Relevant bibliographies by topics / Message losses

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Message losses'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 8 February 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Message losses"

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Lee, Moon J., and Hannah Kang. "Designing Skin Cancer Prevention Messages: Should We Emphasize Gains or Losses? Message Framing, Risk Type, and Prior Experience." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 4 (September 25, 2017): 939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117117729584.

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Purpose: To test whether message framing (ie, gain vs. loss) and risk type (ie, health vs appearance risk) in skin cancer prevention messages interact with one’s prior experience. Design: Two experiments with a 2 (message framing: gain vs loss) × 2 (risk type: health vs appearance risk) factorial design were conducted. Setting: The participants were given a URL to the experiment website via e-mail. On the first page of the website, the participants were told that they would be asked to evaluate a skin cancer print public service announcement (PSA): Online experiments. Participants: A total of 397 individuals participated (236 for experiment 1 and 161 for experiment 2). Apparatus: Four versions of the skin cancer print PSAs were developed. Four PSAs were identical except for the 2 manipulated components: message framing and risk type. Measures: Measures were adopted from Cho and Boster (message framing), Jones and Leary and Kiene et al. (risk type), De Vries, Mesters, van’t Riet, Willems, and Reubsaet and Knight, Kirincich, Farmer, and Hood (prior experience), and Hammond, Fong, Zanna, Thrasher, and Borland and Hoffner and Ye (behavioral intent). Analysis: General linear models were used to test hypotheses. Results: Three-way interactions among message framing, risk type, and prior experience were found: When the intent of the message was to encourage sunscreen use, the effects of message framing and risk type were shown to be the exact opposite directions from when the intent was to discourage indoor/outdoor tanning. Conclusion: To discourage tanning among those with prior experience, messages emphasizing losses in terms of one’s health will work better. For those with no prior experience, messages emphasizing potential appearance losses will work better for discouraging tanning while messages emphasizing gains like improving appearance will do a better job in encouraging sunscreen use.
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Ishii, Hideaki. "control with limited communication and message losses." Systems & Control Letters 57, no. 4 (April 2008): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sysconle.2007.09.007.

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Shahariar, Rezvi, and Abu Naser. "Reducing Packet Losses in Mobile Ad Hoc Network Using the Warning Message Generated from a Routing Node." Dhaka University Journal of Science 62, no. 2 (February 8, 2015): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v62i2.21979.

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In mobile ad hoc network communication is performed usually by using only send and receive messages and every node is powered by limited energy from low capacity battery. Every send or receive message takes particular amount of energy from the node. So node’s total energy level gradually decreases each time while it is sending or receiving something. In this way node will die out and packets coming from the source will be dropped since one of the routing node on the current route is no longer functioning. These packet loss events are observed and minimized in this paper. In the proposed approach, when source receives Warning Message from any routing node on the ongoing route then it will stop sending packets on the ongoing route. Critical energy level of routing node has been defined to generate a Warning Message when routing node’s energy level reduces to critical energy level. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v62i2.21979 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 62(2): 141-145, 2014 (July)
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Carfora, Valentina, Maria Morandi, and Patrizia Catellani. "The Influence of Message Framing on Consumers’ Selection of Local Food." Foods 11, no. 9 (April 27, 2022): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091268.

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Although local food purchasing provides several benefits to both consumers and producers, research on what recommendation messages can effectively promote the purchase of local food is still lacking. In the present study, 410 participants were involved in a 2-week intervention relying on prefactual (i.e., “If … then”) messages promoting the purchase of local food. All messages were sent through a research app to participants’ mobile phones and were focused on environmental consequences of purchasing (or not purchasing) local food. Four experimental conditions involving messages differing as to outcome sensitivity framing (i.e., gain, non-loss, non-gain and loss) were compared to a control condition. To test the effectiveness of the messages, before and after the 2-week intervention participants were involved in a choice task. They were asked to choose among fruits with different provenience, that is, from the participants’ municipality of residence or abroad. Results showed that all message frames increased the selection of local food, compared to control. Furthermore, pro-environmental consumers were more persuaded by messages formulated in terms of gains and non-gains, whereas healthy consumers were more persuaded by messages formulated in terms of losses or non-losses. Discussion focuses on the advantages of tailored communication to promote the purchase of local food.
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Ermakova, Nadezhda, Aleksandr Trofimov, and Evgeniy Semenov. "Investigation of SMS Traffic Transmission in Communication Network." NBI Technologies, no. 1 (March 2022): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nbit.jvolsu.2022.1.2.

