Academic literature on the topic 'Mesopotamian politics'

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Journal articles on the topic "Mesopotamian politics"

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SEHGAL, MANU, and SAMIKSHA SEHRAWAT. "Scandal in Mesopotamia: Press, empire, and India during the First World War." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 5 (October 24, 2019): 1395–445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x18000215.

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AbstractBy providing the first comprehensive account of the role of the British and Indian press in war propaganda, this article makes an intervention in the global history of the First World War. The positive propaganda early in the war, intertwined with a rhetoric of loyalism, contrasted with how the conservative British press affixed blame for military defeats in Mesopotamia upon the colonial regime's failure to effectively mobilize India's resources. Using a highly emotive and enduring trope of the ‘Mesopotamia muddle’, the Northcliffe press was successful in channelling a high degree of public scrutiny onto the campaign. The effectiveness of this criticism ensured that debates about the Mesopotamian debacle became a vehicle for registering criticism of structures of colonial rule and control in India. On the one hand, this critique hastened constitutional reforms and devolution in colonial India and, on the other, it led to demands that the inadequacy of India's contribution to the war be remedied by raising war loans. Both the colonial government and its nationalist critics were briefly and paradoxically united in opposing these demands. The coercive extraction of funds for the imperial war effort as well as the British press's vituperative criticism contributed to a post-war, anti-colonial political upsurge. The procedure of creating a colonial ‘scandal’ out of a military disaster required a specific politics for assessing the regulated flows of information, which proved to be highly effective in shaping both the enquiry that followed and the politics of interwar colonial South Asia.
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Stone, Elizabeth C. "The Ur III-Old Babylonian transition: An archaeological perspective." Iraq 64 (2002): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900003661.

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Mesopotamian history tends to be phrased in terms of stages: Early Dynastic city-states replaced by imperial Akkad, bureaucratic Ur III replaced by the more individualistic Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian periods thanks to the influence of the Amorites, etc. Lost in this process is a sense of the longue durée of Mesopotamian civilization, the basic and largely unchanging aspects of its society, economy and politics. In this paper I will explore one of these transitions, that between Ur III and Isin-Larsa/Old Babylonian times, by examining the nexus between the cuneiform and archaeological records.My aim is to explore the circumstances that resulted in the unearthing of the textual record upon which our understanding of the Ur III and Old Babylonian periods is based. Where did these tablets come from and what were the circumstances that both led to their preservation and allowed them to be recovered so that we could read them? To answer these questions, it will be necessary to look at the interconnections between the survey data, excavated data and the written record.The broad sweep of settlement and abandonment provided by the survey data collected and analysed by Adams and his students and colleagues (Adams 1965, 1972, 1981, Adams and Nissen 1972, Gibson 1972, Wright 1981) has a direct impact on our understanding of the archaeological contexts of the cuneiform texts. Sites are subject to forces of erosion so that periods of abandonment — even if temporary relative to Mesopotamia's four-thousand-year history — still selectively remove parts of the archaeological record. Since all texts derive from archaeological contexts they are by no means immune. Indeed unbaked clay tablets are some of the most fragile of the artifacts recovered from Mesopotamian sites, only surviving to the present when buried rapidly at the outset and remaining so until uncovered by the spade of the archaeologist or, more often unfortunately, the looter. Then there is also the issue of accessibility. In most instances both archaeologists and looters dig from the top of a site down, and generally not that far down. Thus most of our data, both archaeological and textual, derive from those levels closest to the exposed surfaces of archaeological sites.
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Valk, Jonathan. "“They Enjoy Syrup and Ghee at Tables of Silver and Gold”: Infant Loss in Ancient Mesopotamia." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 59, no. 5 (November 7, 2016): 695–749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341412.

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The present study draws on interdisciplinary research to establish an interpretative framework for an analysis of the material and textual evidence concerning infant loss in ancient Mesopotamia (c. 3000-500 bce). This approach rejects the notion that high infant mortality rates result in widespread parental indifference to infant loss, arguing instead that underlying biological and transcultural realities inform human responses to this phenomenon. With this conclusion in mind, a review of ancient Mesopotamian archaeological evidence reveals patterns of differential infant burial; while the interpretation of these patterns is uncertain, the broader contexts of infant burials in ancient Mesopotamia do not point to parental indifference, but rather the opposite. The available textual evidence in turn indicates that ancient Mesopotamians valued their infants, sought actively to protect them from harm, and mourned deeply when they died, a conclusion that is not controverted by evidence of infant exposure.
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Manan, Nuraini A. "MESOPOTAMIA DAN MESIR KUNO: Awal Peradaban Dunia." Jurnal Adabiya 22, no. 1 (July 16, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/adabiya.v22i1.7452.

