Dissertations / Theses: 'Merchants'

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Cheer, Karen A. "Irish maritime trade in the eighteenth century : a study in patterns of trade, market structures, and merchant communities : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/895.

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Bradley, Helen Lesley. "Italian merchants in London c1350-1450." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282053.

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Yi, Li. "The Bureau that invites merchants an examination of the bureaucratic characteristics of the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, 1864-1883 /." access full-text, 1993. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/umi-r.pl?9417052.pdf.

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Li, Yi. "The bureau that invites merchants : an examination of the bureaucratic characteristics of the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, 1864-1883 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10442.

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Laidlaw, James Alexander. "The religion of Svetambar Jain merchants in Jaipur." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277890.

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Fifer, D. E. (Donald Edward). "The Sydney merchants and seaborne trade, 1821-1851." Phd thesis, Department of History, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13716.

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Brito, Nadia Francisca. "Merchants of Curacao in the early 18th century." W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625499.

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Kim, Daeryoon. "Merchants, Politics, and the Atlantic Imperial Crisis, 1763-1783." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487124.

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This thesis explores the politics of British American merchants in the period of imperial crisis, 1763-1783. Engaging with the impressive array of scholarship on merchant politicians, on the emergence ofurban radicalism, and on the British origins of the American Revolution, the thesis proposes to study the politics of imperial crisis from the standpoint of the merchants themselves. Rather than treating the contributions of American merchants to the great events and debates leading to American independence only as a subordinate part of other political movements, the thesis examines their political actions and opinions in their own right. To this end, the thesis systematically surveys state records such as the Board ofTrade papers and the Journals ofthe House of Commons to identify the broader patterns of their political interaction with the state and the issues and arguments contained in their representations. Drawing on extensive collections ofpamphlets and colonial newspapers, the thesis demonstrates a strong consistency between what merchants suggested to the state and what they argued in the public sphere. Their opinions were based upon their experience ofimperial economy and emphasized the commercial origin and future of empire rather than Britain's constitutional supremacy over the American colonies. Two case-studies ofLondon and Bristol demonstrate that although they worked largely under the same pressures, American merchants were also influenced by local political traditions, power structures, and political configurations. When seen from the perspective of merchants, their political record in this period was not entirely one of failure. They knew how to use the political system to their benefit within the context of interest politics, but were not eager to seek a new political order. Through a study of the politics of the American merchant, this thesis contributes to our understanding of interest politics of eighteenth-century Britain. More generally, it helps us to understand a British political culture in which its polite and commercial people learnt to respect each other's needs without serious amendment of the constitutional order.

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錢江 and Kong James Chin. "Merchants and other sojourners: the Hokkiens overseas, 1570-1760." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43894057.

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Chin, Kong James. "Merchants and other sojourners : the Hokkiens overseas, 1570-1760 /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20793066.

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Chu, Ian Pui. "Crossing the borders of a merchant class: imaging and representing elite status in the portraits of the Hong merchants of Canton." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/391.

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Portraits of hong merchants produced in the latter period of the Canton Trade (1820-1840) portray these merchants in a new manner — one that previously had not been seen in China. These portraits depict Chinese subjects through a pastiche of signs associated with China's elite, yet the medium of oil painting and the use of perspective, drawn primarily from European artistic traditions, was unusual in Canton and was not in popular use in China as a whole. This study examines portraits of hong merchants executed by a Scottish artist residing in Canton, George Chinnery, as well as his Chinese student, Lamqua, in order to trace a particular form of portraiture that emerged at this time. As I will argue, this type of portraiture evoked the contradictions inherent in the hong merchant's position, which was situated between Chinese rule and foreign trade, and also gave form to a range of tensions and disparities that existed between the merchants and Chinese mandarin officials, or hoppos. Along with the exchange of commodities which was central to the merchants trade, there existed a simultaneous cultural exchange which was affected by new media and new forms of knowledge. The introduction of oil painting to China and the circulation of merchant portraits are a case in point. The hong merchant portraits offered a stage for the performance of a carefully constructed and imagined identity that encapsulated a range of desires and aspirations for elite status within China. Furthermore, these portraits also served as an important mode of exchange with, and for, European viewers. This identity was a performance of status and class both in the imagination of the hong merchant, but also one performed for foreign traders who would see these images. The portraits of the hong merchants thus embody diverse social dimensions where the subject is embedded within a network of references to class, rank, and demeanour. Using the medium of oil paint, the illusion of the image extended beyond the use of shadow and perspective as the portraits inscribed an identity for the hong merchant that was at once elusive and illusive.

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Al-Shehabi, Saad Hesham. "The evolution of the role of merchants in Kuwaiti politics." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-evolution-of-the-role-of-merchants-in-kuwaiti-politics(6857c175-f2f8-41ba-8231-b67acb9f81a1).html.

