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Journal articles on the topic 'Mesophyll cells'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Lersten, Nels R., and Curt L. Brubaker. "Paraveinal mesophyll, and its relationship to vein endings, in Solidago canadensis (Asteraceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 1429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-190.

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Paraveinal mesophyll is described from leaves of a common goldenrod species, Solidago canadensis L. (tribe Astereae). This is the first report of paraveinal mesophyll from the Asteraceae. It is a uniseriate middle layer consisting of horizontally lobed cells that form a lacy meshwork between veins. It abuts the tightly cylindrical bundle sheath at the level of the xylem in all vascular bundles. Vein endings, however, differ from other vascular bundles in two ways: sieve tube members may extend to the vein tip, end at an intermediate point, or be absent, and lateral bundle sheath cells distal to the terminal sieve tube member swell greatly or protrude horizontally and interdigitate with adjacent paraveinal mesophyll cells. Cells of both paraveinal mesophyll and bundle sheath have fewer and smaller chloroplasts than other mesophyll cells; the chloroplasts mostly lie adjacent to intercellular spaces. During leaf development, the paraveinal mesophyll layer differentiates before other mesophyll layers. Solidago canadensis paraveinal mesophyll resembles the well-studied paraveinal mesophyll of Glycine max, except for differences in its anatomical relationship to minor veins and vein endings.
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2

IIDA, Asako, Hiromichi MORIKAWA, and Yasuyuki YAMADA. "Culture of isolated tobacco mesophyll cells." Plant tissue culture letters 6, no. 3 (1989): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology1984.6.169.

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3

Zvereva, G. K. "The structure of the mesophyll and assimilative apparatus of the chloridoid grasses leaves." Проблемы ботаники южной сибири и монголии 19, no. 2 (October 8, 2020): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/pbssm.2020103.

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The structure of the mesophyll and assimilative apparatus of leaf blades and leaf sheaths was studied atchloridoid grasses Aeluropus intermedius, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Crypsis aculeata and Tripogon chinensis, growing indifferent habitats of Siberia. All plant species are characterized by the manifestation of C4-coronary syndrome. Spatialforms of mesophyll cells radially arranged around Kranz cells and intercostal zone cells were considered. It is shown, thatleaf mesophyll at xerophytes Cleistogenes squarrosa and Tripogon chinensis is composed of cellular cells. At the grasses of saline habitats Aeluropus intermedius and Crypsis aculeata, a simplification of the shape of mesophyll cells is observed, primarily in the intercostal zone and to a greater extent, in leaf sheaths. According to the density of chloroplasts inthe leaf mesophyll, chloridoid С4-grasses approach to mesophytic and xeromesophytic С3-grasses.
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4

Kim, InSun, and David G. Fisher. "Structural aspects of the leaves of seven species of Portulaca growing in Hawaii." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 1803–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-233.

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Seven species of Portulaca growing in Hawaii can be divided into two groups based on the morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of their leaves. Portulaca oleracea, P. molokiniensis, P. lutea, forming group A, have spatulate to obovate leaves, paradermal minor veins, and mesophyll cells that completely encircle the minor veins. The chloroplasts in their bundle sheath cells are larger than those in the mesophyll cells and have well-developed grana and reduced peripheral reticulum. Bundle sheath mitochondria are larger and more numerous than those in the mesophyll, and chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells have well-developed grana and peripheral reticulum. Portulaca pilosa, P. villosa, P. sclerocarpa, and P. "ulupalakua," forming group B, have lanceolate to oblong–oblanceolate leaves, peripheral minor veins, and incomplete wreaths of mesophyll cells. The choroplasts in their bundle sheath cells are about the same size as those in the mesophyll and have reduced grana and well-developed peripheral reticulum. The bundle sheath mitochondria are about the same in size and number as those in the mesophyll, and the mesophyll chloroplasts have well-developed grana and reduced peripheral reticulum. Groups A and B may be equivalent, respectively, to types ii and i of R. C. Carolin, S. W. L. Jacobs, and M. Vesk (Aust. J. Bot. 26: 683–698, 1978) and to coronary subtypes B and A of E. V. Voznesenskaya and Y. V. Gamalei (Bot. Zh. Leningrad, 71: 1291–1306, 1986), which constitute groupings of Portulaca species studied by those authors.
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5

Kevekordes, K. G., M. E. McCully, and M. J. Canny. "The occurrence of an extended bundle sheath system (paraveinal mesophyll) in the legumes." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-014.

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The tissue previously described as paraveinal mesophyll in soybean leaves is shown to have the characters of bundle sheath rather than mesophyll cells and is renamed "extended bundle sheath" (EBS) tissue. Its presence was surveyed by leaf clearing in 66 species of legumes of all three subfamilies. A complete extended bundle sheath system similar to that previously described in soybean was identified in 21 of the species. This system is a paradermally oriented tissue, one cell deep, between the spongy and palisade mesophylls, consisting of extended bundle sheath cells, which join each other across the interveinal space either directly or via bridging cells of somewhat similar shape and size. A newly recognized, attenuated extended bundle sheath system, in which bundle sheath cells extend but do not form a continuum except in very narrow interveinal spaces, is described; it was found in 32 species. Extended bundle sheath tissue was absent from 13 of the species. The presence or form of extended bundle sheath tissue does not follow traditional taxonomic divisions. Extended bundle sheath systems were also found in 3 of 5 nonlegume species.
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6

Hotto, Amber M., Coralie Salesse-Smith, Myat Lin, Florian A. Busch, Isabelle Simpson, and David B. Stern. "Rubisco production in maize mesophyll cells through ectopic expression of subunits and chaperones." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 13 (April 30, 2021): 4930–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab189.

