Relevant bibliographies by topics / Merchants United States Attitudes

Academic literature on the topic 'Merchants United States Attitudes'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Merchants United States Attitudes"

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McDaniel, Patricia A., Meredith Minkler, Lisa Juachon, Ryan Thayer, Jessica Estrada, and Jennifer Falbe. "Merchant Attitudes Toward a Healthy Food Retailer Incentive Program in a Low-Income San Francisco Neighborhood." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 38, no. 4 (June 18, 2018): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272684x18781788.

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In low-income urban communities across the United States and globally, small stores frequently offer processed foods, sodas, alcohol, and tobacco but little access to healthy products. To help address this problem, the city of San Francisco created a healthy food retailer incentive program. Its success depends, in part, on retailers’ willingness to participate. Through in-person interviews, we explored attitudes toward the program among store owners or managers of 17 nonparticipating stores. Eleven merchants were uninterested in the program due to negative past experiences trying to sell healthier products, perceived lack of customer demand, and fears that meeting program requirements could hurt profits. Six merchants expressed interest, seeing demand for or opportunity in healthy foods, foreseeing few difficulties in meeting program requirements, and regarding the assistance offered as appealing. Other municipalities considering such interventions should consider merchants’ perspectives, and how best to challenge or capitalize on retailers’ previous experiences with selling healthy foods.
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Lee, Chanhaeng. "Migration to the “First Large Suburban Ghetto” in America." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 44, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2018.440206.

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In this article, I argue that Korean immigrant merchants were active agents who opened small businesses in South Central Los Angeles in order to overcome a range of disadvantages faced in American society. From a structural point of view, Korean immigrant merchants constituted a middleman minority group that played the dual role of “oppressed and oppressor” in the suburban ghetto. Although these merchants made efforts to maintain civil relations with their African American customers, they were often treated with hostile attitudes largely because of the exploitative relationship that existed between the two groups. However, I maintain that Korean American journalists and scholars have not only misunderstood the identity of the middleman minority as an innocent buffer but have also erroneously estimated that race relations with African Americans in Los Angeles were better than those in other areas of the United States.
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Covart, Elizabeth M. "Trade, Diplomacy, and American Independence." Journal of Early American History 5, no. 2 (September 10, 2015): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00502001.

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The economic and trade conditions of the Confederation Era of United States history require further study. This essay follows the difficulties experienced by Albany, New York-based firm Cuyler, Gansevoort & Co. to view the political and economic hurdles American merchants faced outside of the British Empire. In part, Americans fought for independence to conduct free trade with merchants from other countries. However, as Cuyler and Gansevoort’s experiences reveal, being an American merchant during the Confederation Period proved to be a liability, not an advantage. Many foreign countries demonstrated reluctance to admit American goods into their ports. Some foreign merchants used their home legal systems to take advantage of American merchants. All the while, American merchants sought to overcome the liquidity problems of the United States by searching for new trade opportunities that would provide them with the ready money they needed to pay their bills.
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Marzagalli, Silvia. "Establishing Transatlantic Trade Networks in Time of War: Bordeaux and the United States, 1793–1815." Business History Review 79, no. 4 (2005): 811–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25097115.

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U.S. shipping to Bordeaux, France, once minimal, increased dramatically after 1793, the year that marked the beginning of the French Wars. The conflicts compelled merchants to adopt new patterns of trade, as the policies of the belligerent parties increasingly determined the evolution of neutral shipping. Merchants on both sides of the Atlantic strove for closer connections across political boundaries and tried to bypass the difficulties created by warfare. This examination of U.S. commerce with Bordeaux explores the impact of war on transatlantic trade and analyzes the strategies adopted by merchants of that period to minimize the impact of new risks. These merchants tended to rely on personal acquaintances, and they traveled frequently across the Atlantic in order to build and fortify relations of trust. Turning to older, established modes of doing business enabled them to respond rapidly to changes that occurred in the international situation and to anticipate the sudden shifts in policy that were inevitable in times of war.
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Turner, Frederick C., and Marita Carballo de Cilley. "ARGENTINE ATTITUDES TOWARD THE UNITED STATES." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 1, no. 4 (1989): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/1.4.279.

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THAYER, NATHANIEL B. "Japanese Attitudes Toward the United States." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 497, no. 1 (May 1988): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716288497001008.

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Koropeckyj-Cox, Tanya, and Gretchen Pendell. "Attitudes About Childlessness in the United States." Journal of Family Issues 28, no. 8 (August 2007): 1054–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x07301940.

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Diamond, Jeff. "African-American Attitudes towards United States Immigration Policy." International Migration Review 32, no. 2 (1998): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547191.

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Pye, Lucian W., and David I. Steinberg. "Korean Attitudes toward the United States: Changing Dynamics." Foreign Affairs 84, no. 3 (2005): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20034402.

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Domino, George, and Luisa Perrone. "Attitudes toward Suicide: Italian and United States Physicians." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 27, no. 3 (November 1993): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/xng2-nmwe-tn9v-dtlg.

