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Academic literature on the topic 'Merchants Great Britain Attitudes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Merchants Great Britain Attitudes"

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Shkunov, V. N. "AFGHANISTAN IN THE SPHERE OF TRADE INTERESTS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 3, no. 3 (2021): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2021-3-3-98-103.

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The article is devoted to the problems of trade and economic rivalry between the Russian Empire and Great Britain in the first half of the XIX century, when the two powers were looking for adequate methods and forms of protecting their interests in Central Asia and Afghanistan. The author pays special attention to the problems of economic development and foreign trade of Afghanistan in the period under review. He examines the main objects of export and import, trade volumes, channels for the sale of goods, ethnic and confessional characteristics of merchants who participated in trade with Kabul. The role of the diplomatic service of Russia and Great Britain, travelers, scouts, merchants in collecting the necessary information about the situation in the Middle East is noted. The author focuses on the role and importance of the Central Asian khanates and merchants in promoting Russian goods to Afghanistan. The regional peculiarities of the organization of foreign trade are noted (by the example of Baloch).

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Oddens, B. J., A. Ph Visser, H. M. Vemer, W. Th A. M. Everaerd, and Ph Lehert. "Contraceptive use and attitudes in Great Britain." Contraception 49, no. 1 (January 1994): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(94)90110-4.

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Dockrell, M., R. Morrison, L. Bauld, and A. McNeill. "E-Cigarettes: Prevalence and Attitudes in Great Britain." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 15, no. 10 (May 23, 2013): 1737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt057.

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Gajic, Aleksandar. "Тhe impact of Werner Sombart`s Merchants and Heroes on the conception of geopolitical dualism of tellurocracy and thalassocracy." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 171 (2019): 423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1971423g.

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This paper examines the connection between the war pamphlet ?Merchants and Heroes? (1915) of Werner Sombart, one of the greatest European sociologists of the 20th century, and geopolitical theories about the conflict between land and sea powers. Although Sombart?s pamphlet emphasizes the spiritual-moral and cultural-sociological dualism between Germany and England in the First World War, where the first represents the characteristics of heroes and idealists and the other of merchants and opportunists, the paper shows that this conflict was primarily a war for the territories - a geopolitical conflict, and, only secondary, a cultural-normative conflict. Historical anal?ysis shows that German geostrategic actions before the Great War (in their colonial policy) and during the Great War were not in opposition, but very similar to Great Britain`s policies. Therefore, it can be assumed that the war between Germany and Great Britain 435 broke out because of the rivalries based on their similarities, both in actions and pretensions. Moreover, Wilhelmine Germany was almost copying Britain?s colonial expansion, so it became the greatest threat to Great Britain`s geostrategic interest. Further, the research established the links between the views of Sombart and Karl Schmitt and, later, with the oversized opposition between land and sea powers as ?the second law of geopolitics? in the views of some geopolitical thinkers during the 20th century. The paper shows that the sources of both views are the same and that they lie in the German romantic-idealistic youth subculture movements at the turn of the 20th century adopted in academic circles before the Great War, primarily in the philosophy of Kurt Hiller and sociology of George Simmel, from which they were accepted by Werner Sombart.

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Hayes, Bernadette C., and Jo Moran-Ellis. "PARTY IDENTIFICATION AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALS IN GREAT BRITAIN." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 7, no. 1 (1995): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/7.1.23.

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Waller, J., K. Osborne, and J. Wardle. "Enthusiasm for cancer screening in Great Britain: a general population survey." British Journal of Cancer 112, no. 3 (December 23, 2014): 562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2014.643.

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Abstract Background: With growing concerns about risk of harm from cancer screening, particularly from overdiagnosis, this study aimed to assess public attitudes to cancer screening in Great Britain. Methods: We used a population-based survey to assess attitudes to cancer screening, screening history and demographic characteristics, in men and women aged 50–80 years. Data were collected using face-to-face computer-assisted interviews in 2012. Results: In our sample of 2024, attitudes to cancer screening were overwhelmingly positive with almost 90% believing that screening is ‘almost always a good idea’ and 49% saying they would be tested for cancer even if it was untreatable. Attitudes were particularly positive among those who had previously taken part in breast or colorectal screening. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that attitudes to cancer screening are very positive in Great Britain. Widespread enthusiasm for cancer screening may hamper attempts to encourage a greater appreciation of the limitations and potential harms of screening.