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Abstract C4 plants, such as maize, strictly compartmentalize Rubisco to bundle sheath chloroplasts. The molecular basis for the restriction of Rubisco from the more abundant mesophyll chloroplasts is not fully understood. Mesophyll chloroplasts transcribe the Rubisco large subunit gene and, when normally quiescent transcription of the nuclear Rubisco small subunit gene family is overcome by ectopic expression, mesophyll chloroplasts still do not accumulate measurable Rubisco. Here we show that a combination of five ubiquitin promoter-driven nuclear transgenes expressed in maize leads to mesophyll accumulation of assembled Rubisco. These encode the Rubisco large and small subunits, Rubisco assembly factors 1 and 2, and the assembly factor Bundle sheath defective 2. In these plants, Rubisco large subunit accumulates in mesophyll cells, and appears to be assembled into a holoenzyme capable of binding the substrate analog CABP (carboxyarabinitol bisphosphate). Isotope discrimination assays suggest, however, that mesophyll Rubisco is not participating in carbon assimilation in these plants, most probably due to a lack of the substrate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and/or Rubisco activase. Overall, this work defines a minimal set of Rubisco assembly factors in planta and may help lead to methods of regulating the C4 pathway.
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7

Théroux-Rancourt, Guillaume, Adam B. Roddy, J. Mason Earles, Matthew E. Gilbert, Maciej A. Zwieniecki, C. Kevin Boyce, Danny Tholen, Andrew J. McElrone, Kevin A. Simonin, and Craig R. Brodersen. "Maximum CO 2 diffusion inside leaves is limited by the scaling of cell size and genome size." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1945 (February 24, 2021): 20203145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.3145.

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Maintaining high rates of photosynthesis in leaves requires efficient movement of CO 2 from the atmosphere to the mesophyll cells inside the leaf where CO 2 is converted into sugar. CO 2 diffusion inside the leaf depends directly on the structure of the mesophyll cells and their surrounding airspace, which have been difficult to characterize because of their inherently three-dimensional organization. Yet faster CO 2 diffusion inside the leaf was probably critical in elevating rates of photosynthesis that occurred among angiosperm lineages. Here we characterize the three-dimensional surface area of the leaf mesophyll across vascular plants. We show that genome size determines the sizes and packing densities of cells in all leaf tissues and that smaller cells enable more mesophyll surface area to be packed into the leaf volume, facilitating higher CO 2 diffusion. Measurements and modelling revealed that the spongy mesophyll layer better facilitates gaseous phase diffusion while the palisade mesophyll layer better facilitates liquid-phase diffusion. Our results demonstrate that genome downsizing among the angiosperms was critical to restructuring the entire pathway of CO 2 diffusion into and through the leaf, maintaining high rates of CO 2 supply to the leaf mesophyll despite declining atmospheric CO 2 levels during the Cretaceous.
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8

Kinsman, E. A., and K. A. Pyke. "Bundle sheath cells and cell-specific plastid development in Arabidopsis leaves." Development 125, no. 10 (May 15, 1998): 1815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.10.1815.

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Bundle sheath cells form a sheath around the entire vascular tissue in Arabidopsis leaves and constitute a distinct leaf cell type, as defined by their elongate morphology, their position adjacent to the vein and by differences in their chloroplast development compared to mesophyll cells. They constitute about 15% of chloroplast-containing cells in the leaf. In order to identify genes which play a role in the differential development of bundle sheath and mesophyll cell chloroplasts, a screen of reticulate leaf mutants of Arabidopsis was used to identify a new class of mutants termed dov (differential development of vascular-associated cells). The dov1 mutant clearly demonstrates a cell-specific difference in chloroplast development. Mutant leaves are highly reticulate with a green vascular pattern. The underlying bundle sheath cells always contain normal chloroplasts, whereas chloroplasts in mesophyll cells are abnormal, reduced in number per cell and seriously perturbed in morphology at the ultrastructural level. This demonstrates that differential chloroplast development occurs between the bundle sheath and mesophyll cells in the Arabidopsis leaf.
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9

Strack, D., V. Sharma, and H. Felle. "Vacuolar pH in radish cotyledonal mesophyll cells." Planta 172, no. 4 (December 1987): 563–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00393875.

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10

Misra, Biswapriya B., Evaldo de Armas, Zhaohui Tong, and Sixue Chen. "Metabolomic Responses of Guard Cells and Mesophyll Cells to Bicarbonate." PLOS ONE 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2015): e0144206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144206.

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11

Sajo, Maria das Graças, and Silvia Rodrigues Machado. "Submicroscopical Features of Leaves of Xyris Species." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 44, no. 4 (December 2001): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132001000400011.

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The leaf ultrastructure of five Xyris species were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and histochemical methods. All studied leaves show some features in epidermis and mesophyll, which were of considerable adaptative significance to drought stress. Such features included the occurrence of a pectic layer on the stomatal guard cells and the presence of a network of pectic compounds in the cuticle. Pectic compunds were also in abundance in lamellated walls of the mesophyll cells and on the inner surface of the sclerified cell walls of the vascular bundle sheaths. There were also specialized chlorenchymatous "peg cells" in the mesophyll and drops of phenolic compounds inside the epidermal cells.
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12

Mudalige, Rasika G., Adelheid R. Kuehnle, and Teresita D. Amore. "Pigment Distribution and Epidermal Cell Shape in Dendrobium Species and Hybrids." HortScience 38, no. 4 (July 2003): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.4.573.