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The existence of civilization cannot be separated from the existence of human beings. Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt were the centers of the oldest civilization in the world. Both Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt had typical characteristics. Mesopotamian civilization was more non-physical compared to Egypt. Sciences were emphasized more in Mesopotamia, while Egypt emphasized religious aspects. Political systems in both areas were almost the same, that is, absolutism and considered the king as god. Mesopotamia was more humanist than Egypt. The effectiveness of both civilizations was determined much by political power and economy.
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Nongbri, Brent. "Dislodging "Embedded" Religion: A Brief Note on a Scholarly Trope." Numen 55, no. 4 (2008): 440–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852708x310527.

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AbstractScholars of ancient cultures are increasingly speaking of the "embeddedness" of ancient religion — arguing that the practices modern investigators group under the heading of "religion" did not compose a well-defined category in antiquity; instead, they claim that "religion was embedded" in other aspects of ancient culture. These writers use this notion of "embeddedness" to help us see that categories post-Enlightenment thinkers often regard as distinct (such as politics, economics, and religion) largely overlapped in antiquity. The trope of "embedded religion" can, however, also produce the false impression that religion is a descriptive concept rather than a redescriptive concept for ancient cultures (i.e., that there really is something "out there" in antiquity called "Roman religion" or "Mesopotamian religion," which scholars are simply describing rather than creating). By allowing this slippage between descriptive and redescriptive uses of "religion," the rhetoric of "embedded religion" exacerbates the very problem it is meant to solve.
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Bokhari, Kamran Asghar. "Challenges to Democracy in the Middle East." American Journal of Islam and Society 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v19i1.1958.

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Many scholars have attempted to tackle the question of why democracy has seemingly failed to take root in the Islamic milieu, in general, and the pre dominantlyArab Middle East, in particular, while the rest of the world has witnessed the fall of"pax-authoritaria" especially in the wake of the demercratic revolution triggered by the failure of communism. Some view this resistance to the Third Wave, as being rooted in the Islamic cultural dynamics of the region, whereas others will ascribe it to the level of political development (or the lack thereof). An anthology of essays, Challenges to Democracy in the Middle East furnishes the reader with five historical casestudies that seek to explain the arrested socio politico-economic development of Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, and Turkey, and the resulting undemercratic political culture that domjnates the overall political landscape of the Middle East. The first composition in this omnibus is "The Crisis of Democracy in Twentieth Century Syria and Lebanon," authored by Bill Harris, senior lecturer of political studies at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. Haris compares and contrasts the political development of Syria and Lebanon during the French mandate period and under the various regimes since then. He examines how the two competing forms of national­ism, i.e., Lebanonism and Arabism, along with sectarianism, are the main factors that have contributed to the consolidation of one-party rule in Syria, and the I 6-year internecine conflict in Lebanon. After a brief overview of the early history of both countries, the author spends a great deal oftime dis­cussing the relatively more recent political developments: Syria from 1970 onwards, and Lebanon from I 975 to the I 990s. Harris expresses deep pes­simism regarding the future of democratic politics in both countries, which in his opinion is largely due to the deep sectarian cleavages in both states. The next treatise is "Re-inventing Nationalism in B􀀥thi Iraq 1968- 1994: SupraTerritorial Identities and What Lies Below," by Amatzia Baram, professor of Middle East History at the University of Haifa. Baram surveys the Ba·th's second stint in power (1968-present) in lraq. Baram's opinion is that a shift has occurred in B􀀥thist ideology from an integrative Pan-Arab program to an Iraqi-centered Arab nationalism. She attributes this to Saddam's romance with the past, on the one hand, which is the reason for the incorporation of themes from both the ancient Mesopotamian civiliza­tion and the medieval Abbasid caliphal era, and, on the other hand, to Islam and tribalism, that inform the pragmatic concerns of the Ba'thist ideological configuration ...
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Liverani, Mario. "Reconstructing the Rural Landscape of the Ancient Near East." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 39, no. 1 (1996): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520962600262.

