Journal articles: 'Merchants Great Britain Attitudes'

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Shkunov, V. N. "AFGHANISTAN IN THE SPHERE OF TRADE INTERESTS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 3, no. 3 (2021): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2021-3-3-98-103.

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The article is devoted to the problems of trade and economic rivalry between the Russian Empire and Great Britain in the first half of the XIX century, when the two powers were looking for adequate methods and forms of protecting their interests in Central Asia and Afghanistan. The author pays special attention to the problems of economic development and foreign trade of Afghanistan in the period under review. He examines the main objects of export and import, trade volumes, channels for the sale of goods, ethnic and confessional characteristics of merchants who participated in trade with Kabul. The role of the diplomatic service of Russia and Great Britain, travelers, scouts, merchants in collecting the necessary information about the situation in the Middle East is noted. The author focuses on the role and importance of the Central Asian khanates and merchants in promoting Russian goods to Afghanistan. The regional peculiarities of the organization of foreign trade are noted (by the example of Baloch).

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Oddens, B. J., A. Ph Visser, H. M. Vemer, W. Th A. M. Everaerd, and Ph Lehert. "Contraceptive use and attitudes in Great Britain." Contraception 49, no. 1 (January 1994): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(94)90110-4.

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Dockrell, M., R. Morrison, L. Bauld, and A. McNeill. "E-Cigarettes: Prevalence and Attitudes in Great Britain." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 15, no. 10 (May 23, 2013): 1737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt057.

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Gajic, Aleksandar. "Тhe impact of Werner Sombart`s Merchants and Heroes on the conception of geopolitical dualism of tellurocracy and thalassocracy." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 171 (2019): 423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1971423g.

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This paper examines the connection between the war pamphlet ?Merchants and Heroes? (1915) of Werner Sombart, one of the greatest European sociologists of the 20th century, and geopolitical theories about the conflict between land and sea powers. Although Sombart?s pamphlet emphasizes the spiritual-moral and cultural-sociological dualism between Germany and England in the First World War, where the first represents the characteristics of heroes and idealists and the other of merchants and opportunists, the paper shows that this conflict was primarily a war for the territories - a geopolitical conflict, and, only secondary, a cultural-normative conflict. Historical anal?ysis shows that German geostrategic actions before the Great War (in their colonial policy) and during the Great War were not in opposition, but very similar to Great Britain`s policies. Therefore, it can be assumed that the war between Germany and Great Britain 435 broke out because of the rivalries based on their similarities, both in actions and pretensions. Moreover, Wilhelmine Germany was almost copying Britain?s colonial expansion, so it became the greatest threat to Great Britain`s geostrategic interest. Further, the research established the links between the views of Sombart and Karl Schmitt and, later, with the oversized opposition between land and sea powers as ?the second law of geopolitics? in the views of some geopolitical thinkers during the 20th century. The paper shows that the sources of both views are the same and that they lie in the German romantic-idealistic youth subculture movements at the turn of the 20th century adopted in academic circles before the Great War, primarily in the philosophy of Kurt Hiller and sociology of George Simmel, from which they were accepted by Werner Sombart.

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Hayes, Bernadette C., and Jo Moran-Ellis. "PARTY IDENTIFICATION AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALS IN GREAT BRITAIN." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 7, no. 1 (1995): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/7.1.23.

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Waller, J., K. Osborne, and J. Wardle. "Enthusiasm for cancer screening in Great Britain: a general population survey." British Journal of Cancer 112, no. 3 (December 23, 2014): 562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2014.643.

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Abstract Background: With growing concerns about risk of harm from cancer screening, particularly from overdiagnosis, this study aimed to assess public attitudes to cancer screening in Great Britain. Methods: We used a population-based survey to assess attitudes to cancer screening, screening history and demographic characteristics, in men and women aged 50–80 years. Data were collected using face-to-face computer-assisted interviews in 2012. Results: In our sample of 2024, attitudes to cancer screening were overwhelmingly positive with almost 90% believing that screening is ‘almost always a good idea’ and 49% saying they would be tested for cancer even if it was untreatable. Attitudes were particularly positive among those who had previously taken part in breast or colorectal screening. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that attitudes to cancer screening are very positive in Great Britain. Widespread enthusiasm for cancer screening may hamper attempts to encourage a greater appreciation of the limitations and potential harms of screening.

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Hoppit, Julian. "Attitudes to Credit in Britain, 1680–1790." Historical Journal 33, no. 2 (June 1990): 305–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00013340.

