Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mésoderme de la tête'
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Meister, Blanco Lydvina. "La somitogénèse chez les chordés et l’apparition de la tête chez les vertébrés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS144.
Full textA central question in the evolutionary history of vertebrates is to understand the origin of their complex head. The emergence of new head structures, such as neural crest cells, has already been extensively studied. However, how the unsegmented mesoderm of the head in vertebrates emerged from a fully segmented mesoderm remains an unresolved question. Because of their phylogenetic position, morphological, developmental, and genomic characteristics, cephalochordates (i.e., amphioxus) represent the best existing proxy for the ancestor of chordates. Furthermore, amphioxus has a fully segmented paraxial mesoderm, a feature proposed as ancestral. Comparing somitogenesis between amphioxus and vertebrates could resolve the question of how the unsegmented mesoderm of the vertebrate head evolved. Work in our laboratory has shown the central role of FGF signaling, via the MAPK pathway, in the formation of the most anterior somites in amphioxus. Inhibition of this signaling pathway during gastrulation induces a specific loss of these structures. In order to understand the fate of the presumptive anterior paraxial mesoderm after inhibition of FGF signaling, I analyzed the expression of different marker genes, performed cell tracing of this territory, and finally implemented morphological analyses. We concluded that this territory acquires an anterior dorsal axial fate during gastrulation when the FGF signal is inhibited and that the corresponding cells subsequently integrate the notochord. The morphological study of the notochord in these treated embryos allows us to propose a hypothesis for the appearance of the prechordal plate. For the second part of my PhD, studies had previously shown that the formation of the anterior and posterior somites relies on the function of transcription factors (Six1/2 and Pax3/7) orthologous to major players in the formation of trunk muscles in vertebrates. In addition, genes primarily involved in the formation of head mesoderm and lateral mesoderm in vertebrates are expressed in the ventral part of amphioxus somites. Based on these data, it was proposed that the vertebrate head mesoderm is homologous to the ventral part of amphioxus somites. On the one hand, I analyzed in amphioxus the expression of genes known to play a role in the development of lateral mesoderm derivatives in vertebrates. On the other hand, I showed that cis-regulatory sequences of some amphioxus genes expressed in ventral somites direct the expression of a reporter gene in the head and in lateral mesoderm derivatives in the vertebrate zebrafish. In conclusion, these results improve the robustness of our hypothesis proposing homology between vertebrate lateral/head mesoderm and the ventral region of amphioxus somites
Grimaldi, Alexandre. "Fondements régulatoires de la diversité des muscles faciaux : origines développementales de la résilience musculaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS244.pdf.
Full textSkeletal muscles are found throughout the body and they display a surprising level of heterogeneity in properties and function. For example, some muscles are specifically susceptible to diseases, and some have better regenerative potential or different metabolic capacities. Diversity is also found during embryonic development where myogenic and non-myogenic cells establish the musculoskeletal system. The head and neck are comprised of a wide variety of muscles that perform essential functions such as feeding, breathing and vocalising, yet little is known about craniofacial muscle biology. Novel structures are associated with the emergence of neural crest cells (NCC) which give rise to most craniofacial connective tissue, cartilage and bone and are crucial for muscle morphogenesis. However, some cranial muscles are deprived of NCC, and it is unclear how myogenic and non-myogenic cells contribute to those domains. This thesis provides evidence demonstrating that upstream progenitors redirect from the myogenic program to give rise to the muscle-associated connective tissue that supports the formation of muscular structures. We employed unbiased and lineage-restricted single-cell RNAseq using different mouse transgenic lines at distinct embryonic stages, in situ labelling, and new analytical methods, and show that bipotent progenitors expressing the muscle determination gene Myf5 give rise to skeletal muscle and anatomically associated connective tissue in distinct muscle groups spatiotemporally. Notably, this property was restricted to muscles with only partial contribution from NCCs suggesting that in their absence, the balance of myogenic and connective tissue cells is undertaken by somite-derived or cranial-derived mesoderm. This transition is characterised by a complementarity of tyrosine kinase receptor signalling between muscle and non-muscle cells, as well as distinct regulatory modules. Cranial muscles also originate from different lineages that involve the activity of specific gene regulatory cascades. Here, we used an all-inclusive unbiased approach to uncover specific regulatory modules that underlie different myogenic cell populations in the head and across multiple developmental stages. Some of these unique “genetic birthmarks” are specific transcription factors, and are retained in adult muscle stem cells pointing to their potential importance is delivering the unique properties that have been reported for different muscle stem cell populations. Finally, these studies employ novel computational methods that benefit from the latest algorithmic advancements and they provide prospects for the discovery of new biological processes from high throughput data
Le, roux Agnès. "Ordonnancement de rendez-vous en tête à tête." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMNA0182/document.