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The article explores the features and methods of sending SMS traffic using the API (Application Programming Interface), discusses the parameters and API functions for sending Short Message Service (SMS) messages, also analyzes of causes of the loss of the traffic and the options for subsequent prevention of this loss. The scheme of the interaction between the Short Message Service Center (SMSC) and ordinary subscribers is considered. The popular protocol Short Message Peer-to-Peer (SMPP) was used as the protocol under study, capable of transmitting any type of messages, and is an open protocol in the telecommunications industry, which is designed specifically to provide a flexible interface for exchanging SMS messages between SMS applications, platforms, routers and short message service centers. The analysis of the captured traffic was carried out using special software – Wireshark, that allows to apply filters to track the protocols that are used for SMS transmission. Various types of losses in telecommunication networks are considered and a correlation is established with the factors which affect the communication channel. The results obtained can be used to develop an algorithm for searching for lost packets that occur when traffic passes through switching nodes. This model is able to improve the quality of service for telecom operators.
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Wu, Zhengxiang, Tingting Guo, and Baoku Li. "Message framing's role in encouraging idle item recycling." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 33, no. 8 (February 1, 2021): 1758–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-03-2020-0135.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of framing idle item recycling appeals as gains or losses on influencing consumers' idle item recycling intention by assessing the mediating role of perceived impact and the moderating role of product attachment.Design/methodology/approachIn total, three experiments were conducted to gather data. The assumed hypotheses were verified using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and bootstrap analysis.FindingsStudy 1 illustrated that loss-framed messages are more persuasive than gain-framed messages for less-involved consumers in idle item recycling, whereas message framing shows no significant difference in more-involved consumers' intention. Study 2 suggested that perceived impact tends to increase less-involved consumers' recycling intention when the message is framed as loss. Study 3 demonstrated that less-involved consumers would react to idle item recycling messages when they are strongly attached to a product. Further, gain-framed messages are more efficacious than loss-framed messages in influencing more-involved consumers' recycling intention when they are strongly attached to a product.Originality/valuePrevious research focuses on promoting waste recycling behavior initiated by local, city or national governments. This study provides some of the first evidence on the influence mechanism of message framing on consumers' idle item recycling intention and offers insights into companies to develop effective advertising strategies for idle item recycling management.
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Ahmad, Farhan, Asma Adnane, Virginia Franqueira, Fatih Kurugollu, and Lu Liu. "Man-In-The-Middle Attacks in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks: Evaluating the Impact of Attackers’ Strategies." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 20, 2018): 4040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18114040.

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Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET), a vital component of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technology, relies on communication between dynamically connected vehicles and static Road Side Units (RSU) to offer various applications (e.g., collision avoidance alerts, steep-curve warnings and infotainment). VANET has a massive potential to improve traffic efficiency, and road safety by exchanging critical information between nodes (vehicles and RSU), thus reducing the likelihood of traffic accidents. However, this communication between nodes is subject to a variety of attacks, such as Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attacks which represent a major risk in VANET. It happens when a malicious node intercepts or tampers with messages exchanged between legitimate nodes. In this paper, we studied the impact on network performance of different strategies which attackers can adopt to launch MITM attacks in VANET, such as fleet or random strategies. In particular, we focus on three goals of MITM attacks—message delayed, message dropped and message tampered. The simulation results indicate that these attacks have a severe influence on the legitimate nodes in VANET as the network experience high number of compromised messages, high end-to-end delays and preeminent packet losses.
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Xiao, Guangbing, Haibo Zhang, Ning Sun, Yong Chen, Jiamin Shi, and Yong Zhang. "Cooperative Bargain for the Autonomous Separation of Traffic Flows in Smart Reversible Lanes." Complexity 2019 (October 30, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2893732.

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Spacer bars in the smart reversible lanes make periodically broadcast of messages to share their local observed traffic information with each other. This aims to help other spacer bars acquire the global traffic information and make consistent movement when separating the flows. However, radio interference and vehicles in the traffic may degrade the qualities of wireless communication links and cause frequent message losses in the broadcast. Existing solutions tend to use data forwarding to enhance the message dissemination, which may cause imbalanced load in the spacer bars. For instance, the nodes close to the sink have to forward more messages, whereas the ones far away from the sink have fewer messages for forwarding. The unbalanced distribution of network load has a high risk of blocking the wireless communication links and yield inconsistent movement in the reversible lanes. In this paper, we propose a Cooperative Bargain (CoB) scheme where each spacer bar carries some received messages to help other spacer bars recover their lost messages. Since the spacer bars can only acquire the local information, we formulate a cooperative bargain game to negotiate how to allocate the task of message recovery with a balanced network load until a consensus is achieved. CoB is evaluated with the real-world Wi-Fi communication traces in Isti/rural. Simulation results show that CoB can recover an average of 98.6% messages within 100 milliseconds in a 50-node network. CoB does not require the global network information but it can still achieve a comparable performance to other broadcast schemes.
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Davis, Joel J. "The Effects of Message Framing on Response to Environmental Communications." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72, no. 2 (June 1995): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909507200203.

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This research explores how the framing of environmental communication influences attitudes and environmentally responsible behaviors, such as recycling. Communications were framed in terms of the definition of the problem (gains and losses), the target (current and future generations), and recommended activities (“taking less,” as in conservation, or “doing more,” as in recycling). The communication that discussed losses to the current generation gave rise to the most positive responses to the communication and the highest levels of intent to participate in environmentally-responsible behaviors. Activity framing did not exert any influence on attitudes or behavioral intentions.
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Khalifa, Mohamed K. S. "دراسة أداء مُصنِّف مـقـترح لخوارزمية هجينة لإكتشاف التصيد الاحتيالي عبر البريد الإلكتروني." International Science and Technology Journal 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2025): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.62341/mksk1904.