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The Suicide Opinion Questionnaire was administered to 100 Italian and 100 United States physicians, comparable in age, gender, and medical field. Significant differences were obtained on seven of the eight SOQ scales, with Italian physicians showing greater agreement on the mental illness, right to die, religion, impulsivity, normality, aggression, and moral evil scales. Gender differences were obtained in both samples, with males scoring higher. These results are discussed in terms of cultural differences, especially the role of Catholicism.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Merchants United States Attitudes"

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Rainer, Joseph T. "The honorable fraternity of moving merchants: Yankee peddlers in the Old South, 1800--1860." W&M ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623976.

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Yankee peddlers were ubiquitous in the countryside and in the imagination of the Old South. Social and economic forces pushed young men off the farms of rural New England and pulled them into an expanding, national market. The shortage of land for a burgeoning population spurred the exodus from the countryside, while the lure of profits from a vocation with low entry costs attracted many young men who preferred seeking the main chance in the commercial marketplace to a state of protracted dependency as a farm hand, a factory operative, or an outwork producer. Hired by firms to peddle clocks, tinware, and other "notions," their experiences in the marketplace transmogrified these deracinated New England farm boys into sharp, itinerant traders. In the course of this transformation, these migrant workers from New England were indelibly marked by the culture in which they were raised, even as they moved away from familiar values to embrace an emerging market creed.;The thousands of young men from New England who peddled in the South between 1800 and 1860 provided rural southern households direct access to consumer goods. They joined native southern petty merchandisers---hucksters, cake bakers, watermen and groggery keepers---in an interracial, face-to-face economy whose actions threatened the fixed ranks and organic hierarchy of slave society. The Yankee peddler gradually became a more threatening figure to southern planters. Antebellum southern sensibilities towards northern society and market institutions evolved from Southerners' real and fictionalized encounters with Yankee peddlers. Virginia planters hated debt, even as they continued to consume goods they could not afford, and rather than fault themselves for high living, they blamed the agents of consumer desire---Yankee peddlers---for conspiring with women and enslaved dependents to undermine their authority and worsen their economic plight. Southern caricatures of the Yankee peddler put a face on the impersonal forces of the national marketplace that intruded into traditional exchange networks. The fictive Yankee peddler's violation of the southern home elucidates the apprehensions antebellum southern society experienced as it was integrated into the national market and edged towards secession.
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Hunter, Phyllis Whitman. "Ship of wealth: Massachusetts merchants, foreign goods, and the transformation of Anglo-America, 1670-1760." W&M ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623879.

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This study examines capitalism and cultural change in early New England. The research focuses on leading merchants in Boston and Salem, Massachusetts from the last third of the seventeenth century to 1760. During this period, merchants, royal officials, and professionals formed a prominent influential elite that refashioned the town landscape and social structure of colonial ports. Merchants adopted a new Anglo-American worldview that gradually supplanted Puritan spiritual and providential understanding of the world and, instead, emphasized visible, material characteristics as the source of value in science, commerce, and consumption. The resultant "world of goods," created a social marketplace where identity, shaped by owning and displaying high-style goods and genteel manners, could be purchased by anyone with money. Incorporating both exotic imports and foreign merchants, the new culture fostered capitalism and helped to dispel earlier conflicts over sectarian beliefs and ethnic origins that had plagued Boston and Salem. Thus, this study argues that it was consumption and a worldview that placed value in the material not Puritan asceticism, as sociologist Max Weber and his supporters insist, that initiated the spirit of modern capitalism.
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Hook, Czarnocki Susan A. (Susan Amy) 1942. "Attitudes towards desegregation in the United States 1964-1978." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61995.

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Altareb, Belkeis Y. "Attitudes towards Muslims : initial scale development." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1063195.

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This investigation examined attitudes towards Middle-Eastern Muslims held by non-Muslim undergraduate students and was conducted in three phases. Phase one explored these attitudes through focus groups and found that although participants had little information about Muslims, they had definite attitudes. Focus group participants reported that Muslim men and women possessed particular characteristics and that much of their information was learned through movies and/or media sources. During phase two of the study, all measures utilized in the present study were examined for reliability of at least .70. In addition, the ATMS was developed from a review of the literature and of focus groups. All measures were shown to be reliable except the cognitive complexity measure. During phase three, factor analyses were conducted to address the validity of the ATMS. A final five-factor, 25-item scale resulted. The five factors were interpreted as Positive Feelings about Muslims, Muslims as Separate or Other, Lack of Personal Choice/Freedom, Fear of Muslims, and Dissimilarity with Muslims. Correlation analyses supported initial evidence of construct validity. A discussion of the results and its implications are provided.
Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
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Berg, Justin Allen. "Attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2010/j_berg_030110.pdf.

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Qin, Yucheng. "Six Companies diplomacy Chinese merchants and late Qing policy toward exclusion, 1848-1911 /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2002. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3052452.

