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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Messenger RNA-binding proteins

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Academic literature on the topic 'Messenger RNA-binding proteins'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 January 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Messenger RNA-binding proteins"

1

Anji, Antje, and Meena Kumari. "Guardian of Genetic Messenger-RNA-Binding Proteins." Biomolecules 6, no. 1 (January 6, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom6010004.

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Yu, Michael C. "The Role of Protein Arginine Methylation in mRNP Dynamics." Molecular Biology International 2011 (April 7, 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/163827.

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In eukaryotes, messenger RNA biogenesis depends on the ordered and precise assembly of a nuclear messenger ribonucleoprotein particle (mRNP) during transcription. This process requires a well-orchestrated and dynamic sequence of molecular recognition events by specific RNA-binding proteins. Arginine methylation is a posttranslational modification found in a plethora of RNA-binding proteins responsible for mRNP biogenesis. These RNA-binding proteins include both heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) and serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins. In this paper, I discuss the mechanisms of action by which arginine methylation modulates various facets of mRNP biogenesis, and how the collective consequences of this modification impart the specificity required to generate a mature, translational- and export-competent mRNP.

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Schuschel, Konstantin, Matthias Helwig, Stefan Hüttelmaier, Dirk Heckl, Jan-Henning Klusmann, and Jessica I. Hoell. "RNA-Binding Proteins in Acute Leukemias." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 10 (May 12, 2020): 3409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103409.

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Acute leukemias are genetic diseases caused by translocations or mutations, which dysregulate hematopoiesis towards malignant transformation. However, the molecular mode of action is highly versatile and ranges from direct transcriptional to post-transcriptional control, which includes RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) as crucial regulators of cell fate. RBPs coordinate RNA dynamics, including subcellular localization, translational efficiency and metabolism, by binding to their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), thereby controlling the expression of the encoded proteins. In view of the growing interest in these regulators, this review summarizes recent research regarding the most influential RBPs relevant in acute leukemias in particular. The reported RBPs, either dysregulated or as components of fusion proteins, are described with respect to their functional domains, the pathways they affect, and clinical aspects associated with their dysregulation or altered functions.

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Dreyfuss, Gideon, V. Narry Kim, and Naoyuki Kataoka. "Messenger-RNA-binding proteins and the messages they carry." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 3, no. 3 (March 2002): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm760.

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Zhang, Jing, Fanghui Ding, Dan Jiao, Qiaozhi Li, and Hong Ma. "The Aberrant Expression of MicroRNA-125a-5p/IGF2BP3 Axis in Advanced Gastric Cancer and Its Clinical Relevance." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 19 (January 1, 2020): 153303382091733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533033820917332.

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RNA-binding proteins have been associated with cancer development. The overexpression of a well-known RNA-binding protein, insulin-like growth factor 2 messenger RNA–binding protein 3, has been identified as an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with various types of cancer. Although gastric cancer is a relatively frequent and potentially fatal malignancy, the mechanism by which insulin-like growth factor 2 messenger RNA–binding protein 3 regulates the development of this cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role and regulatory mechanism of insulin-like growth factor 2 messenger RNA–binding protein 3 in gastric cancer. An analysis of IGF2BP3 expression patterns reported in 4 public gastric cancer–related microarray data sets from the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas-Stomach Adenocarcinoma revealed strong expression of this gene in gastric cancer tissues. Insulin-like growth factor 2 messenger RNA–binding protein 3 expression in gastric cancer was further confirmed via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively, in an in-house gastric cancer cohort (n = 30), and the association of insulin-like growth factor 2 messenger RNA–binding protein 3 expression with clinical parameters and prognosis was analyzed. Notably, stronger IGF2BP3 expression significantly correlated with poor prognosis, and significant changes in insulin-like growth factor 2 messenger RNA–binding protein 3 expression were only confirmed in patients with advanced-stage gastric cancer in an independent cohort. The effects of insulin-like growth factor 2 messenger RNA–binding protein 3 on cell proliferation were confirmed through in vitro experiments involving the HGC-27 gastric cancer cell line. MicroR-125a-5p, a candidate microRNA that target on insulin-like growth factor 2 messenger RNA–binding protein 3, decreased in advanced-stage gastric cancer. Upregulation of microR-125a-5p inhibited insulin-like growth factor 2 messenger RNA–binding protein 3, and dual-luciferase report assay indicated that microR-125a-5p inhibited the translation of IGF2BP3 by directly targeting the 3′ untranslated region. These results indicate that the microR-125a-5p/insulin-like growth factor 2 messenger RNA–binding protein 3 axis contributes to the oncogenesis of advanced gastric cancer.