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This research aims to study the effectiveness and performance of the proposed classifier to detect phishing emails, because there is an urgent need to develop information security systems that are accurately and proactively able to recognize phishing messages due to their increasing number and diversity of fraudulent capabilities. Since this type of phishing message manipulates human emotions leading to fears and creates a situation of urgency by claiming that the recipient must take immediate and swift action, which may lead to financial losses or significant data leakage losses. In order to overcome the human weakness in detecting and recognizing phishing emails, this study was conducted because we need to continuously enhance and improve the accuracy and effectiveness of automated and automatic phishing detection algorithms and methods. The proposed classification model utilizes a hybrid algorithm that combines deep learning (DL) multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network algorithms and natural language processing (NLP) methods on the body of the received email. This paper highlights the importance of examining the textual features of the body of a mail message for phishing detection, using multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural networks to analyze the accuracy of detecting phishing through the message text, and because text features represent a relatively new direction of study in the field of email phishing detection. The proposed model was tested on a balanced and labeled dataset of 8579 different messages, and the results showed an improvement in classification accuracy and performance compared to other deep learning methods. The proposed classifier model was evaluated using the following metrics: (Recall, Accuracy, Precision, and F-measure), and the results were obtained - 98.3%, 98.2%, 98.5%, and 98.55%, respectively. The model also showed good performance and took a short time to detect; to produce an overall accuracy rate of over 98.1% and a low false positive rate (FPR) of 0.015. Keywords: Phishing Email detection, MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP) Neural Network, Deep learning (DL), Natural language processing (NLP), Algorithms, Information security
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Message losses"

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Albouy, Timothé. "Foundations of reliable cooperation under asynchrony, Byzantine faults, and message adversaries." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024URENS062.

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Cette thèse se penche sur les systèmes distribués tolérants les pannes, et s'intéresse plus particulièrement au problème de la diffusion fiable dans des environnements asynchrones sujets à des défaillances hybrides. Elle introduit un nouveau modèle de calcul combinant des défaillances byzantines de processus avec un adversaire de messages. Elle définit ensuite l'abstraction de Diffusion Fiable Byzantine Tolérante aux Adversaires de Messages (MBRB) et prouve sa condition de résilience optimale. Elle propose enfin trois algorithmes clés pour réaliser cette abstraction : un algorithme MBRB simple basé sur les signatures, une nouvelle primitive appelée k2l-cast pour des implémentations MBRB sans cryptographie, et un algorithme MBRB basé sur les codes correcteurs d'erreurs optimisant la complexité de communication. Ces contributions font progresser la compréhension des systèmes distribués tolérants les pannes, et participent aux fondations nécessaires à la conception d'algorithmes répartis résilients et efficaces, avec des applications dans les infrastructures critiques, les systèmes financiers et les technologies blockchain
This thesis explores fault-tolerant distributed systems. It focuses more specifically on implementing reliable broadcast in asynchronous environments prone to hybrid failures. We introduce a novel computing model combining Byzantine process failures with a message adversary. We then define the Message-Adversary-tolerant Byzantine Reliable Broadcast (MBRB) abstraction and prove its optimal resilience condition. We present three key algorithms implementing this abstraction: a simple signature-based MBRB algorithm, a new primitive called k2l-cast for cryptography-free MBRB implementations, and an erasure-coding-based MBRB algorithm optimizing communication complexity. These contributions advance the understanding of fault-tolerant distributed systems and provide a foundation for designing resilient and efficient distributed algorithms, with applications in critical infrastructures, financial systems, and blockchain technologies
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Hansson, Erik, and Stefan Karlsson. "Lossless Message Compression." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-21434.

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In this thesis we investigated whether using compression when sending inter-process communication (IPC) messages can be beneficial or not. A literature study on lossless compression resulted in a compilation of algorithms and techniques. Using this compilation, the algorithms LZO, LZFX, LZW, LZMA, bzip2 and LZ4 were selected to be integrated into LINX as an extra layer to support lossless message compression. The testing involved sending messages with real telecom data between two nodes on a dedicated network, with different network configurations and message sizes. To calculate the effective throughput for each algorithm, the round-trip time was measured. We concluded that the fastest algorithms, i.e. LZ4, LZO and LZFX, were most efficient in our tests.
I detta examensarbete har vi undersökt huruvida komprimering av meddelanden för interprocesskommunikation (IPC) kan vara fördelaktigt. En litteraturstudie om förlustfri komprimering resulterade i en sammanställning av algoritmer och tekniker. Från den här sammanställningen utsågs algoritmerna LZO, LZFX, LZW, LZMA, bzip2 och LZ4 för integrering i LINX som ett extra lager för att stödja komprimering av meddelanden. Algoritmerna testades genom att skicka meddelanden innehållande riktig telekom-data mellan två noder på ett dedikerat nätverk. Detta gjordes med olika nätverksinställningar samt storlekar på meddelandena. Den effektiva nätverksgenomströmningen räknades ut för varje algoritm genom att mäta omloppstiden. Resultatet visade att de snabbaste algoritmerna, alltså LZ4, LZO och LZFX, var effektivast i våra tester.
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Win, Htoo Aung. "BSM Message and Video Streaming Quality Comparative Analysis Using Wave Short Message Protocol (WSMP)." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1538706/.

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Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are used for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. The IEEE 802.11p/WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment) and with WAVE Short Messaging Protocol (WSMP) has been proposed as the standard protocol for designing applications for VANETs. This communication protocol must be thoroughly tested before reliable and efficient applications can be built using its protocols. In this paper, we perform on-road experiments in a variety of scenarios to evaluate the performance of the standard. We use commercial VANET devices with 802.11p/WAVE compliant chipsets for both BSM (basic safety messages) as well as video streaming applications using WSMP as a communication protocol. We show that while the standard performs well for BSM application in lightly loaded conditions, the performance becomes inferior when traffic and other performance metric increases. Furthermore, we also show that the standard is not suitable for video streaming due to the bursty nature of traffic and the bandwidth throttling, which is a major shortcoming for V2X applications.
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Solloway, Tyler. "Combining approach-gain and avoid-loss frames increases message effectiveness." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1417619273.