Full textOne-to-one meeting scheduling problems are problems where a population of actors want to meet each other during short time slots that take place in a single session. In this thesis, we reference several applications of this type of problems found in the literature and introduce a notation extending the well-known scheduling notation α|β|γ. We are particularly interested in a case in which two distinct populations meet, participants may arrive late and some meetings are forbidden. The objective is to minimize the maximum number of participants waiting slots. First, we study the complexity of these problems: we show that several cases with no forbidden meeting are polynomial and that the general case is NP-complete in the strong sense. We then propose lower bounds. After that, we develop several resolution methods. Integer linear programming models and a constraint programming model are developed. To limit the solution space, we add dominance rules based on symmetries to these methods. Finally, we present a limited discrepancy search (i.e. an approximate method based on the exploration of a truncated tree search). In this method, we use as much as possible the symmetry properties of the problem to facilitate the convergence to a good solution. All these methods are tested and compared on a set of 300 randomly generated instances from realistic parameters
Guilló, Anna. "Tête-à-tête : pour (ou contre) une herméneutique plastique de l'oeuvre d'art." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010639.
Full textDesbiens, Xavier. "Etude expérimentale des interactions ecto-mésodermiques impliquées dans l'organogenèse squelettique du bourgeon de membre embryonnaire de souris en culture in vitro." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10205.
Full textHamade, Aline. "Etude du rôle de l'acide retinoïque au cours du developpement musculaire chez les vertébrés." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20066.
Full textCollardeau, Olivier. "Ostéonécrose de la tête fémorale et grossesse." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25106.
Full textGrimaud, Régis. "Assemblage de la tête du bactériophage µ." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10060.
Full textMounet, Catherine. "Rapprochement des richesses par tête : Convergence ou rattrapage ?" Université de Limoges, 2001. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/1890db15-d751-4bd1-be49-3e790e41963d/blobholder:0/2001LIMO0487.pdf.
Full textEcochard, Vincent. "Contribution à l'étude moléculaire de l'organisateur de Spemann chez Xenopus laevis." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30288.
Full textBlanchard, Nicolas. "Contribution à l'étude tribologique du contact tête magnétique-bande." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECDL0057.
Full textCollot, Romain. "Etude d’une tête de réception hyperfréquence en technologie supraconductrice." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT043.
Full textInformation and telecommunication Software Defined Radio (SDR) systems are mainly based on digital techniques, which enable to easily reconfigure them, in terms of frequency, bandwidth and modulation techniques. They can process the information entirely in a digital way, by directly sampling the input RF signal and require analog-to-digital converters with strong performances. Indeed, SDR systems have to work at sampling frequencies of several tens of GHz, with large bandwidths and a suitable resolution ($geq$ 10 bits). Rapid-Single-Flux-Quantum logic (RSFQ) seems to be an interesting solution to design such systems. This technology can reach clock frequencies of several hundreds of GHz with a power consumption of only 100 nW per logic gate. This work deals with the design of a superconductive RF front-end receiver based on RSFQ technology. The study of the different parts of the chain was done, such as the analog-to-digital converter and the signal processing part of the digital signal. Experimental results confirm that all simple RSFQ cells work with correct margins. Complex circuits work with more difficulty, raising the issue of the sensitivity of RSFQ cells to external magnetic disturbances. This point was studied on basic RSFQ cicuits and shows that a magnetic field of about 10 $mu$T is sufficient to spoil the operation of the circuit. Moreover, a solution to take into account magnetic effects in the simulation of the circuits was developed and experimentally validated on a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID)
Blanchard, Lyse. "L'homme désespécé - tête et corps - : ensemble d'une picturalité organique." Thesis, Amiens, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AMIE0003.
Full textThis doctoral dissertation aims at renewing the exploration of the major questions in the history of our representations. It adopts an evolutionary perspective on topics such as art and anatomy.The art of the body and the art of the face of men and animals, having both lost any resemblance to their species are perceived only through their painful and fragile skins: they have become “désespécé”, to quote Beckett; a reference that takes on its meaning from a plastic perspective.My work consists in a puzzle of organs and bones, "heaps" that come alive through organology, an irrational or unreasonable science under my brush that has no preconceived idea of what it will ultimately become. What best expresses the fate of a body, its limits, its modulations? Only the raw material can provide an answer. The only means of creating a tension between the written and the painted things to make them come to life.The path of the “désespécé” man goes through these warlike lands whose pictorial echoes the artist was able to capture. Men and animals left footprints which were then printed in the canvas to keep alive that memory. From howling popes to grieving choirboys, the next step were these broken faces. A universal human being bringing together such disciplines as history, art and surgery
Eloy-Trinquet, Sophie. "Bases cellulaires de la formation du système musculaire chez la souris : une analyse clonale rétrospective utilisant la méthode LaacZ." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066121.
Full textSarès, Frédéric Christophe Alain. "Du contrôle de la tête au contrôle de la main : études en environnement gravito-inertiel." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22081.
Full textChal, Jérôme. "Développement du mésoderme paraxial chez les vertébrés : établissement d’un système d’étude du mésoderme paraxial à partir de cellules souches embryonnaires et rôle de la protocadhérine Papc (Pcdh8) comme effecteur de la segmentation." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066421.