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The history of economic ideas in Britain is dominated by a great tradition which in its early stages focuses on Adam Smith. For the century before the publication of the Wealth of nations in 1776, economic ideas are most often studied in relation to the ‘arrival’ of Smith and commented on with regard to the degree to which they may be considered precursors of his ideas. Though this imposes a sense of order and establishes some principles with which to select from the vast range of economic writings, the dangers of certain whiggishness in this approach are readily apparent. Writers can appear to be winners or losers depending on the extent to which their ideas were denied, adapted or adopted by Smith and the other classical economists.1 Such problems have been acknowledged by many historians, not least by those who have fruitfully examined the political and philosophical bases of the emergence of political economy, particularly with regard to the Scottish enlightenment. Despite this, the force of the great tradition remains very strong. The authors and ideas that are examined are the ‘major’ ones, that is to say contributions that were, or attempted to be, either comprehensive or clearly attached to what, with hindsight, were the main strands of development. The emphasis has been upon theories or systematic explanations of the economic order. Not surprisingly the unsystematic and more casually formulated reflections of non-economists and ‘amateurs’, such as Defoe, are often swept under the carpet, even if their ideas on economic matters were more widely disseminated (and perhaps more influential) at the time. Consequently, our perception of economic ideas between the Restoration and the Wealth of nations continues to be highly and perhaps atypically selective.

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Nohrin, I. M. "The Statement of the British Administration in Quebec and the Problem of Adaptation of the Traditional Colonial Policy (the Middle of 1760th)." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 12, no. 3 (2012): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2012-12-3-23-27.

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Article is devoted to studying of policy of Great Britain in Quebec in the first years after the termination of Seven-year war. The author has concentrated his attention on researching of factors of its formation: the governmental course, policy of governor-generals, the conflict of interests of English merchants and the French community. The special attention is given to a problem of formation of administration political course on the basis of struggle of «old» and «new» social groups.

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Frangakis-Syrett, Elena. "Implementation of the 1838 Anglo-Turkish Convention on Izmir'S Trade: European and Minority Merchants." New Perspectives on Turkey 7 (1992): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/s0896634600000510.

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In the last decades of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Izmir experienced tremendous economic growth, mainly as a result of growth in the world economy. In addition, the French Revolution and the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars resulted in the collapse of French economic domination in the area. As a result, Ottoman minority merchants experienced an equally tremendous economic growth (Frangakis-Syrett, 1987, pp. 73-86). Britain replaced France as the principal trading partner of Izmir, while the economic growth of the port-city as well as that of the minority merchants continued strong. It was in this period of increasing commercial activity that the Anglo-Turkish Convention was signed between Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire on 16 August 1838 to come into effect in western Anatolia on March 1839. The Treaty, which subsequently was signed by all the European States as well as the United States and the Ottoman Empire, aimed at removing obstacles to free trade in the Empire for the merchants of these states. It was to achieve that by removing an array of local or additional duties paid for the export of Ottoman goods or the import and circulation of all other goods, manufactured or otherwise, and by setting a fixed rate of five percent duty on imports and twelve percent on exports—nine percent on purchasing at the place of growth and three percent on exportation.

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Nuttall, S. R., R. J. L. Blackwood, B. M. H. Bussell, J. P. Cliff, M. J. Cornall, A. Cowley, P. L. Gatenby, and J. M. Webber. "Financing long-term care in Great Britain." Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 121, no. 1 (1994): 1–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100020084.

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AbstractThis paper is concerned with the current and future financing of long-term care (LTC). This is defined as the provision of nursing and care services to those adults who are incapable, to some degree, of looking after themselves, but excluding short-term convalescent care. The current position is summarised, covering the demand and supply of LTC, how it is currently financed, new developments and consumer attitudes. The paper then goes on to consider future developments. Possible patterns of future demand, covering likely needs and costs are given. Consideration is then given as to how future demand may be financed.The paper discusses some of the initiatives that might be undertaken to encourage proper planning by both the State and individuals and concludes that the actuarial profession should have a significant role to play in communicating the issues and evaluating solutions.

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Ebner, Carmen. "Great Britain and the United States: Two nations divided by an attitude?" English Today 34, no. 4 (September 17, 2018): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078418000329.

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Having studied attitudes towards usage problems such as the notorious split infinitive or the ubiquitous literally in British English as part of my doctoral thesis, I was intrigued by the sheer lack of scientific studies investigating such attitudes. What was even more intriguing was to discover that the same field and the same usage problems seem to have received a different treatment in the United States of America. While my search for previously conducted usage attitude studies in Great Britain has largely remained fruitless, besides two notable exceptions which I will discuss in detail below (see Section 3), a similar search for American usage attitude studies resulted in a different picture. Considerably more such studies seem to have been conducted in the US than in Great Britain. On top of cultural and linguistic differences between these two nations, it seems as if they also hold different attitudes towards studying attitudes towards usage problems. Now the following question arises: why do we find such contradictory scientific traditions in these two countries? In this paper, I will provide an overview of a selection of American and British usage attitude studies. Taking into account differences between the American and British studies with regard to the number of usage problems studied, the populations surveyed and the methods applied, I will attempt to capture manifestations of two seemingly diverging attitudes towards the study of usage problems. By doing so, I will provide a possible explanation for the lack of attention being paid to usage attitudes in Great Britain.