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Martin, Wickus. "A lossy, dictionary -based method for short message service (SMS) text compression." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6415.

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Short message service (SMS) message compression allows either more content to be fitted into a single message or fewer individual messages to be sent as part of a concatenated (or long) message. While essentially only dealing with plain text, many of the more popular compression methods do not bring about a massive reduction in size for short messages. The Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) specification suggests that untrained Huffman encoding is the only required compression scheme for SMS messaging, yet support for SMS compression is still not widely available on current handsets. This research shows that Huffman encoding might actually increase the size of very short messages and only modestly reduce the size of longer messages. While Huffman encoding yields better results for larger text sizes, handset users do not usually write very large messages consisting of thousands of characters. Instead, an alternative compression method called lossy dictionary-based (LD-based) compression is proposed here. In terms of this method, the coder uses a dictionary tuned to the most frequently used English words and economically encodes white space. The encoding is lossy in that the original case is not preserved; instead, the resulting output is all lower case, a loss that might be acceptable to most users. The LD-based method has been shown to outperform Huffman encoding for the text sizes typically used when writing SMS messages, reducing the size of even very short messages and even, for instance, cutting a long message down from five to two parts. Keywords: SMS, text compression, lossy compression, dictionary compression
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Hurtig, Per. "Improving the Timeliness of SCTP Message Transfers." Licentiate thesis, Karlstad : Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Computer Science, Karlstads universitet, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-2861.

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Copher, Madison. "Pilot Study of Text Message Nudges as a Way to Improve Weight Loss Outcomes." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/foodsci_etds/74.

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Weight loss programs for women are on the rise, including both face to face and online programs. However, current research is limited on the process measures and content which produce adherence and the largest outcomes. With obesity on the rise in the United States, it is important to understand out health coaches can strengthen their programs to better support the obese population in their weight loss journey. The purpose of this pilot study was to develop and test the acceptability of text message nudges among women participating in an online weight loss program; determine how dose may be associated with weight loss outcomes; and to test how goal setting text messaging nudges improve percent body weight loss among women participating in an online weight loss program. It was found that the implementation of text message nudges did not provide enough to continue to improve and extend the program to be more successful. However, qualitative data was recorded and found to provide helpful insight into what content was preferred by the participants.
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Link-Malcolm, Jessica. "Health message framing : motivating cardiovascular risk factor screening in young adults." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9066/.

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As the leading cause of death in the United States, coronary heart disease (CHD) is a growing public health problem, despite the fact that many risk factors for the disease are preventable, especially if addressed early in life. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of loss-framed versus gain-framed versus information-only health messages on both intention to attend and actual attendance at an appointment to get screened for CHD risk factors (i.e., hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia). It was hypothesized that a population of young adults would be more likely to view screening for CHD risk factors as a low-risk, health-affirming behavior as opposed to a risky, illness-detecting behavior and would thus be more strongly influenced by gain-framed messages than loss-framed messages. Additional goals included the exploration of the extensively researched individual health beliefs of perceived threat (as defined by the health belief model) and health locus of control as they relate to message frames. One hundred forty-three undergraduate students were randomly assigned to either the loss-framed, gain-framed, or information-only control conditions. Framing manipulation checks revealed that participants failed to discern differences in the tone and emphasis of the experimental pamphlets. As a result, no tests of framing effects could be conducted. Sixteen (11.2%) of the 143 participants who participated in Part 1 of the experiment participated in Part 2 (i.e., attended a risk factor screening appointment). Multiple regression analysis revealed risk index, age, and powerful others health locus of control as significant predictors of screening intention. Gender was the only demographic or health related variable that was significantly related to screening outcome, such that women were more likely to get screened than men. Limitations and recommendations are discussed.
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Awan, Naser Saeed. "Characterization of SIP Signaling-Messages Over OpenSIPS Running On Multicore Server." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-121530.

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Over the course of last decade, the demand for VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) applications has increased significantly among enterprises and individuals due to its low cost. This increasing demand resulted in a significant increase in users who require reliable VoIP communication systems. QoS (Quality of Service) is a major issue in VoIP implementation and is a method to impel the development of real-time multimedia services like VoIP and videoconferencing. However, there are certain challenges in achieving QoS for VoIP application, which need special attentions; like latency and packet loss. The VoIP servers which are functioning on single core software/hardware model have high latency and packet loss issues due to their limited processing bandwidth. A multicore software/hardware model is the solution to cope up with the increasing demands of VoIP and yet an active research area in telecommunication. Using a multicore software/hardware model for VoIP has several challenges, one of the challenges is to design and implement QoS Benchmarking module for VoIP client and server on multicore. In this thesis the focus is on latency and packet loss of SIP messages on OpenSIPS server. This is done by performing stress testing for QoS benchmarking, where delay and call drop rate is calculated for SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) signaling messages on parallel VoIP client server model. The model is built in C for multicore and is used as a simulation tool. SIP is widely deployed protocol for call establishment, maintenance and termination in VoIP.
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Bertrand, Nathalie. "Modèles stochastiques pour les pertes de messages dans les protocoles asynchrones, et techniques de vérification automatique." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00132080.

