those participating in education programs compared to the control groups (OR: 3.62, 95% CI 2.72, 4.88). In another analysis, including 25 studies evaluating an intervention to enhance HBV screening, a pooled estimate of 66% of participants received HBV testing following the study intervention (95%CI: 58-75%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 17-98%; I-square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV screening strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing participants with on-site HBV testing, the proportion receiving HBV testing (80%, 95%CI: 72-87%) was significantly higher compared to the studies referring participants to an external site for HBV testing (54%, 95%CI: 37-71%). In the studies implementing an intervention to enhance linkage of people diagnosed with HBV infection to clinical care, the interventions included different components and varied across studies. The most common component was post-test counselling followed by assistance with scheduling clinical appointments, conducted in 52% and 38% of the studies, respectively. In meta-analysis, a pooled estimate of 73% of people with HBV infection were linked to HBV clinical care (95%CI: 64-81%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 28-100%; I-square: 99.2%). A stratified analysis by study population demonstrated that in the studies among general population in high prevalence countries, 94% of people (95%CI: 88-100%) who received the study intervention were linked to care, significantly higher than 72% (95%CI: 61-83%) in studies among migrants from high prevalence area living in a country with low prevalence. In 19 studies, HBV vaccination uptake was assessed after an intervention, among which one study assessed birth dose vaccination among infants, one study assessed vaccination in elementary school children and 17 studies assessed vaccination in adults. Among studies assessing adult vaccination, a pooled estimate of 38% (95%CI: 21-56%) of people initiated vaccination, with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 0.5-93%; I square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV vaccination strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing on-site vaccination, the uptake was 78% (95%CI: 62-94%), significantly higher compared to 27% (95%CI: 13-42%) in studies referring participants to an external site for vaccination. Conclusion This systematic review identified a wide variety of interventions, mostly multi-component interventions, to enhance HBV screening, linkage to HBV clinical care, and HBV vaccination coverage. High heterogeneity was observed in effectiveness of interventions in all three domains of screening, linkage to care, and vaccination. Strategies identified to boost the effectiveness of interventions included providing on-site HBV testing and vaccination (versus referral for testing and vaccination) and including community education focussed on HBV or liver cancer in an HBV screening program. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of more novel interventions (e.g., point of care testing) and interventions specifically including Indigenous populations, people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and people incarcerated.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.

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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.
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