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Anderson, Paul, and Nancy Kedersha. "RNA granules." Journal of Cell Biology 172, no. 6 (March 6, 2006): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200512082.

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Cytoplasmic RNA granules in germ cells (polar and germinal granules), somatic cells (stress granules and processing bodies), and neurons (neuronal granules) have emerged as important players in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. RNA granules contain various ribosomal subunits, translation factors, decay enzymes, helicases, scaffold proteins, and RNA-binding proteins, and they control the localization, stability, and translation of their RNA cargo. We review the relationship between different classes of these granules and discuss how spatial organization regulates messenger RNA translation/decay.

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Akay, Alper, Ashley Craig, Nicolas Lehrbach, Mark Larance, Ehsan Pourkarimi, Jane E. Wright, Angus Lamond, Eric Miska, and Anton Gartner. "RNA-binding protein GLD-1/quaking genetically interacts with the mir-35 and the let- 7 miRNA pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans." Open Biology 3, no. 11 (November 2013): 130151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.130151.

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Messenger RNA translation is regulated by RNA-binding proteins and small non-coding RNAs called microRNAs. Even though we know the majority of RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs that regulate messenger RNA expression, evidence of interactions between the two remain elusive. The role of the RNA-binding protein GLD-1 as a translational repressor is well studied during Caenorhabditis elegans germline development and maintenance. Possible functions of GLD-1 during somatic development and the mechanism of how GLD-1 acts as a translational repressor are not known. Its human homologue, quaking (QKI), is essential for embryonic development. Here, we report that the RNA-binding protein GLD-1 in C. elegans affects multiple microRNA pathways and interacts with proteins required for microRNA function. Using genome-wide RNAi screening, we found that nhl-2 and vig-1 , two known modulators of miRNA function, genetically interact with GLD-1. gld-1 mutations enhance multiple phenotypes conferred by mir-35 and let-7 family mutants during somatic development. We used stable isotope labelling with amino acids in cell culture to globally analyse the changes in the proteome conferred by let-7 and gld-1 during animal development. We identified the histone mRNA-binding protein CDL-1 to be, in part, responsible for the phenotypes observed in let-7 and gld-1 mutants. The link between GLD-1 and miRNA-mediated gene regulation is further supported by its biochemical interaction with ALG-1, CGH-1 and PAB-1, proteins implicated in miRNA regulation. Overall, we have uncovered genetic and biochemical interactions between GLD-1 and miRNA pathways.

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Bier, Katja, Ashley York, and Ervin Fodor. "Cellular cap-binding proteins associate with influenza virus mRNAs." Journal of General Virology 92, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 1627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.029231-0.

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The influenza virus RNA polymerase synthesizes three types of RNA: genomic vRNA, anti-genomic cRNA and mRNA. Both vRNA and cRNA are bound by the viral RNA polymerase and nucleoprotein to form ribonucleoprotein complexes. Viral mRNAs are also proposed to be bound by the RNA polymerase to prevent their endonucleolytic cleavage, regulate the splicing of M1 mRNA, and facilitate translation. Here, we used standard immunoprecipitation, biochemical purification and RNA immunoprecipitation assays to investigate the association of viral and host factors with viral mRNA. We found that viral mRNA associates with the viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1), cellular poly(A)-binding protein 1 (PABP1), the 20 kDa subunit NCBP1 of the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), the RNA and export factor-binding protein REF/Aly and the translation initiation factor eIF4E. However, our data suggest that the RNA polymerase might not form part of the viral messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex. We propose a model in which viral mRNAs, by associating with cellular cap-binding proteins, follow the pathways normally used by cellular mRNAs for splicing, nuclear export and translation.