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Stott, M. "Tanning and sunburn: knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of people in Great Britain." Journal of Public Health 21, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/21.4.377.

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Cooke, Claire Ann. "Young people's attitudes towards guns in America, Great Britain, and Western Australia." Aggressive Behavior 30, no. 2 (2004): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.20009.

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Newman, Simon P. "Freedom-Seeking Slaves in England and Scotland, 1700–1780*." English Historical Review 134, no. 570 (October 2019): 1136–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cez292.

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Abstract This essay explores the experiences of enslaved people who sought to escape their bondage in England and Scotland during the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century. It argues that, while the conditions of their servitude in Britain may appear closer to those of white British servants than those of enslaved plantation labourers in the colonies, the experiences of these people were conditioned by the experiences of and the threat of return to colonial enslavement. For some successful Britons an enslaved serving boy was a visible symbol of success, and a great many enslaved men, women, youths and children were brought to Great Britain during the eighteenth century. Some accompanied visiting colonists and ships’ officers, while others came to Britain with merchants, planters, clergymen and physicians who were returning home. Some of the enslaved sought to seize freedom by escaping. Utilising newspaper advertisements placed by owners seeking the capture and return of these runaways (as well as advertisements offering enslaved people for sale), the essay demonstrates that many such people were regarded by their masters and mistresses as enslaved chattel property. Runaways were often traumatised by New World enslavement, and all too aware that they might easily be sold or returned to the horrors of Caribbean and American slavery: improved work conditions in Britain did not lessen the psychological and physical effects of enslavement from which they sought to escape.

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Furnham, Adrian, and Rachel Andrew. "A Cross-Cultural Study of Attitudes towards Seeking Psychological Help." Psychological Reports 79, no. 1 (August 1996): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.1.289.

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Among 98 Asian and 78 Caucasian British subjects physicians' ratings of somatisising predicted patients with less positive attitudes towards psychotherapy. Whether a psychotherapist had been seen previously was also significant as was years lived in Great Britain.

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SCHUI, FLORIAN. "PRUSSIA'S ‘TRANS-OCEANIC MOMENT’: THE CREATION OF THE PRUSSIAN ASIATIC TRADE COMPANY IN 1750." Historical Journal 49, no. 1 (February 24, 2006): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05005157.

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In 1750 Frederick II of Prussia created a new trade company in Emden. Diplomats, merchants, and other observers in Britain, France, the Netherlands, and Hamburg reacted with great concern to this Prussian bid to join the world of overseas commerce. These concerns were not unfounded. Frederick pursued his goal with great determination. The article explains why Prussia embarked on this ultimately unsuccessful venture and why established commercial powers such as Britain or the Netherlands felt threatened by the new competitor. In this context the article explores an international debate about political economy that was associated with the creation of the Prussian trade company. This debate took place in Britain, the Netherlands, Hamburg, and Prussia. The case of the Prussian Asiatic trade company suggests that the concepts of Oceanic and Atlantic history need to be extended beyond the narrow stretch of coastal regions. In the Prussian case the drive to join the world of overseas commerce originated from the inland and from a country that had traditionally been oriented towards overland commerce and European expansion. The study of the events and debates associated with the creation of the trade company also suggests a partially new perspective on Prussia's economic policies in the period.

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Snape, Ed, David Thompson, Fanny Ka-Ching Yan, and Tom Redman. "Performance appraisal and culture: practice and attitudes in Hong Kong and Great Britain." International Journal of Human Resource Management 9, no. 5 (January 1998): 841–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095851998340838.

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Labutina, Tatyana. "Great Britain and Russia on the Way to Restoring Diplomatic Relations (1720–1731)." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 4 (2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640016152-5.

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The article deals with the process of restoring diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Russia in the first third of the 18th century. England was the first country with which Russia established diplomatic relations 465 years ago. During this time, the countries have passed a difficult and thorny path of interaction. Often there were open military conflicts between them, and sometimes it simply came to the severance of diplomatic relations. One of these events occurred in the reign of Peter I on 14 December in 1720 year. Although diplomatic relations were interrupted, trade between the states continued to develop. The trade volume was reduced due to political tensions, which caused significant damage to the economy of England. In this regard, the British began to take active steps to establish diplomatic relations. The analysis of the correspondence between two British diplomats, T. Ward and C. Rondeau, and the Secretary of State of Great Britain, first undertaken in historical science, the author concludes that it was England that initiated the restoration of diplomatic relations, primarily to strengthen the position of the English merchants in Russia. The analysis of the ambassadors' dispatches gives valuable insights as to the strategy and tactics of the British Foreign Office in relation to Russia during the reign of Anna Ioannovna, as well as the motives that guided the diplomats involved in the preparatory process of establishing relations between the countries. The correspondence of the diplomats provides an opportunity to get acquainted with both their official and “secret” intelligence activities, which allows the author identify the true intentions of British diplomacy: to comprehensively study a potential rival which the British imagined Russia to be. It is also of great interest to learn more about how their mission went, what impressions they got from their visit to our country, what assessments they made about the top officials in the administration of the Russian Empire, as well as about the Russian people in general.

