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Journal articles on the topic 'Merchants'
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1
Radityatama, Aditya. "CO-CREATION MARKETING PADA KEPUASAN MERCHANT GOFOOD BY GOJEK INDONESIA." E-Jurnal Manajemen Universitas Udayana 11, no. 9 (September 29, 2022): 1677. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejmunud.2022.v11.i09.p05.
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This study aims to analyze the effect of co-creation consisting of Dialogue, Access To Information, Risk Assessment and Transparency or DART models on the perceived value and satisfaction of GoFood merchants. Co-creation is a procedure for making a service through the results of input from customers to support innovation process by the company. This research was conducted on MSMEs in Surabaya and active as GoFood merchants. Determination of sample is done by purposive sampling with total of 320 merchants. The data was collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using the SEM PLS. The results of study explain that dialogue, access to information, risk assessment, and transparency have a significant positive effect on merchant's perceived value and merchant's satisfaction on GoFood services in Surabaya. The results of the study also explain that merchant's perceived value has a significant positive effect on merchant's satisfaction. Merchant's perceived value can partially mediate the effect of dialogue, access to information, risk assessment, and transparency on merchant's satisfaction on GoFood services in Surabaya. These results explain that dialogue, access to information, risk assessment, and transparency have important roles to increase the value perceived by merchants and have an impact on increasing the satisfaction of mechants. Keywords: co-creation, DART model, merchant’s perceived value, and merchant’s satisfaction
2
Lee, Duk-Hoon, and Kyung-Gu Rhee. "The Emergence of Merchant Schools During the Kyoho Period (1716-1736) in Early Modern Japan." Korean-Japanese Economic and Management Association 101 (November 30, 2023): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46396/kjem..101.3.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the emergence of merchant schools and the merchant spirit of the samurai society in Kyoho period (1716∼1736) of the Edo Shogunate.
Research design, data, and methodology: The research direction of this study was determined through previous research, and a comparison was made between Kaitokudo(懐徳堂), a government-run merchant school, and Singakugosha(心学講舎), a private merchant school, through their establishment backgrounds.
Results: Kaitokudo was founded in Japan’s early modern society by the power of merchants, and the merchant school was sanctioned by the shogunate and emerged as a government institution, which is probably one of the most important schools in the world. This is a rare phenomenon, and is seen as a result of the intellectual equalization of merchants and samurai. Meanwhile, Shingaku Kosha, a private merchant school, was founded by Ishida Baigan(石田梅岩). Ishida Baigan asserted the legitimacy of merchants and commerce, which had been looked down upon in the past, instilled pride in merchants, elevated them to the philosophy of “merchant’s ways,” and led them to Sekimon Shingaku. It expanded and became the spiritual origin of Japanese capitalism.
Implications: If we think about it from the standpoint of South Korea, which is also a Confucian country, we can see that it justified the “merchant’s profession and the profits earned by merchants,” which were considered debased until the 18th century, and equated (merchant’s) profits with (samurai’s) offerings. This led to the equalization of the duties of merchants and samurai (Korea: 兩班), which was a revolutionary idea at the time, and was popular in Japan during the Kyoho(亨保)period (1716-1736). It must be said that this was a major event, and a world historical event in the Asian world, something that had never been seen before in Europe, Korea, or China.
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Chen, Quan, Jiangtao Wang, Jianjun Yu, and Sang-Bing Tsai. "An Empirical Research on Marketing Strategies of Different Risk Preference Merchant." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7947894.
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Holiday merchandise has unique demand characteristics, unofficial start data, and a limited life cycle. In an intensely competitive market, individual merchants are able to get more sales opportunities if they display their products earlier. In this study, a time-variant variance and time-variant expected market demand model are introduced to investigate the order strategies that are used by risk-averse holiday merchants. Our results show that risk preference, market uncertainty, and market power have a significant effect on the merchant’s market strategies. Risk-averse merchants prefer to enhance forecast accuracy rather than using an early-display advantage. They can even give up their early-display advantage if they are faced with increased market uncertainty and small market power. Compared with the fixed purchase cost, the time-sensitive purchase cost can stimulate the merchant to purchase in advance, but this can decrease the merchant’s profit. Consequently, risk-averse merchants always display their merchandise later, decrease the order quantity, and, finally, miss the market opportunity.
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Sutyagina, Ol'ga Aleksandrovna. "Trade advertising of Siberian merchants during the 1880’s (based on the materials of “Siberian Newspaper”)." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 4 (April 2020): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.4.29890.
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The object of this research is the entrepreneurial activity of Siberian merchants. The subjects is the advertisements placed in the “Siberian Newspaper” as a reflection of professional activity of Siberian entrepreneurs. The goal consists in the analysis of information contents of the advertisements, determine the peculiarities and main types of merchant advertising. The article reveals the key advertising providers, as well as marketing strategies applied by the merchants for sales increase. Analysis is conducted on the groups of advertised goods and services based on studying the materials of “Siberian Newspaper”. In the course of research, the methods of content analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction were implemented. The scientific novelty lies in the first ever content analysis of trade advertising of Siberian merchants using the advertisements from the “Siberian Newspaper”. The conclusion is made on the importance of advertisements as a source on the history of Siberian merchantry that allows determining the prices that were set, the goods that were sold, outlining he scheme of commercial relations of Siberian merchantry, and fill the gaps pertinent to separate merchants.
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Tang, Genghua, Lishan Wu, and Lei Guo. "The impact of e-commerce platform merchants’ reputation on consumer decision making." E3S Web of Conferences 292 (2021): 02023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129202023.
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By crawling Meituan take-out merchant data, this paper studies the influence of e-commerce platform merchants’ reputation on consumer decision making. The empirical results show that the merchant reputation based on the overall score of merchants has a significant impact on consumers’ purchase decision and then affects the monthly sales volume of merchants. At the same time, brand merchants have higher monthly sales than ordinary merchants, and a series of food safety guarantee measures such as food safety insurance purchase and food material publicity also significantly affect monthly sales. In addition, the overall score of platform merchants has a marginal diminishing effect on monthly sales. Based on the empirical research conclusions, this paper also puts forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions for Meituan platform merchants and government regulatory authorities.
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Leyman, I. "Merchant entrepreneurship in the European North of Russia in the second third of the XIX century: opportunities and risks (case study of the Vologda province)." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 5 (October 2, 2023): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2023-5-82-88.
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The paper considers, in addition to trade and industry, various forms of entrepreneurship of the merchants in the European North of Russia in the second third of the XIX century, case study of the Vologda province. The main source was publications in the Vologda Provincial Gazette for 1838-1860. Based on the results of the analysis of materials, it is possible to single out: insurance business; rental property; private lending, etc. Various concomitant risks of entrepreneurial activity of merchants were also noted, such as: damage to equipment at enterprises due to fire or natural disasters; non-payments for goods or loans; loss of cargo during transportation, etc. The consequence of the inefficient circulation of financial resources could be the auction sale of the merchant's movable or immovable property to cover debts; declaring a merchant "an insolvent debtor"; transition to philistinism. If the merchant committed a crime or misdemeanor, the deprivation of a good name was part of the criminal punishment.
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Hu, XiangMing, and XiaoMing Yang. "The Characteristics of the Typical Pattern of Jin-merchant Culture and Its Use in Traditional Decorative Design." Asian Social Science 16, no. 6 (May 31, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n6p34.