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Chabot, Benoit, and Lulzim Shkreta. "Defective control of pre–messenger RNA splicing in human disease." Journal of Cell Biology 212, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201510032.

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Examples of associations between human disease and defects in pre–messenger RNA splicing/alternative splicing are accumulating. Although many alterations are caused by mutations in splicing signals or regulatory sequence elements, recent studies have noted the disruptive impact of mutated generic spliceosome components and splicing regulatory proteins. This review highlights recent progress in our understanding of how the altered splicing function of RNA-binding proteins contributes to myelodysplastic syndromes, cancer, and neuropathologies.

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Idler, R. K., and W. Yan. "Control of Messenger RNA Fate by RNA-Binding Proteins: An Emphasis on Mammalian Spermatogenesis." Journal of Andrology 33, no. 3 (July 14, 2011): 309–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.111.014167.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Messenger RNA-binding proteins"

1

Kylberg, Karin. "Transcription and transport of a messenger RNP particle : novel regulatory mechanisms /." Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-318-4/.

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Nashchekin, Dmitri. "A Y-box protein/RNA helicase complex links mRNP assembly on the gene to mRNA translation /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-811-8/.

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3

Zhong, Jun. "A double-stranded RNA binding protein that is important for murine spermatogenesis and growth /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10301.

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Fred, Rikard G. "The Role of RNA Binding Proteins in Insulin Messenger Stability and Translation." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk cellbiologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-130234.

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Although the reason for insufficient release of insulin in diabetes mellitus may vary depending on the type and stage of the disease, it is of vital importance that an amplified insulin biosynthesis can meet the increased need during periods of hyperglycemia. The insulin mRNA is highly abundant in beta cells and changes in insulin mRNA levels are, at least in part, controlled by altered rates of mRNA degradation. Since the mechanisms behind the control of insulin messenger stability and translation are still largely obscure, the work presented in this thesis therefore aimed to further investigate the role of insulin mRNA binding proteins in the control of insulin mRNA break-down and utilization for insulin biosynthesis. To clarify how glucose regulates insulin mRNA stability and translation we studied the correlation between polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) gene expression and insulin mRNA levels. It was found that an increase in PTB mRNA and protein levels is paralleled by an increase in insulin mRNA levels. It was also found that PTB binds to the 5’-untranslated region of the insulin mRNA and that insulin mRNA can be translated through a cap-independent mechanism in human islets of Langerhans, possibly due to the interaction with PTB. Further it was discovered that the suppressed insulin biosynthesis in human islets during glucotoxicity is partly due to an induction of the microRNA miR-133a. This induction leads to decreased levels of PTB and insulin biosynthesis rates in human islets. Finally, we were able to identify two proteins, hnRNP U and TIAR, that bind specifically to the insulin mRNA in vitro, and show that the stability and translation of insulin mRNA is oppositely affected by these proteins. In conclusion, insulin producing cells seem to be able to regulate insulin messenger stability and translation by a control mechanism in which the binding of specific proteins to the insulin messenger dictates the outcome. A better understanding of the events leading to insulin production may in the future aid in optimal diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes.

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Park, Youngwoo. "Selective translation of influenza viral messenger RNAs mediated by trans-acting factor(s) through an interaction with the sequence element in the 5'-untranslated region /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11496.

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Zhang, Tong. "Characterization of the shuttling properties of RNA-binding TIA proteins." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210999.

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7

Maitra, Sushmit. "The AU-rich element mRNA decay-promoting activity of BRF1 is regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase activated protein kinase 2." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008r/maitra.pdf.

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Katti, Christiana. "Characterization of the S-adenosyl-L-methionine binding subunit of the mRNA (N⁶-adenosine) methyltransferase /." View abstract, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3205449.

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9

Kaymak, Ebru. "Understanding the Sequence-Specificity and RNA Target Recognition Properties of the Oocyte Maturation Factor, OMA-1, in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2016. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/852.