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Les protocoles de communication asynchrones sont naturellement modélisés par des automates communicants via des canaux FIFO non bornés. Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons aux variantes des Lossy Channel Systems pour lesquelles les pertes de messages dans les canaux sont probabilistes. Plus précisément, on considère des sémantiques sous forme de chaînes de Markov et de processus de décision markoviens. Un théorème général de convergence de points fixes dans les systèmes de transition bien structurés, permet de prouver pour les PLCS et NPLCS de nombreux résultats de décidabilité pour la vérification de propriétés du temps linéaire. Nous donnons également les limites des modèles par l'intermédiaire de résultats d'indécidabilité. Un prototype a fait l'objet de l'implémentation des algorithmes développés dans la thèse. Malgré la grande complexité des problèmes cet outil a permis de prouver des propriétés de vivacité sur des protocoles tels que le Bit Alterné et le protocole de Pachl.
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Books on the topic "Message losses"

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Extension Messages and Methods for Post Production Food Loss Reduction Workshop (1986 Arusha, Tanzania). Proceedings of Extension Messages and Methods for Post Production Food Loss Reduction Workshop, Arusha, Tanzania, August 1986. Harare, Zimbabwe: SADCC Food Security Programme, 1986.

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Manwaring, Rob, and Paul Kennedy, eds. Why the Left Loses. Bristol University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.46692/9781447332688.

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Bringing together a range of leading academics and experts on social democratic politics and policy, <i>Why the Left Loses</i> offers an international, comparative view of the changing political landscape, examining the degree to which the centre-left project is exhausted and is able to renew its message in a neo-liberal age.
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Chess, Sam. Unmasking Revelation: A Study of Revelation to Reveal Its Positive Message That Jesus Wins and Satan Loses. Morgan James Publishing, 2020.

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Chess, Sam. Unmasking Revelation: A Study of Revelation to Reveal Its Positive Message That Jesus Wins and Satan Loses. Morgan James Publishing, 2019.

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Harman, Nicky, and Xinran. Message from an Unknown Chinese Mother: Stories of Love and Loss. Penguin Random House, 2011.

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Harman, Nicky, and Xinran. Message from an Unknown Chinese Mother: Stories of Loss and Love. Penguin Random House, 2010.

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Johansen, Birgitte Schepelern. Tolerance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465544.003.0009.

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In public campaigning and NGO mobilization against hate crimes, tolerance is often called upon as the antidote to hate. Yet, while tolerance in its classical liberal versions is a balanced negative attitude in contexts of profound disagreements, when mobilized in the context of fighting hate, tolerance loses its negative emotional component. This happens, the chapter argues, because the anti-hate activities promote an understanding of difference (racial, ethnic, religious, sexual, etc.) in which acts and beliefs are largely invisible. Instead, what is foregrounded is political being. Such an understanding of difference may work well to underscore the irrationality of harboring hate against them, but it significantly alters the meaning of tolerance. When the fundamental message in the anti-hate mobilization is that these differences are illegitimate sites of aversion, what we are left with is a simplified dichotomy between either hate or tolerance as benign acceptance or even warm embrace.
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Butterflies, Angels and Roses: Messages of Hope and Healing from a Bereaved Mother's Heart. Skipjack Press, Incorporated, 2003.

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Tom, Fletcher. Book VI Alternative (Including Track 2) Diplomacy, 27 Public Diplomacy and its Offshoots. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739104.003.0027.

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This chapter discusses public diplomacy, particularly in the context of the digital age. Diplomats now have an increasingly public role to play in projecting their government’s message locally, not just by media appearances and newspaper articles, but by regular use of social media, blogging, Twitter, and evolving techniques. And though technological change has been largely beneficial, the chapter also points to the challenges that technology brings to the field. Diplomats will be part of the debate on our digital rights, tackling the toughest issues around trust and transparency, and helping to find the balance between freedom of expression and the rights of others. Governments will continue to lose their monopoly on information and influence. Secrets will become harder to justify and harder to keep. And in the midst these the role of diplomats is being transformed faster than at any point in history.
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Wahrhaftig, Alexandre de Macêdo. La portada del corregidor. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-060-1.

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This is a preliminary examination related to a portal faced of a public building in the city of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, carved in the mid-sixteenth century, of rich lines and architectural symbols characteristic of the Renaissance early stage. It was set up in ashlars, of chemical composition and granulometry that gave to it the classification of toba basaltic volcanic, compact granular, reddish in colour. Its high chemical resistance was not able to withstand the 450 years of exposure and at the time of diagnosis its surface had a high degree of dirt adhered and a profound loss of material by disaggregation and breakdowns, what had partially destroyed valuable elements of its characterization. This preliminary investigation fell exclusively on the stone material that composed the faced, although could be observed other elements like roof tile in the ceiling, and carpentry on the window and door. For that reason, the focus of this work has been directed to the stylistic symbolism and diagnose of the main element, being restricted to the stonework, where was the essence of the centennial facade. Therefore, this previous analysis was performed objecting to prepare the base for a restoration work considering the archaeological line of thought, in order to retrieve and maintain its forms and volumes, working on fundamental architectural elements to rescue and ensure to future generations the true message that was exteriorized.
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Book chapters on the topic "Message losses"

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Baier, C., N. Bertrand, and Ph Schnoebelen. "Symbolic Verification of Communicating Systems with Probabilistic Message Losses: Liveness and Fairness." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 212–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11888116_17.

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Arumugam, Mahesh, Murat Demirbas, and Sandeep S. Kulkarni. "“Slow Is Fast” for Wireless Sensor Networks in the Presence of Message Losses." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 176–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16023-3_16.