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Gray, Elizabeth Kelly. "American attitudes toward British imperialism, 1815--1860." W&M ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623404.

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This dissertation explores American attitudes toward British imperialism between 1815 and 1860 to determine what Americans thought of imperialism before the United States became an imperial power. It addresses the debate of whether the United States's acquisition of an empire in the 1890s was intentional or was, as many historians have characterized it, an accidental acquisition by a people long opposed to empire. This study also explores the benefits of incorporating American culture and society into the study of American imperialism.;This era connects the time when Americans re-established their independence from Great Britain---with the War of 1812---to the eve of the Civil War, which solved the sectional crisis and thus put the nation in a position to pursue overseas expansion unimpeded. America changed rapidly during this era. New Protestant denominations challenged the church's authority, industrialization made workplaces more hierarchical and caused greater awareness of class, and a print revolution brought many more Americans into the reading public.;During the era under review, many Americans commented on episodes throughout the British empire. their views on issues including religion, war, and slavery strongly influenced their attitudes toward foreign events. Meanwhile, the often sketchy nature of accounts from abroad enabled writers to accept some accounts and doubt others.;The variety of American experiences partly explains the varying attitudes toward imperialism. Many Americans praised the British for spreading Protestant Christianity, a rigorous work ethic, and British governance, and for bringing new producers and consumers into international trade. They tended to accept the means to these ends, such as high mortality among natives and British suppression of native insurrections. But others lambasted the British for introducing diseases, weapons, and alcohol that decimated native populations and for reaping profits by exploiting natives.;Almost all Americans agreed that the British imperial system was flawed, but few concluded that imperialism was inherently wrong or unworkable. Although most considered the acquisition of a territorial empire unnecessary, they believed that a commercial American empire could benefit all parties involved.
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Erarslan, Mustafa Cenk. "Attitudes of international students in higher education: Implications for educators." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2764.

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The purpose of this study was to determine international students satisfaction with regards to the education, services, and facilities at an institution of higher education. Results showed that most of the students were satisfied with the quality of programs at their institution.
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Lesselbaum, Jenny E. "A study of environmental reporters' attitudes toward the stories they cover." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1277063.

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This study examined environmental reporters and their attitudes toward the stories they cover. Sixteen journalists, from across the United States, who reported either full-time or part-time were asked to participate in a Q study by sorting fifty-four statements. On an 11point distribution grid from most disagree (-5) to most agree (+5).The statements were selected from a model of short term and long-term problems facing the environmental reporter. Issues raised in the statements included topics surrounding the beat. For example, do journalists who report on the environment feel frustrated by the short-term vision of reporting? Do they feel they are watchdogs for their community when reporting about environmental issues?Research revealed three factors that were labeled the "Watchdogs", the "Company People," and the "Frustrated Reporter." This study revealed that environmental reporting has emerged into a legitimate "beat" in the past thirty years. There is also a large gap between scholarly research has found and what the environmental reporter faces on a day-to-day basis while out in the field.
Department of Journalism
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Plesa, Claudia. "Race, Ethnicity and Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Unions in the United States." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/242.

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Recent political and cultural trends have led to an evaluation of the meaning of marriage within American society, and especially marriage as it concerns couples of the same sex. However, little research has been done to find out how attitudes toward same-sex marriage might vary according to race and ethnicity. Drawing on data from the 2004 National Politics Study, the author investigates same-sex marriage attitudes and tests hypotheses concerning the attitudes of various American race-ethnic groups. This study employs multinomial logistic regression analysis to compare attitudes of African Americans, Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Results indicate that even when socio demographic factors such as education and gender are controlled for, ethnic groups still differ in their attitudes toward this topic. Analyses also indicate that the relationship between race/ethnicity and attitudes toward same-sex unions does not vary by gender and that foreign birth explains the relationship between Hispanic ethnicity and attitudes toward same-sex marriage.
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Books on the topic "Merchants United States Attitudes"

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Morgan, Dan. Merchants of grain. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2000.

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H, Bowman Karlyn, ed. Attitudes toward economic inequality. Washington, D.C: AEI Press publisher for the American Enterprise Institute, 1998.

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1928-, Steinberg David I., ed. Korean attitudes toward the United States: Changing dynamics. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 2005.

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Alderks, Cathie E. PERSTEMPO: Its effects on soldiers' attitudes. Alexandria, Va: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1998.

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Alderks, Cathie E. PERSTEMPO: Its effects on soldiers' attitudes. Alexandria, Va: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1998.

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Habel, Gregg T. Diversity training in the United States Marine Corps. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1997.

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Steinberg, Alma. Individual ready reserve (IRR) call-up: Attitudes, motivation, and concerns. Alexandria, Va. (5001 Eisenhower Ave., Alexandria 22333-5600): U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1991.

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Hudson, Michael. Merchants of Misery: How Corporate America Profits from Poverty. Monroe, Me: Common Courage Press, 1996.