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AbstractThe reconstruction of ancient Near Eastern history has mainly concentrated on urban (and especially palace) environments, leaving the rural landscape outside these analyses. Recent advances in archaeological and palaeobotanical fields greatly help in the recovery of the general outlines of rural exploitation in Mesopotamia and the surrounding regions; yet they cannot but miss the details of the individual exploitation units (fields and orchards), whose size and shape can be reconstructed on the basis of textual data such as cadastral texts (and other administrative recordings) and legal texts (related to the transfer of landed properties). Continuing the author's earlier work on the shape of fields in Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 B.C.), based on cadastral documents from Lagash province in lower Mesopotamia, this article examines, by way of ‘gross’ generalization and occasional exemplification, the entire history of the Mesopotamian landscape from the first administrative landscape in “late-Uruk” documents (ca. 3000 B.C.), down to the Neo-Babylonian documents of the Archaemenid period (ca. 500 B.C.).
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Dolce, Rita. "The “head of the enemy” in the sculptures from the palaces of Nineveh: An example of “cultural migration”?" Iraq 66 (2004): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900001716.

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The choice of this subject originates from the fact that the area of research to which I have been devoting myself recently includes the figurative cultures of Mesopotamia and Syria in the Early Dynastic and the Early Syrian periods, specifically in the field of war. Some of the data resulting from this research focus on the representation of the “head of the enemy”, which appears repeatedly in the documentation of the second millennium BC in Syria but so far seems to be absent in contemporary Mesopotamia. Despite the evident difference between the forms of representation from these two areas, I perceived in the figurative cycles of the Neo-Assyrian reliefs not only the recurrence of this theme but also the intentional display of severed heads, which reaches its climax in the numerous examples from the South-West Palace in Nineveh. My first aim is, therefore, to suggest a plausible approach towards identifying the origin of the display of “severed heads”, previously absent from Mesopotamian scenes of warfare, in the visual communication of the Neo-Assyrian period. My second aim is to offer an interpretation which may help shed light on ideological, cultural and anthropological aspects essential to the Neo-Assyrian political programme and its visual representation.
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Garrison, Mark B. "Politics, Religion, and Cylinder Seals: A Study of Mesopotamian Symbolism in the Second Millennium B.C. By Jeanne Nijhowne. BAR International Series 772. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1999. Pp. vi + 126. £37." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 62, no. 4 (October 2003): 306–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/380369.

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Yoffee, Norman. "T. PATRICK CULBERT: An appreciation." Ancient Mesoamerica 14, no. 1 (January 2003): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536103132075.

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Pat Culbert's scholarship and teaching are marked by both an insistence on rigorous attention to data and a gentleness and humaneness in which scholarly inquiry should flourish. I discuss in this paper one aspect of his research—the size and degree of political integration of Maya polities—by means of a comparison with Mesopotamian examples.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mesopotamian politics"

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Potts, Timothy Faulkner. "Aspects of the relations between Southern Mesopotamia and her eastern neighbours in the late fourth and third millenia B.C." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329182.

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Sherwin, Simon John. "Mesopotamian religious syncretism : the interaction of religion and politics in the 3rd and 2nd millenia BC." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621691.

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Nijhowne, Jeanne. "Politics, religion, and cylinder seals : a study of Mesopotamian symbolism in the second millennium B. C. /." Oxford : J. and E. Hedges, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37117277j.

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Whelan, Estelle J. "The public figure : political iconography in medieval Mesopotamia /." London : Melisende, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41090087c.

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Lupton, Alan. "Stability and change : socio-political development in north Mesopotamia and south-east Anatolia 4000-2700 B.C." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273039.

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Wood, Philip John. "Foundation myths in late antique Syria and Mesopotamia : the emergence of Miaphysite political thought 400-600 A.D." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487162.

