Academic literature on the topic 'Mesomorphic phase'

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Journal articles on the topic "Mesomorphic phase"

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Ha, Sie-Tiong, and Teck-Leong Lee. "Synthesis and Mesomorphic Properties of New Fluorinated Schiff Base Liquid Crystals." ISRN Materials Science 2014 (January 16, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/904657.

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Two new compounds, 4-alkanoyloxybenzylidene-4′-fluoroaniline and 4-fluorobenzylidene-4′-n-alkanoyloxyaniline comprising a terminal fluorosubstituent were studied. The fluoro substituent contributes to the molecular polarizability, thus affecting intermolecular interactions and hence resulting in smectic mesomorphism. The mesomorphic properties were studied using differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy techniques. The mesomorphic properties of compounds studied are strongly dependent on the orientation of the imine (CH=N) linkage. The former Schiff base exhibited smectic A phase whereas the latter compound did not display any mesophase. Reversed imine linkage has caused depression of mesomorphic property in the compound studied (4-fluorobenzylidene-4′-n-alkanoyloxyaniline). The mesomorphic properties of the present compounds were compared with other structurally related series to establish the chemical structure-mesomorphic property relationship.
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Mirnaya, T. A., G. G. Yaremchuk, and S. V. Volkov. "Phase Diagrams of Binary Systems of Some Alkali Propionates." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 48, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 995–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1993-1006.

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Abstract The phase diagrams of the binary systems sodium-potassium, sodium-caesium, and potassium-caesium propionates have been investigated by differential thermal analysis and hot-stage polarization microscopy. Smectic liquid crystals in the systems with sodium propionate have been discovered. Liquid crystal formation in binaries of two non-mesomorphic components is explained by latent mesomorphism which is shown to be inherent to both sodium and potassium propionate.
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Sharma, Vinay S., and R. B. Patel. "Synthesis of Liquid Crystals with Substituents in Terminal Benzene Cores and their Mesomorphic Behaviour." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 58 (September 2015): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.58.144.

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A new homologous series consisting of thirteen homologues central ester and chalcone linkage with Pentyloxy side chain at terminal benzene ring is synthesized and their mesomorphic properties are studied, with the exception of the methyl, ethyl and propyl homologues. However, the rest of homologues show mesomorphism enantiotropically manner with exhibition of nematic phase. The texture image of the nematic mesophases is observed by optical polarizing microscope equipped with heating stage (POM) is threaded or Schlieren type. An odd-even effect is observed in the nematic-isotropic curve with alternation in transition temperatures. The mesomorphic properties of the novel series are compared with other structurally similar homologous series. Analytical and spectral data confirm the molecular structure of the compounds.
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Sharma, Vinay S., and R. B. Patel. "Synthesis of Liquid Crystals with Substituents in Terminal Benzene Cores and their Mesomorphic Behaviour." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 58 (September 2, 2015): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-9j6csf.

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A new homologous series consisting of thirteen homologues central ester and chalcone linkage with Pentyloxy side chain at terminal benzene ring is synthesized and their mesomorphic properties are studied, with the exception of the methyl, ethyl and propyl homologues. However, the rest of homologues show mesomorphism enantiotropically manner with exhibition of nematic phase. The texture image of the nematic mesophases is observed by optical polarizing microscope equipped with heating stage (POM) is threaded or Schlieren type. An odd-even effect is observed in the nematic-isotropic curve with alternation in transition temperatures. The mesomorphic properties of the novel series are compared with other structurally similar homologous series. Analytical and spectral data confirm the molecular structure of the compounds.
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Bhola, G. N., and Umed C. Bhoya. "Mesomorphism Dependence on Cis-Trans Configuration and Varying Terminal/Lateral Group." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 65 (April 2016): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.65.71.