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Matlock, Daniel. "DR. SMILES AND THE “COUNTERFEIT” GENTLEMEN: SELF-MAKING AND MISAPPLICATION IN MID-NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN." Victorian Literature and Culture 46, no. 1 (March 2018): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106015031700033x.

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On the morning of 15 May 1855, career criminal Edward Agar and his associate, William Pierce, walked away from the London Bridge Station of the South-Eastern Railway Company with over £14,000 in stolen gold. The bullion was the property of the City of London merchants, whose intention had been to ship the bars via train to Dover and then on to Calais by ferry. Security was comprehensive and the success of Agar's en route interception was made possible only through labor-intensive planning and meticulous execution. It was the type of job in which the thief specialized. Even before what would become known as the “Great Bullion Robbery,” Agar's criminal diligence and self-drive had provided him with the monetary resources to establish himself in the wealthy, middle-class suburb of Cambridge Villas, where he enjoyed a reputation as a consummate gentleman. Throughout Agar's planning of the bullion heist, his neighbors remained entirely unaware that his home was headquarters to an extensive criminal ring.

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Bristol-Alagbariya, Edward T. "Ancient Niger Delta Trading States, 1884/85 Negative Sovereignty Treaties, Positive International Law, British Colonization & Good Governance towards the Advancement of Civilization in Nigeria." International Journal of Developing and Emerging Economies 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijdee.13/vol10n23461.

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This socio-legal study examines the 1884/85 imperialistic vis-à-vis negative sovereignty treaties of friendship, commerce and protection, simply called treaties of protection, which were entered into by Great Britain and the Ancient Niger Delta Trading States, so as to maintain and strengthen the cordial relations that were existing between the parties. However, positive international law altered the hitherto proto natural law-based equal and cordial relations between the Ancient Niger Delta Trading States and the Western European nations, from the 15th Century AD, when the Portuguese explorers and merchants were dominant in the Niger Delta region, before the arrival of Great Britain and France in the region about the 18th Century AD. Positive international law, enhanced by British gunboat diplomacy associated with it, promoted Western imperialism and thereby enabled Great Britain to achieve her imperialist ambition of transforming the erstwhile naturally sovereign Ancient Niger Delta Trading States and their mainland and hinterland ethnic nationality areas into the 1885 British Protectorate of the Niger Districts. Based on British imperialist protectionism over the Niger Districts and the rest of pre-colonial Nigeria, the entire ethnic nationality areas of pre-colonial Nigeria became a single British colonial possession called the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, otherwise called modern Nigeria, in 1914. The British colonial government eventually granted political independence to modern Nigeria in October 1960. From the background of the aforementioned 1884/85 negative sovereignty treaties and continuing agitation of separatist groups in post-colonial Nigeria for improvement of their lots, the study makes a case for good governance, boosted by ethos of natural law and the social contract of governance, towards the advancement of civilization in the country.

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PATTERSON, JAMES T. "Cancer, Cancerphobia, and Culture: Reflections on Attitudes in The United States and Great Britain." Twentieth Century British History 2, no. 2 (1991): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/2.2.137.

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Neuberger, James, Lauren Farber, Michelle Corrado, and Claire O???Dell. "Living liver donation: a survey of the attitudes of the public in Great Britain." Transplantation 76, no. 8 (October 2003): 1260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000087835.09752.70.

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Walley, Tom, Stuart Barton, Jonathan Cooke, and Michael Drummond. "Economic evaluations of drug therapy: attitudes of primary care prescribing advisers in Great Britain." Health Policy 41, no. 1 (July 1997): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8510(97)00013-4.

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Challoner, T., J. Skillman, K. Wallis, M. Vourvachis, L. Whisker, and J. Hardwicke. "Oncoplastic techniques: Attitudes and changing practice amongst breast and plastic surgeons in Great Britain." Breast 34 (August 2017): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2017.04.010.

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Challoner, Tom, Joanne Skillman, Katy Wallis, Michail Vourvachis, Lisa Whisker, and Joseph Hardwicke. "Oncoplastic techniques: Attitudes and changing practice amongst breast and plastic surgeons in Great Britain." European Journal of Surgical Oncology 44, no. 6 (June 2018): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2018.02.052.