Full textThe establishment of the segmented body plan of vertebrates, which can be visualized at the level of the spine, occurs during early embryogenesis. Segments, termed somites, are formed periodically from the paraxial presomitic mesoderm (PSM). The understanding of first, the molecular mechanisms leading to PSM specification, and second, the somite morphogenesis, is essential for understanding how segments are formed. In a first project, I established an embryonic stem-cell-based paraxial mesoderm differentiation system. For this purpose, I generated a transgenic ES cell line containing a fluorescent reporter driven by Mesogenin (Msgn) promoter, a gene expressed specifically in the PSM. This system is a powerful tool that allows the effect of various signaling pathways on paraxial mesoderm specification to be quantified. In a second project, I identified and studied the function of two protocadherins, Papc (Pcdh8) and Pcdh19, in the control of somite morphogenesis in chick and mouse embryos. Using in vivo functional approaches, I characterized the modalities of the cellular function of Papc; in particular, I tested the hypothesis of a local action on cellular adhesion via N-cadherin modulation at the level of the presumptive somite boundary. As a conclusion, we propose that Papc is an effector of somite morphogenesis downstream of the segmentation clock and determination front systems
Duclos, Thierry. "Hémangioendothéliosarcome de la tête et du cou du sujet âgé." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON11112.
Full textBauer, Denis. "Contribution à l'étude d'un système de visualisation tête haute panoramique." Mulhouse, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MULH0399.
Full textSouchon, Fréderic. "Tribologie d'un enregistreur magnétique hélicoidal : Contact tête silicium / bande magnétique." Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0015.
Full textA new silicon integrated head has been developed to achieve high density tape recording. Head to tape spacing and gap height must be especially as small as possible. Tribologicaly, these magnetic conditions require to ensure the contact between head and tape while controlling the degradations. The study of these tribological functions is tackled by a phenomena approach in which statistical experimental design are used rather than by a completely parametric approach. In tribology, a parametric approach limits often the range of extrapolations and the research of solutions. Consequently, the dynamic of head/tape contact behaviour is reconstructed according to the contribution of each element of the triplet by means of head and tape observations (optical profiler and atomic force microscope), tape deformation measurement (laser vibrometer), surface analysis (XPS and AES characterisations). The results show that the contact conditions are imposed by : global solicitations on a large scale by the helical system, and local sollicitations on a small scale by the head and its housing. Physically, these solicitations are materialised by a tent effect which determines the local conditions of contact. This work allows to distinguish for each degradation the contributions due to bodies in contact from those due to contact conditions. These degradations are the result of particles detachment caused by velocity accommodation mechanisms by shearing. For the head, this accommodation leads to a superficial tribological transformation governed by a third body. This third body comes from the tape. Once the phenomena are understood, the convergence of tribological and magnetic conditions is achieved to optimize the head degradations
Moungondo, Fabian. "Biomécanique du coude normal et après arthroplastie de tête radiale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/311630/9/Annexe3.pdf.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Kubwimana, Thierry. "Simulation de l'écoulement atmosphérique au voisinage d'une tête de tunnel." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEC023.
Full textThe design of a mechanical ventilation system in a tunnel requires to identify all the physical phenomena involved in the movement of the air in the tunnel. That is in order to establish the necessary ventilation capacities with regard to regulatory objectives. Atmospheric effects feature among the mechanisms likely to generate overpressures or depressions near the openings of a tunnel and consequently to induce or to modify the airflow established inside. This research work intends to contribute to a better understanding as well as a better consideration of the external atmospheric effects in tunnel ventilation studies.Experimental and numerical modeling have been completed. Wind tunnel tests were carried out in the atmospheric wind tunnel of the École Centrale de Lyon and used different techniques (PIV, hot wire anemometry, micromanometer) to measure the mean and turbulent statistics of the atmospheric flow in the vicinity of a tunnel. Time averaged (RANS) and filtered (LES) turbulence models were also used to simulate the atmospheric flow around a tunnel.The suitable representation of the unsteady turbulent atmospheric flow at the inlet of an LES computational domain remains an issue. During this work, we implemented a synthetic turbulence generator in the CFD code Fluent and, through comparison with experimental data, derived the optimal setup for the simulation of a fully rough atmospheric boundary layer.Thereafter, two tunnel configurations were studied by numerical and experimental means. In a first series of tests, the pressure field at the front section of a rectangular cavity was studied. The comparisons between the different approaches highlighted the influence of the geometry of the tunnel and the arrangement of the surrounding urban-like environment, as well as a better performance of the LES model in the description the turbulent flow. And in a second series of tests, we got closer to a realistic configuration and instrumented an open tunnel in which we could create an airflow directed towards the outside or the inside of the structure. The results showed a significant interaction between the atmospheric boundary layer and the three-dimensional wall jet from the tunnel
Dominguez, Noémie. "Internationalisation des PME et déploiement des stratégies tête-de-pont." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30025/document.