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This thesis studies the historical evolution of mercantile influence in Kuwaiti politics from the historical beginnings of Kuwait until the 1990 Iraqi invasion. Primary archival material and arguments from the field of political economy are utilised, particularly relying on the concepts of structural and instrumental powers for analysis. The main conclusion is that there was a shift from merchants' reliance on structural powers in the pre-oil era to a utilisation of instrumental powers after oil began to be exported. Pre-oil, local rulers depended on mercantile economic activity to generate state revenues and provide local employment. Merchants could use these structural powers to influence and punish rulers. This is vividly illustrated in the 1910 episode of the migration of the pearl merchants and the 1921 and 1938 council movements demanding more executive powers. Oil exports freed the government from its historical dependence on merchants for both finance and employment. Merchants' structural powers started to erode and they had to shift to instrumental powers to influence the political sphere. They also had to contend with the rising political roles of other social groups, including the Bedouin and the Shi‘a. Thus merchants had to diversify their strategies for political influence. These included becoming active in parliamentary politics, participating in the emerging state bureaucracy, establishing chambers of commerce, setting up media outlets and forming alliances with other forces in society. Although merchants were part of one economic class, they formed a group of notables which was not necessarily politically cohesive and frequently exhibited differing political actions, particularly on non-economic issues. It is therefore important to move away from the view that merchants were a homogenous group and towards a more nuanced understanding at the micro- and meso-level that links individuals with the institutions and networks in which they operated. Factors such as political ideology also played an important role in the actions of individual members.

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Cavender, Amal. "Migrants and Fassi Merchants| Urban Changes in Morocco, 1830-1912." Thesis, Purdue University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10608727.

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This research examines the role of the Moroccan rulers, the political administration, and the Moroccan people in shaping Moroccan cities, mainly Fez, during the nineteenth century. It studies the role of trade and the interaction of Moroccan merchants with France and England between 1830 and 1912. In this study, I offer an analysis of a group of factors that influenced the development of Fez. More specifically, I analyze the impacts of war, drought, famine, epidemics, and unrest, which culminated in a massive migration from rural regions to urban cities, Fez in particular. The death and hardship of the era resulted in social and urban changes that made Fez the center of thriving trade and building projects.

These dynamics of change and socioeconomic factors reshaped the built environment of Fez. Accordingly, this dissertation examines several social and economic layers of urban change in Fez. This study challenges the notion that cities in Morocco represented a backward culture and stagnant past. It also articulates that the importance of Morocco comes not only from its relations with Europe, but also from its own political, social, and economic ideals.

As trade flourished during this period, Fez rose to be an important stage for wealth and urban change. It played an essential role in the economy and political balance of Europe. As a result, a new class of powerful and wealthy merchants, Muslims and Jews, formed the new political elites of Fez. These merchants influenced the socio-economic and built environments of Fez and Morocco at large. In addition, the interaction of the wealthy merchants with Europe increased their wealth and political presence, which impacted Morocco and facilitated the presence of European powers in the country. As a result of this transformation, a struggle for power heightened and the gap between the wealthy and the poor widened. These consequences transformed the built environment of Fez; the wealthy built palatial residences and the poor struggled to survive in cramped spaces.

This study posits that the slow and cautious progress of Morocco suggests the good intentions of the rulers to promote progress and development in a variety of domestic sectors. In addition, the increased wealth from trade and investment in properties and the continuous building and renovation activities reveals that Morocco was a land of change, and Fez was a vibrant, productive urban center during the nineteenth century. Fez’s production at the time is characterized by increased wealth from trade, land development, investment, and renovation.

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Eacott, Jonathan Phillips. "Trading language, British merchants and political economy between 1793-1815." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63297.pdf.

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Mukhtar, Y. "Trade, merchants and the state in Borno, c.1893-1939." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505500.

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Graham, Tom. "Knights and merchants : English cities and the aristocracy, 1377-1509." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6cbaed78-e5fb-4b31-94b8-5d9df7a0ef72.

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This thesis examines how English towns and townsmen interacted with the aristocracy in the late middle ages. To do so, it compares the experiences and behaviour of four towns and their inhabitants across a 'long' fifteenth century running from 1377 until 1509. These four examples - Exeter, Norwich, Salisbury and Southampton - represent a cross-section of important provincial towns, with each providing a different picture because of their differing contexts and circumstances, particularly the contrasting political societies of the counties which surrounded them. The first half of the study considers links between individual townsmen and aristocrats. In particular, it discusses the patterns displayed by both groups' property ownership as well as their involvement in royal government, before investigating direct connections which existed between them. It concludes that although links did emerge between these groups, most were short-lived and had few political or social implications. The exception was a group on the boundary of gentility, including lawyers, administrators, royal servants and a small number of prosperous townsmen. These men moved relatively easily between town and country and often had interests in both spheres, but their activities rarely combined the âaristocratic' and the 'urban'. In addition, their low status in landed society meant that they rarely drew wider urban and aristocratic society into contact. The second part of the thesis examines the relationship between aristocrats and town governments. It argues that aristocrats could provide significant benefits to towns, but only if they possessed national influence and local authority. This combination was originally exclusive to regional magnates, but the 'new monarchy' empowered progressively minor figures, and towns ultimately preferred to seek the aid of these junior men. It also argues that aristocrats received some benefit to their prestige and worship from helping towns, and that magnates were perhaps even expected to do so by both towns and the king.