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Hoppit, Julian. "Attitudes to Credit in Britain, 1680–1790." Historical Journal 33, no. 2 (June 1990): 305–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00013340.

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The history of economic ideas in Britain is dominated by a great tradition which in its early stages focuses on Adam Smith. For the century before the publication of the Wealth of nations in 1776, economic ideas are most often studied in relation to the ‘arrival’ of Smith and commented on with regard to the degree to which they may be considered precursors of his ideas. Though this imposes a sense of order and establishes some principles with which to select from the vast range of economic writings, the dangers of certain whiggishness in this approach are readily apparent. Writers can appear to be winners or losers depending on the extent to which their ideas were denied, adapted or adopted by Smith and the other classical economists.1 Such problems have been acknowledged by many historians, not least by those who have fruitfully examined the political and philosophical bases of the emergence of political economy, particularly with regard to the Scottish enlightenment. Despite this, the force of the great tradition remains very strong. The authors and ideas that are examined are the ‘major’ ones, that is to say contributions that were, or attempted to be, either comprehensive or clearly attached to what, with hindsight, were the main strands of development. The emphasis has been upon theories or systematic explanations of the economic order. Not surprisingly the unsystematic and more casually formulated reflections of non-economists and ‘amateurs’, such as Defoe, are often swept under the carpet, even if their ideas on economic matters were more widely disseminated (and perhaps more influential) at the time. Consequently, our perception of economic ideas between the Restoration and the Wealth of nations continues to be highly and perhaps atypically selective.

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Nohrin, I. M. "The Statement of the British Administration in Quebec and the Problem of Adaptation of the Traditional Colonial Policy (the Middle of 1760th)." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 12, no. 3 (2012): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2012-12-3-23-27.

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Article is devoted to studying of policy of Great Britain in Quebec in the first years after the termination of Seven-year war. The author has concentrated his attention on researching of factors of its formation: the governmental course, policy of governor-generals, the conflict of interests of English merchants and the French community. The special attention is given to a problem of formation of administration political course on the basis of struggle of «old» and «new» social groups.

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Frangakis-Syrett, Elena. "Implementation of the 1838 Anglo-Turkish Convention on Izmir'S Trade: European and Minority Merchants." New Perspectives on Turkey 7 (1992): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/s0896634600000510.

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In the last decades of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Izmir experienced tremendous economic growth, mainly as a result of growth in the world economy. In addition, the French Revolution and the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars resulted in the collapse of French economic domination in the area. As a result, Ottoman minority merchants experienced an equally tremendous economic growth (Frangakis-Syrett, 1987, pp. 73-86). Britain replaced France as the principal trading partner of Izmir, while the economic growth of the port-city as well as that of the minority merchants continued strong. It was in this period of increasing commercial activity that the Anglo-Turkish Convention was signed between Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire on 16 August 1838 to come into effect in western Anatolia on March 1839. The Treaty, which subsequently was signed by all the European States as well as the United States and the Ottoman Empire, aimed at removing obstacles to free trade in the Empire for the merchants of these states. It was to achieve that by removing an array of local or additional duties paid for the export of Ottoman goods or the import and circulation of all other goods, manufactured or otherwise, and by setting a fixed rate of five percent duty on imports and twelve percent on exports—nine percent on purchasing at the place of growth and three percent on exportation.

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Nuttall, S. R., R. J. L. Blackwood, B. M. H. Bussell, J. P. Cliff, M. J. Cornall, A. Cowley, P. L. Gatenby, and J. M. Webber. "Financing long-term care in Great Britain." Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 121, no. 1 (1994): 1–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100020084.