Full textInternationalization represents a challenge for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) allowing them to access new markets and accelerate their growth. This research focuses on the implementation of gateway strategies, defined as the decision to establish a subsidiary abroad in order to access neighbouring markets. We refer to the literature related to SMEs’ internationalization – more specifically the processual and born global approaches – and to location strategies. The empirical study is twofold: (1) an exploratory phase concerning 18 SMEs identified through manufacturing SMEs located in the Rhône-Alpes region with at least one subsidiary abroad, (2) a multiple case study developed with five of them. We conducted 66 interviews and five non-participant observations. Our results show that the implementation of gateway strategies can be explained by motivations linked to companies, networks and gateway and target countries. We highlight the main actions developed as well as difficulties faced by SMEs using this type of approach. Our research emphasizes the key role of individuals and networks, as well as the existence of four main stages of implementation: (1) sporadic exports to target countries, (2) the analysis of target markets, (3) the harmonization of administrative procedures and information systems, (4) the increase of local commitment. Gateway strategies can facilitate foreign market entries while limiting the commitment of resources and exposure to risks. They represent a new form of internationalization allowing SMEs to value their assets in mature and emerging countries
Sere, Amidou. "Ouvrages renforcés par géotextiles chargés en tête : Comportement et dimensionnement." Phd thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ENPC9512.
Full textThe use of geotextiles to reinforce soils has enabled this technique to be adopted for a wide variety of applications, where economical solutions can be reached for permanent earth retaining structures. The technique of geotextiles reinforced soils can be extended, from technical and practical point of view, to earth structures used as bridge abutment. However the behaviour of such structures, particularly the behaviour at failure remained up now relative unknown. In this thesis work, the behaviour of a non woven geotextile reinforced full scale test wall with numerous measuring elements was studied. The test wall was loaded to failure under incremental vertical loading applied on top. Thereafter a parametric study of the loading on top was achieved with five model test walls in the centrifuge to collect more informations concerning the behaviour at failure. The measurement results obtained during the construction and the loading to failure of the full scale test wall and during the parametric study with the model walls on centrifuge gave a better understanding of the behaviour of such structures and have schown that it is possible to analyse correctly the observed behaviour during the tests on the basis of common calculations at limit equilibrium
Sere, Amidou. "Ouvrages renforcés par géotextiles chargés en tête : comportement et dimensionnement." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529482.
Full textYvernogeau, Laurent. "Etude ontogénique des lignages endothélial, musculaire lisse et musculaire squelettique de souris." Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT2047.
Full textThe aim of our study was to evaluate the contribution of the para-axial mesoderm to endothelial and muscular cell development during mouse embryogenesis. The Mouse-Chick chimera constitutes an excellent tool to evaluate, in vivo, presomitic mesoderm behavior. We showed that the first cells that differentiate from the presomitic mesoderm are of an endothelial cell type. They participate in dorsal aorta remodeling and the establishment of the vessel wall of the body at the same time as epaxial myogenesis. Heterospecific grafts combined with limb bud retro-grafting on chorio-allantoic membrane allowed us to determine that endothelial progenitors migration toward the limb bud occurred simultaneously to its development (i. E. 15 somite stage). In contrast, myogenic progenitors only start to migrate from 21 somite stage. All our observations, concomitant with the study of Pax3-GFP and Flk1-LacZ mouse mutants demonstrate that, in the mouse embryo, endothelial and skeletal or smooth muscular lineages take place independently. Interestingly, our results suggest that if the smooth musculature of the trunk originates from the presomitic mesoderm, that of the limb bud is probably derived from the somatopleural mesoderm and would not depend on Flk1 expression
Lebaal, Nadhir. "Optimisation de la tête d'extrusion pour la fabrication de pièces thermoplastiques." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00343764.
Full textUne procédure d'optimisation, basée sur la méthode de surface de réponse, a été proposée. Celle-ci nous a permis de résoudre un problème d'optimisation implicite dont l'évaluation des fonctions est très coûteuse en temps de calcul. Pour cela, toutes les fonctions sont écrites sous une forme explicite en utilisant soit l'approximation diffuse ou l'interpolation Krigeage. Compte tenu de la présence des contraintes non linéaires, un algorithme itératif de type SQP, a été utilisé. Pour localiser l'optimum global avec précision et à moindre coût, une procédure d'échantillonnage auto adaptatif de l'espace de recherche a été appliquée et plusieurs stratégies permettant de réactualiser les approximations et le point initial ont été adoptées.
Dans la première étape l'objectif était d'identifier le comportement rhéologique d'une matière plastique en production. La comparaison avec des mesures en rhéométrie capillaire nous a permis de vérifier la pertinence des paramètres rhéologique obtenus par optimisation.
Les résultats de trois autres applications mettent en évidence l'intérêt de l'optimisation des paramètres géométriques et opératoires du procédé d'extrusion.
Une filière optimisée numériquement pour une gamme différente de polymère a été réalisée et une comparaison expérimentale a permis de valider toute la procédure de simulation et d'optimisation mise en place. Les résultats expérimentaux et de simulations montrent une bonne homogénéisation de la répartition des vitesses à la sortie de la filière optimale pour une gamme très large de débits et pour différents polymères.
Amrhar, Jamal. "Synthèse et études physicochimiques de tensioactifs zwitterioniques à tête polaire rigide." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10217.
Full textMarjoux, Daniel. "Mécanismes de lésion de la tête humaine en situation de choc." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/MARJOUX_Daniel_2006.pdf.
