Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mesure rugosite'
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BENALLEGUE, NOUNIRA. "Etude de la faisabilite de la mesure par radar de l'humidite et de la rugosite des sols." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112298.
Full textRouveure, Raphaël. "Caracterisation de l'etat de surface du sol a courte distance par des techniques micro-ondes. Application a la mesure de la rugosite d'un sol agricole." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CLF22276.
Full textReche, Jérôme. "Nouvelle méthodologie hybride pour la mesure de rugosités sub-nanométriques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT050.
Full textRoughness at Sub-nanometric scale determination becomes a critical issue, especially for patterns with critical dimensions below 10nm. Currently, there is no metrology technique able to provide a result with high precision and accuracy. A way, based on hybrid metrology, is currently explored and dedicated to dimensional measurements. This hybrid metrology uses data fusion algorithms in order to address data coming from different tools. This thesis presents some improvements on line roughness analysis thanks to frequency decomposition and associated model. The current techniques used for roughness determination are explained and a new one SAXS (Small Angle X-rays Scattering) is used to push again limits of extraction of roughness. This technique has a high potential to determine sub nanometrics patterns. Moreover, the design and manufacturing of reference line roughness samples is made, following the state of art with periodic roughness, but also more complex roughness determined by a statistical model usually used for measurement. Finally, this work focus on hybridization methods and more especially on neural network utilization. Thus, the establishment of a neural network is detailed through the multitude of parameters which must be set. In addition, training of the neural network on simulation leads to the capability to generate different metrology
Laguerre, Laurent. "Influence de la rugosité de surface en radiométrie micro-onde des sols nus : modélisation et expérimentation." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT097H.
Full textLamy, Francis. "Mesure par méthodes optiques de l'épaisseur et de la rugosité d'une couche de DT solide conformée dans un microballon." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOS056.
Full textThe inertial confinement fusion experiments require cryogenics targets fabrication, which is mainly a smooth uniform solid hydrogen isotopes (DT) layer at 20K. This layer is modelled in a plastic microshell that is placed in a gold cavity. One of the challenges of this program is to guarantee roughness and uniformity of the layer. Similar objects does not exist at ambient temperature. This report presents three methods convenient to characterise this layer in cryogenic conditions, with only one observation direction. The first one, shadowgraphy consists of the observation of the microshell thank to an optical system. The analyse of shadowgraph allows the DT layer characterisation in an equatorial plan. The two others techniques are the optical coherent tomography and the wide band interferometry. These methods provide the measurement of the layer thickness at the poles of microshell. The interference patterns are formed by the interference on two waves. The first one is reflected on a reference mirror, the second one is reflected on the interfaces of the microshell. The performances and uncertainties of the methods are analysed
El, Hammoumi Mohammed. "Entrainement d'air par jet plongeant vertical : application aux becs de remplissage pour le dosage pondéral." Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPG0087.
Full textNégrel, Jean. "Estimation du débit des fleuves à partir de mesures satellitaires des variables de surface sans mesures in situ." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20239/document.
Full textThe water issue is currently a major challenge for our societies. Even if water is a renewable resource, its natural cycle supports great stresses, both human activity and climate change.River discharge is a key variable of the water cycle, whose quantification requires heavy field measurements. Therefore the global monitoring of river discharge remains problematic and satellite remote sensing techniques could be a major asset. Earth Observation radar techniques are currently limited to the measurement of surface variables and cannot measure river bottom hydraulic parameters. The current study proposes a method to estimate these parameters from surface variables, in order to estimate the river discharge. This method has been validated on exact simulated data and its robustness to measurement noise has been studied on noisy simulated data and on real data.The second part of this work explores the abilities of radar along-track interferometry to measure river surface velocity. Velocity measurements carried out on the Rhône river during an airborne campaign (ONERA-Cemagref) show a strong consistency with ADCP field measurements. M4S backscattering model, tested in the framework of this study, is poorly adapted to river scenes : it appears to be extremely sensitive to wind intensity which could be explained by a poor modeling of surface roughness. As part of the SWOT mission program (NASA-CNES) a method allowing in situ characterization of river surface roughness has been developed. It was validated under laboratory controlled conditions. It was implemented on the Rhône river to characterize water surface and quantify the influence of wind intensity on the water surface roughness parameters
ROGER, JEAN-PAUL. "Contributions a l'etude des surfaces, interfaces et films minces par la methode mirage." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066509.
Full textBounichane, Benaamer. "Vers une méthode d'analyse des états de surfaces en sciences des matériaux : de la caractérisation à la recherche de paramètres pertinents." Compiègne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009COMP1844.