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Perianths of 34 Dendrobium Sw. species and hybrids were examined to elucidate the roles of pigment distribution and shape of upper epidermal cells in determining color intensity, perception, and visual texture. Color intensity was determined by the spatial localization of anthocyanin in tissue layers, i.e., in the epidermal, subepidermal, and mesophyll layers, as well as by distribution of pigmented cells within the tissue layer. Anthocyanins were confined to the epidermal layer or subepidermal layer in flowers with low color intensity, whereas they were also in several layers of mesophyll in more intensely colored flowers. Striped patterns on the perianth were due to the restriction of pigment to cells surrounding the vascular bundles. Color perception is influenced by the presence or absence of carotenoids, which when present, were distributed in all cell layers. Anthocyanins in combination with carotenoids resulted in a variety of flower colors ranging from red, maroon, bronze to brown, depending on the relative location of the two pigments. Four types of epidermal cell shapes were identified in Dendrobium flowers: flat, dome, elongated dome, and papillate. Epidermal cell shape and cell packing in the mesophyll affected the visual texture. Petals and sepals with flat cells and a tightly packed mesophyll had a glossy texture, whereas dome cells and loosely packed mesophyll contributed a velvety texture. The labella in the majority of flowers examined had a complex epidermis with more than one epidermal cell shape, predominantly papillate epidermal cells.
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13

Cao, Jianbo, Chuanliang Chu, Meng Zhang, Limin He, Lihong Qin, Xianghua Li, and Meng Yuan. "Different Cell Wall-Degradation Ability Leads to Tissue-Specificity between Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola." Pathogens 9, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030187.

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Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) lead to the devastating rice bacterial diseases and have a very close genetic relationship. There are tissue-specificity differences between Xoo and Xoc, i.e., Xoo only proliferating in xylem vessels and Xoc spreading in intercellular space of mesophyll cell. But there is little known about the determinants of tissue-specificity between Xoo and Xoc. Here we show that Xoc can spread in the intercellular spaces of mesophyll cells to form streak lesions. But Xoo is restricted to growth in the intercellular spaces of mesophyll cells on the inoculation sites. In vivo, Xoc largely breaks the surface and inner structures of cell wall in mesophyll cells in comparison with Xoo. In vitro, Xoc strongly damages the cellulose filter paper in comparison with Xoo. These results suggest that the stronger cell wall-degradation ability of Xoc than that of Xoo may be directly determining the tissue-specificity.
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14

Fukuda, Hiroo. "Redifferentiation of Single Mesophyll Cells into Tracheary Elements." International Journal of Plant Sciences 155, no. 3 (May 1994): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/297166.

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15

COLMAN, B., and G. S. ESPIE. "CO2 uptake and transport in leaf mesophyll cells." Plant, Cell and Environment 8, no. 6 (August 1985): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1985.tb01680.x.

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16

Keresztes, Áron, and Károly Bóka. "Enhancement of plasmalemmasome formation in spinach mesophyll cells." Botany Letters 166, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2019.1638830.

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17

Shibatani, Shigeo, Koichi Minami, Mitsugi Senda, and Tadaaki Kakutani. "Electrorotation of vacuoles isolated from barley mesophyll cells." Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 29, no. 3 (February 1993): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0302-4598(93)85007-g.

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18

Koroleva, Olga A., A. Deri Tomos, John Farrar, Peter Roberts, and Christopher J. Pollock. "Tissue distribution of primary metabolism between epidermal, mesophyll and parenchymatous bundle sheath cells in barley leaves." Functional Plant Biology 27, no. 9 (2000): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99156.

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This paper originates from a presentation at the International Conference on Assimilate Transport and Partitioning, Newcastle, NSW, August 1999 In order to investigate the roles of different cell types, metabolite compartmentation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaf tissue was mapped at the single-cell level, using single-cell sampling and analysis (SiCSA) techniques. The partitioning of recently fixed photoassimilate was investigated for the first time at single-cell resolution, using BAMS (biological accelerator mass spectroscopy) for precise measurement of 14C in femtomole quantities. The data obtained by BAMS qualitatively reflect concentrations of sugars in different cell types measured by SiCSA. Calculation of 14C-specific activities showed that the radioactive label saturated the mesophyll and parenchymatous bundle sheath (PBS) pools within the 45-min labelling period. During the photoperiod, sucrose concentration increased to 200 mM in mesophyll cells. The concentration of malate also increased during the photoperiod in mesophyll and PBS cells. Epidermal cells contained very low concentrations of sugar but high concentrations of malate (120–180 mM) and did not show significant diurnal changes. Accumulation of sugars and fructan synthesis could be induced in mesophyll and PBS cells by reduced export of sugars from leaves or, alternatively, when sugars were supplied from excised leaf blade bases immersed in a sucrose solution in the dark. The epidermis accumulated additional malate in step with the accumulation of sugar by the mesophyll/PBS cells during the long-term reduction of export. Immunolocalisation of Rubisco and cytochrome oxidase proteins was used to analyse the distribution of enzymes of photoassimilation and respiration between functionally different cells in mature leaves of barley.
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19

Mikulska, Eugienia, Barbara Damsz, and Halina Żołnierowicz. "Structural and functional polymorphism of plastids in leaves of Clivia miniata Rgl. II. Ontogenesis of plastids in mesophyll cells and in cells surrounding vascular bundles." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 51, no. 2 (2014): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1982.013.

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In mesophyll cells and in cells adjoining vascular bundles of leaves in <em>Clivia miniata</em> Rgl. there occur chloroplasts differing with respect to their structure and the type of accumulated substances. Chloroplasts of mesophyll cells have a well-developed system of grana and intergrana thylakoids; within the stroma they accumulate solely inclusions of lipid character. Chloroplasts of cells surrounding the bundles are smaller than chloroplasts of mesophyll cells, have a poorly developed system of inner membranes and are able to accumulate only considerable amounts of starch. The third type of chloroplasts occurs in parenchymateous cells of the vascular part of the bundles. These chloroplasts, much smaller than those described above, have a reduced system of inner membranes and are not capable of accumulating either starch or lipid droplets. In stroma, they contain only plastoglobules. It seems probable that morphologically uniform proplastids are the precursors of all the studied types of chloroplasts. Their developmental sequence is determined by the degree of cellular differentiation, the type of cell as well as by the function it performs.
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20

Gélie, B., M. Petitprez, A. Souvre, and L. Albertini. "Étude ultrastructurale des modifications induites par Exserohilum turcicum chez le limbe de Zea mays – Effet du gène de résistance Ht-1." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 2061–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-281.