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Bergstrom, Peter V. "Markets and merchants : economic diversification in colonial Virginia, 1700-1775 /." New York ; London : Garland, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34920378n.

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Mukhtar, Yakubu. "Trade, merchants and the State in Borno c. 1893-1939 /." Köln : R. Köppe, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376325314.

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Coe, Aaron Daniel. "Chinese Merchants and Race Relations in Astoria, Oregon, 1882 - 1924." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/422.

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A large wave of Chinese immigrants came to the United States in the second half of the nineteenth century. Employment, mainly in the salmon-canning industry, drew thousands of them to coastal Astoria, Oregon. Taking the period between the first Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 and the Immigration Act of 1924, this thesis focuses on the Chinese merchants in Astoria and their importance for our understanding of race relations in the town during these years. Specifically, the merchants help to make sense of how the Chinese related to the local white population, as different sources suggest different trends of amiability and hostility. Newspapers testify that local Chinese gained acceptance during the period, going generally from vilified outcasts to respected members of the community. Immigration case files, however, show that officials displayed little resistance to Chinese in the early exclusion years, but worked harder to deny Chinese applications toward the end of this period. So, from one body of records it seems that white Astorians grew more tolerant of Chinese during these years, while the other document set shows a rise in conflict with the immigrants. This apparent contradiction can be reconciled by considering the demographic changes in the Chinese immigrant community during this period, along with class biases and the role of merchants in immigration and social interactions.

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Hildermeier, Manfred. "Bürgertum und Stadt in Russland 1760-1870 rechtliche Lage und soziale Struktur /." Köln : Böhlau, 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/13979802.html.

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Mok, Kin-wai Patrick. "The British intra-Asian trade with China, 1800-1842 /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B30708369.

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Seckar-Bandow, Alyssa Alexandra. "Traders and merchants in early Byzantium : evidence from codified and customary law from the 4th to 10th centuries." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648246.

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Byrne, Frank J. "Becoming bourgeois : merchant culture in the antebellum and confederate south /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488203158828259.

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Mair, Olivia. "Merchants and mercantile culture in later medieval Italian and English literature." University of Western Australia. English, Communication and Cultural Studies Discipline Group, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0088.

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[Truncated abstract] The later medieval Western European economy was shaped by a marked increase in commerce and rapid urbanisation. The commercialisation of later medieval society is the background to this research, whose focus is the ways in which later medieval Italian and English literature registers and responds to the expanding marketplace and the rise of an urban mercantile class. What began as an investigation of the representation of merchants and business in a selection of this literature has become an attempt to address broader questions about the later medieval economy in relation to literary and artistic production. This study is therefore concerned not just with merchants and their activities in literature, but also the way economic developments are manifested in narrative. Issues such as the moral position and social function of the merchant are addressed, alongside bigger economic issues such as value and exchange in literature, and to some extent, the position of the writer and artist in a commercialised economy. The study is primarily literary, but it adopts a cross-disciplinary method, drawing on economic and social history, literary criticism, art history and sociology. It begins with an assessment of the broader socio-economic context, focusing on ecclesiastical and social responses to the growth of … This chapter discusses the thirteenth-century Floris and Blauncheflur (c. 1250), and the late fourteenth-century Sir Amadace, Sir Launfal, Octavian and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in relation to the commercialised economy and with reference to late medieval thought concerning value, exchange and the role and function of merchants. Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (c. 1380s) is the subject of the third and final chapter, “Narrative and Economics in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales”. Chaucer treats commerce and merchants with a complexity very close to Boccaccio’s approach to commerce. Both writers are acutely aware of the corruption to which merchants are susceptible, and of the many accusations levelled at merchants and their activities, but they do not necessarily perpetuate them. Rather than discussing exclusively the tales that deal extensively with merchants and commerce, or that told by the Merchantpilgrim, this discussion of the Canterbury Tales focuses on the Knight’s Tale, the Man of Law’s Tale and the Shipman’s Tale and the way they relate to broader ideas about the exchange and the production of narrative in the Canterbury Tales as a whole.

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Jenstad, Janelle Auriol. "Change and exchange, merchants and goldsmiths on the early modern stage." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ52825.pdf.

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Mulkeen, Maria L. (Maria Louisa). "Merchants and business district revitalization : a case study of Codman Square." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68785.

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Raheem, Zakiyyah. "Analysis of black merchants' participation in a retail revitalization loan program." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1986. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/2804.