Full textThe monitoring and control of the surface are important issues in several areas in Mechanics. Many studies are ongoing to understand the interactions between the surface morphology and the physical mechanisms, chemical or mechanical. A key aspect that still needs improvement is the accurate characterization of surfaces, according to areas and needs, especially when it cornes to extracting the most relevant parameters for characterizing surface and define the level most appropriate for it. The aim of this project is to construct a methodology for processing bidimensional parameters (profiling) which allows, using an expert system to give the user the parameter of surface state associated with optimal desired functionality. We present in this paper the philosophy and methodology of building the system architecture that we called "MesRug". We also explain the technology used for the realization of this system, how to use it and enrich it with new multi-scale characterization of surfaces and new roughness parameters. We also present some developments and analyzes multi-scale integrated into the system "MesRug" to determine the characteristics of a set of elements (scale of measurement, parameter, lifter, to better discriminate the desired property, statistical methods used to determine the relevance of roughness parameters, and applications for various studies conducted using this approach
Lina, Arnaud. "Transformée en ondelettes, tortuosité et lacunarité fractale pour la caractérisation de surfaces rugueuses, application à la mesure de rugosité du pavage." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/MQ53588.pdf.
Full textTorricini, Didier. "Diffusion de la lumière par les empilements de couches minces : mesure et calculs dans un large domaine spectral (0,45 micromètre à 10,6 micromètres)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX30073.
Full textBreuer, Axel. "Estimation de l'humidité des sols par des mesures SAR polarimétriques." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10115.
Full textMainguy, Stéphane. "Mesure et modélisation de la diffusion du rayonnement optique par des surfaces rugueuses : application aux propriétés infrarouges de céramiques de Bore." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ECAP0379.
Full textCridling, Quentin. "Influence of the substrate surface on optical properties and color of anodized titanium." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEM015.
Full textThe study and the development of goniochromic materials remains a challenge both for industry and for scientific research. In the industry, the color quality control is rendered difficult by the complex color effects of these materials. The development of standard goniochromic materials with referenced color effects could simplify this color quality control. By comparing the manufactured materials to the reference ones by for example acquiring pictures of both materials in given geometries could be an easy process for color quality control. The challenge for scientific research consists to be able to control the color evolution with the illumination and observation conditions and define color characterization geometries in agreement with perceived color effects. A bibliographic review showed that anodized titanium is a promising candidate for reference goniochromic samples. In order to obtain samples with different levels of gloss, samples with substrate roughnesses ranging from a few to two hundred nanometers obtained through hydrofluoric etching or different mechanical and chemical polishing were prepared. Anodized titanium color is linked to the oxide layer thickness and the material refractive index. These parameters were estimated through different techniques in particular a technique based on the extrema of the material reflectance spectrum as well as ellipsometry and X-ray reflectometry. These parameters were put into an optical model in order to simulate the material specular reflectance. The diffuse and specular reflectances of the samples are also compared and a first simple model of the diffuse reflectance is presented. The Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) spectral and angular variations are used to characterize the diffuse appearance and goniochromism of the samples versus the substrate preparation and the anodizing cell potential
Khanfir, Hatem. "Etude du procédé d'usinage de haute précision par outil de coupe et des techniques de mesure et de caractérisation adaptée." Compiègne, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002COMP1383.
Full textAbderrahim, Abdelkrim. "Utilisation d'un mini-pressiomètre pour la mesure directe du frotttement [i. E. Frottement] à l'interface sol pulvérulent-inclusion." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL058N.
Full textMartinot, François. "Caractérisation du rôle de la dynamique du toucher dans la perception de textures." Lille 1, 2006. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/b39342cc-8dd3-42f3-83cd-c03147fe8f65.
Full textFontanilles, Guillaume. "Caractérisation des propriétés optiques infrarouges et de la température par désagrégation de mesures directionnelles et spectrales." Toulouse, ISAE, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ESAE0008.
Full textJutard, Jérôme. "Instabilités interfaciales morphologiques : étude de l'évolution morphologique d'une électrode de cuivre soumise à une réaction électrochimique." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1993. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00844069.
Full textMonerris, Belda Alessandra. "Experimental estimation of soil emissivity and its application to soil moisture retrieval in the SMOS Mission." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6940.