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Schuman, Howard. Racial attitudes in America: Trends and interpretations. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1988.

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Charlotte, Steeh, and Bobo Lawrence, eds. Racial attitudes in America: Trends and interpretations. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Merchants United States Attitudes"

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Ivaldi, Gilles, and Oscar Mazzoleni. "Economic Populist Attitudes in Western Europe and the United States." In The Faces of Contemporary Populism in Western Europe and the US, 165–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53889-7_8.

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Hays, Sean A., Clark A. Miller, and Michael D. Cobb. "Public Attitudes Towards Nanotechnology-Enabled Cognitive Enhancement in the United States." In Nanotechnology, the Brain, and the Future, 43–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1787-9_3.

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Himmelfarb, David, John Schelhas, Sarah Hitchner, Cassandra Johnson Gaither, Katherine Dunbar, and J. Peter Brosius. "Perceptions of and Attitudes Toward Climate Change in the Southeastern United States." In Climate Change Management, 287–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04489-7_20.

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Patterson, Mark W., Nancy Hoalst-Pullen, and W. Blake Pierson. "Sustainability Attitudes and Actions: An Examination of Craft Brewers in the United States." In Urban Sustainability: Policy and Praxis, 153–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26218-5_10.

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Maddox, Keith B., Chelsea S. Crittle, Samuel R. Sommers, and Linda R. Tropp. "Confronting Conflicting Attitudes About Racial Bias in the United States: How Communicator Identities Shape Audience Reception." In Peace Psychology Book Series, 85–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44113-5_6.

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Jiang, Zhiqiu, and Max Zheng. "Public Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Driverless Technologies in the United States: A Text Mining of Twitter Data." In Urban Informatics and Future Cities, 109–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76059-5_7.

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Gatrell, Caroline Jane. "Breastfeeding Under the Blanket: Exploring the Tensions Between Health and Social Attitudes to Breastfeeding in the United States, Ireland and the United Kingdom." In Infant Feeding Practices, 109–23. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6873-9_7.

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Jedwab, Jack. "Measuring Holocaust Knowledge and Its Relationship to Attitudes towards Diversity in Spain, Canada, Germany, and the United States." In As the Witnesses Fall Silent: 21st Century Holocaust Education in Curriculum, Policy and Practice, 321–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15419-0_18.

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Morris, John, Nicole Thompson, Tracey Wallace, Mike Jones, and Frank DeRuyter. "Survey of Rehabilitation Clinicians in the United States: Barriers and Critical Use-Cases for mRehab Adoption." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 250–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58805-2_30.

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AbstractThis paper presents data and analysis from survey research conducted by the Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Information and Communications Technology Access for Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Access for Community Living, Health and Function (LiveWell RERC) on the perceptions and attitudes of clinical professionals in rehabilitation medicine regarding mobile health (mHealth) and mobile rehabilitation (mRehab) practices, techniques and technology in the United States. The analytical focus of this paper is on two key survey questions related to specific barriers and opportunities (most critical use-cases) for adopting mHealth/mRehab interventions. We present response data to these two questions segmented by clinical specialty – physical, occupational, speech and recreation therapy – to identify possible variation between and among these rehabilitation professions. This analysis provides a detailed map of the terrain of clinician expectations and experiences for the adoption and implementation of mHealth/mRehab interventions in the United States, and possibly other countries. Results show substantial support for mRehab interventions and technologies across all four clinical specialties. The most frequently identified barriers to effective use of mobile and internet technologies to support patients remotely focused on patients (ability to learn and use the technology, and internet access), not clinicians. The was more variability among clinical specializations regarding best use-cases. Tracking patient adherence to prescribed activities and supporting patients in the home and community were the most frequently cited best use cases across the whole sample.
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Scott, Lloyd, and Blake Wentz. "Sustainability in Construction Management Education: A Case Study of Students’ Attitudes and Beliefs at Two CM Programmes in Ireland and United States." In Sustainable Ecological Engineering Design, 145–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44381-8_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Merchants United States Attitudes"

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Lyke, Austin. "College Student Attitudes Toward Welfare in the United States." In 2019 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1428727.

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Leng, Dihao. "Latent Class Analyses of Students' Attitudes Toward Mathematics in the United States, Singapore, and Korea (Poster 13)." In 2022 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1887147.

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Kim, Junyong. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES AND ECO-FRIENDLY CONSUMER BEHAVIORS OF CONSUMERS IN KOREA AND THE UNITED STATES." In Bridging Asia and the World: Globalization of Marketing & Management Theory and Practice. Global Alliance of Marketing & Management Associations, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15444/gmc2014.08.08.02.

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Leng, Dihao. "Latent Class Analyses of Students' Attitudes Toward Mathematics in the United States, Singapore, and Korea (Poster 13)." In AERA 2022. USA: AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/ip.22.1887147.