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Ultrastructural changes induced by Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard et Suggs in maize leaf cells are observed 24 to 72 h after inoculation, in a comparative study between two isogenic lines with or without the Ht-1 gene. In the susceptible plants (without Ht-1), the plasmalemma and the tonoplast of the mesophyll cells are the first cellular components altered, followed by disorganisation and alteration of organelles, which become scattered throughout the cell. Chloroplasts in particular seem to be very sensitive to the toxic action of the pathogen, which causes disruption of their envelope and grana. Bundle sheath cells are altered later and to a lesser extent than the mesophyll cells. In Ht-1 monogenic resistant inbred lines, cytoplasmic residues of prematurely dead cells surround healthy mesophyll cells protecting them and stimulating their activity and resulting in stabilization of the pathotoxic process 36 to 48 h after inoculation.
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21

Han, Shijuan, Stephen C. Maberly, Brigitte Gontero, Zhenfei Xing, Wei Li, Hongsheng Jiang, and Wenmin Huang. "Structural basis for C4 photosynthesis without Kranz anatomy in leaves of the submerged freshwater plant Ottelia alismoides." Annals of Botany 125, no. 6 (January 16, 2020): 869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa005.

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Abstract Background and Aims Ottelia alismoides (Hydrocharitaceae) is a freshwater macrophyte that, unusually, possesses three different CO2-concentrating mechanisms. Here we describe its leaf anatomy and chloroplast ultrastructure, how these are altered by CO2 concentration and how they may underlie C4 photosynthesis. Methods Light and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the anatomy of mature leaves of O. alismoides grown at high and low CO2 concentrations. Diel acid change and the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase were measured to confirm that CAM activity and C4 photosynthesis were present. Key Results When O. alismoides was grown at low CO2, the leaves performed both C4 and CAM photosynthesis whereas at high CO2 leaves used C4 photosynthesis. The leaf comprised an upper and lower layer of epidermal cells separated by a large air space occupying about 22 % of the leaf transverse-section area, and by mesophyll cells connecting the two epidermal layers. Kranz anatomy was absent. At low CO2, chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells were filled with starch even at the start of the photoperiod, while epidermal chloroplasts contained small starch grains. The number of chloroplasts in the epidermis was greater than in the mesophyll cells. At high CO2, the structure was unchanged but the thicknesses of the two epidermal layers, the air space, mesophyll and the transverse-section area of cells and air space were greater. Conclusions Leaves of O. alismoides have epidermal and mesophyll cells that contain chloroplasts and large air spaces but lack Kranz anatomy. The high starch content of mesophyll cells suggests they may benefit from an internal source of CO2, for example via C4 metabolism, and are also sites of starch storage. The air spaces may help in the recycling of decarboxylated or respired CO2. The structural similarity of leaves at low and high CO2 is consistent with the constitutive nature of bicarbonate and C4 photosynthesis. There is sufficient structural diversity within the leaf of O. alismoides to support dual-cell C4 photosynthesis even though Kranz anatomy is absent.
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22

Liu, Youqi, and Nancy G. Dengler. "Bundle sheath and mesophyll cell differentiation in the C4 dicotyledon Atriplex rosea: quantitative ultrastructure." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 644–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-085.

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In leaves of most C4 species, both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells are derived from ground meristem, yet at maturity differ in photosynthetic enzyme complement and in cell size, shape, and subcellular ultrastructure. This quantitative ultrastructural study of bundle sheath and mesophyll cell differentiation in Atriplex rosea shows that while developmental pathways of bundle sheath and meosphyll cells are generally coordinated, the timing of developmental divergence differs among individual characteristics. For instance, bundle sheath cells are larger, with more chloroplasts and more and larger mitochondria by 8 days after leaf emergence, while differential growth of mesophyll cell chloroplast peripheral reticulum and increase in thylakoids per granum in bundle sheath chloroplasts do not develop until after 12 days. Multigroup principal components analysis (M-PCA) of the data emphasizes that the greatest source of variation is overall size change as both cell types expand. M-PCA also identifies patterns of allometry within the data; for instance, mesophyll cell vacuoles and chloroplast peripheral reticulum undergo greater relative growth than do bundle sheath microbody area and number. The greater structural specialization of bundle sheath cells is reflected in higher growth rates from the time of divergence, but developmental change in both cell types continues until leaf expansion is complete. Most structural changes occur substantially after the stage of cell-specific expression of C4 enzymes. Key words: bundle sheath, mesophyll, C4 photosynthesis, leaf development, Atriplex rosea, multigroup principal components analysis.
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23

Kwon, Hye Jin, Song Kwon, and Ki Sun Kim. "140 Ultrastructural Changes during the Senescence of Petals in Hibiscus syriacus L." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 413E—413. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.413e.

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Five distinctive developmental stages were chronologically suggested. Cells at Stage I and II were essentially free of cytoplasmic or vacuolar abnormalities and the cytoplasm contained numerous electron-dense mitochondria with well-developed cristae. At Stage III, there were a localized dilation of mitochondria matrix and a partial-diluted cytoplasm in mesophyll cells. At Stage IV, characterized by high levels of fresh weight and osmolality, most mesophyll cells were seen to be ruptured, resulting in a general mixing of cell contents and diluting cytoplasm. It can be explained as an irreversible senescence phenomena that tonoplast in mesophyll cell was ruptured partly, corresponding to rapid increase in petal cell size and turgidity. Petal turgidity was due to an increase of content in soluble sugar. At Stage V, there was a loss of petal fresh weight. With a loss of turgidity, most mesophyll cells have collapsed completely. There were a notable plasmolysis in vasculature. The activity of protease in petals was found to increase between Stage II and III, and then decreased rapidly at Stage IV, resulting in the decrease of total protein content before senescence. Unexpectedly, there were stomata in hibiscus petals. Ultrastructural disorganization, like as a broken tonoplast, was observed in mesophyll cells at Stage IV. ABA and the stomata on petal might promote the disorganization. The final stages of senescence involved breakdown of cellular organization leading to hydrolysis of previously separated compartments. The cellular disorganization triggered during the flowers are still in the process of opening may be one of the earliest physiological signal that senescence is under way.
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24

Rodrigues, Lucas Mateus Rivero, Rachel Benetti Queiroz-Voltan, and Oliveiro Guerreiro Filho. "Anatomical changes on coffee leaves infected by Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae." Summa Phytopathologica 41, no. 4 (December 2015): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2049.