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A chalconyl trans vinyl ester homologous series of thermotropic liquid crystals RO-C6H4-CH=CH-COO-C6H4-CH=CH-CO-C6H3(OCH3)2meta-para is synthesized and studied with a view to understand and establish the relation between molecular structure and mesomorphism or mesomorphic behaviors. Novel homologous series consists of thirteen homologues (C1to C18). First five (C1to C5) homologues are nonmesogenic. Rest of the homologues (C6to C18) homologues is mesogenic. Monotropically smectogenic character appears from C6to C10homologue and C12to C18homologues are enantiotropically smectogenic. Nematogenic property is totally absent throughout a series. Textures of smectic phase are of the type smectic A or C. Transition curves of a phase diagram behaved in normal manner. Analytical, spectral and thermal data supports the molecular structures of homologues. Odd-even effect is observed for Sm-I/I-Sm transition curve. Thermal stability for smectic is 93.7 °C and the mesomorphic phase lengths from enantiotropic homologues for smectic from minimum to maximum is 6.0 °C to 28.0 °C at the C12and C18homologue respectively. Series is smectogenic without exhibition of nematic property. The group efficiency order on the basis of thermal stability is derived; from comparative study of present series and analogous series.
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KONISHI, TAKASHI, and YOSHIHISA MIYAMOTO. "Polymer Crystallization through Mesomorphic Phase." Sen'i Gakkaishi 75, no. 2 (February 10, 2019): P—103—P—107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.75.p-103.

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NISHIDA, KOJI, TAKASHI KONISHI, and TOSHIJI KANAYA. "Mesomorphic Phase in Crystalline Polymer." FIBER 63, no. 12 (2007): P.412—P.416. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.63.p_412.

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MORIYA, Keiichi, Yasuyuki KAWANISHI, Toshiya SUZUKI, Shinichi YANO, and Meisetsu KAJIWARA. "Mesomorphic Phase Transition in Organophosphazenes." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 56, no. 6 (1999): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.56.390.

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Maheta, S. A., G. N. Bhola, and Umed C. Bhoya. "Dependence of Liquid Crystalline Behaviors on Molecular Flexibility." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 47 (February 2015): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.47.77.

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A novel homologous series of thermotropic liquid crystal (LC) has been synthesized with a view to understand and establish the effect of molecular structure on liquid crystal behaviors of a series. The present LC series consist of twelve homologues (C1 to C16); whose mesomorphic properties commence from octyloxy (C8) homologue of a series. C8, C10 and C12 members of a series are monotropic smectic and C14, C16 members are enantiotropically smectogenic. C1 to C7 homologues are nonmesomorphic. Nematogenic property is totally absent. Transition and melting temperatures are determined by an optical polarizing microscopy equipped with a heating stage. Textures of smectic mesophases are focal conic three or two dimensional networking of the type A or C. Cr-I/Sm and Sm-I or I-Sm transition curves behaved in normal manner. Analytical and spectral data confirms the molecular structures of homologues. Thermal stability of smectogenic mesophase is 100.6 oC and mesomorphic phase length is very short (12.9 °C to 15.3 oC). LC properties of a present novel series are compared with the structurally similar homologous series. Present series is partly smectogenic and partly non mesomorphic with poor degree of mesomorphism and middle ordered melting type without exhibition of nematogenic behavior.
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Maheta, S. A., G. N. Bhola, and Umed C. Bhoya. "Dependence of Liquid Crystalline Behaviors on Molecular Flexibility." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 47 (February 24, 2015): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-88a000.

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A novel homologous series of thermotropic liquid crystal (LC) has been synthesized with a view to understand and establish the effect of molecular structure on liquid crystal behaviors of a series. The present LC series consist of twelve homologues (C1 to C16); whose mesomorphic properties commence from octyloxy (C8) homologue of a series. C8, C10 and C12 members of a series are monotropic smectic and C14, C16 members are enantiotropically smectogenic. C1 to C7 homologues are nonmesomorphic. Nematogenic property is totally absent. Transition and melting temperatures are determined by an optical polarizing microscopy equipped with a heating stage. Textures of smectic mesophases are focal conic three or two dimensional networking of the type A or C. Cr-I/Sm and Sm-I or I-Sm transition curves behaved in normal manner. Analytical and spectral data confirms the molecular structures of homologues. Thermal stability of smectogenic mesophase is 100.6 oC and mesomorphic phase length is very short (12.9 °C to 15.3 oC). LC properties of a present novel series are compared with the structurally similar homologous series. Present series is partly smectogenic and partly non mesomorphic with poor degree of mesomorphism and middle ordered melting type without exhibition of nematogenic behavior.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mesomorphic phase"

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Bottamini, Gina. "Male body image and related behaviors surrounding the ideal mesomorphic physique: A multi-phase mixed method investigation." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29342.