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Banegas, Matthew P., Yelena Bird, John Moraros, Ernesto A. Moralez, and Beti Thompson. "Abstract 983: United States (US)-Mexico border Latinas: Breast cancer knowledge, attitudes, and factors associated with early detection practices." In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-983.

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Van Bossuyt, Douglas, Lucila Carvalho, Andy Dong, and Irem Y. Tumer. "On Measuring Engineering Risk Attitudes." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47106.

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Theories of rational decision making hold that decision makers should select the best alternative from the available choices, but it is now well known that decision makers employ heuristics and are subject to a set of psychological biases. Risk aversion or risk seeking attitude has a framing effect and can bias the decision maker towards inaction or action. Understanding decision-makers’ attitudes to risk is thus integral to understanding how they make decisions and psychological biases that might be at play. This paper presents the Engineering-Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (E-DOSPERT) test to measure the risk aversion and risk seeking attitude that engineers have in four domains of engineering risk management: identification, analysis, evaluation and treatment. The creation of the instrument, an analysis of its reliability based on surveying undergraduate engineering students in Australia and the United States, and the validity of the four domains are discussed. The instrument is found to be statistically reliable to measure engineering risk aversion and risk seeking, and to measure engineering risk aversion and risk seeking to risk identification and risk treatment. However, factor analysis of the results suggest that four other domains may better describe the factors in engineers’ attitude to risk.
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Mont’Alvãoa, Claudia, and Soyun Kimb. "A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Safety Beliefs about Products and Warnings: Brazil vs. United States." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001299.

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Concerns about safety have generated considerable research on warnings in recent years. A number of factors that influence warning effectiveness have been investigated. One factor is perceived hazard, which is a belief about how dangerous a product, environment or activity may be. The purpose of the present study was to conduct a cross-cultural investigation between the beliefs and attitudes about the safety of consumer products, the roles of product manufacturers and government in product safety, and aspects regarding warnings by participants in Brazil and in the United States (U.S.). A total of 282 individuals (including college students and adult volunteers) were recruited from these two countries. Participants in both countries believed that government would act to protect them by recalling or banning unsafe products and that manufacturers are more concerned with profits than safety. U.S. participants believed that the products in the U.S. were safer at a level that was significantly higher than what Brazilians believed about their products. Interestingly Brazilians reported that they read warnings more than the U.S. participants reported but Brazilian participants believed their warning labels were of poorer quality than what the U.S. participants reported. Other results show additional differences between the two populations. The results are discussed in terms of acknowledging that cultural background can affect safety-related beliefs.
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Yance, Nelybeth Santiago, Rafael E. Rios McConnell, Mildred Vera Rios, and Vivian Colón López. "Abstract C091: Racial/ethnic disparities in awareness and attitudes towards the HPV vaccine among women living in the United States and Puerto Rico." In Abstracts: Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; September 20-23, 2019; San Francisco, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp19-c091.

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Salimi, Nahal, Bryan Gere, and Sharo Shafaie. "POLICE OFFICERS' KNOWLEDGE OF, AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS, MENTAL ILLNESS AND THE MENTALLY ILL INDIVIDUALS." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact059.

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"Police officers are some of the first professionals that might have direct interaction with individuals with mental illnesses. Statistics show that from 2017 to 2020 about 3986 individuals in the United States were fatally shot by police officers (Statista, 2021). These reports indicate that at least 25% and as many as 50% of all fatal shootings involved individuals with untreated severe mental illness. The purpose of this pilot study was to test the effectiveness of a five-day psycho-educational mental health awareness training in enhancing law enforcement officers’ knowledge about mental illness, and their perceptions towards mentally ill individuals using a pretest-posttest design. The Community Attitudes Towards the Mentally Ill (CAMI) scale was used to measure participants’four mental health attitudinal domains - authoritarianism, benevolence, social restrictiveness, and community mental health ideology. The results indicate that at the completion of the training there was an increase in participants’ confidence about their knowledge of the mentally ill individuals and mental illness conditions. However, the results also indicate a slight decrease in participants' mental illness social restrictiveness sentiment after the completion of the training. Additionally, the results also show a correlation between demographic variables and some of the domains. Implications for practice are discussed."
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Prabhu, Rohan, Mohammed Alsager Alzayed, and Elizabeth Starkey. "Not Good Enough? Exploring Relationships Between Students’ Empathy, Their Attitudes Towards Sustainability, and the Self-Perceived Sustainability of Their Solutions." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-71960.