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This study is a descriptive study which identifies the variables that inhibit participation by black merchants in a Retail Revitalization Loan Program (RRLP) that utilizes the public/private partnership concept. A sample of fifteen (15) black merchants were administered self-report questionnaires from a population of seventy (70) in Dallas, Texas through the stratified sampling method, utilizing SIC codes. From the response patterns of those surveyed, a Z-value was computed and tested at 1% level of significance, revealing that at least 85% of the black merchants identified conventional underwriting criteria as the primary cause for their lack of participation in the RRLP. Therefore, the null hypothesis was upheld.

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Wilson, David. "Pirates, merchants, and imperial authority in the British Atlantic, 1716-1726." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29434.

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Warren, Digby. "Merchants, commissioners and wardmasters : municipal politics in Cape Town, 1840-1854." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7604.

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Bibliography: leaves 260-272.
Merchants,Commissioners and Wardmasters: Municipal Politics in Cape Town, 1840-854 explores the social, political and economic changes and conflicts that helped to determine Cape Town's evolution in the mid nineteenth century. The focus lies on the dominant classes who were involved in municipal and colonial affairs. This study critically examines the thesis, first propounded by Tony Kirk, of class rivalry between Cape Town's 'aristocracy', the mercantile elite, and the rising commercial middle class which dominated the municipal executive. It also investigates the intra-institutional relations between the municipal commissioners (the executive) and wardmasters (members of the junior board of the municipality), and the role played by the municipality in Cape politics. In filling a gap that exists in the growing body of academic research on the history of Cape Town, this dissertation aims to make an original contribution to the field of South African urban history.

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King, Michael. "A rationale for tying merchants' membership of platforms serving independent markets." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-rationale-for-tying-merchants-membership-of-platforms-serving-independent-markets(6499852a-f3f2-4c24-ae21-bf39fbf72c2d).html.

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A Rationale for Tying Merchants' Membership of Platforms Serving Independent Markets. This thesis was submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Social Sciences in the Faculty of Humanities by Michael King during September 2010. I analyses the effect of tying sellers' membership of a monopoly platform to membership of another platform, which operates in an otherwise competitive market. Visa's contentious use of the honour-all-cards rule to tie their debit and credit cards is an example of such a tie-in. There has been a move to judge tying cases under "rule of reason", which permits dubious practices when they are indispensable to creating economic benefit. However, a proportion of the extra-surplus must be passed on to consumers ("pass on test"). Rochet and Tirole (2008) claimed that tying payment cards raised Visa's profit without harming end-users. However, this doesn't fully address the concerns of regulators. Hence, my thesis investigates whether tying satisfied the "pass on test". Part I: In Rochet-Tirole (2008) sellers operate in two independent markets (ç and d). Network A runs platforms in both markets; and Network B only operates in market d. The price-level (buyer-fee plus seller-fee) on a network's platforms is exogenously determined but they can choose the price-structure. My study extended this framework by explicitly modelling competition in the product market. Part II: Platform competition leads to a price-structure that maximizes the net-benefit received by buyers and sellers. In contrast, a monopoly platform extracts most of the surplus by encouraging excessive use of payment-cards. Therefore, if tying is prohibited, then competition for sellers in market d leads to an optimal price-structure. However, Network A extracts most of the surplus created by its monopoly platform. Finally, if the average transaction-cost, τ, exceeds the price-level, ρ, then the net-benefit generated by a monopoly platform remains strictly positive. Part III: By tying its platforms Network A can exclude Network B. However, Network A is unable to exclude Network B just by matching the net-benefit it generates; rather, it must "compensate" sellers for the extra competition they face from being on the same network. Therefore, if tying is permitted, then the total net-benefit on Network A exceeds the maximum benefit that can be generated by a single platform. Part IV: It was found that if transaction-fees, ρ, are high relative to transaction-costs, τ, then tying always increases the consumer surplus. However, if transaction-fees, ρ, are low relative to transaction-costs, τ, then tying doesn't benefit consumers; and will reduce the consumer-surplus if their transaction-costs are sufficiently high.

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Lau, Man-kit Francis. "A study of Zheng Guanying's (1842-1922) mercantilism Zheng Guanying zhong shang si xiang yan jiu /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31950929.

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Lau, Man-kit Francis, and 劉文傑. "A study of Zheng Guanying's (1842-1922) mercantilism." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31950929.

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MacMahon, Luke. "The ambassadors of Henry VIII : the personnel of English diplomacy, c.1500-c.1550." Thesis, University of Kent, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322153.

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Carpenter, Charlotte. "The formation of urban elites : civic officials in late-medieval York, 1476-1525." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2514/.

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Barney, John M. "The merchants and maritime trade of King's Lynn in the eighteenth century." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389203.

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Elbeshausen, Henning. "Virtual markets as competitive weapons : the case of eBay and small merchants." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619771.

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Fong, Natalie L. "Chinese Merchants in the Northern Territory, 1880-1950: A translocal case study." Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/410942.