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The purpose of the research presented herein was to gain a better understanding of male body image-related behaviors through a multi-phase mixed method approach. With research revealing a noted increase in muscularity in media representations of the male physique in the latter part of the twentieth century, context to the present day ideal male physique was first provided via the examination of sculptures and paintings from ancient Greece to the latter part of the 19th century (phase I). The ideal male physique was further examined in the qualitative phase of the research (phase II) where semi-structured interviews with 11 males were conducted. Data obtained from the interviews also aided in the construction of the Male Body Image Behavior Questionnaire (MBIBQ). The structure and length of the MBIBQ as well as its psychometric properties were next examined with a total of 550 participants in phases III and IV respectively. The examination of art representations of the male physique revealed varied depictions of a muscular ideal with interceding portrayals of thin or nonrealistic interpretations. A number of themes emerged from the qualitative data including the ideal physique and attributes, influences, psychosocial consequences, motivations, and behaviors. An interesting finding was that a few of the males expressed a preference for a female interviewer suggesting that cross-gender interviewing should be considered when examining body image in males. The results from the exploratory principal components and confirmatory factor analyses conducted in phase III revealed that the MBIBQ is comprised of four subscales; weight gain, weight loss, avoidance, and appearance. The more extreme behaviors on the preliminary version of the MBIBQ did not meet the criteria for item inclusion and were thus deleted, suggesting that although males may indicate knowledge of more extreme behaviors, their actual utilization may be limited. Phase IV of the research, conducted with 253 participants, showed preliminary evidence of convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity as well as test-retest validity for the MBIBQ. The MBIBQ is the first of its kind to address several dimensions of body image behaviors in males. The educational implications of the findings for school-based programs are discussed.
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Schmalfuss, Heiko. "Dynamik und Phasenumwandlungen an mesomorphen Systemen." [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=960581707.

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Müller, Christian. "Struktur und Dynamik mesomorpher Polysilane." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB9680534.

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KAMAYE, MAAZOU. "Phases de defauts dans un oligomere mesomorphe a chaines laterales." Nice, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NICE4542.

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Nous avons etudie les phenomenes transitionnels entre les differentes phases cristallines-liquides d'un oligomere mesomorphe a chaines laterales. A l'etat pur, il apparait des phases bleues (bp) entre les phases cholesterique et isotrope de ce materiau. Par une methode simple, nous avons reussi a bloquer ces phases bleues a la temperature ambiante. Cela nous a permis de les observer au microscope electronique a transmission et d'etudier leur structure par analyse d'images. Cette etude, montre que la structure des bp bloquees ici bp#1 est cubique de symetrie o#8. Les experiences de diffraction des rx revelent que ce materiau possede des correlations smectiques. Lorsqu'il est melange avec un cristal liquide de petites molecules, ces correlations se trouvent amplifiees faisant apparaitre une phase s#a homeotrope de l'ambiante jusqu'a 190c. Lors d'une montee de temperature, cette phase s#a transite vers la phase cholesterique par l'intermediaire d'une nucleation de doigts particuliers. La coexistence de ces doigts avec les zones s#a non perturbees releve vraisemblablement du meme modele que les phases tgb (twist grain boundary) recemment decouvertes. Quand nous appliquons un champ electrique alternatif a cette transition, a la place des doigts apparaissent des spirales d'archimede, une instabilite que l'on rencontre en physique des milieux excitables. L'un des points communs des phases que nous avons mises en evidence dans ce travail, est qu'elles sont toutes constituees de reseaux periodiques de defauts qui permettent d'associer intimement dans un delicat equilibre thermodynamique les symetries locales pourtant si differentes des deux phases voisines stables
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Pahl, Guido. "Chirale radiale Multiin-Mesogene." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://edocs.tu-berlin.de/diss/2002/pahl_guido.pdf.

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Mattoussi, Hedi Mohamed. "Contribution a l'etude de polymeres mesomorphes en solutions : etudes statique, dynamique et conformationnelle." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066516.

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IBN-ELHAJ, MOHAMMED. "Etude et caracterisation des phases cristallines et mesomorphes des savons de metaux de transition." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992STR13149.