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Maternally supplied mRNAs encode for necessary developmental regulators that pattern early embryos in many species until zygotic transcription is activated. In Caenorhabditis elegans, post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms guide early development during embryogenesis. Maternal transcripts remain in a translationally silenced state until fertilization. A suite of RNA-binding proteins (RBP’s) regulate these maternally supplied mRNAs during oogenesis, the oocyte-to-embryo transition, and early embryogenesis. Identifying the target specificity of these RNA-binding proteins will reveal their contribution to patterning of the embryo. We are studying post-transcriptional regulation of maternal mRNAs during oocyte maturation, which is an essential part of meiosis that prepares oocytes for fertilization. Although the physiological events taking place during oocyte maturation have been well studied, the molecular mechanisms that regulate oocyte maturation are not well understood. OMA-1 and OMA-2 are essential CCCH-type tandem zinc finger (TZF) RBP’s that function redundantly during oocyte maturation. This dissertation shows that I defined the RNA-binding specificity of OMA-1, and demonstrated that OMA-1/2 are required to repress the expression of 3ʹUTR reporters in developing oocytes. The recovered sequences from in vitro selection demonstrated that OMA-1 binds UAA and UAU repeats in a cooperative fashion. Interestingly, OMA-1 binds with high affinity to a conserved region of the glp-1 3ʹUTR that is rich in UAA and UAU repeats. Multiple RNA-binding proteins regulate translation of GLP-1 protein, a homolog of Notch receptor. In addition to previously identified RBP’s, we showed that OMA-1 and OMA-2 repress glp-1 reporter expression in C. elegans oocytes. Mapping the OMA-1 dependent regulatory sites in the glp-1 mRNA and characterizing the interplay between OMA-1 and other factors will help reveal how multiple regulatory signals coordinate the transition from oocyte to embryo but the abundance of OMA-1 binding motifs within the glp-1 3ʹUTR makes it infeasible to identify sites with a functional consequence. I therefore first developed a strategy that allowed us to generate transgenic strains efficiently using a library adaptation of MosSCI transgenesis in combination with rapid RNAi screening to identify RBP-mRNA interactions with a functional consequence. This allowed me to identify five novel mRNA targets of OMA-1 with an in vivo regulatory connection. In conclusion, the findings in this dissertation provide new insights into OMA-1 mediated mRNA regulation and provide new tools for C. elegans transgenesis. Development of library MosSCI will advance functional mapping of OMA-1 dependent regulatory sites in the target mRNAs. Extending this strategy to map functional interactions between mRNA targets and RNAbinding proteins in will help reveal how multiple regulatory binding events coordinate complex cellular events such as oocyte to embryo transition and cell-fate specification.

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10

Kaymak, Ebru. "Understanding the Sequence-Specificity and RNA Target Recognition Properties of the Oocyte Maturation Factor, OMA-1, in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2004. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/852.

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Maternally supplied mRNAs encode for necessary developmental regulators that pattern early embryos in many species until zygotic transcription is activated. In Caenorhabditis elegans, post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms guide early development during embryogenesis. Maternal transcripts remain in a translationally silenced state until fertilization. A suite of RNA-binding proteins (RBP’s) regulate these maternally supplied mRNAs during oogenesis, the oocyte-to-embryo transition, and early embryogenesis. Identifying the target specificity of these RNA-binding proteins will reveal their contribution to patterning of the embryo. We are studying post-transcriptional regulation of maternal mRNAs during oocyte maturation, which is an essential part of meiosis that prepares oocytes for fertilization. Although the physiological events taking place during oocyte maturation have been well studied, the molecular mechanisms that regulate oocyte maturation are not well understood. OMA-1 and OMA-2 are essential CCCH-type tandem zinc finger (TZF) RBP’s that function redundantly during oocyte maturation. This dissertation shows that I defined the RNA-binding specificity of OMA-1, and demonstrated that OMA-1/2 are required to repress the expression of 3ʹUTR reporters in developing oocytes. The recovered sequences from in vitro selection demonstrated that OMA-1 binds UAA and UAU repeats in a cooperative fashion. Interestingly, OMA-1 binds with high affinity to a conserved region of the glp-1 3ʹUTR that is rich in UAA and UAU repeats. Multiple RNA-binding proteins regulate translation of GLP-1 protein, a homolog of Notch receptor. In addition to previously identified RBP’s, we showed that OMA-1 and OMA-2 repress glp-1 reporter expression in C. elegans oocytes. Mapping the OMA-1 dependent regulatory sites in the glp-1 mRNA and characterizing the interplay between OMA-1 and other factors will help reveal how multiple regulatory signals coordinate the transition from oocyte to embryo but the abundance of OMA-1 binding motifs within the glp-1 3ʹUTR makes it infeasible to identify sites with a functional consequence. I therefore first developed a strategy that allowed us to generate transgenic strains efficiently using a library adaptation of MosSCI transgenesis in combination with rapid RNAi screening to identify RBP-mRNA interactions with a functional consequence. This allowed me to identify five novel mRNA targets of OMA-1 with an in vivo regulatory connection. In conclusion, the findings in this dissertation provide new insights into OMA-1 mediated mRNA regulation and provide new tools for C. elegans transgenesis. Development of library MosSCI will advance functional mapping of OMA-1 dependent regulatory sites in the target mRNAs. Extending this strategy to map functional interactions between mRNA targets and RNAbinding proteins in will help reveal how multiple regulatory binding events coordinate complex cellular events such as oocyte to embryo transition and cell-fate specification.