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The thesis examines the effects of Christianisation upon regional identity and political thought in the eastern Mediterranean in the fifth and sixth centuries. The historiography has emphasised the centripetal side of this process. But this thesis also draws attention to the centrifugal effects of Christianisation. The Syriac-speaking world could manufacture foundation myths to develop a cultural independence within the Roman Empire and to limit and, ultimately, to challenge the prestige of the emperor. I begin by examining the centripetal effects of Christianisation in the ecclesiastical histories of the fifth century and, in the Syrian provinces, in Theodoret of Cyrrhus Historia Religiosa. I argue that Christianity provided a more extensive means of classifying the peoples of the empire, both to exclude heretics and to monitor and judge the religious practices of provincial populations that had rarely been the concern of an earlier 'paideia'. In Theodoret's case, his attempts to control the reputations of provincial holy men are also a symptom of a more widespread cultural trend in the fifth century, namely the increasing importance and prestige of the Syriac language and the customs and histories of its users. This trend operates most starkly in the invented histories of the city of Edessa, the 'Doctrina Addai', which I examine with the aid of comparisons from more modern history. In the second half of the thesis I examine how a sense of local orthodoxy and ascetic prestige was used to criticise the empire during the Miaphysite movement, firstly in the city of Edessa, in the 'Julian Romance', and then in the whole of the Miaphysite east, centred on Mesopotamia, in John of Ephesus' 'Lives of the Eastern Saints'.
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Schneider, Adam William. "Who was eating fish at kish? a theoretical framework for using stable isotope analysis to explore processes of political economy in early dynastic Mesopotamia /." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2010. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/fullcit?p1477931.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 12, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-91).
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Uzel, Meltem. "British Sea Power And Oil Policy In The Persian Gulf 1909-1914." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608056/index.pdf.

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This thesis attempts to describe the role of the British Admiralty&rsquo
s oil related naval policies from 1909 to 1914 in the formation of British oil diplomacy in the northern hinterlands of the Persian Gulf. On the basis of this attempt, it examines the precise beginning of oil security concerns of Britain and its articulation on the southwest Persian and Mesopotamian oil basins in light of the transition of the Royal Navy from coal to oil burning internal combustion engines. It delineates the interconnectedness of the issues relating to the significance of oil in British naval developments and naval supremacy and her clash of interests with the other Great Naval Powers, which had significant interest in oil rich Mesopotamia and southern Persia. By 1914, the Admiralty, through its exceptional relations with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in the hinterlands of the Persian Gulf became an important actor in the government&rsquo
s involvement in the oil industry. This thesis, suggests that the Admiralty was the political demand channel in the processes of British imperial expansion under the spread of new imperialism in general, and in the consolidation of fuel oil security in particular. The study will be a contribution to the academic literature on the history of naval powers in Turkey.
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Vollemaere, Benjamin. "Histoire politique des royaumes du Sud-Sindjar à l'époque amorrite (XIXe-XVIIe siècle avant notre ère)." Thesis, Lille 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL30009/document.

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En quelques décennies, entre le XXIe et le XIXe siècle, le visage de la Mésopotamie fut profondément bouleversé par l'immigration massive de populations amorrites qui se sédentarisèrent et investirent les centres urbains laissés vacants au tournant du millénaire précédent. Le phénomène toucha particulièrement la Haute‑Mésopotamie dans laquelle s'insère un petit ensemble rendu singulier par sa topographie : le sud du Djebel Sindjar.Si cette région n'a encore livré que peu de vestiges archéologiques, la documentation écrite exhumée sur plusieurs sites dans ou à l'extérieur du Sud-Sindjar (Tell Hariri, Tell Leilan et Tell al‑Rimah principalement), apporte de nombreuses informations sur sa géographie, sur ses habitants et leur mode de vie mais également et surtout sur les événements politiques qui la touchèrent entre le XIXe et le XVIIe siècle avant notre ère. C'est l'enjeu de cette thèse que de dater, d'ordonner et d'analyser ces informations dans une optique qui se veut double. Dans un premier temps, il s'agit de reconstituer le paléo-environnement et la géographie historique de cette région, avec comme l'un des principaux points de mire la localisation des villes évoquées dans ces textes. L'autre approche tient à la découverte de son histoire politique en premier lieu par la description des ensembles politiques et humains qui s'y constituèrent, royaumes et groupes tribaux, mais également par l'analyse des rapports que ces entités entretinrent entre elles. Enfin, il s'agit de considérer les enjeux que la région revêt et qui expliquent autant les choix politiques de ces royaumes que les interventions étrangères dans la région
In a few decades, between the XXIst and the XIXth century, the appearance of Mesopotamia deeply changed because of the immigration on a massive scale of amorite populations which settled down and flooded upon the cities left unoccupied at the end of the previous century. The phenomenon particularly struck the Upper Mesopotamia in which there is a small area made singular owing to its topography : the plains south of the Jebel-Sinjar. This area has revealed only a few archaeological vestiges but the written documentation which was found in several sites inside or outside South-Sinjar (especially in Tell Hariri, Tell Leilan and Tell al-Rimah) brought many pieces of information about its geography, its inhabitants and their way of life, but also, and most importantly, about the political events which occurred there between the XIXth and the XVIIth century before our era. The issue of this thesis is to date, to order and to analyze these pieces of information in a double perspective. On one hand, it is about rebuilding the old environment and the historical geography of this area, aiming especially the location of the cities mentioned in these texts. Secondly, its political history will be studied, first of all throughout the description of the political and human groups which appeared there, kingdoms and tribal groups, and secondly through the analysis of the relationships between these entities. Finally, we will consider the issues represented in the area which explain the political decisions made by those kingdoms as well as the foreign interventions in the region
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Books on the topic "Mesopotamian politics"