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Abstract Empathy plays an important role in designers’ ability to relate to problems faced by others. Several researchers have studied empathy development in engineering design education; however, a majority of this work has focused on teaching designers to empathize with primary users. Little attention in empathy development research is given to empathizing with those affected in a secondary and tertiary capacity. Moreover, little research has investigated the role of students’ empathy in influencing their emphasis on sustainability, especially in the concept evaluation stage. Our aim in this paper is to explore this research gap through an experimental study with engineering students. Specifically, we introduced first-year engineering students at a large public university in the northeastern United States to a short workshop on sustainable design. We compared changes in their trait empathy and attitudes towards sustainability from before to after participating in the workshop. We also compared the relationship between students’ trait empathy, attitudes towards sustainability, and the self-perceived sustainability of their solutions in a design task. From our results, we see that students reported an increase in their beliefs and intentions towards sustainability and a decrease in their personal distress from before to after participating in the workshop. Furthermore, students’ trait empathy correlated negatively with the self-perceived sustainability of their solutions. These findings highlight the need for future work studying the role of empathy in encouraging a sustainable design mindset among designers.
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Reports on the topic "Merchants United States Attitudes"

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Plesa, Claudia. Race, Ethnicity and Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Unions in the United States. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.242.

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Shiller, Robert, Maxim Boycko, and Vladimir Korobov. Popular Attitudes Towards Free Markets: The Soviet Union and the United States Compared. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3453.

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Boycko, Maxim, and Robert Shiller. Popular Attitudes towards Markets and Democracy: Russia and United States Compared 25 Years Later. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22027.

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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Elizabeth Benninger, Tabitha Hrynick, and Santiago Ripoll. Youth COVID-19 Vaccine Engagement in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.040.

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Despite overall progress in COVID-19 vaccination rates in Cleveland, vaccine inequity persists as young people from minority communities are often less likely to be vaccinated. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is not just an issue of misinformation or lack of information. Vaccine hesitancy among young people is reflective of wider issues such as mistrust in the state or the medical establishment and negative experiences during the pandemic. This report is based on case study research conducted among minority youth (ages 12-18) in Cleveland, Ohio. While public discourse may label young people as “vaccine hesitant,” we found that there were hesitation differences based on social location and place. We found the greatest vaccine hesitancy among older youth (15+ years old), particularly those from minoritized communities. Unvaccinated youth were also more likely to be from families and friend groups that were unvaccinated. While some expressed distrust of the vaccines, others reported that COVID-19 prevention was not a priority in their lives. Instead, concerns over food security, livelihood, and education take precedence. Minority youth were more likely to report negative experiences with authorities, including teachers at their schools and police in their communities. Our findings demonstrate that COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is embedded in a context that drives relationships of mistrust between minority communities and authorities, with implications for COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Young people’s attitudes toward vaccines are further patterned by experiences within their community, school, family, and friend groups.
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Schulte, Jillian, Megan Schmidt-Sane, Elizabeth Benninger, Tabitha Hrynick, and Santiago Ripoll. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Minoritised Youth in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. SSHAP, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.009.

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Despite progress in COVID-19 vaccination rates overall in Cleveland, vaccine inequity persists as young people from minoritised communities are often less likely to be vaccinated. Despite being over-represented in COVID-19 case counts and fatalities, Black residents were under-represented in COVID-19 vaccination during the first year and half of the pandemic. In Ohio, while roughly 60% of Cuyahoga County residents are fully vaccinated, just 45% of Cleveland residents are fully vaccinated. Lower-income, majority Black, east side neighbourhoods have markedly lower vaccination rates compared to higher-income, mostly white neighbourhoods. Young people ages 16-40 became eligible for the COVID-19 vaccine on March 29th, 2021, and individuals aged 12 and above were able to get vaccinated from May 2021 onward. However, large disparities exist based age, race, and zip code. This brief illustrates underlying reasons shaping COVID-19 vaccine attitudes among minority (especially Black and Latinx) youth (ages 12-18) and offers key considerations for how young people can be better engaged within Cleveland, Ohio. This brief is based on research, including in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 61 young people across 16 neighbourhoods through a Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) approach in Cleveland to contextualise youth perspectives of COVID-19 vaccination and highlight areas of hesitancy and confidence. In this brief, we share findings from the study and key considerations for addressing youth ‘vaccine hesitancy’ around the COVID-19 vaccine are presented. This brief was authored by Jillian Schulte (Case Western Reserve University), Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), Elizabeth Benninger (Cleveland State University), Tabitha Hrynick (IDS), and Santiago Ripoll (IDS), and includes contributions from Elizabeth Davies (Cleveland State University), Diane Mastnardo, Brenda Pryor (MyCom), Brinda Athreya (Case Western Reserve University), Ivis Maldonado (MyCom) and reviews from Elizabeth Storer (LSE) and Annie Wilkinson (IDS). The research was funded through the British Academy COVID-19 Recovery: USA and UK fund (CRUSA210022). Research was based at the Institute of Development Studies. This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Tabitha Hrynick, Elizabeth Benninger, Janet McGrath, and Santiago Ripoll. The COVID-19 YPAR Project: Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) to Explore the Context of Ethnic Minority Youth Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines in the United States and United Kingdom. Institute of Development Studies, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.072.