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Jin-merchant refers exclusively to the social group of merchants in ancient Chinese Shanxi province who ran businesses and engaged in commodity trading. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Jin-merchants were the leading merchant groups with their wisdom and talent in merchandise management. In the long-term development, the Jin-merchant group gradually formed a relatively complete ideological and cultural system, supporting the development of the Jin-merchants cause. The Jin merchant culture, with Confucianism as its core, has been widely nourished by traditional Chinese culture and has internalized local traditional customs and folklore into their temperament and character, forming a series of specific historical and cultural symbols, which permeate the Jin-merchants code of living and life pursuit, and are gradually evolved into various decorative patterns to integrate into life, in which future generations can feel inspired and enlightened by traditional culture and Jin-merchant philosophy.
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Jing, Zhang. "LINGUOCULTURAL TYPE OF A CHINESE MERCHANT IN CHINESE LINGUOCULTURE." Siberian Philological Forum 21, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25146/2587-7844-2022-21-4-137.
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The article is devoted to the study of the Chinese merchant linguocultural type in Chinese linguoculture. The merchant type is represented by its conceptual characteristics (a person engaged in trading activities for the purpose of obtaining benefits) and by value characteristics. The figurative characteristics of the Chinese merchant linguistic and cultural type affect the following parameters: appearance; origin of the estate and social status; dwelling; behavior; leisure and speech characteristics of a Chinese merchant. Throughout the history of China, the social status of merchants has been subject to strong changes. In ancient society, the social status of merchants changed from the highest to the lowest, and for a very long time it remained the lowest, and then gradually the status of merchants increased, until now they have become a respected class in society. It can be said that many of the business principles of merchants of ancient China are used to this day.
9
Heimler, Alberto. "Competition and Efficiency in Payment Cards: Which Options for SEPA?" World Competition 31, Issue 1 (March 1, 2008): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2008003.
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Payment card networks face a challenge in convincing consumers, merchants and card issuers to use their networks. Overcoming this challenge requires networks to introduce complex rules and prices. However, certain rules and common practices reduce a merchant’s ability to communicate relative cost information of different networks to consumers, prevent steering towards low-cost payment mechanisms and reduce merchants’ bargaining options with card networks. Under these conditions, competition between networks can have the perverse effect of raising total cost to the users (jointly consumers and merchants) because consumers select high-cost systems over low-cost systems. The current initiative to create a Single Euro Payment Area (SEPA) by 2010 provides an excellent opportunity to eliminate unjustified restraints on merchant behaviour, promote alternative suppliers of retail payment services and enhance price transparency, potentially lowering payment costs to the users in many European countries. But there is a substantial risk that instead of improving efficiency, SEPA may promote payment systems with higher costs for users, notably if low-cost national systems are supplanted by high-cost international networks. Policymakers should not only ensure that payment systems comply with SEPA standards, but more importantly ensure the net effects of new regimes are beneficial.
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Yanto, Tri, and Aiman Abulkhair. "PENENTUAN STRATEGI BAURAN PEMASARAN PELUMAS FOOD GRADE GREASE BERBAHAN DASAR KELAPA SAWIT DI KABUPATEN PURBALINGGA." SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v12i2.14210.
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<p>The objective of this study is to determine the merchant and the user preferences to the specification lubricating grease lubricants, color lubricants, package sizes, shape packaging labels, distribution of lubricants, promotion, and price. Sampling using purposive sampling technique. Analysis of data using friedman test with 5% error level. If there are differences then test ed further by LSD. The results of this research note that lubricant specifications preferred by merchants, which is preferred by the user while the grease is food grade lubricants and general machinery lubrication; the color lubricant preferred by merchantsis natural and blue, which is preferred by the user while the grease is the natural color; pack sizespreferred by merchants is size 350 g and 150 g with packing cup and bulk, while users liked the size of 350 g with packing cup; form label lubricants are preferred by merchants grease a round shape that is labeled with red and green as well as a square shape label in red, while the grease is preferred by the user labels round and square shapes in red; lubricants distribution are preferred by merchants grease ie grocery stores, retail stores, repair shops, and peddlers, while the grease is preferred by the user distribution through grocery stores and workshops; lubricants promotion are preferred by merchants grease is through internet media, banners, brochures, radio and posters, while users of grease liked by media promotion banners, brochures and posters; the price lubricant grease favored by merchants as preferred by the user of grease that low price low quality, medium quality and medium price high price of high quality.</p><p> </p>
11
Mardiana, Siska, and A. Annisarizki. "The Significance of Business Capital and Business Location Affects to The Merchants Income at Car Free Day Event." Proceeding of Community Development 2 (February 21, 2019): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.30874/comdev.2018.367.
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The paper attempt to identify the determinants of merchant income in Indonesia framework using a questionnaire to examining about a business location and business capital effect on the income of merchants of the Cilegon Entrepreneur Association (Pawon) in Cilegon Car Free Day. The using approach is descriptive quantitative with the total population of 400 traders than by using slovin formula, resulting in a sample of 80 respondent, with the analysis used multiple linear regression analysis, with variable X1 that is business capital, variable X2 that is business location and variable Y that is merchant's income The result of this research is business capital has an effect to the merchant's income then business location has an effect on the merchant's income and jointly business capital and business location have an effect 43,1% to the merchant's income.
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Ariyanti, Fransisca Dini, and Jessica Andreas. "Importance Level Analysis of Pick-up Schedule for Merchant PT XYZ using QFD." E3S Web of Conferences 388 (2023): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338801010.
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The merchant's journey in the marketplace is the priority of the marketplace. Therefore, it is necessary to do research on the addition of a pick-up schedule feature to improve the journey made to merchants. A thorough analysis of the addition of the pick-up schedule feature is carried out using the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method. Respondents' votes were obtained from selected Click & Collect merchants, namely 5 Click & Collect merchants. The results showed that the addition of the pick- up schedule feature really answered the needs of merchants.
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Guo, Xiaoju. "The Artistic Characteristics of the Sculptures in Shanxi Merchants Courtyard and the Evolution of Cultural Connotation." Journal of Innovation and Development 3, no. 3 (June 26, 2023): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/jid.v3i3.10417.
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By comparing and analyzing the sculptures of Jinzhong courtyards, we can distinguish the sculptures of Shanxi Merchants courtyards formed under the backgrounds of patterns, shapes, environments, and cultures in different regions, and understand the relationship between the evolution of Shanxi transplanted texts and the aesthetic decoration of carvings, which can help us understand more In-depth and comprehensive understanding of Jinzhong Shanxi merchant culture. Therefore, focus on the sculptural features of the Jinzhong merchant courtyard, compare the patterns, shapes, environment, culture and other elements, and the background of the Shanxi merchants, and summarize their respective sculpture characteristics, so as to gain insight into the humanistic charm of the Jinzhong merchants.
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Jo, Yoonseo, and Kaun Y. Lee. "Cost Sensitivity Analysis on Merchant Discount Rates." Korean Journal of Financial Studies 51, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 821–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2022.12.51.6.821.