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Books on the topic "Messenger RNA-binding proteins"

1

K, Docherty, ed. Gene transcription: DNA binding proteins. Chichester: Wiley, 1996.

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Hector, Ronald Earl. Posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression by a nuclear polyadenylated RNA binding protein. 2000.

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3

Bagni, Claudia, and Eric Klann. Molecular Functions of the Mammalian Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein: Insights Into Mental Retardation and Synaptic Plasticity. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0008.

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Chapter 8 discusses how Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by the absence of the RNA-binding protein fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP is highly expressed in the brain and gonads, the two organs mainly affected in patients with the syndrome. Functionally, FMRP belongs to the family of RNA-binding proteins, shuttling from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and, as shown for other RNA-binding proteins, forms large messenger ribonucleoparticles.

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Book chapters on the topic "Messenger RNA-binding proteins"

1

Jungmann, Richard A. "Regulation of Messenger Rna-Binding Proteins by Protein Kinases A and C." In Endocrine Updates, 193–211. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6446-8_11.

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Zhou, Haiyan. "Design of Bifunctional Antisense Oligonucleotides for Exon Inclusion." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 53–62. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2010-6_3.

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AbstractBifunctional antisense oligonucleotide (AON) is a specially designed AON to regulate pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing of a target gene. It is composed of two domains. The antisense domain contains sequences complementary to the target gene. The tail domain includes RNA sequences that recruit RNA binding proteins which may act positively or negatively in pre-mRNA splicing. This approach can be designed as targeted oligonucleotide enhancers of splicing, named TOES, for exon inclusion; or as targeted oligonucleotide silencers of splicing, named TOSS, for exon skipping. Here, we provide detailed methods for the design of TOES for exon inclusion, using SMN2 exon 7 splicing as an example. A number of annealing sites and the tail sequences previously published are listed. We also present methodology of assessing the effects of TOES on exon inclusion in fibroblasts cultured from a SMA patient. The effects of TOES on SMN2 exon 7 splicing were validated at RNA level by PCR and quantitative real-time PCR, and at protein level by western blotting.

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Jarzembowski, J. A., and J. S. Malter. "Cytoplasmic Fate of Eukaryotic mRNA: Identification and Characterization of AU-Binding Proteins." In Cytoplasmic fate of messenger RNA, 141–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60471-3_7.

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Edery, Isaac, Jerry Pelletier, and Nahum Sonenberg. "Role of Eukaryotic Messenger RNA Cap-Binding Protein in Regulation of Translation." In Translational Regulation of Gene Expression, 335–66. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5365-2_15.

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Rhoads, R. E. "The Cap Structure of Eukaryotic Messenger RNA and its Interaction with Cap-binding Protein." In Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, 104–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70203-7_3.

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Elliott, David, and Michael Ladomery. "The RNA-binding proteins." In Molecular Biology of RNA. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780199671397.003.0004.