Full textRaul, Jean-Sébastien. "Applications des modèles éléments finis de la tête en médecine légale." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/RAUL_Jean-Sebastien_2007.pdf.
Full textBiasutto-Lervat, Théo. "Modélisation de la coarticulation multimodale : vers l'animation d'une tête parlante intelligible." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0019.
Full textThis thesis deals with neural network based coarticulation modeling, and aims to synchronize facial animation of a 3D talking head with speech. Predicting articulatory movements is not a trivial task, as it is well known that production of a phoneme is greatly affected by its phonetic context, a phoneme called coarticulation. We propose in this work a coarticulation model, i.e. a model able to predict spatial trajectories of articulators from speech. We rely on a sequential model, the recurrent neural networks, and more specifically the Gated Recurrent Units, which are able to consider the articulation dynamic as a central component of its modeling. Unfortunately, the typical amount of data in articulatory and audiovisual databases seems to be quite low for a deep learning approach. To overcome this difficulty, we propose to integrate articulatory knowledge into the networks during its initialization. The RNNs robustness allow uw to apply our coarticulation model to predict both face and tongue movements, in french and german for the face, and in english and german for the tongue. Evaluation has been conducted through objective measures of the trajectories, and through experiments to ensure a complete reach of critical articulatory targets. We also conducted a subjective evaluation to attest the perceptual quality of the predicted articulation once applied to our facial animation system. Finally, we analyzed the model after training to explore phonetic knowledges learned
Cohen-Lhyver, Benjamin. "Modulation de mouvements de tête pour l'analyse multimodale d'un environnement inconnu." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066574/document.
Full textThe exploration of an unknown environement by a mobile robot is a vast research domain aiming at understanding and implementing efficient, fast and relevant exploration models. However, since the 80s, exploration is no longer restricted to the sole determination of topography a space: to the spatial component has been coupled a semantic one of the explored world. Indeed, in addition to the physical characteristics of the environment — walls, obstacles, usable paths or not, entrances and exits — allowing the robot to create its own internal representation of the world through which it can move in it, exist dynamic components such as the apparition of audiovisual events. These events are of high importance for they can modulate the robot's behavior through their location in space — topographic aspect — and the information they carry — semantic aspect. Although impredictible by nature (since the environment is unknown) all these events are not of equal importance: some carry valuable information for the robot's exploration task, some don't. Following the work on intrinsic motivations to explore an unknown environment, and being rooted in neurological phenomenons, this thesis work consisted in the elaboration of the Head Turning Modulation (HTM) model aiming at giving to a robot capable of head movements, the ability to determine the relative importance of the apparition of an audioivsual event. This "importance" has been formalized through the notion of Congruence which is mainly inspired from (i) Shannon's entropy, (ii) the Mismatch Negativity phenomenon, and (iii) the Reverse Hierarchy Theory. The HTM model, created within the Two!Ears european project, is a learning paradigm based on (i) an auto-supervision (the robot decides when it is necessary or not to learn), (ii) a real-time constraint (the robot learns and reacts as soon as data is perceived), and (iii) an absence of prior knowledge about the environment (there is no "truth" to learn, only the reality of the environment to explore). This model, integrated in the overal Two!Ears framework, has been entirely implemented in a mobile robot with binocular vision and binaural audition. The HTM model thus gather the traditional approach of ascending analysis of perceived signals (extraction of caracteristics, visual or audio recognition etc.) to a descending approach that enables, via motor actions generation in order to deal with perception deficiency (such as visual occlusion), to understand and interprete the audiovisual environment of the robot. This bottom-up/top-down active approach is then exploited to modulate the head movements of a humanoid robot and to study the impact of the Congruence on these movements. The system has been evaluated via realistic simulations, and in real conditions, on the two robotic platforms of the Two!Ears project
Mathieu, Juliette. "Régulation de la formation du mésoderme et de la ligne médiane chez le poisson zèbre." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066253.
Full textBrouzes, Eric. "Morpho-transduction du gène twist lors de l'invagination du mésoderme dans l'embryon de Drosophila melanogaster." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077027.
Full textDriquez, Benjamin. "Régulation mécano-transductionnelle des invaginations du mésoderme et de l’endoderme postérieur de l’embryon de Drosophile." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T086/document.
Full textDuring Drosophila gastrulation, two waves of constriction occur in the apical ventral cells, leading to mesoderm invagination. The first constriction wave is a stochastic process mediated by the constriction of 40% of randomly positioned mesodermal cells and is controlled by the transcription factor Snail.The second constriction wave immediately follows and involves the other 60% of the mesodermal cells. The second wave is controlled by the transcription factor Twist and requires the secreted protein Fog. It is known that Snail mutation lead to the loss of the two constriction phases but a mechanical poking on the mesoderm cells can rescue de second phase of Twist dependent constriction. The interactions between the two constriction phases, la secreted protein Fog and the molecular motor Myosin II with a numerical simulation. The posterior endoderm invagination that presents similarities with mesoderm invagination have been study, as well as the interaction between them. Finally with an other numerical simulation, the hypothesis of an induced invagination on a primitive mechanosensible organism ( the HAECKEL grastrae ) on the contact with the oceanic floor has been tested
Manceau, Marie. "Régulation moléculaire de la croissance musculaire chez l'embryon de poulet." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX22057.