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Credit card companies provide payment services between merchants and members (i.e., cardholders) and charge merchant discount rates and annual membership fees, respectively. There is a discriminatory price structure in which merchants pay a higher commission rate than members because of the recognition that the utility of merchants is relatively greater than that of members and they have an obligation to accept cards. To prevent aggravating the burden on merchants due to the discriminatory price structure, regulations on the merchant discount rate were adopted in Korea. This study suggests a direction to improve the understanding of the credit card markets and to solve structural problems through a cost sensitivity analysis of merchant discount rates determined in the qualifying cost system introduced by the Financial Services Commission. First, we found empirical evidence that the effect of changes in each cost ratio on the merchant discount rate (price) differs depending on the intensity of the cost regulation (regulation effect). In addition, the merchant discount rate was lowered by government policy, regardless of cost. Combining the analysis results, we demonstrated that some expenses could not be recovered as merchant discount revenue when the related expenses rose due to the increase in card usage amount. To fix the structural problem of the card payment business, we suggest changing the preferential commission rates according to market conditions, reflecting eligible costs in member recruitment costs, reflecting adjustment costs in the loss rate due to the application of preferential merchant discount rates, and excluding the decrease in cost ratio due to management efficiency when the merchant discount rate is re-adjusted.
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Leyman, I. "The «ceremonial» side of the public life of the merchants of the Vologda province in the second half of the XIX century." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 1 (April 9, 2024): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2024-1-58-66.
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Despite the fact that the history of the Russian merchants has been of great interest to researchers for more than two decades, there are still little studied aspects in this area, including the «ceremonial» side of the public life of representatives of the merchant class. This area of research activity seems very promising, as it can significantly complement the sociocultural portrait of the merchant class. The purpose of this paper is to recreate the picture of the participation of the merchants of the Vologda province in festive and solemn events as an important part of public life in the second half of the XIX century. Based on the «Vologda Provincial Gazette» for 1861-1899, using the methods of formalizing and systematizing historical data, such components of the «ceremonial» side of the public life of the local merchants as the celebration of important dates related to the Romanov House; accompanying members of the imperial family who visited the province; participation in official events organized by the Governor; Clubs membership were identified. The published materials indicate that the merchants took an active part in local celebrations dedicated to the events from the life of merchants, as well as provided significant financial support to the related various charitable initiatives. The most important events of the provincial authorities could not do without representatives of the merchant class. Besides, in the second half of the XIX century, the general urban leisure space for a wide range of people, including merchants, began to take shape. These aspects nevertheless allow us to outline the main facets of the «ceremonial» side of the public life of the merchants of the Vologda province in the second half of the XIX century and set directions for further research.
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Poettinger, Monika. "Etica mercantile e sviluppo economico." SOCIETÀ E STORIA, no. 125 (December 2009): 465–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ss2009-125004.
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- Up to the nineteenth century, merchants extended networks of subsidiaries, correspondents and investments world-wide, becoming a major trigger of innovation and economic development. To guarantee the functioning of their international merchant houses, they had to adhere to a strict moral code. The resulting "moral communities" diffused everywhere the "merchant´s liberty": working to fulfil oneself, striving to obtain economic independence and richness as social recognition. As the Ancien Régime neared its end, merchants were ready to economically and morally guide society into a new era. At the same time as many discussed the noblesse commerçante, though, philosophers and economists ridiculed merchant virtues, transforming merchants in men bent only on profit and self-interest. The industrialist, so, became the bourgeoisie´s myth and merchant ethics vanished from the agenda of historians and economists alike. Industrialization thusly lost one of its main characters and economy missed a catalyst of innovation and social capital formation.
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French, John D. "Commercial Foot Soldiers of the Empire: Foreign Merchant Politics in Tampico, Mexico, 1861-1866." Americas 46, no. 3 (January 1990): 291–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007015.
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During the period from Mexican independence in 1821 to the end of the French intervention in 1867, Mexico's primary tie to the outside world was based on trade. The foreign merchants, who monopolized this activity, played a crucial role in the economic, diplomatic, and political life of Mexico. The current literature on these nineteenth century merchants includes studies of foreign groups, such as the French, detailed case studies of individual entrepreneurs, firms and merchant families, and one work that provides a unique state-centered perspective on the Mexican/merchant nexus. None, however, have tried to conceptualize the role of foreign merchants as a whole, across national lines and individual rivalries, in the port cities that were the central arena of contact and conflict with the outside world.
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Abdrakhmanov, Konstantin A. "The Daily Work of Merchant Fishermen in the 19th Century (Based on Materials from the Astrakhan and Orenburg Governorate)." Journal of Frontier Studies 9, no. 2 (June 10, 2024): 15–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v9i2.567.
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The study highlights the specifics of the everyday work of the merchants of the Astrakhan and Orenburg Governorates in the fishing industry. Emphasis is placed on the activities of entrepreneurs who explored the waters of the Asian region in the 19th century – the Caspian and Aral Seas, as well as the Emba, Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. The purpose of the study is to analyze the specifics of fishing in the 19th century as one of the spheres of merchant entrepreneurship in the Asian direction. The choice of geographical boundaries is dictated by the desire to study the merchant fishing industry of the frontier regions of Russia as a branch of merchant business focused on the economic development of Asian territories. The paper presents the fundamental differences in working conditions between Astrakhan and Orenburg entrepreneurs. The article shows a wide range of organizational tasks solved by merchants in preparation for fishing operations. The localization of labor activity in the places of residence of Asian nomads (Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Turkmens) attributed unique character to the fishing business of the Astrakhan and Orenburg merchants of the 19th century. Merchants doing business in the depths of barely explored territories with little or no presence of Russian military were regularly attacked by steppe nomads. Conflicts of this kind led to the theft or destruction of the property of fishermen and sometimes ended in the death of merchants and their employees. To date, Russian historiography has not offered an analysis of the merchant fishing industry in the Asian direction in the 19th century in the aspect of everyday work, which brings novelty to the presented study.
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Schwartz, Jeremy T., David T. Flynn, and Gokhan Karahan. "Merchant Account Books, Credit Sales, and Financial Development." Accounting and Finance Research 7, no. 3 (June 25, 2018): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v7n3p154.
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Credit in colonial New England, including the credit practices used by merchants, invites study beyond that in the existing literature which largely limits investigation to an individual merchant. Textual analysis of 56 merchant account books from Connecticut and Massachusetts across a breadth of the eighteenth century and conversion to Lawful Money allows a common quantification of the financial extent of merchant transactions throughout the century. Through some descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests, we find that use of book credit is ubiquitous and in amounts that imply that merchants were de facto financial intermediaries essential for the development of the economy.
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Roe, Elva Ronaning, Sarmiati Sarmiati, and Revi Martha. "Forcing a Cultural Understanding of Communication Technology about Vaccine Information in the Era of Covid Pandemic." Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities 10 (2023): 00003. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/digitalpress.410426.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has had a major impact on changing mindsets and daily behavior for merchants at Pasar Raya, Padang City. They are forced to be tech savvy to sell their wares. Previously, they did not care about a number of technology applications. They tend to sell their wares manually, interacting directly with buyers. Not only for selling, technology applications on mobile phones also help merchants a lot, especially vaccine information. This study used a qualitative method by taking a phenomenological approach to see how the experience of merchants in Pasar Raya in utilizing communication technology and updates on Covid-19 vaccine information at Pasar Raya. Interviews were conducted with 10 traditional merchants in Pasar Raya. The results of the study explain that the forced literacy of information and communication technology has become a new culture for merchants in Pasar Raya. Using of this technology is very helpful for merchants to keep up to date information, especially information on Covid-19 and the use of vaccines. Merchants are also connected in What's app Merchant groups to communicate.
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Komleva, Evgeniya V. "Siberian Merchants in Mikhail M. Speransky’s Travel Diary and Letters (1819–1821)." SibScript 25, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/sibscript-2023-25-3-367-378.