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This chapter details how RNA-binding proteins package RNA, protect RNA, organize RNA, and prepare RNA for post-transcriptional processes. It describes different kinds of RNA-binding and auxiliary domains that enable RNA-binding proteins to bind RNA in a versatile way. It also mentions hnRNP proteins, which are the first RNA-binding proteins to be studied in some detail. The chapter discusses the hnRNP proteins that package premRNA. These are involved in multiple post-transcriptional processes. Also, hnRNP proteins remain bound to messenger RNA in the cytoplasm in mRNP particles. The chapter covers the RNA recognition motif, which is a sequence of amino acids or a specific arrangement of secondary structure.

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Benarroch, Eduardo E. "Messenger RNA Metabolism." In Neuroscience for Clinicians, edited by Eduardo E. Benarroch, 62–84. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190948894.003.0005.

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Metabolism of messenger RNA (mRNA) is critical for control of cell phenotype and includes several steps: transcription of DNA into a pre-mRNA, mRNA maturation, nucleocytoplasmic export and transport to specific cellular locations, translation into proteins, and decay. All these steps are seamlessly integrated and controlled by a large number of RNA-binding proteins that interact with RNA, forming messenger ribonucleoprotein particles. Several noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs, also regulate mRNA metabolism. Activity-dependent control of mRNA transcription, splicing, and translation are critical for growth, plasticity, and repair in the nervous system. Disorders of RNA metabolism are a major disease pathway for a large number of neurologic disorders, many of them associated with accumulation of stress granules containing RNA and associated proteins. Elucidation of the pathophysiology of some of these disorders provides novel approaches for their treatment, including antisense oligonucleotide therapy.

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Scott, Jon, Gus Cameron, Anne Goodenough, Dawn Hawkins, Jenny Koenig, Martin Luck, Despo Papachristodoulou, Alison Snape, Kay Yeoman, and Mark Goodwin. "Reading the Genome." In Biological Science. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198783695.003.0022.

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This chapter provides an overview of gene expression and protein synthesis, which have two main phases: transcription and translation. It explains how cells utilize the information stored in their genome. Most genes encode proteins are synthesized via the expression of an intermediate RNA molecule called a messenger RNA (mRNA). However, some genes encode other types of RNA not destined to be translated into protein. Thus, gene expression is regulated mainly at the level of transcription, by DNA-binding proteins that bind regulatory sequences in gene promoters. The chapter details the process of RNA synthesis through transcription and protein synthesis through translation.

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Scott, Jon, Gus Cameron, Anne Goodenough, Dawn Hawkins, Jenny Koenig, Martin Luck, Despo Papachristodoulou, Alison Snape, Kay Yeoman, and Mark Goodwin. "Reading the Genome." In Biological Science. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198783688.003.0031.

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This chapter provides an overview of gene expression and protein synthesis, which have two main phases: transcription and translation. It explains how cells utilize the information stored in their genome. Most genes encode proteins are synthesized via the expression of an intermediate RNA molecule called a messenger RNA (mRNA). However, some genes encode other types of RNA not destined to be translated into protein. Thus, gene expression is regulated mainly at the level of transcription, by DNA-binding proteins that bind regulatory sequences in gene promoters. The chapter details the process of RNA synthesis through transcription and protein synthesis through translation.

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Craig, Nancy L., Rachel Green, Carol Greider, Gisela Storz, Cynthia Wolberger, and Orna Cohen-Fix. "RNA processing." In Molecular Biology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198788652.003.0010.

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This chapter explores RNA processing events, which are points for regulation and quality control, and are sources of diversity. Many RNA processing reactions are directed by RNA components. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are processed out of longer precursor transcripts, and the nucleotides are post-transcriptionally modified. Meanwhile, the maturation of eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) requires the addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail—processes that are closely tied to transcription, splicing, transport out of the nucleus, and ultimately translation. The chapter then explains RNA splicing, RNA editing, and RNA degradation. RNA splicing allows the generation of great diversity in RNA products and can be catalysed by the RNA itself (self-splicing) or by a large protein and RNA-containing complex called the spliceosome. The chapter also looks at RNA-binding domains in proteins.

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