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This thesis examines a leading group of Chinese merchants (those engaged in overseas trade) and their families who operated businesses in the Northern Territory (‘the Territory’) during the period 1880-1950. This study emphasises the benefits of a translocal approach to understanding the interrelationships of race, class, and gender in this history. But it also provides a framework for investigating the interrelationships of Chinese people in Darwin, of Chinese and Aboriginal people, and of Chinese people in different locations in Australia and overseas. I argue that Chinese merchants and their families based in particular locations should be studied in relation to each other and thus comparatively and transnationally to better understand their various contributions to local, national and international histories. Darwin is one such illuminating example. The Chinese merchants in the Territory are a dynamic and underinvestigated case study in this regard due to several compelling factors. The ongoing presence of Chinese in the Territory spanned a tumultuous era in the Territory and Australia’s path to nationhood: the discovery of gold in the Territory in the 1870s; the advent of the telegraph line, railway and international steamship companies; anti-Chinese sentiment in Australian colonies and overseas in the 1880s; Federation and the infamous Immigration Restriction Act in 1901; the passing of the Territory from South Australian to Commonwealth administration in 1911, and World Wars One and Two. Darwin occupied a pivotal position in Australia’s battle with Japan during World War Two. Moreover, the Territory, together with the northern regions of Western Australia and Queensland, featured in race debates and anti- Chinese rhetoric surrounding Federation. These regions posed a dilemma for Australian colonial then federal governments regarding the need for labour to develop the north without compromising the vision of a ‘White Australia’. Until 1888, the Territory was an ‘open door’ to Chinese immigration. Furthermore, the Territory’s dominant Chinese population affords a manageable but revealing in-depth historical analysis of a microcosm of Chinese of various dialect groups, classes, and occupations. As will be shown, this microcosm was organised and directed by a group of Darwin-based merchants. Darwin was a key node for European and Chinese merchants in the circulation of goods and people, aided by steamships and the telegraph. The tropical climate and challenging terrain prompted authorities to work with Chinese merchants to import labour. Chinese merchants established businesses in the Territory; some had transnational business networks, sometimes in conjunction with Chinese merchants in other parts of Australia, that contributed to economies beyond Australia to the Asia-Pacific. In contrast to mainstream assumptions about the marginalisation of Asians in ‘White Australia’, I demonstrate that in the Territory, Chinese merchants and their families experienced a degree of respect and acceptance from European political and business elites as leaders and representatives of the Chinese. They were also part of the Territory’s complication of global histories of race through the triangulation of European-Chinese-Aboriginal relations. These relations were policed by government regulations but afforded Chinese merchants elevated social status over other Chinese and over Aboriginal people, some of whom were employed by Chinese merchants, a practice later prohibited by law. The considerable political activism of the Territory Chinese leaders on behalf of the Territory Chinese against anti-Asian discrimination is also highlighted in this case study. The economic competitiveness of the Chinese merchants in the Territory was a major factor in the formation of an anti- Chinese faction of European businessmen in the Territory. This faction campaigned for national immigration restrictions in the lead-up to the passing of similar Chinese immigration restrictions by Australian colonies in 1888 and during the formulation of the 1901 federal Immigration Restriction Act. Territory Chinese merchants actively protested these and other ‘White Australia’ policies, producing valuable records of Chinese voices. These records also provide evidence of European support for the Chinese, an aspect of history rarely discussed then or since. My investigation of this aspect of European-Chinese relations places it in critical relationship to the interplay of issues such as the politics of citizenship, the economic agendas of governments and interpersonal exchanges ‘on the ground’. Finally, this case study contributes to another important and developing field of research – the history of Chinese women in Australia. Underused archival sources disclose numerous examples of Territory Chinese women from merchant families who became involved in business despite Australian and Chinese gender norms that restricted women’s activity. Two women who will be profiled in this study even self-identified as merchants. This translocal study of the Chinese merchants of the Territory adds considerably to our understanding of the history of the Territory, of the development of Australian nationhood, and of transnational political, economic and social histories. It is also a study of personal significance in exploring the experiences of my ancestors as the first generation to migrate to Australia. Additionally, being a descendant of one of the merchants and one of the remarkable merchants’ wives presented in this study has given me access to family archives which have been invaluable to my research.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Hum, Lang & Soc Sc
Arts, Education and Law
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Khan, Samra. "The Sethi merchants' havelis in Peshawar, 1800-1910 : form, identity and status." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2016. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9zq9x/the-sethi-merchants-havelis-in-peshawar-1800-1910-form-identity-and-status.