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Mikhail M. Speransky was one of the most outstanding statesman of the Russian Empire. He was the Siberian Governor-General in 1819–1821. His Siberian travel diary and correspondence cast light upon the interaction between state power and private capital during the economic and socio-cultural integration of the Eastern territories. The research objective was to reveal M. M. Speransky’s opinion about Siberian merchants, who were the most influential regional community. The analysis included M. M. Speransky’s brief diary entries and long letters to his daughter and friends, and as well as his business correspondence. M. M. Speransky believed that Siberian merchants were to play an important role in the development of regional economy and society. Numerous contacts with representatives of merchants from different Siberian cities allowed him to make observations about the moods spread in the merchant environment, the volume and features of commercial operations, their social role, etc. He also established good relations with the most prominent merchants. M. M. Speransky wrote about everyday life, culture, and economic relations of Siberian communities. He advocated the freedom of trade and despised the selfish attitude of the local administrations to the merchant class. He gathered information from different sources, including personal conversations with merchants, and developed an opinion on such important state issues as the activities of the Russian-American Company and the Russian-Chinese trade via Kyakhta. M. M. Speransky’s had a pragmatic interest in merchants and encouraged them to make charity donations for various needs.
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Yaakub, Nor Asiah, Nathasa Mazna Ramli, Nurul Aini Muhamed, Sumaiyah Abd Aziz, and Agoos Munalis Tahir. "A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF E-WALLET ADOPTION AMONG SMALL-SIZED MUSLIM MERCHANTS: AN APPLICATION AND EXTENSION OF TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL." Journal of Information System and Technology Management 8, no. 33 (December 26, 2023): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/jistm.833019.
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The use of wallets is increasing rapidly, especially during the covid-19 pandemic due to movement control orders. E-wallets is a favourable choice of e-money transfer among younger and tech-savvy people and those who are at an advanced level in their lives influenced by the internet. Current research trends on e-wallet adoption emphasized on the customer side but dearth of academic work on merchant’s perspective. From literature, there is no thorough framework for e-wallet adoption. It is also worthy to highlight that the adoption rate amongst small merchants especially among Muslims is still low compared to numbers of established small business. The factors that influence the use of e-wallets among merchant users may differ from customer users due to the different purposes of using e-wallets. Furthermore, there is another religious factor, which is related to Islamic principles that are exclusively for Muslims where this might influence Muslim’s decision in adopting e-wallet. Thus, it is essential to address this issue since small-sized Muslim merchants representing the majority businesses in Malaysia. Their adoption of e-wallets will contribute to the world aim in achieving a cashless society. This study proposes a conceptual framework grounded from Technology Acceptance Model with extensions of other variables such as trust, technology efficacy, government support, and structural assurance as to explore the factors that influence merchants e-wallet adoption. This paper has made an initial effort to propose a comprehensive theoretical framework as a basis for a future research agenda. This also calls for empirical testing on the suggested variables in the context of small-sized Muslim merchants.
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LEONARD, A. B. "UNDERWRITING BRITISH TRADE TO INDIA AND CHINA, 1780–1835." Historical Journal 55, no. 4 (November 15, 2012): 983–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x12000398.
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ABSTRACTIn the late eighteenth century, European merchants launched corporate insurance bodies in India and China. These new joint-stock companies followed London's mature and efficient institutional systems for marine insurance, and adopted their basis in the European law merchant. They operated alongside local risk transfer facilities, but in both countries were quickly embraced by native merchants, who participated both as customers and shareholders. The rapid development of a corporate insurance sector in India and China, fuelled by the capital of local merchants and members of the European colonial elite, underlines the effectiveness of premium-based marine insurance, while its swift adoption by both local and international merchants shows its importance to the development of trade and empire.
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Covart, Elizabeth M. "Trade, Diplomacy, and American Independence." Journal of Early American History 5, no. 2 (September 10, 2015): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00502001.
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The economic and trade conditions of the Confederation Era of United States history require further study. This essay follows the difficulties experienced by Albany, New York-based firm Cuyler, Gansevoort & Co. to view the political and economic hurdles American merchants faced outside of the British Empire. In part, Americans fought for independence to conduct free trade with merchants from other countries. However, as Cuyler and Gansevoort’s experiences reveal, being an American merchant during the Confederation Period proved to be a liability, not an advantage. Many foreign countries demonstrated reluctance to admit American goods into their ports. Some foreign merchants used their home legal systems to take advantage of American merchants. All the while, American merchants sought to overcome the liquidity problems of the United States by searching for new trade opportunities that would provide them with the ready money they needed to pay their bills.
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Aini, Wirdatul, Hayatunnufus Hayatunnufus, and Ismaniar Ismaniar. "Development of Module in Increasing Tourism Awareness for Souvenir Merchants in Bukittinggi City." MIMBAR : Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 35, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v35i1.4052.
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This research is motivated by the low awareness of souvenir merchants about tourism. It aims to produce a module development on tourism awareness for souvenir merchants which explore tourism awareness, tourism awareness improvement modules, content validity testing, convenience testing, module effectiveness testing, and the process of developing a tourism awareness module. The research uses a development approach with qualitative method. Tourism awareness data sources were obtained from souvenir merchants; tourism-awareness modules through Focus Group Discussion; validity test data and module practicality from education experts; city market service and testing module effectiveness from souvenir merchants. The research describes the low tourism-awareness of souvenir merchant, the making of tourism-awareness modules as guidelines for souvenir merchants to participate in advancing the tourism area, and the validity of contents of tourism-awareness development module and module practicality test with a good result. In addition, tourism-awareness modules have proven effective to improve tourist-awareness of souvenir merchants and tourist-awareness modules design based on the behavior that must own to be able to actively participate in developing Bukittinggi City as a tourist area.
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Aulia, Titik Sumiatin, and Su’udi Su’udi. "The Relationship Between Merchants Knowledge and Attitude Toward the Obedience of Mask Use in Preventing Covid-19." International Journal of Advanced Health Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/ijahst.v2i1.1.
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The COVID-19 outbreak began in December 2019. In preventing its transmission, society across the world agrees to use a mask for their safety. However, today, people, primarily some merchants who sell their stuff around the tourism places, still do not obey the regulation to wear a mask. Hence, this study aims to know the relationship between merchant knowledge and attitude toward the obedience of using a mask in preventing the COVID-19 transmission at the religious tourism of Sunan Bonang Tuban. The research design used in this study is the correlation analysis that uses a cross-sectional approach. Moreover, the sampling technique used in this study is Simple Random Sampling with 105 populations and 83 samples of merchants. The data technique used in this study is a questionnaire. Then, the researcher analyzes the questionnaire with a percentage and does a crosstab by using the Spearman Rank Correlation test. The finding of this study presents that most of the merchants at religious tourism of Sunan Bonang Tuban have good knowledge in preventing COVID-19 transmission. It is about Forty-nine people (59,0%). Then, fifty people (60,2%) have a positive attitude. Moreover, the finding presents that almost half of the merchants, thirty-five people (42,2%), obey the regulation to wear the mask. The result of Spearman Rank Correlation test is α =0.00 < 0.05. This result shows the relationship between knowledge and obedience in using the mask. The result of the test is α =0.00 < 0.001 shows there is a relationship between the attitude and the obedience in using the mask of merchants to prevent COVID-19 at the religious tourism of Sunan Bonang Tuban. The knowledge and attitude of merchants influence their obedience in using the mask. It means that the more increased merchants' knowledge and attitude, the more increased merchant obedience. In increasing and encouraging other merchants' knowledge and attitude, the government must have a good strategy. One of the appropriate strategies is doing counseling of using a mask to prevent COVID-19 transmission.