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ABSTRACTAlthough poorly studied, the bacterial halo blight is an important disease in the major coffee-producing states of Brazil. External damage and anatomical changes on leaves were measured in seedlings of Coffea arabica cv. Mundo Novo, susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae, by using histological sections obtained at 10 and 20 days after inoculation (DAI). The changes on the epidermis were smaller than the lesions measured in the mesophyll, irrespective of the evaluated colonization period, showing that the internal damage caused by the bacterium represent twice the damage observed externally. From the inoculation site, lysis occurred on the epidermal cells and on the palisade and spongy parenchyma cells, with strong staining of their cellular contents, as well as abnormal intercellular spaces in the palisade parenchyma, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mesophyll cells and partial destruction of chloroplasts. Additionally, this study revealed the presence of inclusion bodies in epidermal and mesophyll cells. Bacterial masses were found in the apoplast between and within mesophyll cells. Bacteria were also observed in the bundle sheath and vascular bundles and were more pronounced at 20 DAI, not only near the inoculation site but also in distant areas, suggesting displacement through the vascular system. These results can be useful to understand this plant-pathogen interaction.
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Belaeva, T. N., and A. N. Butenkova. "Leaf blade anatomy of the rare Siberian flora species Mertensia sibirica (L.) G. Don fil. (Boraginaceae)." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, no. 5 (October 20, 2020): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_228.

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The authors present the findings of a leaf blade anatomy study for the rare relict Siberian flora species Mertensia sibirica (L.) G. Don fil. (Boraginaceae). They collected samples for the study from natural habitats in Chita Region (Chikoy Range) and then planted them in the introduction area of the Siberian Botanic Garden (Tomsk) located in the southern taiga subzone of Western Siberia. The parameters of the photosynthetic and stomatal complex of M. sibirica were studied for the first time. It was found out that the rosette and cauline leaves of the species under study are hypostomatous, with an anomocytic stomatal complex. The epidermis is single-layer. On average, the adaxial epidermis has larger cells vs. abaxial epidermis. The leaf mesophyll is 242.90–369.90 µm thick, dorsiventral. The adaxial side of the leaf comprises glandular trichomes surrounded with pronounced rosettes of cells in the base part. The cauline leaf significantly differs from the rosette leaf in finer cells of its adaxial and abaxial epidermis (and, consequently, their larger number per 1 mm2), while the adaxial epidermal cells are thicker, and in a larger number of stomata in the abaxial epidermis. The palisade mesophyll in the cauline leaf is more developed vs. the rosette leaf, while the cells are longer and the palisade/spongy mesophyll ratio is higher. The rosette leaves have a more developed system of vascular tissues vs. cauline ones, as they play the main role in providing plants with water and nutrients. The contribution of the cauline leaf palisade mesophyll to the photosynthetic potential of M. sibirica is higher vs. that of the rosette leaf (the ratio between palisade and spongy mesophyll is 0.45 vs. 0.36, respectively), which characterizes the cauline leaf as more heliophytic. The stomatal complex and mesophyll parameters under study are primarily characterized by low variance. As for dermal tissue parameters, medium variance is typical of the thickness and size of the abaxial and adaxial epidermal cells. Coefficients of variation for the cells of the upper mesophyll layer (CV=31.2–41.6%) and the number of stomata on the lower epidermis of the rosette leaf (CV=21.5%) demonstrate medium and high variance. A very high coefficient of variation (116.2–174.0) is registered for the adaxial epidermis parameter characterizing the density of trichomes per 1 mm2. The study results were used to develop an optimal M. sibirica cultivation regime under conditions of introduction in the southern taiga subzone of Western Siberia.
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26

McKersie, Bryan D., R. L. Peterson, Stephen R. Bowley, and Shankar Das. "Ultrastructural and genetic characterization of a mutant exhibiting starch accumulation and premature leaf senescence in Medicago sativa." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 2245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-278.

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A mutant was isolated from irradiated seed of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. cv. Excalibur. The mutant plant, Ex-139, displayed symptoms of premature senescence in the leaf palisade mesophyll. The leaves emerged as a normal phenotype, but light microscopy revealed that they rapidly began to accumulate starch in plastids of some cells in the palisade mesophyll. This accumulation of starch was followed by general cellular autolysis leading to the formation of necrotic regions in the palisade mesophyll. The adjacent epidermal and spongy mesophyll cells were not structurally affected. The mutant otherwise exhibited normal growth and development and was fertile. Inheritance studies indicated that the trait was transmitted to the progeny, preferentially but not exclusively, through the female, which suggests that either there is differential selection among male and female gametes or the trait is controlled by extranuclear DNA. This mutant should be useful in the study of the link between senescence and carbohydrate metabolism and in alfalfa genetics. Key words: starch metabolism, plastid, chloroplast genome, biparental inheritance.
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27

Healey, P., T. J. Ng, and F. A. Hammerschlag. "ISOLATION OF CUCUMIS MELO L. MESOPHYLL AND SUSPENSION CELLS FOR HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTION STUDIES." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 698e—698. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.698e.