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Johnston, R. J., and C. J. Pattie. "The Regional Impact of Thatcherism: Attitudes and Votes in Great Britain in the 1980s." Regional Studies 24, no. 6 (December 1990): 479–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343409012331346164.

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Rocławska-Daniluk, Małgorzata, and Maciej Rataj. "Polish supplementary schools in Great Britain: a case study of the Polish School of Manchester." Beyond Philology An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching, no. 15/1 (December 18, 2018): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/bp.2018.1.08.

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The aim of this paper is to present and discuss the results of a small-scale pilot study of attitudes towards Polish and English conducted at a Polish supplementary school in Manchester, England. The intro-ductory part of the paper presents definitions of bilingualism and bilingual education as well as a variety of approaches and policies concerning bilingual education in the world. This is followed by some basic data on Polish immigrants living in the UK and Polish supplementary schools in the UK. The questionnaire used to elicit the data consists of two sets of questions: one concerns Polish and the other English. The questions and the answers elicited are discussed and compared, with the final concluding part focused on attitudes to Polish, which is the native language of the informants’ families.

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Johnson, Marion. "The Slaves of Salaga." Journal of African History 27, no. 2 (July 1986): 341–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700036707.

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Salaga was one of the leading slave-markets of West Africa in the 1880s. The story of the slaves – where they came from, who brought them to Salaga, who bought them, and what happened to them afterwards – can be pieced together from the reports of a great variety of travellers, black and white, officials, soldiers, merchants and missionaries, of various nationalities, African and European. Thus, on the eve of the European occupation which put an end to it, it is possible to lift the veil that usually conceals the internal slave trade of pre-colonial Africa, and gain some idea of its scale and workings, and of the range of attitudes towards slavery and the slave trade.

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Strachan, John A. "Electroconvulsive therapy – attitudes and practice in New Zealand." Psychiatric Bulletin 25, no. 12 (December 2001): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.25.12.467.

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Aims and MethodThe clinical practice of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) by New Zealand psychiatrists was surveyed by questionnaire. This paper compares the findings with national and regional surveys conducted in Great Britain, and considers the influence on clinical practice in New Zealand of the Royal College of Psychiatrists' ECT Handbook.ResultsECT has the same level of support from psychiatrists in New Zealand as in Britain, but is less frequently used. Modern brief pulse machines are used by 16 of 19 (84%) services from which data were received. The ECT Handbook was the most nominated source of information on ECT. Most (87%) respondents were aware of at least one set of ECT guidelines. However, these have apparently failed to influence some important aspects of practice. In particular, many medical conditions are still perceived as absolute contraindications.Clinical ImplicationsThe Royal College of Psychiatrists and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists need to place even greater emphasis on the importance of training in ECT for both trainees and qualified psychiatrists, and on the promotion of approved guidelines.

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Atkins, Norton E., Keith E. Walley, and Liam A. Sinclair. "Commercial practice of out-wintering dairy heifers in Great Britain." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 82 (October 18, 2020): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2020.82.429.

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The majority of dairy cattle in Great Britain (GB) are housed during winter but replacement heifers are out-wintered on some farms, a practice that may reduce the need for high capital-cost housing and facilitate herd expansion. Dairy farmers that were out-wintering replacement heifers in GB in 2012 were surveyed to determine current practice and attitudes. A typical system involved heifers strip grazing pasture or a crop, with baled grass silage as supplementary feed; strongly resembling outdoor wintering systems in New Zealand. Many used more than one grazed forage; predominantly, pasture on 68%, kale on 53% and fodder beet on 33% of farms. Supplementary feed was 44% of the diet in younger, and 35% in older heifers. Although farms were approximately three times larger than the national average and 60% were expanding, expanding herd size was not the primary reason for out-wintering, with the main reasons being to reduce cost and improve animal health and welfare. Farmers that out-wintered heifers typically reported good animal average dairy gain of 0.6 kg/d and high body condition, however, this contrasts with some measured performance in GB. Farmers may benefit from accurate feed allocation and monitoring heifer live weight during winter to ensure high performance.

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Rodríguez Blanco, César. "The origins of casual culture: hooliganism and fashion in Great Britain." Culture & History Digital Journal 8, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2019.016.

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This dissertation attends to the study of football hooligans’ subcultures. In particular, it addresses a general synthesis of the beginnings of casual culture in Great Britain, within the context of the cultural transition process of the 1980s, and within a political, social and cultural context greatly influenced by the new Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher. It makes a chronological review of the stylistic evolution and the attitudes of the casuals, based on the concept one-upmanship, facing the different realities that happened in approximately a decade. From the birth of the punk movement in the late seventies to the emergence of rave and club cultures at the end of the following decade. It also includes the element of violence in football, both inside and outside the stadiums, through several events that exemplify the level of violence achieved in those years. Throughout the text it tries to record the relevance of the study of youth expressions and activities for a better understanding of wider historical and cultural processes.