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Baldo, Jonathan. "Economic Nationalism in Haughton’s „Englishmen for My Money” and Shakespeare’s „The Merchant of Venice”." Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 13, no. 28 (April 22, 2016): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mstap-2016-0005.
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Close to the time of Elizabeth’s expulsion of the Hanseatic merchants and the closing of the Steelyard (der Stahlhof) in the years 1597-98, two London plays engaged extensively with the business of trade, the merchant class, foreign merchants, and moneylending: early modern England’s first city comedy, William Haughton’s Englishmen for My Money, or A Woman Will Have Her Will (1598); and Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice (registered 22 July 1598). Whereas Haughton’s play uses foreignness, embodied in a foreign merchant, three half-English daughters, and three foreign suitors, as a means of promoting national consciousness and pride, Shakespeare indirectly uses the foreign not to unify but to reveal the divisions within England’s own economic values and culture.
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Mao, Yutao. "The Influence of Tang Dynastys Policies on Sogdian Commercial Networks." Communications in Humanities Research 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/4/20220927.
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Sogdian merchants played an essential role in the commercial and cultural activities between the Tang dynasty and other states in the west of Tang, along the Silk Road. Based on the conditions for the Tarim region to be able to perform a role in the commercial transfer station and the well-established advanced monetary and postal system, the article discusses how the Tang court's policies influenced the Sogdian commercial system that the influence was mainly in three aspects: i) Tang court intentionally introduced Sogdian merchants and helped Sogdian merchants to spread; ii) The household registration of Sogdian merchants and endorsement by Tang court offered Sogdian merchants significant opportunities to earn profits from trading with Tang court when Sogdian merchants monopolized the trade between Tang dynasty and western states; iii) The fusion of Sogdian people into Han people and Sogdian people's entrance into the political system of Tang court enhanced the Sogdian merchant's commercial networks. Finally, the article concludes: The deep fusion of ethnic groups of Han people and Sogdian people was the promoter of the prosperity of the Tang dynasty, and it again made the Sogdian commercial network thrive.
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Peterson, Derek, and Caroline Howard. "Electronic Payment Systems Evaluation." International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications 3, no. 1 (January 2012): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsita.2012010105.
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As e-commerce is increasingly critical to organizational survival in the 21st century global marketplace, business organizations are challenged with selecting the best payment alternatives to meet both their requirements and the needs of their customers. This paper develops and validates a performance-based tool, the Electronic Payment Efficacy Quotient (EPEQ), designed to assist merchants in selecting the appropriate EPS and measuring effectiveness. The research aims at addressing the need for EPS research to aid merchant selection and use of EPS. The paper presents the case study of a single source Internet Service Provider (ISP), which was analyzed to determine merchant’s needs regarding EPS and develop measures. Historical data was then used to determine and test the validity of the most effective alternative measures. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research to assist in optimizing merchant use of EPS.
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Fauzia, Ika Yunia, and Tanza Dona Pertiwi. "Literasi Zakat Compliance Bagi Muzakky Pedagang Garmen." Journal of Business & Banking 12, no. 2 (April 26, 2023): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.14414/jbb.v12i2.3426.
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For the garment merchants in Indonesia, who have the obligation to pay alm, zakat compliance literacy is very important. This study focuses on this issue and stamps from the fact that most pof them missunderstood the concept of zakat -both weatlh and trade- and its aplication. This research aims at exploring the zakat compliance literacy among these merchants in away that maybe appropiated by traders, business community and researchers a liked. This research uses qualitative method, with the modle of case study. More than twenty garment merchants in Indonesia are interviewed, 11 among whom are qualified as informants. The research finds, first: that a most garment merchant in Indonesia are zakat-literate, particulary as far as wealh-zakat is concerned; second, most garment merchant had paid their zakat, some of whom paid even more than they are supposed to do so: third, the way that zakat is distributed is closely related to the way this merchant understand their religion. Merchant with religious background tend to distribute their zakat on their own rather than giving it a through zakat-institution. The practical implication of this research is that there is a need for synergy between BAZNAS and traders to create facilities/media that can facilitate business actors in calculating trade zakat and its payments.
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Gerritsen, Anne. "Reading Late-Imperial Chinese Merchant Handbooks in Global and Micro-History." Journal of Early Modern History 27, no. 1-2 (March 24, 2023): 132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10056.
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Abstract In late imperial China, handbooks were key tools for merchants who negotiated the challenges of the land and water routes along which they traveled with their goods. Such handbooks provided invaluable information. The knowledge contained within such itineraries pertained to the minutiae of individual places, but it helped create and maintain the global connectedness of the late imperial empire. Porcelain and tea, produced in the inland provinces of southeast China, could be delivered safely to the port of Canton, and from there to consumers all over the world because these merchants had created, preserved, and transmitted this knowledge. The micro-global lens, thus, is a key tool for understanding such merchant handbooks: it makes it possible to see how micro-level knowledge sustained the agency of the merchants who shaped the global trading world surrounding Canton. Reading late-imperial merchant handbooks from Huizhou makes visible the connections between Huizhou and the wider world.
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Çolak, Hasan. "Amsterdam's Greek merchants: protégés of the Dutch, beneficiaries of the Russians, subjects of the Ottomans and supporters of Greece." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 42, no. 1 (March 13, 2018): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/byz.2017.19.
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Merchant diasporas have long attracted the attention of scholars through the narrow prisms of ‘nations’ and states. The history of Amsterdam's Greek Orthodox merchants, together with the other cases—who left the Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth century and established a seemingly controversial range of networks involving the Dutch, Russian, Ottoman and Greek states there—is an oft-quoted example. This article draws attention to some of the problematic aspects of these perceptions of the relations between states and diaspora merchants. The main tenet of the article is that nation- and state-centred perspectives are limited in explaining the full scope of flexibility and pragmatism displayed by the diaspora merchants.
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Lee, Jennifer. "From Civil Relations to Racial Conflict: Merchant-Customer Interactions in Urban America." American Sociological Review 67, no. 1 (February 2002): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240206700104.
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The 1992 Los Angeles riot, the boycotts of Korean-owned businesses, and the 1995 firebombing of a Jewish-owned store in New York's Harlem brought concerns about race and ethnic relations in black neighborhoods to the fore. Images of conflict seared into the public consciousness that black communities are fraught with racial animosity, with immigrant merchants pitted against black customers. The merchant-customer relationship has been cited as a catalyst to such conflicts. This image of conflict, however, is inconsistent with most merchant-customer interactions and does not reflect the full range of commercial life in black communities. Most merchant-customer interactions are civil and ordinary. Civil relations prevail because merchants foster civility, abate tensions, and thwart conflict. However, under conditions of extreme inequality, small events can trigger racial anger, and the symbolic significance of nonblack-owned businesses can become a stimulus of motivations for protest that leads to boycotts and firebombings. This study is based on 75 in-depth interviews of African American, Jewish, and Korean merchants and on 75 in-depth interviews with black customers and both participant and nonparticipant observation at five research sites in New York City and Philadelphia.
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Menshikova, Evgenia N. "Agrarian Business of Merchant Women of the Central Chernozem Region in Post-reform Period." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 69, no. 1 (2024): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2024.103.