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Koo, Chiu-Yuen. "Secure Computation with Partial Message Loss." In Theory of Cryptography, 502–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11681878_26.

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Zolyomi, Agnes. "How to Make Policy-Makers Care about “Wicked Problems” such as Biodiversity Loss?—The Case of a Policy Campaign." In Co-Creativity and Engaged Scholarship, 527–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84248-2_17.

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AbstractPolicy-makers define our lives to a great extent, and are therefore the people everybody wants to talk to. They receive hundreds of messages in various forms day-by-day with the aim of making them decide for or against something. They are in an especially difficult situation as regards the so-called “wicked” or “diffuse” problems such as climate change and biodiversity loss (Millner and Olivier, 2015; Sharman and Mlambo, 2012; Zaccai and Adams, 2012). These problems are limitedly tackled at the policy level despite their major socio-economic and environmental implications, which is often explained by their complexity with a sense of remoteness of effects (Cardinale et al., 2012; WWF, 2018). Communicating advocacy or scientific messages of biodiversity is therefore both a challenge and an under-researched topic (Bekessy et al., 2018; Posner et al., 2016; Primmer et al., 2015; Wright et al., 2017), where both social and natural sciences and both scientists and practitioners are needed to contribute (Ainscough et al., 2019). In order to be successful in delivering messages, communication not only needs to be self-explanatory and easy to consume but novel as well. It additionally helps if the message arrives in a more extraordinary format to draw even more attention. Based on experiences drawn from a conservation and advocacy NGO’s work, this chapter will divulge various socio-economic theories about creative methods, communication, and influencing decision-makers through a campaign fighting for the preservation of key nature legislation. It will be demonstrated how different EU policy-makers, including representatives of the European Commission and Members of the European Parliament, the general public, and other stakeholders, were addressed with various messages and tools (e.g., short films, social media campaigns, fact sheets, involvement of champions). In addition to other key factors such as public support, knowledge of the target audience and political context, the probable impacts and limitations of these messages will also be elaborated. The relevance to the integration and employment of better socio-economic theories into improving communication is straightforward. It is crucial to tailor-make future advocacy work of “wicked problems” such as biodiversity loss and climate change, since these are not usually backed up by major lobby forces and are, therefore, financed inadequately compared to their significance. Understanding the way in which policy-makers pick up or omit certain messages, as well as what framing, methods and channels are the most effective in delivering them to the policy-makers, is pivotal for a more sustainable future.
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Agussalim and Masato Tsuru. "Message Transmission Scheduling on Tandem Multi-hop Lossy Wireless Links." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 28–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33936-8_3.

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Le Brun, Matthew Alan, and Ornela Dardha. "MAG$$\pi $$: Types for Failure-Prone Communication." In Programming Languages and Systems, 363–91. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30044-8_14.

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AbstractMultiparty Session Types (MPST) are a typing discipline for communication-centric systems, guaranteeing communication safety, deadlock freedom and protocol compliance. Several works have emerged which model failures and introduce fault-tolerance techniques. However, such works often make assumptions on the underlying network, e.g., assuming TCP-based communication where messages are guaranteed to be delivered; or adopting centralised reliable nodes and ad-hoc notions of reliability; or only addressing a single kind of failure, such as node crashes. In this work, we develop MAG$$\pi $$ π —a Multiparty, Asynchronous and Generalised $$\pi $$ π -calculus, which is the first language and type system to accommodate in unison: (i) the widest range of non-Byzantine faults, including message loss, delays and reordering; crash and link failures; and network partitioning; (ii) a novel and most general notion of reliability, taking into account the viewpoint of each participant in the protocol; (iii) a spectrum of network assumptions from the lowest UDP-based network programming to the TCP-based application level. We prove subject reduction and session fidelity; process properties (deadlock freedom, termination, etc.); failure-handling safety and reliability adherence.
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Özkasap, Öznur. "Large-Scale Behavior of End-to-End Epidemic Message Loss Recovery." In From QoS Provisioning to QoS Charging, 25–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45859-x_3.

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Holmer, Torsten, Stephan Lukosch, and Verena Kunz. "Addressing Co-text Loss with Multiple Visualizations for Chat Messages." In Groupware: Design, Implementation, and Use, 171–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92831-7_15.

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Gazdag, András, György Lupták, and Levente Buttyán. "Correlation-Based Anomaly Detection for the CAN Bus." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 38–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09357-9_4.

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AbstractPrevious attacks have shown that in-vehicle networks have vulnerabilities and a successful attack could lead to significant financial loss and danger to life. In this paper, we propose a Pearson correlation based anomaly detection algorithm to detect CAN message modification attacks. The algorithm does not need a priori information about the communication: it identifies signals based on statistical properties, finds the important correlation coefficients for the correlating signals, and detects attacks as deviations from a previously learned normal state.
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Sanshi, Shridhar, and C. D. Jaidhar. "Mobility Aware Routing Protocol Based on DIO Message for Low Power and Lossy Networks." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 497–508. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16657-1_46.

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Conference papers on the topic "Message losses"

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Liu, Bryan, Alvaro Valcarce, and K. Pavan Srinath. "A Lossless Compression Technique for the Downlink Control Information Message." In 2024 IEEE 25th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC), 86–90. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spawc60668.2024.10694087.

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Melnikov, Sergey, Sergey Makarov, and Ilya Lavrenyuk. "Reception Energy Loss of GMSK-Modulated Signals with a Narrow Frequency Band and a High Message Rate." In 2024 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Photonics (EExPolytech), 171–74. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eexpolytech62224.2024.10755636.