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Au moyen de la microscopie en lumiere polarisee, l'analyse enthalpimetrique differentielle, l'imagerie moleculaire sur ordinateur, la volumetrie et la diffraction des rayons x en fonction de la temperature et la pression, la spectroscopie exafs, nous avons etudie trois familles d'alkanoates de metaux de transition: cu(ii), rh(ii) et ru(ii,iii). Ces composes presentent a temperature ordinaire une structure cristalline lamellaire, et au-dessus de 100c une structure mesomorphe colomnaire hexagonale. Les elements de base de ces structures sont des colonnes moleculaires, formees de molecules inclinees pour le cristal et de molecules normales a l'axe et disposees helicoidalement pour la phase mesomorphe. Dans une etude du role de la pression dans le polymorphisme mesomorphe, nous avons montre que les isothermes p-v dans la mesophase sont parfaitement decrites par l'equation d'etat empirique de tait, comme la plupart des liquides et des polymeres a l'etat fondu, et que l'effet de la pression est fortement anisotrope. Dans une etude approfondie de la distribution des atomes metalliques a l'interieur des colonnes pour des alkanoates de rh et cu, nous avons montre que, pour les produits purs, les atomes metalliques gardent la meme sphere de coordination dans la mesophase et le cristal et que, pour les systemes binaires, le melange se fait au niveau des colonnes et non pas des molecules elles-memes. Enfin, dans une etude de l'influence sur la structure mesomorphe d'additions d'un solvant hydrocarbone, nous avons constate qu'a partir d'une certaine teneur en solvant les mesophases colomnaires cedent la place a des mesophases nematiques
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Jahr, Michael. "Neue sternförmige Mesogene: Strukturbildung und Chromophore." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-68605.

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Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Herstellung und Charakterisierung neuer sternförmiger Mesogene. Bei den aufgeführten Sternverbindungen, handelt es sich um Oligobenzoate, bestehend aus aromatischen Hydroxy- oder Aminocarbonsäuren, die durch Kupplungsreaktionen mit Dicylohexycarbodiimid, in einer konvergenten Synthesestrategie verknüpft wurden. Das besondere Augenmerk der Arbeit richtete sich auf die Charakterisierung der von den neuen Substanzen gebildeten Mesophasen, die mit Hilfe von Polarisationsmikrokopie, dynamischer Differenzialkalorimetrie und Röntgenstreuung erfolgte. Zur Aufklärung spezieller dreidimensionaler Strukturen wurden als zusätzliche Methoden die Rasterkraftmikroskopie angewandt und der Zirkulardichroismus untersucht.
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Kuo, Tzu-Chi, and 郭子綺. "Synthesis and Mesomorphic Properties of Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Materials with Ester Linkage." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08050988042103746447.

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碩士
大同大學
化學工程學系(所)
98
The primary research work of this study is an attempt to correlate the structure-property relationship of the formation of blue phases in chiral liquid crystals in terms of various achiral alkyl chain length (m) and chiral tails in the chiral liquid crystal compounds containing naphthyl benzoate core structure in the molecules.   Thus, optically active chiral acids, (2S, 3S)-2-chloro-3-methylvaleric acid, (S)-2-chloro-4-methylvaleric acid, (S)-2-butoxypropanoic acid and (R)-2-methyl-3-(pentyloxy)propanoic acid were used as the chiral moieties for the preparation of chiral compounds. These acids were connected to naphthyl benzoate core structure in the compounds by ester linkage to form compounds I(m=6-10), II(m=6, 7), III(m=6, 9) and IV(m=6-10). The corresponding molecular structures of the target compounds are depicted below:   The mesomorphic phases and their corresponding phase transition temperatures were determined by the microscopic textures and DSC thermograms. The results show that compounds I(m=6, 7, 9, 10) have the phase transition sequences of Iso.-BPII-N*-TGBA*-SmA*-Cr, and compounds I(m=7, 9, 10) exist an additional SmC* phase. The SmA* and SmC* phases were disappeared in compound I(m=8) but an additional TGBC* phase was formed, resulting in the formation of BPII, N*, TGBA* and TGBC* phases. Compounds II(m=6, 7) exhibit SmA* phase. Compound III(m=6) shows the phase transition sequences of Iso.-BP-N*-SmA*-Cr.. Compound III(m=9) has no BP phase but has SmC* phase formed, resulting in the formation of N*, SmA* and SmC* phases. Finally, all compounds IV(m=6-10) exhibit BP and N* phases, moreover, compounds IV(m=9-10) with the longer aliphatic chain length display an additional SmC* phase, resulting in the formation of BP, N* and SmC* phases. Compounds I(m=6-10) display very rich polymorphism than other series of compounds that have BP, N*, TGBA*, SmA*, TGBC* and SmC* phases.   The physical properties such as switching current, dielectric constant, spontaneous polarization and optical tilt angle in the TGBC* and/or SmC* phases of chiral compounds were measured. The maximum Ps values of compounds I(m=7-10) are in the range of 48.6-102.2nC/cm2, that of compound III(m=9) is 61.2nC/cm2 and that of compounds IV(m=9, 10) are in the range of 28.0-28.7nC/cm2. It shows that the compounds derived from (2S, 3S)-2-chloro-3-methylvaleric acid have the higher Ps values of compounds I(m=7-10) that derived from other chiral acids.
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Chang, Jui-Yang, and 張瑞洋. "EFFECT OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE ON THE STABILTY OF TGB PHASE AND MESOMORPHIC PROPERTIES OF THE CHIRAL LIQUID CRYSTALS." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12746182837878109067.