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The article analyses the forms of the presence of merchant women in the agricultural business of the Central Chernozem region. After the emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia, land became a commodity for all classes. At the time, merchant women showed increased entrepreneurial interest in the land market of the region. Merchant women invested in a variety of types of land: arable land, vegetable gardens, forests, meadows, pastures, swamps, gardens, as well as land in the city that belonged to private individuals or the municipality. On the land outside the city merchants placed their industrial enterprises (brick, iron foundries, salt-melting plants), which carried an unfavorable environmental burden to the city. Many merchant women owned large landed property. This allowed them to be large landowners of the Central Chernozem provinces. Land was an asset whose value was increasing every year. Merchant women performed numerous operations with the land: they bought (mainly from nobles and peasants), sold, took, leased and subleased, carried out numerous collateral operations. Representatives of all estate groups of provincial society became business partners for merchants in the agricultural business. It was a common phenomenon for merchants to build business relations in the agricultural business between members of the same merchant family (often between a wife and husband). Merchant women operated in the agricultural sector of the region, relying on their own and borrowed funds of individuals and banking institutions (Moscow land banks, Kharkov land banks, Oryol land banks, Yelets City Public Bank, Oryol branch of the State Bank).
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Sinem Kucuk, Kamile. "The Sociocultural Aspects of Merchant Class in the Light of Russian Painting Art." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v2i1.p81-85.
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The merchant class, which contributed to the improvement of Russia, evolved due to politicial reforms. Especially in 1861 the emancipation reform of the Russian serfs caused social and culturel changes in the life of merchants. In 19th and early 20th century, the works of Russian genre painters P.A. Fedetov, A.P. Ryabushkin, V.G. Perov, F. Juravlev and B.M. Kustodiyev not only reflected the social situation and stereotypes of merchants, but also revealed cultural history of the mentioned class. In this paper it is aimed to disclose the evolution of merchant class in 19th and the early 20th century, observing and analysing the art of Russian painting in sociocultural perspective.
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Hofmeister, Adolf E. "Bremen’s trade with the North Atlantic, c. 1400–1700." AmS-Skrifter, no. 27 (January 6, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/ams-skrifter.v0i27.255.
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There is little evidence of Bremen merchants in Norway before the royal charters issued from 1279 onwards, even though Bremen had been the seat of the missionary archbishop for the Nordic countries since the ninth century. Trade in Bergen in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was dominated by the Hanseatic cities of the Baltic Sea coast led by merchants from Lübeck. Despite opposition from Hanseatic merchants sailing to Bergen, merchants from Hamburg and Bremen developed new trading posts to barter cod on Iceland and Shetland in the fifteenth century. Traders from Hamburg and Bremen on Iceland competed for licences issued by the Danish king. The 1558 debt register of a merchant from Bremen in Kumbaravogur provides considerable insight into this trade. The Danish king restricted sailings to Iceland to Danish merchants from 1601. On Shetland the Scottish foud allotted landing places to foreign skippers and traders. Merchants from Bremen became respected members of the island communities and in the seventeenth century they changed to trading in herring. Several tariff rate rises led to the end of Bremen sailings to Shetland by the beginning of the eighteenth century. Bremen merchants in Norway succeeded in breaking the Lübeck dominance in Bergen in the sixteenth century. By 1600, other Norwegian harbours in the North Atlantic, notably Stavanger, were also destinations for ships from Bremen.
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TORRI, MICHELGUGLIELMO. "The British Monopoly On The Surat Trade To The Middle East And The Indian Ship-Owning Merchants’ Struggle Against It: 1759–1800." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28, no. 1 (October 9, 2017): 101–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186317000499.
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AbstractBetween 1759 and 1800, Surat, still an important trade and financial centre, was under the ultimate rule of the East India Company. Although the EIC justified this as necessary for protecting Surat's inhabitants and, most particularly, the local merchant class, the Company failed not only to protect the Surat merchants against the depredations of Great Britain's European enemies, but also to safeguard the merchants from extortion by local EIC top officials. In fact, the latter imposed what was essentially a protection racket on trade from Surat to the Middle East. This article focuses on the Surat merchants’ long-drawn out and ultimately unsuccessful struggle against what, in the official documents, was dubbed the [British] monopoly of the trade to the “Gulphs”. The episode demonstrates two theses: the first is that the interests of the Surat merchants held little importance to the EIC or its officials, and the second is that, during the period under examination, no mutually beneficial partnership tied the British to the Surat merchants — rather, the relationship was one of naked exploitation by the former of the latter.
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HP, Ustman Hady, and Dina Fitrisia Septiarini. "Pengaruh Persepsi Etika Bisnis Islam Terhadap Perilaku Pedagang Batak Muslim di Jakarta Studi Kasus Pada Organisasi Pedagang Batak Muslim KKMM (Kerukunan Keluarga Masyarakat Mompang Jae)." Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 1, no. 12 (December 4, 2015): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol1iss201412pp853-862.
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This research was aimed to find out the effect of Islamic business ethic’s perception against the behavior of Batak Moslem’s merchants in Jakarta. This research used questionmaires in primary data collection and quantitative approaches. Experiments were done using simple linear regression, where the dependent variable (Y) is behavior of Batak Moslem’s merchant and the independent variable (X) is Islamic business ethics. The research sample was taken by probability sampling with simple random sampling method. Theresearch sample was 65 Batak Moslem’s merchants who were members of KKMM in Jakarta.Based on the findings, it obtained simple linear regression equation: Y = 22,376 + 0,279X. The results of this research showed that the influence of Islamic business ethics has positive effect and signifficant against the behavior of Batak Moslem’s merchants who were members of KKMM in Jakarta.The R2 on this research showed the number 0.423, which mean that 42.3% of behavior of Batak Moslem’ merchants can be explained by the variables of Islamic business ethics. These results also explain that there are other variables were greater (57.7%) were able to explain the behavior of Batak Moslem’s merchants.
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Nikiforov, S. A., and M. K. Yakovleva. ""No Profit Needed, Glory Would be Good": the Family of Kursk Merchants Gnuchevs in the 18th – early 20th." Proceedings of Southwest State University. Series: History and Law 13, no. 4 (October 6, 2023): 202–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1501-2023-13-4-202-216.
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Relevance. During the Soviet period, the activities of the merchant class were criticized for ideological reasons. Meanwhile, it was the entrepreneurial abilities of Russian merchants that were the most important factor in the development of the economy of the economy of the Russian state. Today, the state is making significant efforts to develop entrepreneurship. It is of interest to study the experience of developing entrepreneurship in the pre-revolutionary period.The Purpose. The study of the formation and development of the Kursk merchant dynasty of the Gnuchevs.Objectives. Within the framework of the article, the following tasks are solved: to trace the origin of the Gnuchev merchant dynasty, to identify the contribution of the Gnuchev merchants to the economy of the city of Kursk, to study the social activities of representatives of the Gnuchev merchant dynasty.Methodology. The article carried out a comprehensive analysis of archival sources and publications, used the methods of statistics and data comparison, analysis, synthesis, personal biographical method. Results. In the 18th - the first half of the 19th century, the Gnuchev dynasty of merchants developed. By the middle of the 19th century, the role of the Gnuchev merchants in the economic life of Kursk reached its maximum. In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. there was a decrease in the importance of trade and production activities of representatives of the dynasty.Conclusion. The success of the Gnuchev merchant dynasty was ensured by the determination and hard work of several of its key representatives who managed to achieve success in the entrepreneurial field. In the Gnuchev family, they include the ancestor - Ivan, who, thanks to his own efforts, was able to move from a seedy family of service people to the merchant class, Foma Afanasyevich, who decided to move from the small town of Oboyan to the center of the Kursk province, and Afanasy Fomich, who managed to concentrate in their hands control over a number of important commercial and industrial enterprises of Kursk. None of the merchant dynasty of the Gnuchevs disgraced the honest name of the family. None of them were held accountable for misconduct related to entrepreneurial activities. And today the descendants of the Gnuchev merchant dynasty live in Kursk.