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Godoy, Eduardo Paciência, Fernando Scorzoni, Diego Colón, and Arthur José Vieira Porto. "Model-Based Compensation for Burst Message Loss in Wireless Networked Control Systems: Experimental Results." In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-3940.

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A recent trend in networked control systems (NCSs) is the use of wireless networks enabling interoperability between existing wired and wireless systems. One of the major challenges in these wireless NCSs (WNCSs) is to overcome the impact of the message loss that degrades the performance and stability of these systems. Moreover, this impact is greater when dealing with burst or successive message losses. This paper discusses and presents the experimental results of a compensation strategy to deal with this burst message loss problem in which a NCS mathematical model runs in parallel with the physical process, providing sensor virtual data in case of packet losses. Running in real-time inside the controller, the mathematical model is updated online with real control signals sent to the actuator, which provides better reliability for the estimated sensor feedback (virtual data) transmitted to the controller each time a message loss occurs. In order to verify the advantages of applying this model-based compensation strategy for burst message losses in WNCSs, the control performance of a motor control system using CAN and ZigBee networks is analyzed. Experimental results led to the conclusion that the developed compensation strategy provided robustness and could maintain the control performance of the WNCS against different message loss scenarios.
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Ishii, Hideaki. "Stabilization under shared communication with message losses and its limitations." In Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2006.376747.

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Ishii, H. "H/spl infin/ control with limited communication and message losses." In 2006 American Control Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2006.1657619.

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Fahmy, Sherif F., Binoy Ravindran, and E. D. Jensen. "Scheduling distributable real-time threads in the presence of crash failures and message losses." In the 2008 ACM symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1363686.1363763.

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Ono, Shugo, Aoi Nambu, Kouki Kamada, Toru Nakata, Takashi Sakamoto, and Toshikazu Kato. "Effects of Gain/Loss Messages on Reinforcing Motivation to Sleep." In AHFE 2023 Hawaii Edition. AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004206.

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To improve sleep habits, we will create messages to raise awareness of sleep and examine the effects of messaging on sleep habits. Japanese people, especially children, and workers, sleep less than their counterparts, both men and women, in other countries. As a result, some people "sleep in on weekends," getting a lot of sleep on weekends to secure more sleep. Then, the rhythm becomes disturbed, and it becomes challenging to re-synchronize with the schedule. Therefore, it is necessary to improve sleeping habits to secure a certain amount of sleep. This study will utilize a messaging approach, gain/loss-framing messages. Then, we will investigate which message is more effective for sleep habits according to each participant's values about sleep. This experiment first administered a questionnaire to 130 college students and adults to assess their attitudes and values toward sleep. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis of 83 items of the questionnaire. As a result, factor scores were calculated for each respondent, and a total of six clusters were determined by cluster analysis. For the experiment, a total of 10 participants (college students in their 20s), five each with high factor scores, were selected from the "sleep-oriented" and "sleep-unoriented" types. The selected participants wore wristwatch-type terminals and went to bed after checking the messages sent to them. Participants received each of seven different kinds of gain/loss-framing messages per week. In questionnaires on 14 different messages, participants responded to the acceptability of the messages and changes in their attitudes toward sleep, such as going to bed early, getting up early, and reviewing their daily rhythms. A two-way ANOVA was conducted at the 5% significance level on the change in sleep awareness after confirmation of the sent message and on the evaluation of the acceptability of the sent message. We identified significant differences in sleep awareness in the main effects between clusters and in the interaction between clusters and message type. Sleep-oriented types tended to report more change in sleep awareness with loss-framing messages. In comparison, sleep-unoriented types tended to report more change in sleep awareness with gain-framing messages. Mean sleep time (minutes) during each period was calculated for each participant, and a two-way ANOVA was performed with message content and clusters as factors at a 5% significance level. We didn't find significant differences between clusters, message types, or interactions. However, sleep-oriented types tended to sleep longer than sleep-unoriented types. Furthermore, in both clusters, sleep duration tended to be longer in weeks when they received loss-framing messages than in weeks when they received gain-framing messages. The interventions in this study produced changes in sleep attitudes, but these changes differed across clusters. On the other hand, all clusters showed a trend toward longer sleep duration for loss-framing messages. In other words, changes in sleep attitudes may not be directly reflected in behavior, and we need to investigate this in the future.
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Diédié, Gokou Hervé Fabrice, Koigny Fabrice Kouassi, and Tchimou N’Takpé. "Multi-Sink Convergecast Protocol for Large Scale Wireless Sensor Networks." In 8th International Conference on Signal, Image Processing and Embedded Systems (SIGEM 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.122016.

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Wireless sensor nodes are designed to collect information about their immediate environment. Once gathered, such data are forwarded via a multi-hop communication pattern to a remote gateway, also known as the sink. This process referred to as the convergecast may often require several sinks in order to improve network efficiency and resilience. Provided that load among the latter nodes are well balanced and packet losses are mitigated. This paper aims to design such a protocol by combining clustering, path-vector routing and sinks’ duty cycle scheduling schemes to help balance load and minimize message overhead. Simulation results proved that this solution outperforms DMS-RP (Dynamic Multi-Sink Routing Protocol), a recent state-ofthe-art contribution, in terms of delay minimization, packet delivery and network lifetime enhancement.
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Zhuang, Yuan, Zhenguang Liu, Peng Qian, Qi Liu, Xiang Wang, and Qinming He. "Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection using Graph Neural Network." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/454.