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碩士
大同大學
化學工程學系(所)
92
ABSTRACT From the results of recent paper, there are many factors effect the TGB phase formation such as steric, linking group and swallow tail structure. The purpose of this research is apt for a better understanding the relationship between molecular structure and TGB phase formation. Four homologous series of chiral materials with methleneoxy linking group, alkyl (S)-2-(6-(4-(4´-alkoxyphenyl)benzyloxy)-2-naphthyl)propionates, SnH-m, and one homologous series of chiral materials with deuterated methleneoxy linking group, d2-3-ethylbutyl (S)-2-(6-(4-(4´-alkoxyphenyl)benzyloxy)-2-naphthyl)propionates, S2D-m , derived from (S)-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-propionic acid, were designed, synthesized and investigated on the structure property relationship in the chiral liquid crystals. The target compounds were independently modified by the linking group, length of terminal chain and chiral chain. Most of the compounds showed TGBA* phase. Both materials of S1H-m and S3H-m exhibited a wide temperature range of TGB phases and the temperature ranges of TGBC* and SmC* phase were mainly increasing with increasing terminal alkyl chain. Furthermore, when deuterium substituted for hydrogen atoms at the methyleneoxy linking group, in S2D-m the N* phase was disappeared and a direct Iso-TGBA* phase transition formed. The magnitudes of spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric SmC* phase were measured in a 5µm homogeneously aligned cell by the surface stabilized geometry. The largest Ps values of SnX-m were from 15nC/cm2 to 41 nC/cm2 and have no relation to the terminal alkyl chain. In a conclusion, the results from above indicate that the linking group, swallow-tail structure and length of alkyl chain indeed have the significant effect on the incidence and stability of TGB phase. The systematic studies provide systematic evidences that the structure effect on the formation of the TGB phase.
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Books on the topic "Mesomorphic phase"

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WUNDERLICH, B. Conformational Motion & Disorder In Low & High Molecular Mass Crystals (Advances in Polymer Science). Springer, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mesomorphic phase"

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Drotloff, H., G. Kögler, and M. Möller. "Conformationally Disordered Mesomorphic Phases Of Cyclododecane and Cyclotetradecane." In Integration of Fundamental Polymer Science and Technology—2, 154–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1361-5_22.

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Lewis, Ruthven, and Ronald McElhaney. "The Mesomorphic Phase Behavior of Lipid Bilayers." In The Structure of Biological Membranes, Second Edition. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420040203.ch2.

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Lewis, Ruthven, and Ronald McElhaney. "The Mesomorphic Phase Behavior of Lipid Bilayers." In The Structure of Biological Membranes, Third Edition, 19–89. CRC Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11018-5.

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"The Mesomorphic Phase Behavior of Lipid Bilayers." In The Structure of Biological Membranes, 65–132. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420040203-6.