Full textL'emissivitat del sòl depén de la interacció de molts paràmetres propis del sòl i de la coberta de vegetació que hi ha al damunt, com per exemple la humitat, la temperatura, i la rugositat del sòl, i l'atenuació i la dispersió que introdueix la vegetació. A cadascuna de les campanyes de mesura que es presenten a aquesta tesi doctoral s'ha tractat un d'aquests factors:
· MOUSE 2004: efecte de la textura en els perfils d'humitat i temperatura del sòl, en l'emissivitat, i en l'algoritme de recuperació d'humitat del sòl a partir de les mesures multiangulars adquirides per LAURA.
· T-REX 2004/2006: efecte de la rugositat en l'emissivitat. Les mesures es comparen amb prediccions teòriques i semi-empíriques dels models existents, els quals tenen en compte de manera diferent l'efecte del paràmetre de rugositat efectiva.
· SMOS REFLEX 2003/2006: efectes de les vinyes i de la fracció de pedres. S'estudia la dependència de l'emissivitat amb l'humitat del sòl i amb l'angle d'observació. Aquests experiments es van dur a terme a la Valencia Anchor Station, una regió que ha estat seleccionada per a dur a terme activitats de cal/val de SMOS durant els sis mesos posteriors al llançament.
· TuRTLE 2006: efecte de la topografia a les mesures adquirides des d'un sensor a terra.
Els resultats mostren que el processador de SMOS hauria de tener en compte un model de constant dielèctrica diferent en funció de la textura, ja que els errors a la recuperació d'humitat poden variar en un 5% segons el tipus de sòl. La rugositat té un impacte important a l'emissivitat, sobre tot a sòls secs. Els models de rugositat segueixen el comportament de les mesures a sòls secs i H-pol, però divergeixen al cas de sòl humit. L'atenuació i dispersió de les vinyes és independent de la polarització. L'error en la recuperació d'humitat sobre camps de vinyes va ser del 2.3%, menor que el 4% requerit per SMOS. L'impacte de la topografia en les mesures és important i no pot modelar-se tenint en compte només la vegetació.
Although water hold by soils represents a small fraction of the Earth's water budget, soil moisture plays an important role in climate models. In the near future, two space missions will measure soil moisture at global scale: ESA' SMOS and NASA's SMAP. The present Ph.D. Thesis has been performed in the context of the SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) mission pre-launch activities over land. An important feature of SMOS is that a given pixel on the Earth is imaged at various observation angles as the satellite moves over it, so multi-angular information of each pixel will be available.
A description of the field campaigns over land carried out by the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and of their results is provided in this PhD Thesis. Radiometric measurements were acquired using the UPC L-band Automatic Radiometer (LAURA), which has a working frequency of 1.4 GHz, the same as SMOS payload MIRAS. The execution of these experiments, the data processing, and the physical interpretation of measurements constitute the core of this PhD Thesis. The emissivity of land surfaces depends upon the interaction of several soil and vegetation characteristics such as soil moisture, roughness, and temperature, and vegetation opacity and albedo. Each of the experiments focused on one of the parameters affecting the emission from soils:
· MOUSE 2004: impact of soil texture on soil moisture and temperature profiles, soil emissivity, and the impact on the soil moisture retrieval using multi-angular dual-polarisation radiometric observations.
· T-REX 2004/2006: impact of soil roughness on the brightness temperature. Data collected during the T-REX experiments are compared to theoretical simulations using various models for the effective soil roughness.
· SMOS REFLEX 2003/2006: effects of rock-fraction and vines. The brightness temperature dependence on soil moisture and observation angle is studied, and soil moisture retrieval is discussed. The experiment site in Valencia has already been selected as a SMOS calibration and validation site.
· TuRTLE 2006: impact of topography on soil emissivity at L-band.
Results suggest that the SMOS Level 2 soil moisture processor should select the soil dielectric constant model as a function of soil texture, since the root mean squared error can vary from 2% to 7% depending. Soil roughness was found to have a strong impact on land brightness temperature, especially for dry soils. In general, all semi-empirical land emission models follow the trend of dry soils measurements at H-pol, whereas discrepancies exist for wet soils. On the other hand, vines opacity and albedo were found to be independent on the polarisation. The error between ground-truth and estimated soil moisture over vineyards was 2.3%, better than the 4% required for SMOS. Topography effects are important and cannot be accounted for in the models only by the introduction of the vegetation canopy.
Parouty, Soazig. "Interprétation des séries temporelles altimétriques sur la calotte polaire Antartique." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/900/.