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This study of the Sethi merchants' havelis of Peshawar was undertaken with the premise that domestic architecture provides an alternative and compelling narrative about historical and cultural changes undergone by Indian society. The Sethi havelis constructed over a period of a hundred years (1800-1910) combined residential, business and communal spaces to form sprawling urban estates that dominated the physical environment as well as signalling a distinct identity for the clan. The Sethi havelis are important markers of the rise and peak of the merchant class of India that replaced the Mughal umrah from the 19th century. The havelis are indicative of not only the physical but the social space in society appropriated by the merchants. The study of these havelis was carried out through documentary research and close investigation of the fabric of the buildings (making detailed survey drawings of plans, elevations and sections). The study has been set in the larger context of the analysis of regional and trans-regional trade, the development of the city of Peshawar in the various historic eras and the wider transformation of Indian society in the colonial era. This thesis looks at Peshawar not as an isolated city, but located within a larger and vibrant regional and national framework to understand the multilayered fabric of the city. This provided the unique environment for the construction and development of the Sethi havelis. Havelis were vital channels of indigenous patronage of architecture, and retained an alternative spatial culture to that of the colonial sponsored bungalows. Although they lost their appeal for many anglicised Indians who moved to the suburban bungalows, havelis continued to be inhabited by old aristocratic families who equated this lifestyle with 'holding on to family honour'. The haveli was a flexible typology which housed a traditional lifestyle developed around purdah, but was able to absorb the cultural changes of the early 20th century and facilitated transitions between the traditional and the modern. The haveli could also incorporate changes on its facade, becoming more extroverted in the 20th century, easily mixing stucco decorations, naqqashi and Shah-Jehani columns with stained glass, wrought iron balconies and gothic windows. The Sethis became eminent merchant-bankers by successfully building relationships with the British in India and Amir Abdur-Rahman in Afghanistan, who allowed them a large share in the trade of the era. This financial success was expressed through the construction of the palatial havelis in the heart of the city as well as through the sponsorship of a large body of philanthropic works including mosques, gardens, wells, orphanages and serais. The identity of the Sethis was sustained through the building and occupation of these havelis. They indicate that architecture can be seen as proxy for its patron: while the Mughal Serai Jehan-Ara expressed the economic power of the Mughals(1526-1738), the continued occupation of the serai by the Sikh and British authorities signalled their desire to be associated with this power. The construction of umrah havelis and later the Sethi havelis close to the power centre of the serai expressed similar aspirations. More importantly, the Sethi merchant havelis were important examples of indigenous architecture within the physical landscape which had been shaped by colonial interventions. As such they contested the physical landscape of colonial monuments(Cunningham clock tower and Hastings' Monument) on the Bazaar-e-Kalan as counternarratives. The study fills a significant gap in the literature through its close consideration and analysis of the domestic architecture of Sethi merchants of Peshawar, thus contributing to the overall cultural history of the pre-colonial and colonial periods in the city's history. The thesis concludes that historical accounts that focus only on the study and descriptions of monumental architecture present an incomplete picture, which may be completed through the study of the domestic architecture of the eras (19th and 20th centuries).

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Balle, Francois. "La gestion des compagnies marchandes Italie centre-nord. Début XIIIe siècle - 1350." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES041/document.

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Les grands marchands italiens des XIIIe et XIVe siècles, ceux qui opéraient sur les marchés internationaux, furent précurseurs de bien des techniques commerciales et de gestion. Ils ont également « inventé » la compagnie commerciale.Les analyses classiques de cette institution ne rendent pas suffisamment compte des causes de son apparition. Les risques moindres ni le montant plus important des capitaux nécessaires ne paraissent, pour cette époque, des facteurs tout à fait déterminants et suffisants. Les influences et les expériences dont ont pu bénéficier les commerçants italiens ne l’expliquent pas non plus.La plupart des documents qui nous sont parvenus apparaissent adaptés, plus qu’à une gestion efficace des opérations à celle de la relation entre les acteurs de ces compagnies. Cela conduit à s’interroger sur les raisons pour lesquelles ces marchands mirent en place à la fois l’institution et ces extraordinaires moyens de gestion.Le parallélisme observé entre l’apparition des compagnies, de ses outils de gestion, les évolutions politiques et celles des administrations publiques au moment de l’ascension du Popolo, fournit un premier indice sur ce moment de création de l’institution. Comme les communes, elle apparaît fondée sur une association originale entre personnes libres, sur la recherche de la concorde, et pour cette raison fut pourvue d’outils de gestion rigoureux.Les apports et les nouvelles conceptions de la science économique institutionnelle, la vision de la « firme » comme une solution alternative moins coûteuse au marché, et comme un outil de gestion du « problème de l’agence », complètent l’explication de l’apparition des compagnies
The great Italian merchants of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, those who operated on international scale, were the precursors of many commercial and management technics. They also "invented" the commercial company. The classical analyzes of this institution do not sufficiently explain their appearance. The lesser risks for this activity and the greater amount of capital required are not decisive and sufficient explanations for this time. Neither do the influences and experiences that Italian traders have benefited. Most of the management documents, especially the ledgers and the letters, seem adapted to the management of the relationship between the actors of these companies rather than of operations. This leads to questions about why these merchants set up both the institution and these extraordinary management methods.The parallel observed and analyzed between the appearance of these companies, their management tools and the political and public administrations evolutions at the time of the rise of the Popolo highlights this moment of creation of the institution. It thus appears, like the communes, based on an original association of free people, on the search for concord and for this reason provided with rigorous management tools.The use of analysis and new conceptions of the "firm", by institutional economics, the vision of it as a less expensive alternative to the market, and as a tool for managing the “agency problem”, complete the explanation to the appearance of companies