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Mesophyll cells are desirable targets for studying responses to pathogens or pathogen-induced toxins. Based on host-pathogen or host-toxin interaction studies at the cellular level it can be determined whether a toxin can be used as a selective agent. Suspension cells are suitable selection units for in vitro selection of potentially useful somaclonal variants. Protocols for the isolation of muskmelon mesophyll and suspension cells were developed in order to study the effects of roridin E, a toxin produced by Myrothecium roridum, on leaf spot tolerant and sensitive muskmelon cultivars. Viable mesophyll cells were obtained by exposing leaf tissue to 1% cellulysin and 5% macerase in B5 medium with 0.4M sucrose for one hour. Viable suspension cells were maintained a medium consisting of MS salts, 3% sucrose, 3 (μM thiamine·HCl, 555 μM myo-Inositol, 28 μM kinetin and 9 μM IAA. Fluorescein diacetate was used to determine viability over time. Membrane stability was monitored by measuring changes in the fluorescence of cells stained with Merocyanine 540 (MC 540), an optical probe for changes in transmembrane electrical potential (PD).
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28

Kim, Songmun, Sangsop Han, and William H. Vanden Born. "Effect of chlorsulfuron on assimilate transport: ultrastructural implications." Weed Science 45, no. 4 (August 1997): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500088688.

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To determine if cell damage could account for chlorsulfuron inhibition of assimilate transport, the ultrastructure of companion cells and surrounding mesophyll cells was examined following chlorsulfuron treatment. Six hours after treatment of canola leaves, thylakoids in companion cells were swollen and chloroplast structures in mesophyll cells were disorganized. Three days after treatment, the treated leaves contained more starch granules in companion cells than corresponding control leaves, presumably as a result of reduced assimilate export. We conclude that the inhibition of assimilate export in chlorsulfuron-treated canola leaves is associated, at least in part, with the ultrastructural changes described, particularly those in companion cells.
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29

Gao, Jian-Guo, and Annette Nassuth. "Cytological changes induced by wheat streak mosaic virus in cereal leaf tissues." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-003.

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Cytological changes induced by wheat streak mosaic virus in cereal leaf tissues were studied at the light microscope level. Starting 4–5 days after inoculating the first leaves, a number of cylindrical inclusions were present in the dense cytoplasm of the second wheat leaf epidermal cells. Amorphous inclusions could also be identified in the epidermal cells at late infection stages (from 10 days post inoculation), often associated with deformed nuclei. In mesophyll cells of wheat, barley, and triticale, virus infection induced dense cytoplasm around enlarged nuclei and cytopathie structures within these nuclei. Pyknotic nuclei could be observed at late infection stages. Nuclei and chloroplasts became degraded as the infection progressed. In addition, the cell wall composition was changed and included deposits that were most likely phenolic compounds and lignin. At late infection stages the infected mesophyll cells had collapsed. This was not observed in either senesced virus-free mesophyll cells, or virus-infected epidermal cells. Key words: wheat streak mosaic virus, virus infection, host – virus interaction, cereals, cytological changes, cell wall deposit.
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30

Mastroberti, Alexandra A., and Jorge Ernesto de Araujo Mariath. "Compartmented cells in the mesophyll of Araucaria angustifolia (Araucariaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 3 (2003): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt00045.

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The compartmented cells of the immature and mature leaves of young and adult plants of Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. are characterised by the presence of pectinous partitions in the cell lumen, forming a system of compartments. The function of these cells is possibly related to water storage and translocation. The morphology of compartmented cells differs from that of immature and mature leaves: at the time of maturity the compartment system or secretion is more defined. These cells undergo the programmed cell death (PCD) process, because they are enucleated in adult plants. The compartmented cells' cytology and pectic composition are similar to the mucilage cells of Lauraceae and Cactaceae.
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31

Herrera, Ana. "Are thick leaves, large mesophyll cells and small intercellular air spaces requisites for CAM?" Annals of Botany 125, no. 6 (January 23, 2020): 859–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa008.

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Abstract Background and Aims It is commonly accepted that the leaf of a crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant is thick, with large mesophyll cells and vacuoles that can accommodate the malic acid produced during the night. The link between mesophyll characteristics and CAM mode, whether obligate or C3/CAM, was evaluated. Methods Published values of the carbon isotopic ratio (δ 13C) as an indicator of CAM, leaf thickness, leaf micrographs and other evidence of CAM operation were used to correlate cell density, cell area, the proportion of intercellular space in the mesophyll (IAS) and the length of cell wall facing the intercellular air spaces (Lmes/A) with CAM mode. Key Results Based on 81 species and relatively unrelated families (15) belonging to nine orders, neither leaf thickness nor mesophyll traits helped explain the degree of CAM expression. A strong correlation was found between leaf thickness and δ 13C in some species of Crassulaceae and between leaf thickness and nocturnal acid accumulation in a few obligate CAM species of Bromeliaceae but, when all 81 species were pooled together, no significant changes with δ 13C were observed in cell density, cell area, IAS or Lmes/A. Conclusions An influence of phylogeny on leaf anatomy was evidenced in a few cases but this precluded generalization for widely separate taxa containing CAM species. The possible relationships between leaf anatomy and CAM mode should be interpreted cautiously.
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32

Brubaker, Curt L., and Harry T. Horner. "Development of epidermal crystals in leaflets of Stylosanthes guianensis (Leguminosae; Papilionoideae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 1664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-210.

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In developing leaflets of Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw., twin prismatic calcium oxalate crystals form in adaxial and abaxial epidermal crystal idioblasts. These cells eventually die and collapse, leaving the crystals embedded in a matrix of cutin and cell-wall materials. Adaxial crystal idioblasts develop above large conical cells that, in turn, are interspersed among smaller, multiple-layered palisade parenchyma. Abaxial crystal idioblasts develop beneath a uniseriate layer of large horizontally branched cells abutting the abaxial epidermis. Spongy parenchyma occupies the middle mesophyll above the layer of branched cells. The abaxial crystals and the branched cells of the lowermost mesophyll develop simultaneously. Adaxial crystals and the conical cells develop later and in conjunction with each other. In mature leaflets, the adaxial and abaxial crystals and their associated collapsed crystal idioblasts form networks, the interstices of which are occupied by either single stomates and accompanying epidermal cells (adaxial) or clusters of stomates and accompanying epidermal cells (abaxial). Epidermal crystals are known from other Leguminosae; however, to our knowledge this is the first report where epidermal crystal development involving cell death and collapse is correlated with two types of specialized mesophyll cells.
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33

Paton, Kelly M., Lisa Anderson, Pauline Flottat, and Eric N. Cytrynbaum. "A Model of Chloroplast Growth Regulation in Mesophyll Cells." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 77, no. 9 (September 2015): 1653–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11538-015-0099-z.