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Nijhowne, Jeanne. Politics, religion, and cylinder seals: A study of Mesopotamian symbolism in the second millennium B.C. Oxford, England: J. and E. Hedges, 1999.

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The logistics and politics of the British campaigns in the Middle East, 1914-22. Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

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Babylon: Mesopotamia and the birth of civilization. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2012.

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Local power in old Babylonian Mesopotamia. Oakville, CT: Equinox Publishing, Ltd., 2005.

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Alle origini della politica: La formazione e la crescita dello Stato in Siro-Mesopotamia. Milano: Jaca book, 2013.

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name, No. Piety and politics: The dynamics of royal authority in Homeric Greece, biblical Israel, and old Babylonian Mesopotamia. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2003.

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Piety and politics: The dynamics of royal authority in Homeric Greece, biblical Israel, and old Babylonian Mesopotamia. Grand Rapids, Mich: W.B. Eerdmans, 2003.

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A history of social justice and political power in the Middle East: The Circle of Justice from Mesopotamia to globalization. New York: Routledge, 2012.

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Frangipane, M. La nascita dello Stato nel Vicino Oriente: Dai lignaggi alla burocrazia nella grande Mesopotamia. Roma: Laterza, 1996.

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Visicato, Giuseppe. The power and the writing: The early scribes of Mesopotamia. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mesopotamian politics"

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Ustaoğlu, Murat, and Betül Mutlugün. "Dynamics of social life in ancient Mesopotamian civilizations as historical precursors of interest/riba within the context of religion, politics and economics." In A History of Interest and Debt, 11–22. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Islamic business and finance: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003041214-2.

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Kornfeld, Itzchak E. "Mesopotamia: A History of Water and Law." In The Evolution of the Law and Politics of Water, 21–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9867-3_2.

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Jongerden, Joost, Zeynep Sıla Akıncı, and Ercan Ayboğa. "Water, Politics and Dams in the Mesopotamia Basin of the Northern Middle East: How Turkey Instrumentalises the South-Eastern Anatolia Project for Political, Military and Strategic Interests." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth, 383–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_16.

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Chew, Sing C. "From Harappa to Mesopotamia and Egypt to Mycenae: Dark Ages, Political-Economic Declines, and Environmental/Climatic Changes 2200 B.C.–700 B.C." In The Historical Evolution of World-Systems, 52–74. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403980526_3.

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Postgate, J. N. "Religion and politics." In Early Mesopotamia, 260–74. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203825662-15.

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Selz, Gebhard J. "The Uruk Phenomenon." In The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, 163–244. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0004.

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The city of Uruk in southern Iraq was the main force for urbanization and state formation in Mesopotamia during the Uruk period (ca. 3800–3300 BC), which takes its name from this “first city.” This chapter discusses this formative period for the social, political, and cultural history of Mesopotamia and beyond, as well as the ensuing transitional period (Uruk III/Jemdet Nasr period; ca. 3300–3000 BC). The focus lies on the key elements of Uruk culture and its spread across Western Asia, including Syria, Anatolia, and Iran; the invention of cuneiform writing; and aspects of social, religious, and political organization of this emergent state. Contextualized in climatic, demographic, and geographic observations, the chapter evaluates key cultural features, stressing the role of population growth intertwined with technological, agricultural, and administrative improvements. These cultural features’ dissemination along trade routes to the Levant, Anatolia, and Iran is linked to the establishment of strongholds that secured the exchange of goods, with the south of Mesopotamia serving as the commercial hub. While the available sources—both textual and iconographic—provide no unequivocal evidence for the alleged monocratic governance of Uruk-period society, the identifiable political structures were strongly intertwined with religious functions, indicating great societal complexity. The alleged collapse of the Uruk culture was predominantly the breakdown of the Uruk (trade) network. Culturally, however, many features of the Uruk phenomenon provided the founding charter for Mesopotamian social structures in subsequent periods.
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Pucci, Marina. "Archaeological Research in Pre-Classical Syria and the Canon of Ancient Near Eastern Art and Archaeology." In Testing the Canon of Ancient Near Eastern Art and Archaeology, 66–89. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673161.003.0003.