Full textThis work aims at improving our understanding of the altimetric time series acquired over the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Dual frequency data (S Band - 3. 2GHz and Ku Band - 13. 6GHz) from thealtimeter onboard the ENVISAT satellite are used, during a five year time period from january2003 until december 2007. These data cover around 80% of the surface of the Antarctic continent,up to 82°S. Having data in two different frequencies is valuable when it comes to better estimatethe altimeter sensitivity regarding snow surface property changes. Over the Antarctic ice sheet, snow surface changes with respect to space and time, beingaffected by meteorological conditions close to the surface, and especially winds. The altimetricwave penetrates more or less deeply beneath the surface, depending on snow surface and subsurfaceproperties. As a result, when the wave comes back to the satellite, the recorded signal, namedwaveform, is more or less distorted. The accuracy of the ice sheet topographic changes computedthanks to satellite altimetric techniques depends on our knowledge of the processes inducing thisdistortion. The purpose of the present work is to better understand the effect of changing windconditions on altimetric data. Winds in Antarctica are indeed famous for their strength and theirimpact on the snow surface state. First, spatial and temporal variability of the altimetric data on the one hand, and of wind speedreanalysis fields (from ERA-Interim, NCEP/NCAR and NCEP/DOE projects) on the other handare studied. We estimate spatial and temporal typical length scales for all datasets. As a result, weare able to smooth the data, so that all datasets have the same spatial and temporal caractericticlength scales. Furthermore, we note that our time series are well described by an annual signal. This annual cycle shows that whereas wind speed would always be maximum in austral winter,altimetric seasonal cycles have very different behaviors depending on the location. .
Peverini, Luca. "Etude des procédés de croissance de couche et de décapage ionique par mesures de diffusion spéculaire et diffuse de rayons." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10022.
Full textA novel X-ray scattering technique and a dedicated apparatus have been conceived and realized at the optics beamline BM5 at the ESRF. The apparatus permits to study the surface roughness in-situ and in-real time via grazing incidence X-ray scattering. The interaction of X-rays with the surface was analyzed in the framework of the first order scalar perturbation theory expressing the surface's attributes through the power spectral density function. Information on the rms roughness, the correlation length, the roughness conformi and the scaling exponents characterizing the synthesis process could be extracted. The potential of the method was demonstrated for two particular cases : thin film deposition by magnetron sputtering and surface etching by ion beam bombardment. Finally, the obtained experimental results were discussed in the light of the present models of film growth an ion interaction with solids
Toussaint, Damien. "Couche limite turbulente sur paroi rugueuse : étude expérimentale et modélisation." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0122.
Full textTurbulent flows over rough walls can be found in various environmental and engineering situations. Focusing on aeronautical applications, unwanted rough surfaces are likely to decrease the overall efficiency of a system, skin friction, and heat transfer coefficients being generally increased compared to ideal smooth-wall situations. A careful account of the aerodynamic effects induced by surface roughness is therefore important in a design process, and several prediction strategies may be considered. The Discrete Element Roughness Method (DERM) is considered in the present study. This approach aims at resolving the averaged roughness effects and is derived by ensemble- and volume-averaging the Navier–Stokes equations, yielding three unknown terms in the momentum equation: the Reynolds stress and dispersive stress tensors and the average drag force acting on the roughness elements. The present work aims at proposing guidance for their modelling. First, a LDV measurement campaign was conducted to investigate turbulent boundary layer flows over rough surfaces. Measurements were especially performed within the roughness wake regions, that are not extensively investigated in the literature. Second, RANS simulations of turbulent channel flows over resolved rough surfaces were performed. The numerical results were then compared to the experimental data to assess the validity of the RANS simulations. Finally, these numerical results were analysed to highlight the behavior of the specific DERM terms and propose guidance for their modeling
Guen, Eloise. "Microscopie thermique à sonde locale : Etalonnages, protocoles de mesure et applications quantitatives sur des matériaux nanostructurés." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI003.