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Despite progress in COVID-19 vaccination rates overall in the US and UK, vaccine inequity persists as young people from minoritised and/or deprived communities are often less likely to be vaccinated. COVID-19 ‘vaccine hesitancy’ is not just an issue of misinformation or lack of information. ‘Vaccine hesitancy’ among young people is reflective of wider issues such as mistrust in the state or the medical establishment and negative experiences during the pandemic. This report is based on case study research conducted among young people (ages 12-18) in Cleveland, Ohio, US and the London borough of Ealing, UK. Whilst public discourse may label young people as ‘vaccine hesitant,’ we found that there were differences based on social location and place and this labelling may portray young people as ‘ignorant.’ We found the greatest vaccine hesitancy among older youth (15+ years old), particularly those from minoritised and deprived communities. Unvaccinated youth were also more likely to be from families and friend groups that were unvaccinated. While some expressed distrust of the vaccines, others reported that COVID-19 prevention was not a priority in their lives, but instead concerns over food security, livelihood, and education take precedence. Minoritised youth were more likely to report negative experiences with authorities, including teachers at their schools and police in their communities. Our findings demonstrate that COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is embedded in a context that drives relationships of mistrust between minoritised and deprived communities and the state, with implications for COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Young people’s attitudes toward vaccines are further patterned by experiences within their community, school, family, and friend groups.
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Qin, Hua, Yanu Prasetyo, Christine Sanders, Elizabeth Prentice, and Muh Syukron. Perceptions and behaviors in response to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) : reports on major survey findings. University of Missouri, Division of Applied Social Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32469/10355/79261.

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The United States has been affected by an extensive novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak since March 2020. On March 9, 2020 we started an online survey of people’s perceptions and behaviors related to this issue in Missouri and adjacent states (Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, and Arkansas). The survey was ended on June 9, 2020 and in total 7,392 surveys were completed. In order to assess how attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19 may change over time, two follow-up surveys were conducted with those respondents who indicated interest in the re-surveys and provided an email address. These two working reports summarize major results of the initial survey and three survey waves, including respondents’ perceived severity of the COVID-19 outbreak, sources of information, knowledge about COVID-19, perceptions of COVID-19 risk, satisfaction with management entities, and preventive actions.
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Dutra, Lauren M., Matthew C. Farrelly, Brian Bradfield, Jamie Ridenhour, and Jamie Guillory. Modeling the Probability of Fraud in Social Media in a National Cannabis Survey. RTI Press, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.mr.0046.2109.

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Cannabis legalization has spread rapidly in the United States. Although national surveys provide robust information on the prevalence of cannabis use, cannabis disorders, and related outcomes, information on knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (KABs) about cannabis is lacking. To inform the relationship between cannabis legalization and cannabis-related KABs, RTI International launched the National Cannabis Climate Survey (NCCS) in 2016. The survey sampled US residents 18 years or older via mail (n = 2,102), mail-to-web (n = 1,046), and two social media data collections (n = 11,957). This report outlines two techniques that we used to problem-solve several challenges with the resulting data: (1) developing a model for detecting fraudulent cases in social media completes after standard fraud detection measures were insufficient and (2) designing a weighting scheme to pool multiple probability and nonprobability samples. We also describe our approach for validating the pooled dataset. The fraud prevention and detection processes, predictive model of fraud, and the methods used to weight the probability and nonprobability samples can be applied to current and future complex data collections and analysis of existing datasets.
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Zilberman, David, Amir Heiman, and Yanhong Jin. Use of Branding and Sampling in Agricultural Fresh Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7697116.bard.

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The original proposal has three main objectives: a conceptual framework on willingness to pay (WTP) for fruits and vegetables, the introduction of branding and sampling in fresh food, and empirical applications to the United States and Israel. We modified our research plan over time based on availability of data and emergence of new problems. We expanded the range of products to include poultry and the range of techniques to use real experiments as well as more traditional surveys. We expanded the range of problems to understand attitudes toward genetically modified (GM) food. There is a growing interest in introduction of marketing tools like demonstration sampling, money-back guarantees, labeling, and brands in agriculture. These marketing tools are important for enhancing demand for agricultural products and food safety. However, the methodology needed to assess the effectiveness of these tools and understand their performance in different agricultural sectors is limited. Our analysis demonstrated the importance of brands as a marketing tool in agriculture. In particular, we showed conceptually that strong brands can be substitutes for other marketing tools like sampling or demonstration. We were able to conduct real experiments for the demand for safe chicken and show that consumers are willing to pay significantly more for products branded as more safe. Yet, using experiments in Israel and the United States, we found that WTP for brands of fresh fruits and vegetables is smaller than in other product categories. Warning labels are a sort of negative branding. The GM-free labeling is particularly important since it serves as a trade barrier to U.S. crops exports. Our analysis of acceptance of GM products found that WTP for GM products in Israel and the United States depends on framing of information about the impact ofGM and the quantity of information disclosed. Finally, in analyzing the evolution of support for Proposition 37 that aimed to introduce mandatory labeling of GM in California, we found that support for mandatory labeling ofGM products is broad as long as it is not perceived to be costly. Our project demonstrates the feasibility of conducting real experiments to assess consumer demand in agriculture. When looking at interdisciplinary groups, one can design new products and assess the WTP for their characteristics. We also show that, while branding is a very strong marketing tool, its use in fresh fruit and vegetables is likely to be limited. However, brands can be important with processed food. Furthermore, we have proven that, while some consumers strongly object to GM products, most consumers in the United States and Israel would be willing to buy them for a discount, and some would pay extra if they are associated with improved characteristics. Finally, we expanded the notion of warning labels to calorie information and showed that the response to calorie information depends on gender, education, and how the information is presented.
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Lewis, Dustin, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz Modirzadeh. Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/uzav2714.