Full textDe, Bono Christopher. "Investigation of mechanisms regulating second heart field progenitor cell addition to alternate poles of the mouse heart and the regulation of myogenic fate in cardiopharyngeal mesoderm." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0436/document.
Full textIn vertebrates, the embryonic heart tube grows by addition of Second Heart Field (SHF) progenitor cells from cardiopharyngeal mesoderm (CPM) to both the arterial and venous poles. Perturbation of this process results in a failure of maximal heart tube elongation and a spectrum of congenital heart defects. Distinct anterior and posterior SHF subpopulations contribute to right ventricular and outflow tract myocardium at the arterial pole and atrial myocardium at the venous pole, respectively. However, clonal retrospective analysis, genetic lineage and DiI labelling experiments have shown that a common progenitor population in the posterior CPM contributes to both subpulmonary arterial and venous pole myocardium. My project investigated the mechanisms regulating the contribution of SHF cells to alternate cardiac poles. I showed that the murine homologue of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome gene Tbx1 is required for posterior SHF cells addition to the venous pole and subsequent atrioventricular septation, in addition to outflow tract development. I also demonstrated a retinoic acid (RA) signaling dependent activation of Tbx5 in Tbx1 expressing posterior SHF cells necessary for atrioventricular septation. This is followed by a Tbx1 and Tbx5 dependent downregulation of the anterior SHF program resulting in the formation of a sharp boundary between arterial and venous pole progenitor populations. RA is also required for branchiomeric neck skeletal muscle development, including the trapezius that is clonally related to the venous pole of the heart and originates in the posterior CPM. RA is thus required for development of divergent myogenic cell fates within the posterior CPM
Mbodj, Abibatou. "Modelisation logique de la differentiation du mesoderme chez Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4085.
Full textDuring the past decades, experimental approaches have allowed us to gain important insights in developmental biology, and led to the delineation of complex regulatory networks controlling developmental processes. Currently, our understanding of these networks is hindered by their sheer complexity. Mathematical modelling is increasingly used to integrate regulatory pathways and predict the effects of genetic perturbations. My thesis focuses on the development of the specification of the mesoderm in Drosophila melanogaster. Its development results in the formation of different tissues segmentally iterated: the visceral muscle, the heart, the somatic muscle, and the fat body. My first goal was to build a network model recapitulating the specification of these 4 mesodermal tissues during stages 8 to 10. Then, focusing on heart development, my second aim was to build a network model recapitulating contractile cardiac cell (cardioblast) diversification during stages 10 to 12. To understand these complementary processes, I was further led to model the signalling pathways that play important roles in mesoderm and cardioblast development. I rely on a combination of published genetic data and high- throughput analyses (ChIP-chip, ChiP-seq, transcriptome) to delineate and annotate comprehensive regulatory graphs for each of these networks or pathways. Using a logical formalism and the GINsim software, I have further defined logical rules enabling the simulation of wild type and mutant behaviours for each of this networks or pathways. By and large, my model simulations recapitulate all relevant published data
Jackall, Yuriko. "Les têtes d’expression du peintre Jean-Baptiste Greuze (1725-1805)." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20045.
Full textThe thesis examines the painter Jean-Baptiste Greuze’s expressive heads. It argues that the artist, frequently described both as a « painter of nature » and a « painter of expression », found himself expected to reconcile the ephemeral and tangible characteristics expected of genre painting and portraits with the more temporal ones implied by the rendering of expression, a major element in the construction of narrative in academic painting and theory. In response to the inherent tension amongst the identities variously foisted upon him, Greuze concentrated increasingly upon the isolated the human face. Initially, he did this by consistently drawing attention to the protagonists in his multi-figural paintings; later, he went as far as to create small-scale painted depictions of individual heads. Greuze evidently sought to confer these latter works with an independent status and identity, reinforcing their material qualities through his choice of technique and support as well as through the replication and repetition of motifs from one painting to the next. As a result, his isolated heads become shorthand allusions that recall and engage overarching themes throughout his oeuvre. The artist’s female heads, one of the least understood and most denigrated aspects of his production, are of particular interest. The softer emotions that they evoke seem designed to appeal to the spectator’s imagination. Accordingly, it is here that Greuze's artistic experimentation within his head studies comes entirely to the fore. Finally, the thesis examines Greuze’s continuing influence into the early nineteenth century and argues for his role in the creation of a wide-reaching vogue for isolated heads and, on a more fundamental level, his lasting impact on shaping a changing discourse around the notion of expression
Robert, Vincent. "Modélisation de la coarticulation labiale: mise en œuvre sur une tête parlante." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00579879.