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Maw, Peter. "Provincial Merchants in Eighteenth-Century England: The ‘Great Oaks’ of Manchester." English Historical Review 136, no. 580 (June 1, 2021): 568–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceab156.
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Abstract The importance of overseas trade to England’s national wealth and international reputation in the eighteenth century amplified the public discourse on the social value of merchants. Contemporary conduct books described a hierarchical occupational structure, where merchants enjoyed the highest prestige within the business community, with tradesmen and manufacturers performing distinct and progressively less valued professional functions. These conduct books focused on London, England’s premier port and the beating heart of Europe’s commodity and financial markets. Historians have also given much attention to London but have equally demonstrated the importance of merchants in the ‘outports’, whose participation in England’s foreign trade engendered significant wealth, status and political influence. This article considers a different type of eighteenth-century merchant, one based within English manufacturing regions, and one that has been largely overlooked in the historiography, not least because their businesses elided the separation of production and mercantile activities espoused by contemporary didacts. Focusing on Manchester, the article demonstrates that the town’s ‘Great Oaks’ challenged London’s commercial hegemony in a distinctive way, seeking not to replicate outport merchants’ entrepreneurial verve in risky, multilateral trades, but specialising, as both manufacturers and merchants, in exporting to commercially developed markets, where the ability to supply a precise assortment of locally produced textiles was more important than the capacity to sell imports or to provide financial services to overseas clients. Although little studied, provincial merchant communities were a general feature of the more dynamic English manufacturing regions in the years immediately before, and during the onset of, industrialisation.
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Bozhenko, Anastasiya. "MERCHANTRY VS NOBILITY: KHARKIV ELITE IN THE SECOND HALF OF XIX – THE EARLY XX CENTURY." City History, Culture, Society, no. 2 (October 23, 2017): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2017.02.039.
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The article attempts to trace the effect of the Pareto elite circulation law on the example of the Kharkiv city elite in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The author investigates the involvement of the nobility and the merchants in the management of the city. According to the author's hypothesis, a significant transformation of the local elite took place in the cities of the Russian Empire, in particular in Kharkiv. Author notes that, unlike the previous period, the power of the merchant-top ceased to be a monopoly, there were groups of nobles and intellectuals, which created their confrontation, which in turn facilitated the exercise of mutual control. In the area of economic capital, merchants had an undisputed priority, they were an inherently more open social layer, and therefore easier to perceive innovation, which was one of the reasons that this condition united the core of the entrepreneurial class. An indicative change was the merchants' marriage strategies: if in the pre-reform period it was vital for them to obtain the title and corresponding status in society using kinship with nobles, then in the second half of the nineteenth century. The economic condition of the future family member comes to the fore. At the same time, the nobility was filling the ranks of the intelligentsia, occupying a prominent position in the cultural field, while the merchants, not being able to grasp this capital fully, remained an unprivileged layer in the social consciousness. The image of the illiterate, selfish, greedy merchant still lived in nonfiction and humorous press. However, there was an attempt by merchants to enter the cultural space of the nobility, following the norms of its everyday culture. Summarizing, the author notes that during the modernization of Kharkiv as a provincial industrial city, it became the main driver of the economic development of the province, which, in turn, reflected in a significant increase in the political and economic status of merchants as the top of the city social ladder. The gentry, which gradually settled in the cities, failed to adapt to the new conditions, and thus lost its status as a political and economic elite, at least in Kharkiv, which remained a merchant city mostly.
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Sánchez de la Sierra, Raúl. "Whither Formal Contracts?" Econometrica 89, no. 5 (2021): 2341–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta16083.
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To measure the benefits of formal contract enforcement for society, I create a market with merchants and buyers, in which buyers can choose whether to buy, and whether to pay. A set of multiple “state‐favored” ethnic groups control the state. I experimentally vary whether formal contracts are required and the composition of buyer‐merchant pairs. The design separately identifies the effect of the contracts on the buyers' incentive to pay and on their incentive to buy. I document two ways in which society limits the benefits of contracts. First, contracts reduce buyer cheating, thus increasing merchants' profits, if, and only if, the merchant is state‐favored. Buyers' beliefs suggest that the merchants can enforce the contracts if, and only if, the merchant is state‐favored. Second, holding constant whether the pair is state‐favored, contracts only influence buyer choices when the buyer and the merchant belong to two, different, state‐favored ethnic groups. Buyers' choices and beliefs confirm that, in that case, the contracts are expected to be enforceable, but they have no effect on buyers' choices because reputation already governs the incentives to cheat within groups. The findings temper the view of the state as independent from society, offer a rationale for why contracts are not adopted, and nuance the notion of state weakness.
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Stozhko, Konstantin, and Dmitry Stozhko. "Merchants of the Middle Urals in the Socio-Economic Development of Russia." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 23, no. 3 (October 18, 2022): 456–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2488.2022.23(3).456-478.
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The aim of the study is to assess the place and role of the Middle Urals merchant class in the socio-economic and socio-cultural life of Russia. The authors define the features, character and status of the merchant class, reveal the history of its emergence in the Urals, the specifics of its activities at different stages of the country's historical development. The participation of the Middle Urals merchants in world economic relations since the early Middle Ages has been proven by numerous finds of Iranian silver and various monetary instruments (eastern Dirhams, European Dinars, Volga-Bulgar coins, etc.) on the territory of the Urals. The article reveals the structure of the merchant class and the various practices of the Urals merchants, including the organization of trade, transport communications, crafts, large-scale production, insurance, and charitable activities. The authors advance a thesis about the continuity between the merchants of the Middle Urals and those of Novgorod, who originally developed the Northern and Middle Urals. The article studies the development of the Middle Urals “provincial merchant class”, its dynamics and composition in the ХVII–ХIХ centuries. On the example of merchant dynasties of the Middle Ural towns of Yekaterinburg, Irbit, Kungur, Nizhny Tagil, Perm and others, the authors reveal the contribution of merchant dynasties to the development of domestic and foreign trade, specific sectors of urban economy. They also put forward and argue the thesis of the steady development of trading capital in the Middle Urals and its merger with industrial capital on the basis of large industrial enterprises (manufactories, factories, plants).
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Yermenbayeva, G., L. Mukatayeva, Zh Mazhitova, and Zh Khassenova. "Merchantry as a social institution of Kazakh society: Russian and Kazakhstani historiography." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical Sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 144, no. 3 (2023): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2023-144-3-23-38.
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This article provides a historiographical review of scientific works devoted to the history of the merchants of Kazakhstan, their role in the socio-economic and cultural development of the country in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. Scientific interest in the figure of a merchant-entrepreneur, a bay, the creator of a trading network, industrial enterprises, a philanthropist and a benefactor is justified, as it makes it possible to more clearly represent his social function, and through this to outline the corresponding qualities of merchants. Up until the late 1980s. in the Russian historical science, merchants were given obviously insufficient attention, the history of merchants was ignored as an object and subject of research. Merchants in Kazakhstan in different historical periods played an important role in the economy and culture of the region. Studying the history of merchants can reveal many aspects of the life of this class group, as well as its interaction with other social groups. Historiographical analysis of the history of the merchants of Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. contributes to the objective reflection of studies published in various periods: pre-revolutionary (pre-Soviet), Soviet, post-Soviet (modern) periods of the history of Kazakhstan. The historiographical analysis is relevant from the point of view of modern discussions about the contribution of merchants to the socio-economic development of cities, charity, culture of Kazakhstan. The revival of entrepreneurship, modern socio-economic processes encourage scientists to study this problem in depth.