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Andreeva, T. "Great Britain and Processes of the European Integration after Euro Crisis." World Economy and International Relations, no. 11 (2014): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-11-40-47.

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The paper is devoted to the Great Britain's stance on the promoting of European integration towards creation of a federal state, after the euro crisis. It focuses on advantages and losses of the British policy in the EU. There are standpoints and views of four main political parties of Great Britain on the country's secession from the EU as well as the results of both local elections and elections for the European Parliament which reveal the rise of the right secessionist and anti-European moods in British society. The author also considers the European nations' present views and attitudes to the European idea. The following questions are answered in the article: Do the anti-European moods exert the crucial and lasting effect on British European policy? Is it better and more profitable for Britain to stay within the organization taking an active part in the integration process, or to withdraw from it?

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Harcourt, A. H., H. Pennington, and A. W. Weber. "Public attitudes to wildlife and conservation in the Third World." Oryx 20, no. 3 (July 1986): 152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300019992.

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Conservationists in the West often assume that the people of the developing world are less concerned about wildlife than are people in the developed world. Recent surveys, in Tanzania, Brazil, Rwanda and the USA, have exploded this myth. The authors discuss the findings from these surveys and their implications for conservation. This paper was presented, in London in December 1985, at a symposium—Current Issues in Primate Conservation—organized jointly by the FFPS and the Primate Society of Great Britain.

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Beeken, Rebecca J., and Jane Wardle. "Public beliefs about the causes of obesity and attitudes towards policy initiatives in Great Britain." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 12 (July 18, 2013): 2132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013001821.

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AbstractObjectiveTo assess attributions for overweight and the level of support for policy initiatives in Great Britain.DesignCross-sectional. Respondents indicated their agreement (5-point scales: strongly disagree to strongly agree) to three potential causes of overweight (environment, genes, willpower) and five policies (free weight-loss treatment, taxing unhealthy foods, healthy lifestyle campaigns, food labelling, advertising restrictions).SettingData were collected as part of a computer-assisted, face-to-face Omnibus survey of adults (aged >15 years) from across Great Britain in April 2012 carried out by a market research company.SubjectsA population-representative sample of British adults (n 1986).ResultsMore people attributed overweight to the food environment (61 %) and lack of willpower (57 %) than to genes (45 %). Policy support was highest for healthy lifestyle campaigns (71 %) and food labelling (66 %), and lowest for taxing unhealthy foods (32 %). Food environment attributions were associated with higher support for all policies (P < 0·001). Genetic attributions were associated with higher support for free weight-loss treatments and healthy lifestyle campaigns (P < 0·001), but not other policies. Attributions to lack of willpower were not associated differentially with support for any policies (P > 0·01).ConclusionsBelief that overweight is caused by the food environment or genes – both seen as outside individual control – was associated with greater support for government policies to prevent and treat obesity. Improving awareness of the multiple causes of obesity could facilitate acceptance of policy action to reduce obesity prevalence.

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Helman, S., N. A. D. Kinnear, F. P. McKenna, R. E. Allsop, and M. S. Horswill. "Changes in self-reported driving intentions and attitudes while learning to drive in Great Britain." Accident Analysis & Prevention 59 (October 2013): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.06.038.

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Cooper, Eugene B., and Lena Rustin. "Clinician attitudes toward stuttering in the United States and Great Britain: A cross-cultural study." Journal of Fluency Disorders 10, no. 1 (March 1985): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-730x(85)90002-6.

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Weidmann, Anita Elaine, Scott Cunningham, Gwen Gray, Denise Hansford, James McLay, John Broom, and Derek Stewart. "Over-the-counter orlistat: early experiences, views and attitudes of community pharmacists in Great Britain." International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 33, no. 4 (May 15, 2011): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-011-9516-z.

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Blank, Grant, and Christoph Lutz. "Benefits and harms from Internet use: A differentiated analysis of Great Britain." New Media & Society 20, no. 2 (September 7, 2016): 618–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444816667135.

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Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of digital divides by investigating outcomes of Internet use. We extend this research to analyse positive and negative outcomes of Internet use in the United Kingdom. We apply structural equation modelling to data from a large Internet survey to compare the social structuration of Internet benefits with harms. We find that highly educated users benefit most from using the web. Elderly individuals benefit more than younger ones. Next to demographic characteristics, technology attitudes are the strongest predictors of online benefits. The harms from using the Internet are structured differently, with educated users and those with high levels of privacy concerns being most susceptible to harm. This runs counter to intuitions based on prior digital divide research, where those at the margins should be most at risk. While previous research on digital inequality has only looked at benefits, the inclusion of harms draws a more differentiated picture.