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Since the late nineteenth century, developments in academia, politics, and cultural policies have repeatedly transformed archaeological research in Syria and, in turn, the Syrian canon. After reviewing the birth and development of archaeological research in Syria, this chapter presents a survey of exhibitions and publications. A shift is observed from aesthetically motivated assessments of pre-classical Syrian culture in relation to Mesopotamian and Anatolian monuments and chronologies, to a view of Syria as a multicentered entity with its own complex identity and material diversity. Building upon recent perspectives that emphasize archaeological context over formal artistic characteristics, this chapter concludes with a discussion of some non-canonical objects and also proposes that 3D site reconstructions support a better understanding of the conceptualization and various agencies surrounding an object in its ancient context. Ultimately, an archaeologically contextualized canon could serve as a model for a more nuanced picture of the ancient Near East. 3D modeling, ‘Ain et-Tell, archaeology, bēt ḫilāni, Ebla, exhibitions, Mari, museums, Qatna, Syria
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Black, Antony. "Mesopotamia, Assyria, Babylon." In A World History of Ancient Political Thought, 33–45. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281695.003.0004.

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Black, Antony. "Mesopotamia, Assyria, Babylon." In A World History of Ancient Political Thought, 31–43. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198790686.003.0004.

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Sluglett, Peter. "Gertrude Bell and the Ottoman Empire." In Gertrude Bell and Iraq, edited by Paul Collins and Charles Tripp. British Academy, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266076.003.0002.

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Gertrude Bell was the only senior member of the Mesopotamian Administration to have had any significant experience of the Ottoman Empire before the First World War. Percy Cox had spent most of his career in Persia and the Gulf before coming to Iraq. Arnold Wilson had spent his career in India, south-west Persia and the Gulf. Reader Bullard is probably the only exception, as he had served in Constantinople, Trebizond and Erzurum between 1907 and 1914, after which he was posted to the consulate in Basra and subsequently to Baghdad and Kirkuk. In contrast, Gertrude Bell had made extensive visits to various parts of the region, beginning with a visit to Iran in 1892. She spent 1899–1900 in Palestine and Syria, and also travelled elsewhere in the region, as described in Syria: The Desert and the Sown (1907) and From Amurath to Amurath (1911). The chapter discusses what Bell wrote about the Ottoman Empire, both in these books and in her letters, and the extent to which her views of its politics and administration may have influenced her thoughts on the future administration and structure of Iraq.
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Conference papers on the topic "Mesopotamian politics"

1

Al-Saffar, Mazin. "Assessment of the process of urban transformation in Baghdad city form and function." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5315.

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Abstract:
During the 21st century, urban transformation of cities has been intensely affected by flows of socio-economic and technological processes. Through the centuries, such as all historical places in Mesopotamia, Baghdad has given an outstanding example of dramatic evolution. The city, which stands on the river Tigris, faced various transformation processes in the culture and physical environment due to social and political reasons. The transformation of Baghdad city is a very complicated process driven by various factors affecting the homogeneity of the old urban fabric. Reconfiguration and the production of new urban typologies within the heritage fabric were the most fundamental effects. The outcome was different spatial languages competing with each other. This transformation changed the relations and hierarchies among spaces, which allowed more flexibility and accessibility between private and public space. The main purpose of this study is to examine how Baghdad city emerged and to develop a comprehensive understanding of the history of urban transformation in the context of city change. To achieve this aim, this paper will utilise urban morphology to explain how Baghdad transformed from a geometric city (the Round City AD762 by Caliph Al-Mansur) to an organic form and then from a traditional city to the modern metropolis. It will seek to analyse the process of urban transformation in Baghdad and show different types of urban patterns. Moreover, this paper will try to illustrate how the new way of transportation represented by the car has affected the historic centre and changed the structural system of Baghdad.
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