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Kleman, Maurice, Oleg D. Lavrentovich, and Yuriy A. Nastishin. "Dislocations and Disclinations in Mesomorphic Phases." In Dislocations in Solids, 147–271. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1572-4859(05)80005-1.

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Gennes, P. G. De, and J. Prost. "Liquid crystals: Main types and properties." In The Physics of Liquid Crystals, 1–40. Oxford University PressOxford, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198520245.003.0001.

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Abstract During our years in high school, we have all been taught that matter only exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. However, this is not quite correct. In particular, certain organic materials do not show a single transition from solid to liquid, but rather a cascade of transitions involving new phases. The mechanical properties and the symmetry properties of these phases are intermediate between those of a liquid and those of a crystal. For this reason, they have often been called liquid crystals. A more proper name is ‘meso-morphic phases’ (mesomorphic: of intermediate form).
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"THE INTER-WAR PERIOD: ANISOTROPIC LIQUIDS OR MESOMORPHIC PHASES?" In Crystals That Flow, 160–353. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203022658-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mesomorphic phase"

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Jadzyn, Jan, Christian Legrand, B. Zywucki, Grzegorz Czechowski, and Roman S. Dabrowski. "Dielectric relaxation in isotropic phase of mesomorphic n-TPEB's." In Liquid and Solid State Crystals: Physics, Technology, and Applications, edited by Jozef Zmija. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.156978.

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Shimizu, Yo, and Taizo Higashiyama. "Effect of mesomorphic phase transitions on absorption and fluorescence spectra of long-chain tetraphenylporphyrin." In Liquid Crystals, edited by Marzena Tykarska, Roman S. Dabrowski, and Jerzy Zielinski. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.301320.

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Gasowska, J., W. Drzewinski, Roman S. Dabrowski, Jan Przedmojski, Krzysztof L. Czuprynski, K. Kenig, and Marzena Tykarska. "Synthesis and mesomorphic properties of esters with swallow type terminal chain and their ability to enhance or induce anticlinic phases." In XIV Conference on Liquid Crystals, Chemistry, Physics, and Applications, edited by Jolanta Rutkowska, Stanislaw J. Klosowicz, and Jerzy Zielinski. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.472188.

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João Pereira Neto, Maria, and Maria Inês Leal. "Genderless Fashion Design: from binary fashion to bio-segmentation. Body biotypes and somatotypes as main bases to inclusive fashion design." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001870.

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In this moment in history, products cannot only be about aesthetics, quality, and fabrics.The design process begins long before the idealization of a creation and its mandatory for professionals and brands to comprehend the weight of values,content and concept to the user, and use them to express and educate all consumeers. This paper aims to recognize, clarify, and document the specific subject of bio-segmentation: body somatotypes and biotypes, as the new base of construction in fashion design, instead of basing it in binary genders. For this, mind mapping, brainstorming organization charts, observation, stakeholder maps and surveys will be used to help in the structuring of this paper.Somatotypes are the three types of bodies that everybody has, women and men: ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph. Ectomorph is the leaner somatotype, with a light and narrow bone structure.Mesomorph is the athletic one, men with inverted triangle biotypes, and women with hourglass biotypes are usually in this category. Lastly, the endomorph somatotype, is the most common one, has a slow metabolic system propitious to fat increase. As to biotypes, there is six female ones (triangle, rectangle, diamond, oval, inverted triangle, and hourglass), and five male ones (triangle, rectangle, trapeze, oval, and inverted triangle), from which four match, meaning that there are only seven in total to build the segmentation system form.Gender issues, genderless fashion design, sustainability, inclusion, and ethics are some themes of relevance to new generations, and it is imperative to find new ways to stop them from remaining social stigmas. So,we suggest a new segmentation method that divides fashion and patterns through biotypes and somatotypes. It is also a goal to try to understand and predict how to reinvent design to fit this ideal and which are the essential modifications that need to be do be done the current design production, making this issue a relevant phase of the design process.We aim to promote some relevant research, helping genderless fashion to become a viable way for brands to stop making binary divisions, boosting the end of acceptance of sexist social norms and culture as well as the stigmatization of gender issues.We hope, that after this purpose is accomplished the real meaning of freedom will be achievable in clothing and fashion.
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