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Hayes, Bernadette C., and Audrey Vandenheuvel. "Attitudes toward Mandatory Retirement: An International Comparison." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 39, no. 3 (October 1994): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/uel3-p5uu-9kqu-1w96.

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Over recent decades, whether legislation supporting mandatory retirement should exist has been debated frequently. The issue has been exacerbated by the growing number of elderly people within western societies. Using nationally representative data from the United States of America, West Germany, Great Britain, and Australia, this article provides an international comparison of individual's attitudes toward mandatory retirement. These attitudes are found to differ sharply according to country, with the Americans most strongly opposed and the Britons most accepting. Multiple regression techniques are used to address the relative importance of socio-demographic and political ideological factors in predicting attitudes toward compulsory retirement. The strongest socio-demographic predictor is education. Measures of political ideology are also significant predictors; that is, acceptance of government intervention in various areas of the labor market is positively related to the acceptance of government regulation of retirement age.

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Lewis, Donald M. "‘Lights in Dark Places’: Women Evangelists in Early Victorian Britain, 1838-1857." Studies in Church History 27 (1990): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400012213.

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Twenty years ago, Olive Anderson called for more detailed study of how the role of women changed in the nineteenth century, pointing out that only such careful investigations ‘can show how far the conventional stress upon feminism has been well judged’. She noted the contemporary strength of the churches as ‘the great arbiters of public attitudes toward social issues’ and argued that the beliefs and practices of popular religion (‘the religion of the unsophisticated laity in general’) were ‘full of change and diversity’.

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Sharapov, Kiril. "Public Understanding of Trafficking in Human Beings in Great Britain, Hungary and Ukraine." Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 13 (September 26, 2019): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.201219133.

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This article provides a summary of research undertaken to investigate public awareness and understanding of human trafficking in Great Britain, Hungary and Ukraine. Responding to the lack of reliable empirical data on this issue, the research relies on representative national opinion surveys to assess the extent of public awareness of what constitutes human trafficking, the sources of knowledge underpinning this awareness, and respondents’ attitudes towards key dimensions of human trafficking as embedded in international and respective national legal and policy frameworks and discourses. Conceptually, this article reinforces recent calls for policy and media paradigm shifts from understanding human trafficking as a phenomenon of crime and victimhood, to, above all, a human rights concern linked to the broader issues of sustainable development and social justice. Methodologically, the study highlights the role of opinion surveys as a measure of effectiveness and impact of anti-trafficking awareness campaigns. In practical terms, the article presents a set of data which can be useful for policy-makers, anti-trafficking activists, and national media in designing impactful awareness-raising campaigns and interventions.

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Balfour, W. Campbell. "British Unions: A Cultural Analysis." Relations industrielles 13, no. 3 (February 11, 2014): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1022425ar.

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Summary Trade unions in Britain have developed against a particular cultural background, and many of their attitudes and aims stem from this environment and its effect on their members. The last twenty or thirty years have seen great changes in political, social and economic backgrounds: this has led to certain strains and tensions in the union structure, and to the gradual abandonment of traditional symbols, beliefs and modes of action.

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Pifer, Ralph, Kinya Shimizu, and Linda Pifer. "Public Attitudes Toward Animal Research: Some International Comparisons." Society & Animals 2, no. 2 (1994): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853094x00126.

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AbstractA comparative analysis was made of the public's attitudes toward the use of animals in scientific research in 15 different nations. The intensity of opposition to animal research was found to vary from relatively low levels in Japan and the United States to much higher levels in France, Belgium, and Great Britain. More women than men were opposed to animal research in all 15 nations. Scientific knowledge, or the lack of knowledge, was not found to have a consistent relationship with attitudes toward animal research. Concern about the environment was found to be related to opposition to animal research in some western European nations, in particular West Germany. Cluster analysis was used to group the nations into four patterns based on intensity of opposition, level of opposition, gender differences in opposition, and the relationship between attitudes toward animal research and both environmental concern and scientific knowledge.

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Besseghini, Deborah. "The Weapons of Revolution: Global Merchants and the Arms Trade in South America (1808-1824)." Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business 8, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 81–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/jesb2023.8.1.34043.