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Paavilainen, Marko. "Kun pääomilla oli mieli ja kieli suomalaiskansallinen kielinationalismi ja uusi kauppiaskunta maakaupan vapauttamisesta 1920-luvun alkuun /." Helsinki : Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura : Helsingin Kauppiaitten Yhdistys, 2005. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/64900605.html.

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Heslop, Luke Alexander. "Making of the merchant middle class in Sri Lanka : a small town ethnography." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15945.

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This thesis is an ethnographic study of middlemen and business families in a commercial town in central Sri Lanka. What I present is based on almost two years of ethnographic fieldwork, in which I followed entrepreneurial families as they started and developed various businesses, built new homes, found suitors for their children, extended their networks of effective social relations, and campaigned for political office. At the heart of the town, and at the centre of the project, is Sri Lanka’s largest wholesale vegetable market. Through an exploration of vegetable selling, I examine various types of work that transcend the boundaries of the market itself: the work of kinship within business families, in particular dealing with extending families and the task of producing new homes, the work of belonging and status among merchants, and the work of politics in a merchant town. These themes are explored in three ethnographic settings – in the households of business families, at work in the vegetable market, and at social and political gatherings. My account of the activities of merchants and merchant families in Dambulla engages and builds upon a body of anthropological literature on the production of kinship, class, and politics in Sri Lanka against the backdrop of a much broader set of social transformations that have shaped Sri Lanka’s tumultuous post-colonial modernity; notably the war and development, economic and agrarian change, and Sinhala-Buddhist nationalism. The thesis provides new empirical data from ethnographic research into under researched areas of Sri Lankan social and cultural life, such as everyday domesticity and male sociality, as well as life and work in a small town in rural Sri Lanka. The ethnographic material also draws on theories from economic anthropology and economic sociology in its analysis. While some of the bigger questions in the thesis address identity and belonging among merchants, as well as the cultural implications of material change; throughout the thesis I also explore what goes on in houses, which relationships matter, how hierarchies are maintained and circumvented, how people make deals, leverage influence, protest, pursue strategies to get ahead, and transpose local issues onto broader political spheres. This, I argue, is the work that goes into the making of the merchant middle class.

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Qin, Yucheng. "Six Companies diplomacy Chinese merchants and late Qing policy toward exclusion, 1848-1911 /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2002. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3052452.

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Miller, Owen. "The silk merchants of the Myonjujon : Guild and Government in late choson Korea." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497535.

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Kermode, Jennifer Isobel. "The merchants of York, Beverley and Hull in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1990. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1848/.

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This thesis examines three main aspects of the merchant class of York, Beverley, and Hull: their economic activities, political dominance and social and religious concerns. It argues that in each town, merchants played a significant role, and as their commercial fortunes were affected by endogenous factors, so was their position within each town. Chapter 1 gives a brief historical outline of each town's development, up to and including the period under study. Chapter 2 offers an overview of the fluctuating patterns of international trade, and of the changing fortunes of each town's investment in overseas trade. Within that context, chapter 4 focuses on individual merchant's business 'biographies', using them as a basis for a general discussion of the range and quality of the involvement of each town's merchant class in overseas trade. The second part of the chapter explores the evidence of capital accumulation by individuals, assessing the role of real estate, cash and credit in their enterprises. This analysis reveals the wide range in levels of commercial success to be found within the merchant class. Chapter 5 looks at the degree to which merchants dominated the government of each town, highlighting the notable differences between them. It concludes that the merchant oligarchs of each were tenacious in defending their position, until their commercial failure inexorably lead to their political demise. Chapter 6 offers insights into the ways in which merchants underpinned their commercial and political association through social networks. Inter-marriage, the poor survival rate of male heirs, household structure and family provision, all reflect a high degree of interdependence. The second section of the chapter concentrates on merchant benevolence and piety, concluding that their priorities were similar to those of other townsfolk and their religious beliefs as conservative.

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Srivastava, Kumar Abhinav. "Assessing financial well-being of merchants by analyzing behavioral patterns in historical transactions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107348.