Full textScanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is a technique that allows characterizing the thermal properties of nanomaterials and helps understanding heat transfer at submicron scales. To interpret the measurements, parameters influencing heat transfer between the probe and the sample are studied. Firstly, three resistive SThM probes, differing in particular by their micro and nanometric radii of curvature, are analyzed and a systematic methodology for the measurements is proposed. It is put forward that the sensitive zone to thermal conductivity of bulk planar materials is limited to few W.m-1.K-1 for the three probes. For the more conductive materials, SThM measurements are dominated by interfacial thermal resistance. Heat transfer at the solid-solid nanocontact between the probe and the sample can be both ballistic and diffusive. It is further demonstrated that surface roughness strongly impacts SThM measurements, decreasing heat transfer at the contact by more than 50 % in some cases. This work is used for characterizations of nanomaterials. The determination of the thermal conductivity of SiO2 thin film on silicon substrate indicates that thicknesses of a few nanometers up to 1 µm are detected by certain probes. Phase transition temperature measurement by SThM is also studied, using a calibration with bulk polymers. The application of this calibration for the characterization of polymer thin films demonstrates the influence of the substrate and the thin film thickness on the temperature determined by SThM. These results demonstrate that scanning thermal microscopy allows obtaining quantitative measurements
Parrens, Marie. "Assimilation des données SMOS dans un modèle des surfaces continentales : mise en œuvre et évaluation sur la France." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2147/.
Full textAssimilating surface soil moisture (SSM) in a land surface model permits a better monitoring of the soil water content. Remote sensing is an indispensable tool for monitoring the evolution of SSM, both spatially and temporally. SMOS was launched in November 2009 and it is the first satellite specifically dedicated to SSM mapping over continents. A comparison of the first SMOS data with ASCAT over France showed that the ASCAT product was better correlated with in situ SSM observations and with SSM simulations for the year 2010. Over bare soil plot of SMOSREX (2003-2005), in situ SSM were assimilated into a new multi-layer version of the soil module of the Interaction between the Soil, Biosphere, Atmosphere (ISBA) land surface model. A simplified Extended Kalman Filter was used to analyze 11 soil layers of the ISBA multi-layer version (ISBA-DF). For dry periods, corrections affected a shallow 0-15 cm top soil layer. For wet period, weaker corrections were applied for the entire column. To prepare the assimilation of the TB, the TB were produced by coupling ISBA-DF with a microwave emission model (CMEM). With ISBA-DF, computing TB using the Wilheit smooth surface emissivity and taking into account an impact of SSM on soil roughness is recommended. Finally, the SMOSREX TB observations were assimilated by ISBA-DF. Considering CMEM as an observation operator provided a SSM and total soil water content analysis similar to the analysis obtained by assimilating direct SSM observations in ISBA-DF
Martin, Adrien. "Analyse des mesures radiométriques en bande-L au-dessus de l'océan : Campagnes CAROLS." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00850877.
Full textMartinez, Sandrine. "Contribution à la caractérisation des surfaces acquises en microscopie tridimensionnelle." Saint-Etienne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STET4023.
Full textLawrence, Heather. "MODÉLISATION DE L'EFFET DE LA RUGOSITÉ DE SURFACE ET DE LA LITIÈRE DES COUVERTS NATURELS SUR LES OBSERVATIONS MICRO-ONDES PASSIVES - APPLICATION AU SUIVI GLOBAL DE L'HUMIDITÉ DU SOL PAR LA MISSION SMOS." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01024075.
Full textMoussa, Ali. "Influence de l'état de surface d'un textile et de l'environnement sur le rendu coloristique." Lille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIL10113.
Full textGarabedian, Charles. "Influence de la texturation de surface sur la biocompatibilité des implants mammaires : approches amont et clinique." Thesis, Valenciennes, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UPHF0007.
Full textThe first breast implant surface pattern approved by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is Biocell texture commercialized by the American company Allergan in 1987. Most breast implant manufacturers then adopted similar surface patterning process. A report from the Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des produits de santé (ANSM) estimated that 85% of implants sold in France between 2007 and 2016 were textured. In 2011, the FDA warned of a possible association between breast implants and a rare and specific form of lymphoma: Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). The number of cases of BIA-ALCL has exploded since 2014-2015, with an overrepresentation of the Biocell texture in the statistics, which justified the withdrawal of the French market of these prostheses by the ANSM in April 2019. This thesis aims to evaluate the impact of breast implant surface topography on the clinical performance of the device. Firstly, a comparative study carried out on 3 surface measurement techniques, as well as a statistical analysis based on the multi-scale decomposition of the topographies, allowed us to propose a metrologically-validated measurement methodology taking into account the surface morphology and the scale and to highlight the inconsistencies of the ISO standard related to breast implants (ISO 14607). Then, a classification and a morphologically-relevant designation of the textures were proposed and validated by an original protocol of genetic analysis on human tissues and by a discriminant analysis carried out on a large base of topographical parameters. Similar topographical and statistical analyzes were also conducted on prostheses removed from the human body (or explant) in order to quantify the damage according to the type of texture and to the scale. These studies will enable the GROUPE SEBBIN to design a new anatomically-shaped prosthesis, which will combine tissue anchoring and minimization of inflammation and damage processes
Lacroix, Pascal. "Apport de l'altimétrie radar spatiale à l'étude de la neige de la calotte polaire Antarctique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00216105.