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This article investigates the role that the arms trade connected to Hispanic American Independence Wars played in the transformations at the origins of 19th century globalization. It looks specifically at how arms supplies to governments encouraged the early post-mercantilist development of South American commerce, and some of the domino effects of such development. This turning point in economic history is analyzed through the biographical trajectories of merchants who were well positioned between geopolitics and trade, and who had “imperial” functions without being formally involved in imperialist projects. Business and political correspondence, notarial documents, and customs registers from archives in Europe and the Americas reveal the workings of networks and business affairs of global merchants whose companies were major arms importers in Buenos Aires during the years leading to Chile’s liberation. The threads of John McNeile’s (an important but neglected figure) and David DeForest’s networks hook onto the principal economic and political laboratories of the countries from whence most arms were imported: Great Britain and the United States. They reached Chile and Peru from Buenos Aires and remained crucial to the liberation campaigns, encouraging further commercial expansion along the American Pacific coast and toward Asia, and pioneering financial adventures. Relations between commercial houses active in Hispanic America and Asia reveal British and US transpacific networks and ties between Hispanic American and Asian commerce and economies. The article thus shows how, by bringing together fragmented and scattered sources from both sides of the Atlantic, the significance of the arms trade in South America as a driving force of globalization emerges.

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Johnston, R. J., and C. J. Pattie. "Class, Attitudes, and Retrospective Voting: Exploring the Regional Variations in the 1983 General Election in Great Britain." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 22, no. 7 (July 1990): 893–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a220893.

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Walsh, J. "HIV infection: comparing attitudes, knowledge and cross-infection control amongst dentists in San Francisco and Great Britain'." British Dental Journal 166, no. 3 (February 1989): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4806719.

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Haeger, Bisa, and Joy Dalton. "Attitudes of general psychiatrists to child sexual abuse." Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 12, no. 7 (July 1988): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0140078900020587.

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The incidence of child sexual abuse varies according to definitions and methods used. The MORI Poll 1984 found it to be 12% for girls and 8% for boys and to occur across all the social classes using this definition: “A child (anyone under 16 years) is sexually abused when another person, who is sexually mature, involves the child in any activity which the other person expects to lead to their own sexual arousal. This might involve intercourse, touching, exposure of the sexual organs, showing pornographic material or talking about sexual things in an erotic way”. The majority of studies have shown that these experiences can have adverse psychological effects, but the effect on the clinical practice of general psychiatrists seems to be too small if one considers the estimated 4.5 million adults in Great Britain who have been sexually abused as children. We thought that this could be related to attitudes rather than knowledge of the subject.

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Jones, K., R. J. Johnston, and C. J. Pattie. "People, Places and Regions: Exploring the Use of Multi-Level Modelling in the Analysis of Electoral Data." British Journal of Political Science 22, no. 3 (July 1992): 343–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400006426.

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There has been considerable recent debate about the importance of local context as an influence on political attitudes and voting behaviour in Great Britain. Resolution of that debate has been difficult, because analytical methods have not been available with which to evaluate the relative importance of both individual voter characteristics and the characteristics of their milieux as independent correlates of attitudes and behaviour. The technique of multi-level modelling has been developed by educational researchers to do just that. It is introduced here and illustrated using data for the 1987 British general election. The preliminary results suggest that place clearly does matter as a component of the processes that influence voters' choices.

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Dorfner, Thomas. "„Commercium nach dem Sinn Jesu“." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 61, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2020-0003.

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AbstractThis paper analyses the market behaviour of the Moravian Church around 1800 as illustrated by the transatlantic trade with Labrador. The pietistic religious community, which originated in Herrnhut/Saxony, founded numerous missionary stations and settlements in the Atlantic world after 1732. In the course of this expansion, a broad range of trade opportunities opened up to the Moravians, which they utilised to finance their exceedingly expensive missionary activities. As this paper sets out, they founded their own Ship’s Company in London in 1770, which imported sought-after raw materials to Great Britain, such as whalebone or fur from Labrador. However, the leadership committee, known as the Unity Elders Conference, imposed strict regulations on the market activities of all Moravians. All trade activities had tobe consistent with biblical standards. This was intended to ensure that the individual merchant or missionary remained free of sin. The Unity Elders considered fair prices tobe of particular importance. This belief also served to distinguish the community from the large number of non-pietistic merchants and their trading practices.

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Wang, Guofeng. "Britain as a protector, a mediator or an onlooker?" Language, Politics and Media 21, no. 1 (September 29, 2021): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.21018.wan.

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Abstract Since Hong Kong’s handover to China, British newspapers still play an active role in constructing Britain’s connections with its former colony. This study elaborates a schema for protests to help better understand protests in general. Based on this schema, the study examined representations of the 2019–20 protests in British newspapers using the approach of corpus-assisted critical discourse studies. The analysis shows that they mainly used the predicational strategy, and emphasized the Chinese government’s control of Hong Kong – including the inabilities of the Hong Kong government and police violence – in contrast with the protestors’ demands for universal suffrage. They suggested that Britain act as a mediator to shoulder a moral responsibility over Hong Kong. Their attitudes are interpreted with regard to Britain’s foreign policies and the dominant ideology cultivated in its historical, socio-political contexts and suggest that the UK journalistic practice regarding Hong Kong issues is political-driven to a great extent.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Merchants Great Britain Attitudes'

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