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Mardani, Puri Bestari, and Maria Febiana Christanti. "Culture Clash: Conflict and Its Management." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 1 (October 16, 2019): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i1.1042.
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Conflict that arises due to culture clash could not be avoided. One of the Slum area that once known as the area of prostitution, Kalijodo, were being transformed by the local government into an area of green open space and also child friendly integrated public spaces. This transformation has a significant impact toward the Kalijodo merchant. These merchants face many and serious conflict. The conflicts due to culture clash and its management that were being faced by Kalijodo merchants are the focus of this research. This research uses a qualitative approach by gathering data and information through observation and in-depth interview. The concept of personal and interpersonal conflict and conflict management model by A.Devito (2011) is used in order to get a comprehend understanding of the conflict that rise, and ways to manage it. This research shows that the Kalijodo merchants faced intrapersonal conflict because they were forced to choose between two difficult option, and also interpersonal conflicts that occurs in two waves. The first wave was during the eviction and renovation (conflicts between Kalijodo merchants), and the second wave was from the moment that the renovation is completed until this present time (conflicts between Kalijodo merchants and newcomer merchants from other district). Furthermore, the conflict management that was applied is the conflict management model of accommodation (I lose, You Win). Kalijodo merchants put aside the personal interests in order to make the local government mission accomplished.
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Matthee, Rudi. "Merchants in Safavid Iran: Participants and Perceptions." Journal of Early Modern History 4, no. 3-4 (2000): 233–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006500x00015.
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AbstractWhen dealing with the domestic merchants of Safavid Iran, modern scholarship has largely confined itself to Armenians. But Armenians were by no means the only indigenous traders to engage in commercial and financial transactions. This article looks at Armenians along with the other merchant groups active in Iran's domestic trade-Jews, Banians, and Muslims-from three different angles. Part one, an overview of the types of activities these groups were involved in, finds that, while Jews acted as bankers, they also were active in the long-distance commodity trade. Muslims played a crucial role in the transportation business, but also provided credit to foreign merchants operating in Iran. Part two discusses a topic that has received a great deal of attention in Mughal studies, but that remains neglected in the Safavid context: the position of merchants in society, in particular their relationship with the state. Were merchants an integral part of the state, or did they operate as an autonomous class whose interests differed from those of the political elite? Part three probes this issue further by examining how the state perceived merchants and the group consciousness of merchants themselves. The Safavid state had an eye for trade and its benefits, but there was no fundamental convergence of interests between politics and trade. Merchants, in turn, achieved high levels of status and wealth, yet were not holders of power. Though vulnerable to oppression by local officials, they often offered stiff resistance to those who contravened them.
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CUTTERHAM, TOM. "The Revolutionary Transformation of American Merchant Networks: Carter and Wadsworth and Their World, 1775–1800." Enterprise & Society 18, no. 1 (December 5, 2016): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2016.6.
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American merchant networks facilitated, and were in turn transformed by, the War for Independence. They also played a crucial role in the establishment of financial and political institutions in the new republic. John Carter (a.k.a. John Barker Church) and Jeremiah Wadsworth were among the foremost merchants and financiers of the Revolutionary era. This article follows their careers from the beginning of their wartime activities through to the end of the Federalist Era in 1800. It explains how they created and manipulated networks of supply and credit, and how they invested the proceeds of their success in the years after the war. Through this case study, the article demonstrates how wartime requirements reshaped merchant networks, not simply by increasing risk and encouraging retrenchment, but by creating influxes of credit and pressures for expansion. It argues that war led to increased inequality among merchants in terms of wealth and credit. Furthermore, this increased inequality impacted the nature of postwar finance and commerce. It shaped the economic and political structures of the new republic, in part through the agency of successful merchants like Carter and Wadsworth.
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Harahap, Zainal Abidin, Badaruddin Badaruddin, and Heri Kusmanto. "The Public Policy Implementation on the Merchants Relocation in Tebing Tinggi City, North Sumatera Indonesia." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): e158911782. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i1.1782.
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This research described the public policy implementation Mayor's Regulation of Tebing Tinggi City Number: 501/195 of 2018 through model of Van Meter and Van Horn concerning to the Relocation Merchants in Pasar Kain and Pasar Induk Market Tebing Tinggi. This research method applied the qualitative approach and descriptive analysis. To gain data and information some informant included the Head of the Trade Office, Merchants, Members of Legislative and the local non-governmental organizations were selected. According to the research and discussion, there were results of the implementation of the Pasar Kain merchant relocation policy. It show that the standards and policy objectives were adequate of clear and realistic to be implemented. The utilization of available resources was not used optimally, communication between organizations was adequate. In the beginning there are many miscommunications between merchants and the relocation team, the characteristics of the implementing organization were consistent despite the many conflicts of interest and internal conflicts among the social, economic and political environment. In the initially, there were many social conflicts, the involvement of political elites and decrease income of merchants after being relocated. The attitude of the implementers was also quite consistent in supporting the policy. The implementation of the Pasar merchant relocation policy has not been optimal because the stalls have not been completely occupied.
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Aslanian, Sebouh. "Social capital, ‘trust’ and the role of networks in Julfan trade: informal and semi-formal institutions at work." Journal of Global History 1, no. 3 (November 2006): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022806003056.
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This essay examines the role of ‘trust’ and cooperation in early modern long-distance trade. While most literature on the subject posits trust as a given attribute of long-distance merchant communities and not as a factor in need of historical explanation or analysis, this essay seeks to provide a historical explanation for the creation and role of trust in such communities. It focuses on the history of Armenian merchants from New Julfa, Isfahan, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The central theoretical model this essay relies upon to explain trust among Julfan Armenian merchants derives from ‘social capital’ theory as elaborated in sociology and economic sociology, as well as theory from the New Institutional Economics associated with the influential work of Avner Greif. Unlike the latter body of work, however, this essay argues that Julfan trust must be understood not solely as an outcome of informal institutions such as reputation-regulating mechanisms discussed by Greif in his work on Maghribi Jews of the medieval period, but also as a result of the simultaneous combination of both informal and semi-formal legal institutions. In the Julfan context, the essay thus focuses on a merchant arbitrage institution known as the Assembly of Merchants, which enabled Julfan merchants to generate and maintain trust, trustworthiness and uniform norms necessary for collective action and cooperation.
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Sumiyati, Sumiyati. "EKSISTENSI BIMA DALAM PELAYARAN DAN PERDAGANGAN ANTAR PULAU." Diakronika 18, no. 1 (November 21, 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/diakronika/vol18-iss1/60.
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Bima is a region in eastern Sumbawa Island. It has been a port town docked by many merchant ship from many region for centuries. It cannot be denied that trading activity in Bima Port is dominated by merchants from Bugis-Makassar and Malay who played up their trade widely into another island such as Flores and other eastern region, because Islamization and its closely relationship between South Sulawesi and Malay merchants. Since 16th century, Bima considered as one of the most important trade town, with the result that VOC endeavour to make a monopoly trade with ruler of Bima. The number of sailors and merchants from any direction makes Bima more crowdly. The great commodity of Bima is Kayu Sapan.