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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, System Design and Management Program, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 31).
This study focuses on new approach to estimate financial wellbeing indicators for merchants, by looking at behavioral patterns of their customers in historical transactions. The transaction data for about 10,000 merchants in a specific country, was analyzed in terms of their diversity and propensity of customers for factors like age, distance they travel to shop, time of the day, day of the week, educational status, gender etc. While diversity refers to the variety in the different groups, propensity refers to concentration of customers in specific groups. These factors were used as independent variables to predict the financial well-being of merchants, particularly in two dimensions -total revenue and consistency in revenue, both relative to other merchants in the same industry. The merchants were also divided into the categories of Essential, Nonessential and Luxury goods depending on the industry they belong to and it was interesting to observe the contrast across categories. While the individual correlations were weak but significant, feature selection and classification (using logistic regression) indicate that diversity and propensity for factors of 'Age', 'Time of the day' and 'Day of the week' show reasonable prediction capabilities for total revenue and consistency in revenue for a merchant, as compared to the industry average. These kind of inputs can be very useful from a bank's perspective if an existing business customer of a bank wants to apply for a loan and the bank needs to assess the application. The analysis can be a good augmentation to the current methods or models of determining the financial wellbeing of a merchant. Also, this kind of analysis can bring a fresh perspective to the merchants to look at the customer base and then to target the right customers for achieving the business objectives of above average and consistent revenue streams.
by Kumar Abhinav Srivastava.
S.M. in Engineering and Management

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Kong, Yuk Chui. "Jewish merchants' community in Shanghai: a study of the Kadoorie Enterprise, 1890-1950." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2017. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/417.

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Following the footsteps of British merchants, Jewish merchants began migrating to China's coastal ports starting from the 1840s. Small in their number, they exerted great influence on Shanghai's economic development. The community of Jews from Baghdad, for instance, wielded enormous clout in coastal China's economic and financial markets. To fill the gap of the economic and financial activities of the Jewish merchants' community in the existing literature, this dissertation considers Jewish economic activities in Shanghai using the Kadoorie enterprise as a case study. It examines the emergence, development and retreat of the Jewish merchants' community and argues that the Jewish merchants' community seized the opportunity of the changing political and economic environment in China to engage in the capital market in Shanghai and to enlarge their influence in the Chinese economy. Through the case study of the Kadoories, this dissertation focuses on the financial side of their operations and suggests that the Jewish merchants' community in Shanghai had established their identity and status in the Far East through expanding their economic influences. This dissertation starts by analyzing how the Kadoories knocked over the obstacles on the problem of nationality and started their business in Shanghai with the British legal tools. It further investigates their methods of raising capital and highlights their economic contributions. This dissertation examines the business strategies of the Jewish merchants, as a migration diaspora given the vagaries of the global economy and the changing political situation in coastal China. It then explores the interactions and power struggles between the Kadoories and their business partners to explain the business network of the Jewish merchants and account for the building up of the economic influence of the Jewish merchants' community in China. Furthermore, the case study examines how the Jewish merchants adapted their business strategies in response to political and economic changes. Examining the economic activities of these Jewish merchants provides insight into China's economic history. The case study of the Kadoories also reveals the fluctuations in Shanghai's economy and the characteristics of economic changes in contemporary China. Finally, this dissertation highlights the retreat of the Kadoories from Shanghai after 1945. At present, the Kadoories are still conducting business in China.

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McDonald, Kevin P. "Pirates, merchants, settlers, and slaves : making an Indo-Atlantic trade world, 1640-1730 /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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AXELSSON, REBECCA, and ANTON NOTSTAM. "Identify ChurnA study in how transaction data can be used toidentify churn for merchants." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-223885.

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Lowes, Mark Douglas. "Indy dreams and urban nightmares, speed merchants, spectacle, and the struggle over public space." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0027/NQ51892.pdf.

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Herzig, Edmund M. "The Armenian merchants of New Julfa, Isfahan : a study in pre-modern Asian trade." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8d886ba7-339e-458c-95d1-73978d764ae0.

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In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the merchants of Julfa, a town on the trade routes linking the Mediterranean with Iran, developed an extensive international trade network reaching from the Atlantic coast of Europe to the Indian Ocean. Part 1 of the dissertation traces the history of Julfa and examines the factors contributing to the Armenians' success - among them the significant growth of Iranian raw silk exports to Europe; the stimulus to East-West trade given by the influx of American silver to Europe and the consequent imbalance in the value of bullion between Europe, the Middle East and South Asia; the forced resettlement of the Julfans in Isfahan and the formation of a close economic relationship with the Safavi court. Part 2 concentrates on social and economic organisation, examining the structure of the Armenian patriarchal household and its commercial operation as family firm, and the community and its provision of the institutions that upheld commercial law and the merchants' system of values and standards of behaviour. The discussion in Chapters 4 and 5 of partnership and agency and the credit system operated by the Julfans is based on research into surviving contracts and credit instruments. These documents also provide the material for Part 3. The Julfan mercantile documents are a unique record of the commercial world of an Asian trading community in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. They also present numerous technical difficulties, which are discussed through the presentation of examples of documents in the original, with translation, notes and a glossary. The history of the Julfa merchants affords a rare opportunity for close examination of the organisation and techniques of trade in Asia and provides a basis for comparison with other Asian merchants.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Merchants'

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