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The security problems of smart contracts have drawn extensive attention due to the enormous financial losses caused by vulnerabilities. Existing methods on smart contract vulnerability detection heavily rely on fixed expert rules, leading to low detection accuracy. In this paper, we explore using graph neural networks (GNNs) for smart contract vulnerability detection. Particularly, we construct a contract graph to represent both syntactic and semantic structures of a smart contract function. To highlight the major nodes, we design an elimination phase to normalize the graph. Then, we propose a degree-free graph convolutional neural network (DR-GCN) and a novel temporal message propagation network (TMP) to learn from the normalized graphs for vulnerability detection. Extensive experiments show that our proposed approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods in detecting three different types of vulnerabilities.
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Rodrigues, Thiago, Felipe Machado, Jaziel Lobo, Vaninha Vieira, and Manoel Neto. "Towards a Context-Sensitive System To Support Crisis Communication Message Dissemination." In XIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbsi.2017.6039.

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Identifying potential victims to avoid alert people who are not in danger is an open challenge to crisis communications systems. In an emergency situation alerting individuals out of danger can overload dissemination systems and lead to loss of system credibility because people can be overwhelmed with irrelevant information. This paper aims to investigate how to improve the message dissemination process in crisis communication by using context-aware computing concepts. We propose a system to identify potential victims and define a strategy with a better way to contact them. For evaluation we performed two case studies with real emergency messages. Finally, we discuss ways to identify potential victims of emergency situations.
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Reports on the topic "Message losses"

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Rodríguez Chatruc, Marisol, Ernesto H. Stein, Razvan Vlaicu, and Víctor Zuluaga. Jobs and Support for Trade: Preliminary Findings. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013115.

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International trade increases aggregate welfare but also creates winners and losers, which makes free trade a contentious political issue. Recent research has established that individuals are more sensitive to anti-trade information about the prospect of employment loss than to pro-trade information regarding lower product prices and increased variety. This means that we know what works to decrease support for trade, but it is still unclear what works to increase it. In this paper, we fill this gap by studying how individual attitudes and beliefs change in response to information regarding employment losses (in import-competing sectors), to information regarding employment gains (in export-oriented sectors), and to information regarding the possibility of compensation to those displaced by trade. To this end, we conducted a large scale survey experiment in eighteen Latin American countries using nationally representative samples. Results indicate that anti-trade information reduces support for trade even if compensation to losers is mentioned and that pro-trade messages increase support only if they are worded so that a job gain is perceived. Belief updating about the consequences of increased trade on employment seems to be a relevant mechanism. Our findings have important implications on what types of messaging work to increase support for trade.
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Conover, Emily, and Adriana Camacho. The Impact of Receiving Price and Climate Information in the Agricultural Sector. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011202.

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Previous studies indicate that Colombian farmers make production decisions based on informal sources of information, such as family and neighbors or tradition. In this paper the authors randomize recipients of price and weather information using text messages (SMS technology). The authors find that relative to those farmers who did not receive SMS information, the farmers who did were more likely to provide market price information, had a narrower dispersion in the expected price of their crops, and had a significant reduction in crop loss. Farmers also report that text messages provide useful information, especially in regards to sale prices. The results do not find, however, a significant difference between the treated and untreated farmers in the actual sale price, nor changes in farmers' revenues or household expenditures.
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Emeran, Aminah, Estelle Lambert, Rizaan Behardien, Lauren Wiemers, Tumelo Lethule, Joshua Loyson, and Robyn Burrows. THE EFFECT OF TEXT MESSAGE BASED MHEALTH INTERVENTIONS ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND WEIGHT LOSS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.7.0072.

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Halperin, Sarah, Jen Schneider, Rebecca L. Som Castellano, and Jodi Brandt. Understanding Arguments to Protect Farmland in Idaho. Boise State University, Albertsons Library, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18122/hes.75.boisestate.

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Between Spring 2022 and Spring 2023, a team of researchers at Boise State University conducted interviews with people involved in farmland protection efforts. Our goal was to understand how interviewees frame the issue of farmland loss. Frames can draw attention to an issue, contextualize decision-making, and influence the policy solutions considered. Through a frame analysis, we gained a clearer understanding of potential approaches for farmland protection in Idaho. We conducted 10 semi-structured interviews with individuals representing government agencies, academic institutions, land trusts, non-profit organizations, and farmers. After conducting the interviews, we analyzed the transcripts in a systematic manner to identify recurring message frames pertaining to farmland loss. The analysis process enabled us to map these frames onto potential policy solutions applicable to Idaho. Our report outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each frame and pinpoints which ones are likely to resonate with specific groups. Our research revealed a diverse range of frames used to address farmland protection, with many interviewees citing multiple frames. The domestic food security, regional economy, and national/global trade frames are expected to have broad appeal, while the national security and environmental benefits frames may appeal to more specific audiences. The threatened resource and cultural importance frames are likely to resonate with those valuing tradition. We identified a variety of solutions, such as agricultural protection areas, support for rural economies, promotion of regenerative agriculture, and expansion of Idaho's Right to Farm Act protections. Our findings underscore the importance of diverse, flexible, and responsive solutions to improve the feasibility of farmland protection in Idaho. We hope that our work will provide a solid basis for future efforts aimed at preserving Idaho's farmland.
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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.

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Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.
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