Full textLavie, Thomas. "Optimisation de la lubrification des paliers de tête de bielle : démarche méthodologique." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2298/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is to propose a structured approach of the study of the lubricated connection between the conrod and the crankshaft. Although this source of energy loss is not the most significant one, improving this contact remains a challenging task for engine manufacturers. The anti-pollution standards imposed on automakers are increasingly stringent, an effort must be made on all components in order to significantly reduce energy loss in the engines. The current trend is to decrease the viscosity of thelubricant, however, it is not without consequences for the connections health. The proposed approach, which relies on a TEHD software is to use the design of experiments method to create surrogates of both power loss and severity for the treated case. A multi-objective optimization (power loss and severity) by evolutionary algorithm and using the surrogates, is then performed to determine the right combination of factors that provides the best compromise with respect to these two objectives. The proposed methodology is relevant because simple analytical models replace very favorably time consuming TEHD calculations.To validate the evaluation of power loss calculated with the TEHD software, a numerical/experimental comparison is performed on a test bench which reproduces the real operating conditions of the connecting rods
Gravel, Karine. "Manger avec sa tête ou selon ses sens : Perceptions et comportements alimentaires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30068/30068.pdf.
Full textWhile the prevalence of obesity has increased in the population, the thin-idealization can lead to concerns about body weight. Dieting is a common practice, especially among women. Even if a small weight loss has positive effects in the short term on obesity-related problems, success of energy-restricted diets is negligible over the long term. Losing weight is not without consequence, since some physiological adaptations can occur and persist over time, and may promote weight regain after diet-induced weight loss. One psychological consequence of dieting may be described as the perceived deprivation related to cognitive restraint, i.e. feeling of not eating what or as much as one would like. Energy-restricted diet and restrictive approach to lose weight show limits and this fact leads to consider effective alternatives in the long term. It is in this context that the work of the present thesis has been conducted, through: 1) an experimental study among 352 men and women; and 2) a randomized clinical trial among 50 restrained women. The first study focused on the cognitive perceptions of foods and the purposes were to investigate the impact of nutrition claims on food perceptions and intake, as well as the influence of gender, body weight and the level of restrained eating on these variables. The results showed that nutrition claims were effective in changing perceived “healthiness” and “fatteningness” of a food, but these changes in perceptions did not translate into a change in the food behaviors, as measured by food intake. The second study focused on the sensory perceptions of food and the purposes were to investigate whether a sensory-based intervention can influence eating-related attitudes and behaviors, reliance on physical signals for hunger and satiety, as well as the number and the type of terms used to describe a food. The results have shown that the sensory intervention has improved some eating-related attitudes and behaviors, without exacerbating other undesirable behaviors such as restrained eating. Then, the sensory-based intervention has also helped restrained women to be more objective about food, which may facilitate a more intuitive approach to eating. The results of this work suggest that the cognitive dimension of food should not be overrated at the expense of the sensory dimension.
Gosselin, Anne-Valérie. "Angiosarcome de la tête et du cou (A propos de cinq cas)." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR23008.
Full textRives, Patrick. "Le traitement chirurgical des néoplasies de la tête du pancréas par DPC." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON11017.
Full textVitasse, Manuel. "Conception d'une nouvelle tête d'impression pour la réalisation de biopuces à l'ADN." Metz, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2007/Vitasse.Manuel.SMZ0706.pdf.
Full textThis work is focused on the design and fabrication of a new print head for biological sample deposition to elaborate DNA biochips. Biochips allow to analyse and to detect thousands of DNA samples (or proteins) in few hours. Biochips fabrication consists in arranging biological samples in form of spots on a solid substrate forming a microarray. Among current fabrications techniques, pin microarrayer is a simple and versatile recognized process. This process is based on direct contact between thin pins and the biochip support. The deposition is made through capillary forces. We propose two mechanical solutions for the improvement of the production performances in term of production time, flexibility and precision, in correspondence with the evolution of biological analysis methods. The first consists in compliant mechanism design for pin guiding. It makes it possible to offer an accurate positioning of each print pin and increases touching force control during spot deposition operation. Low space is available for each flexible guiding and we propose a new flexible structure. The second solution is selecting pins at each printing operation by up-and-down movement of pins. Proposed print head has 1536 pins. Operations of printing are decreased and vertical displacements of pins are reduced productivity is significantly increased. Reliability and flexibility are significantly improved. Shape memory alloy microactuators are developed for pin selection
Ritter, Xavier. "Modélisation de la distribution d'un moteur à arbre à cames en tête." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0002/these.pdf.
Full textA model of the valve train, for an engine with an overhead camshaft, is made in order to determine at what engine speed an unacceptable valve bounce occurs. This model is validated using tests made on various types of valve train. Comparison between tests and calculations allows defining the most important components for dynamics, and defining the way to develop the model. First, a one degree of freedom model is done. This model is improved by a model of the valve spring, with several mass for each coil, and contacts between coils. The finger follower and the hydraulic lash adjuster are also modelled. This last model is created using a specific test on the hydraulic lash adjuste
Jubin, Philippe. "L'élève tête-à-claques : étude d'un échec dans la relation maître-élève." Paris 8, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA080183.