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34

Shabala, Sergey, Olga Babourina, and Ian Newman. "Ion‐specific mechanisms of osmoregulation in bean mesophyll cells." Journal of Experimental Botany 51, no. 348 (July 2000): 1243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/51.348.1243.

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35

Shabala, Sergey, Olga Babourina, and Ian Newman. "Ion‐specific mechanisms of osmoregulation in bean mesophyll cells." Journal of Experimental Botany 51, no. 348 (July 2000): 1243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/51.348.1243.

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36

Qi, Zhi, Akio Kishigami, Yuko Nakagawa, Hidetoshi Iida, and Masahiro Sokabe. "A Mechanosensitive Anion Channel in Arabidopsis thaliana Mesophyll Cells." Plant and Cell Physiology 45, no. 11 (November 15, 2004): 1704–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pch194.

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37

McCutcheon, Steve L., Bruce W. Ciccarelli, Induk Chung, Barry Shelp, and Alan W. Bown. "l-Glutamate-Dependent Medium Alkalinization by Asparagus Mesophyll Cells." Plant Physiology 88, no. 4 (December 1, 1988): 1042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.88.4.1042.

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38

Sudibyo, A. S., and J. W. Anderson. "Xylogenesis and phenylpropanoid metabolism in cultured Zinnia mesophyll cells." Phytochemistry 34, no. 5 (November 1993): 1245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)80009-p.

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39

Pyke, K. A., and R. M. Leech. "The control of chloroplast number in wheat mesophyll cells." Planta 170, no. 3 (March 1987): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00395035.

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40

Dharmawardhane, S., A. I. Stern, and B. Rubinstein. "Light-stimulated transplasmalemma electron transport in oat mesophyll cells." Plant Science 51, no. 2-3 (1987): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(87)90193-2.

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41

Mersey, Brent G., and Adrian J. Cutler. "Differential distribution of specific indole alkaloids in leaves of Catharanthus roseus." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 1039–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-141.

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In leaves of the periwinkle plant (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don) idioblasts are randomly distributed in the mesophyll. They are distinguishable from ordinary palisade and spongy parenchyma cells as large, refractile, and autofluorescent cells. Density gradient centrifugation of protoplasts derived from leaves resulted in fractions enriched in idioblast protoplasts. Analysis of indole alkaloid composition by high pressure liquid chromatography has shown that idioblasts are enriched in vindoline and catharanthine relative to other mesophyll cells. The significance of these observations for attempts to produce specific indole alkaloids in cell cultures is discussed.
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42

Xu, Mengxue, Qingwei Du, Caihuan Tian, Ying Wang, and Yuling Jiao. "Stochastic gene expression drives mesophyll protoplast regeneration." Science Advances 7, no. 33 (August 2021): eabg8466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg8466.

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Cell pluripotency is fundamental to biology. It has long been known that differentiated somatic plant cells may reacquire pluripotency, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In many plant species, a single isolated mesophyll protoplast may regenerate into an entire plant, which is widely used in gene transformation. Here, we identified two transcription factors whose ectopic activation promotes protoplast regeneration. Furthermore, we found that their expression was induced by protoplast isolation but at a very low frequency. Using live imaging and single-cell transcriptomics, we show that isolating protoplasts induces enhanced expression variation at the genome level. Isolating protoplasts also leads to genome-wide increases in chromatin accessibility, which promotes stochastic activation of gene expression and enhances protoplast regeneration. We propose that transcriptome chaos with increased expression variability among cells creates a cellular-level evolutionary driver selecting for regenerating cells.
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43

Zwiazek, J. J., and Jennifer M. Shay. "Fluoride- and drought-induced structural alterations of mesophyll and guard cells in cotyledons of jack pine (Pinus banksiana)." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 2310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-314.

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Fluoride- and drought-induced injuries to mesophyll and guard cells were studied in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) cotyledons, using light and electron microscopy techniques. Most early structural alterations were similar in cells of fluoride- and water-stressed seedlings. Both treatments resulted in an appearance of lipid material in the cytoplasm during early stages of injury, suggesting damage to the cell membranes. Treatment with sodium fluoride also resulted in deposition of starch in chloroplasts. Guard cells were more resistant to both stresses than mesophyll cells. Both metabolic injury and collapse of neighbouring cells may be responsible for the opening of stomata in wilting, fluoride-treated seedlings.
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44

Roden, John S., Martin J. Canny, Chen X. Huang, and Marilyn C. Ball. "Frost tolerance and ice formation in Pinus radiata needles: ice management by the endodermis and transfusion tissues." Functional Plant Biology 36, no. 2 (2009): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08247.