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The imperative to provide humanitarian and medical services on an urgent basis in armed conflicts is anchored in moral tenets, shared values, and international rules. States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations Security Council to set policy preferences and configure legal obligations contribute significantly to this trajectory. In this guide for States, we present a framework to reconfigure relations between these core commitments by assessing the counterterrorism architecture through the lens of impartial humanitarianism. We aim in particular to provide an evidence base and analytical frame for States to better grasp key legal and policy issues related to upholding respect for principled humanitarian action in connection with carrying out the Security Council’s counterterrorism decisions. We do so because the lack of knowledge regarding interpretation and implementation of counterterrorism resolutions matters for the coherence, integrity, and comprehensiveness of humanitarian policymaking and protection of the humanitarian imperative. In addition to analyzing foundational concerns and evaluating discernible behaviors and attitudes, we identify avenues that States may take to help achieve pro-humanitarian objectives. We also endeavor to help disseminate indications of, and catalyze, States’ legally relevant positions and practices on these issues. In section 1, we introduce the guide’s impetus, objectives, target audience, and structure. We also describe the methods that we relied on and articulate definitions for key terms. In section 2, we introduce key legal actors, sources of law, and the notion of international legal responsibility, as well as the relations between international and national law. Notably, Security Council resolutions require incorporation into national law in order to become effective and enforceable by internal administrative and judicial authorities. In section 3, we explain international legal rules relevant to advancing the humanitarian imperative and upholding respect for principled humanitarian action, and we sketch the corresponding roles of humanitarian policies, programs, and donor practices. International humanitarian law (IHL) seeks to ensure — for people who are not, or are no longer, actively participating in hostilities and whose needs are unmet — certain essential supplies, as well as medical care and attention for the wounded and sick. States have also developed and implemented a range of humanitarian policy frameworks to administer principled humanitarian action effectively. Further, States may rely on a number of channels to hold other international actors to account for safeguarding the humanitarian imperative. In section 4, we set out key theoretical and doctrinal elements related to accepting and carrying out the Security Council’s decisions. Decisions of the Security Council may contain (binding) obligations, (non-binding) recommendations, or a combination of the two. UN members are obliged to carry out the Council’s decisions. Member States retain considerable interpretive latitude to implement counterterrorism resolutions. With respect to advancing the humanitarian imperative, we argue that IHL should represent a legal floor for interpreting the Security Council’s decisions and recommendations. In section 5, we describe relevant conduct of the Security Council and States. Under the Resolution 1267 (1999), Resolution 1989 (2011), and Resolution 2253 (2015) line of resolutions, the Security Council has established targeted sanctions as counterterrorism measures. Under the Resolution 1373 (2001) line of resolutions, the Security Council has adopted quasi-“legislative” requirements for how States must counter terrorism in their national systems. Implementation of these sets of resolutions may adversely affect principled humanitarian action in several ways. Meanwhile, for its part, the Security Council has sought to restrict the margin of appreciation of States to determine how to implement these decisions. Yet international law does not demand that these resolutions be interpreted and implemented at the national level by elevating security rationales over policy preferences for principled humanitarian action. Indeed, not least where other fields of international law, such as IHL, may be implicated, States retain significant discretion to interpret and implement these counterterrorism decisions in a manner that advances the humanitarian imperative. States have espoused a range of views on the intersections between safeguarding principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. Some voice robust support for such action in relation to counterterrorism contexts. A handful call for a “balancing” of the concerns. And some frame respect for the humanitarian imperative in terms of not contradicting counterterrorism objectives. In terms of measures, we identify five categories of potentially relevant national counterterrorism approaches: measures to prevent and suppress support to the people and entities involved in terrorist acts; actions to implement targeted sanctions; measures to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorism; measures to prohibit or restrict terrorism-related travel; and measures that criminalize or impede medical care. Further, through a number of “control dials” that we detect, States calibrate the functional relations between respect for principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. The bulk of the identified counterterrorism measures and related “control dials” suggests that, to date, States have by and large not prioritized advancing respect for the humanitarian imperative at the national level. Finally, in section 6, we conclude by enumerating core questions that a State may answer to help formulate and instantiate its values, policy commitments, and legal positions to secure respect for principled humanitarian action in relation to counterterrorism contexts.
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