Full textBased upon an opinion which is commonly found in schools, the study analyses the special situation in which a teacher finds himself when he is exasperated to such a point with a pupil that he resorts to physical violence. The phenomenon of the "little brat" became apparent though dialogue with teachers. Non-directive interviews and questionnaires were used. Rather than studying the actual behavior of the student or adult, emphasis was placed on how the teacher perceived the child's behavior. The analysis of the interviews reveals the basis and consequences of acts of violence by the teacher. It stresses the interpretation that he receives from the child, and which cause him, the teacher, to lose control. The accompanying anger is experienced as a failure. By rejecting "the little brat" the teacher wants to brush aside an intolerable aspect of his role. This is composed of a helplessness to act, a lack of self-control, a desire to destroy the other and also the pleasure he may find in using physical violence on the student. The survey goes beyond individual case studies and reveals certain constants that were established statistically as well as correlation between them. The results show that social bias, such as the socio-cultural origins of student, may contribute to the negative image formed by the teacher
Robert, Vincent. "Modélisation de la coarticulation labiale : mise en oeuvre sur une tête parlante." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10077/document.
Full textThis thesis comes within the scope of talking heads. We are particularly interested in the prediction of labial and jaw coarticulation movements. After analyzing intra and inter speaker variability using two corpora, we defined a prediction algorithm for anticipatory coarticulation based on phonetic rules which takes into account interactions between articulators. We then proposed a solution to estimate labial and jaw movements using a one speaker corpus. It consists in concatenating elementary VC...CV sequences selected by our prediction algorithm and either extracted from the corpus or rebuilt by completion. We modeled articulatory movements using sigmoids which offer the advantage of considerably reducing the model size and which are adaptable to speaking rate or articulatory strategies. Additionally, sigmoids are able to keep distinctive contrasts between neighboring segments as well as intrinsic characteristics of the sounds. With the aim of estimating the quality of our synthesis process, we measured differences between real and predicted data for all the sentences of the corpus et we compared our solution with Cohen and Massaro 's algorithm. It turns out that our solution is better for specific VCCV sequences in which anticipation is more complex
Allaria, Camille. "La prison dans la tête : la surveillance électronique des condamnés à domicile." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE2035.
Full textWhat's the fate of penal sanction when digital imprisonment (digital capture of the monitored persons) is replacing physical imprisonment (the prisoner's cell's walls vanish)? This issue is addressed through on an ethnographic survey (interviews, observations, transcribing phone discussions between remote surveillants and other institutions) held at the remote surveillance center of Les Baumettes in Marseille, with convicts holding electronic bracelets, and Conseillers d'Insertion et de Probation (social inclusion advisers). Two assumptions will be defended. The first assumes that the releasing of the “imprisoned body” is permitted by rationalizing and normalizing space and time, remotely. The penalty is "exfiltrated" from the jail through the digital tracking which exhibits the intimate sphere to the digital surveillance agents. Distance keeping with the convict's body requires monitoring and controlling his time schedule. This process is considered within its political context, with an anthropological drift restoring the "dangerous man" archetype. The second direction refers to inserting, in penal sanction, a technological apparatus which we call “one-eyed expert”. The technological uncertainty brings a normative uncertainty, which in turn triggers, on one hand, arbitrary penal sanctions, and, on the other hand, reduces the critical capacity of the monitored persons. Following this study, we develop four sociological topics: the penalty lightening, the production of the justice' subject, the dichotomy between formal sanction and diffuse sanction, the object and possibility of social critics about the use of digital technologies. "
Maufroid, Jean-Pierre. "Etude des interactions cellulaires impliquées dans la détermination et la différenciation des cellules germinales et du mésoderme chez Pleurodèles waltlii (amphibien Urodèle)." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10057.
Full textPoulain, Morgane. "Étude de la spécification des territoires endodermiques et mésodermiques au cours de l'embryogenèse du poisson zèbre." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE4001.
Full textDuring my PhD, J have focused on molecular mechanisms involved in endoderm and mesoderm specification. In zebrafish , endoderm and mesoderm are induced at the vegetal margin of the blastoderm by secreted TGFbeta molecules of Nodal family. J have characterized Mezzo, a novel homeobox transcription factor, which is regulated by Nodal signalling and acts in parallel with Mixer in the endoderm specification. These results highlight the complexity of the transcriptional network operating during endoderm formation. Mesoderm and endoderm originate from common precursors and segregate during gastrulation by mechanisms that are largely unknowm. I analyzed how the FGF and BMP pathways interact with Nodal signalling during the process of endoderm formation. I found that activation of the FGF/ERK pathway disrupts endoderm formation in the embryo and antagonizes the ability of Nodal signals to induce endoderm at the animal pole. Furthermore, I found that overexpression of BMPs compromises endoderm formation, suggesting that formation of endoderm precursors is negatively regulated by MPs on the ventral side. These data strongly suggest that BMP and FGF-ERK pathways cooperate to restrict the number of endodermal progenitors induced in response to Nodal signalling. I found that FGF/ERK signalling causes phosphorylation of Casanova, an important regulator of endoderm determination and provide evidence that this phosphorylation attenuates its activity. These results identify a molecular mechanism whereby FGF attenuates Nodal induced endodermal transcription factors and highlight a potential mechanism whereby mesoderm and endoderm fates could segregate from each other