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Conifers are among the most frost tolerant tree species. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) was used to visualise ice formation in pine needles to better understand how conifer leaves manage extracellular ice. Acclimated and unacclimated needles of Pinus radiata (D.Don) were subjected to freezing treatments (at a rate of 2°C h−1), tested for electrolyte leakage and sampled for cryo-SEM analysis. Half maximal electrolyte leakage occurred at –4 and −12°C for unacclimated and acclimated needles, respectively. Ice nucleation occurred at similar temperatures (−3°C) in both acclimated and unacclimated pine needles, indicating that frost tolerance did not increase supercooling. During freezing and thawing, the tissues outside and inside the endodermis shrank and swelled independently, with little or no transfer of water between the two regions. During freezing, mesophyll cells shrank, exhibiting cytorrhysis, and extracellular ice accumulated in gas spaces of the mesophyll tissue. Mesophyll cells from acclimated needles recovered their structure after thawing, and unacclimated mesophyll showed significant damage. In the vascular cylinder, ice accumulated in transfusion tracheids which expanded to occupy areas made vacant by shrinkage of transfusion parenchyma, Strasburger cells and the endodermis. This behaviour was reversible in acclimated tissue, and may play an important role in the management of ice during freeze/thaw events.
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45

Zhu, Mengmeng, Shaojun Dai, Scott McClung, Xiufeng Yan, and Sixue Chen. "Functional Differentiation ofBrassica napusGuard Cells and Mesophyll Cells Revealed by Comparative Proteomics." Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 8, no. 4 (December 22, 2008): 752–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/mcp.m800343-mcp200.

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46

Saito, W., T. Ohgawara, J. Shimizu, S. Ishii, and S. Kobayashi. "Citrus cybrid regeneration following cell fusion between nucellar cells and mesophyll cells." Plant Science 88, no. 2 (January 1993): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(93)90091-d.

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47

Fujita, Takashi, Ko Noguchi, Hiroshi Ozaki, and Ichiro Terashima. "Confirmation of mesophyll signals controlling stomatal responses by a newly devised transplanting method." Functional Plant Biology 46, no. 5 (2019): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp18250.

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There are opposing views on whether the responses of stomata to environmental stimuli are all autonomous reactions of stomatal guard cells or whether mesophyll is involved in these responses. Transplanting isolated epidermis onto mesophyll is a potent methodology for examining the roles of mesophyll-derived signals in stomatal responses. Here we report on development of a new transplanting method. Leaf segments of Commelina communis L. were pretreated in the light or dark at 10, 39 or 70Pa ambient CO2 for 1h. Then the abaxial epidermises were removed and the epidermal strips prepared from the other leaves kept in the dark at 39Pa CO2, were transplanted onto the mesophyll. After illumination of the transplants for 1h at 39Pa CO2, stomatal apertures were measured. We also examined the molecular sizes of the mesophyll signals by inserting the dialysis membrane permeable to molecules smaller than 100–500Da or 500–1000Da between the epidermis and mesophyll. Mesophyll pretreatments in the light at low CO2 partial pressures accelerated stomatal opening in the transplanted epidermal strips, whereas pretreatments at 70Pa CO2 suppressed stomatal opening. Insertion of these dialysis membranes did not suppress stomatal opening significantly at 10Pa CO2 in the light, whereas insertion of the 100–500Da membrane decelerated stomatal closure at high CO2. It is probable that the mesophyll signals inducing stomatal opening at low CO2 in the light would permeate both membranes, and that those inducing stomatal closure at high CO2 would not permeate the 100–500Da membrane. Possible signal compounds are discussed.
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48

Przybył, Krystyna, and Krystyna Idzikowska. "Ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts of mesophyll cells of chlorotic and prematurely yellowed leaves of Betula pendula Rothr." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 72, no. 4 (2011): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2003.037.

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The ultrastructure of chloroplasts was studied in mesophyll cells of the leaves of silver birch (<em>Betula pendula</em>) showing interveinal chlorosis or premature yellowing, in comparison with leaves without symptoms or exhibiting symptoms of natural senescence. The leaves were collected between May 26 to June 7 and additionally in the September 10-12 from the upper part of the crown, from increments of the past four years. No major difference in ultrastructure of chloroplasts was found between spongy and palisade mesophyll cells. The following senescencerelated changes were observed in chloroplasts of prematurely yellowed leaves and showing inteveinal chlorosis: reduced chloroplast size, degeneration of the membrane systems of thylakoids and increased electron density of plastoglobuli. The most electron dark globules (lipid droplets) were found together with starch grains in cells of spongy mesophyll of leaves showing interveinal chlorosis. Abnormal, spherical and rounded chloroplasts with electron-dark inside of thylakoids or the electron-dark stroma between thylakoids were found only in yellowed and chlorotic leaves in spring.
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49

McHale, N. A., and M. Marcotrigiano. "LAM1 is required for dorsoventrality and lateral growth of the leaf blade in Nicotiana." Development 125, no. 21 (November 1, 1998): 4235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.21.4235.

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The role of LAM1 in dorsoventrality and lateral growth of the leaf blade was investigated in the ‘bladeless’ lam1 mutant of Nicotiana sylvestris and in periclinal chimeras with lam1 and wild-type (N. glauca) cell layers. Mutant lam1 primordia show normal dorsoventrality at emergence, but produce blade tissue that lacks dorsal cell types and fails to expand in the lateral plane. In leaves of a lam1-glauca-glauca (L1-L2-L3) chimera, we observed restoration of dorsal identity in the lam1 upper epidermis, suggesting non-cell-autonomous movement of a dorsalizing factor between cell layers of the blade. A lam1-lam1-glauca chimera generated a leaf blade with lam1 cells in the L1-derived epidermis and the L2-derived upper and lower mesophyll. An in situ lineage analysis revealed that N. glauca cells in the L3-derived middle mesophyll restore palisade differentiation in the adjoining lam1 upper mesophyll. Movement of dorsalizing information appears short-range, however, having no effect on the upper lam1 epidermis in lam1-lam1-glauca. Clusters of lam1 mesophyll in distal or proximal positions show a localized default to radial growth, indicating that the LAM1 function is required for dorsoventrality and lateral growth throughout blade expansion.
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50

Majewska-Sawka, A., and A. M�nster. "Cell-wall antigens in mesophyll cells and mesophyll-derived protoplasts of sugar beet: possible implication in protoplast recalcitrance?" Plant Cell Reports 21, no. 10 (June 1, 2003): 946–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-003-0612-y.

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