Full textDepuis 2002 et le lancement de ENVISAT, on dispose d'un altimètre radar qui couvre 80 \% de la calotte polaire Antarctique, dont la particularité est d'acquérir des signaux à deux fréquences différentes (bande S à 3.2 GHz et bande Ku à 13.6 GHz). Ces deux ondes pénètrent dans le manteau neigeux sur plusieurs mètres et ont des sensibilités aux propriétés de la neige différentes. Ainsi, l'idée de cette thèse est d'utiliser cette double information pour retrouver les propriétés du manteau neigeux.
On se propose de résoudre cette problématique par une analyse et une modélisation des signaux altimétriques bi-fréquences sur la calotte polaire, puis par leur inversion. On se penche tout d'abord sur quelques études de cas pour estimer la sensibilité des signaux aux différentes propriétés de la neige: i/ On montre tout d'abord que le signal altimétrique est sensible à la rugosité de la surface à différentes échelles, puis ii/ que le signal altimétrique est sujet à des variations saisonnières causées par la densification de la neige en surface, et enfin iii/ que les ondes radars sont réfléchies par des strates en profondeur.
Un modèle de l'interaction de l'onde avec le manteau neigeux est réalisé simultanément aux deux fréquences, afin de permettre une comparaison de ces signaux entre eux. Les résultats du modèle sont utilisés pour expliquer les variations saisonnières précédemment observées. Finalement, les paramètres du manteau neigeux sont estimés à l'échelle de la calotte polaire antarctique. Les tailles de grains retrouvées présentent un grossissement vers l'intérieur du continent. La densité montre des variations saisonnières de plusieurs g.cm3 notamment sur les côtes antarctiques. Certaines régions présentent un état de surface de la neige particulièrement lisse (Dronning Maud Land, par exemple).
La donnée in situ de l'état de surface de la neige étant quasi inexistante sur les calottes polaires, on développe finalement un protocole de mesure de la rugosité de la neige, qui est testé sur un glacier du Spitzberg.
Page, Marine. "Création d'objets mats : optimisation d’un procédé d’impression en relief en termes d’apparence." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1204/document.
Full text2.5D printing is between traditional color printing, for the process and its visual quality, and 3D printing, which makes forms and reliefs by ink superposition. Because of its properties, 2.5D printing could allow the realistic reproduction of objects and surfaces, but inks are too glossy. To reduce and control this glossy aspect of inks, we modulate the roughness of the printed layers, at the micro-scale, both in frequency and amplitude. Influence of parameters was measured, and different strategies were suggested to reduce sparkle and to allow the creation of matte colored layers: by constituting a 5D space where gloss and color are modeled, we can make gloss level of colored surfaces uniform.Several case studies form the Conservation of Cultural Heritage were considered, where 2.5D printing could help the curator, the conservator or the archivist. We studied in particular the issues of the the gap filling on an archaeological object, the realistic reproduction of surfaces, and the creation of matte objects for readability
Kpemlie, Emmanuel Kwashi. "Assimilation variationnelle de données de télédétection dans des modèles de fonctionnement des couverts végétaux et du paysage agricole." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00555416.
Full textLecoq, Nicolas. "Etude des interactions hydrodynamiques particule parois par interférometrie laser." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUES055.
Full textChartrain, Pierre-Emile. "Lecture acoustique de la voie ferrée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4748/document.
Full textThe rolling noise is the main source of noise in the railway transport sector at conventional speed. It is produced by the vibration and the acoustic radiation of the vehicle and the railway track, caused by the movement of at the wheel and the rail. These movements are imposed by microscopic irregularities on the rolling surface called roughness.The 2002/49/EC European directive imposes to build noise maps of transport infrastructure. The noise propagating in the environment can be assessed from models whose input parameters are particularly the dynamic behavior of railway tracks and the roughness of rails. These data are generally measured thanks to static systems, which narrow down to the analysis of railway tracks to a few meters.The aim of this Phd is to propose and validate a measurement methodology for the acoustic characterization of tracks for the whole railway network. It is an on-board measurement system named LECAV for "LECture Acoustique de la Voie" in French ("Acoustic reading of railway track") that uses the noise radiated from the wheel and the rail. The respective frequencies ranges of noise emission allow solving the invers problem separately for the wheel and for the rail, and this with the acoustic impedance