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AbstractThis paper is concerned with the current and future financing of long-term care (LTC). This is defined as the provision of nursing and care services to those adults who are incapable, to some degree, of looking after themselves, but excluding short-term convalescent care. The current position is summarised, covering the demand and supply of LTC, how it is currently financed, new developments and consumer attitudes. The paper then goes on to consider future developments. Possible patterns of future demand, covering likely needs and costs are given. Consideration is then given as to how future demand may be financed.The paper discusses some of the initiatives that might be undertaken to encourage proper planning by both the State and individuals and concludes that the actuarial profession should have a significant role to play in communicating the issues and evaluating solutions.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Merchants Great Britain Attitudes"

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Mok, Kin-wai Patrick. "The British intra-Asian trade with China, 1800-1842 /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B30708369.

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Mok, Kin-wai Patrick, and 莫健偉. "The British intra-Asian trade with China, 1800-1842." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45014930.

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Galway, Majella. "Popular attitudes towards warfare in interwar Britain 1919-1939 : contradiction, confusion and continuity /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17432.pdf.

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Bregman, Abigail Sibley. "The view from the classroom : English school-teachers' responses to domestic and international problems of the interwar years 1919-1939." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72832.

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Shakkour, Suha. "Christian Palestinians in Britain." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/999.

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This study seeks to address a gap in the literature with regard to the Christian Palestinians. As members of a very small minority, they are often overlooked by the media and the academic community. While this is changing to some extent for Christian Palestinians in the Middle East, there is scant literature that considers their lives in the ‘West’ and almost none on their experiences in Britain. This thesis considers how Christian Palestinians have adapted to life in London, including an analysis of the individual experiences of both Christian Palestinians and Muslim Palestinians. Interviews with respondents focused on their English language abilities, educational achievements, attitudes to intermarriage, and their sense of belonging. These aspects were chosen because they offer an insight into respondents’ private and public lives, a distinction that is particularly important in the study of integration and assimilation. Through the assessment of these attributes, this research seeks to redefine the way that assimilation has been viewed and argues that a more comprehensive study of assimilation must include not only an analysis of whether migrants have adopted a characteristic of the host nation’s population, but also an analysis of whether they have adopted the sentiments their native born counterparts have attached to them.

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Castrén, Anna. "National identity and attitudes towards immigrants in Finland, Great Britain and the USA." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-158519.

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This paper investigates the relationship between national identity and attitudes towards immigrants. It examines three countries with different history of nation building and immigration: Finland, Great Britain and the USA. It is assumed that the differences in nation building and immigration across the countries have led to a different understanding of national identity and attitudes towards immigrants. The hypothesis is that the relationship between national identity and attitudes towards immigrants is not consistent but is dependent on how belonging to the nation is defined. This paper uses eight different aspects to measure the understanding of national identity. Attitudes towards immigrants are explored on six dimensions: criminality, economy, labor market, society, culture and the number of immigrants. The paper uses the theory of ethnic and civic types of national identity as a basis for the analysis. The ethnic definition of national identity is assumed to be related to anti-immigrant attitudes while a more civic definition may even lead to more open attitudes towards immigrants. Ordinal logistic regression has been used to estimate these relationships. The data used comes from the International Social Survey Programme’s ‘National Identity’ module from 2013. The results show clear differences between the countries both in the general attitudes towards immigrants and the prominence of anti-immigrant attitudes. In all countries ethnic definition of national identity is connected to more negative attitudes towards immigrants. However, there are differences in how individual aspects of identity correlate with different dimensions of attitudes towards immigrants. The number of people viewing the ethnic aspects of national identity as important is larger in Great Britain and anti-immigrant attitudes generally more widespread than in Finland and the USA. Additionally, the results from ordinal logistic regressions show that while the majority of aspects of national identity correlated with anti-immigrant attitudes, some of the civic aspects were connected to more positive attitudes. The results differed between the countries suggesting that the relationship between national identity and attitudes towards immigrants is not consistent and that it does depend on the definition of national identity.

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Bonsall, Penny. "The Somerset and Lothian miners, 1919-c.1947 : changing attitudes to pit work in the twentieth century." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1990. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/88058/.

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The somewhat neglected topic of attitudes to mining, as an influence on labour supply in the coal industry, is the subject of this thesis. By the 1940s antagonism to mining was a nationwide phenomenon, although the regional experiences of miners and their families varied considerably between the wars. The study therefore starts at regional level before moving on to consider from a broader perspective the topic of changing attitudes to pit work. The first part of the thesis comprises a comparative study of the Somerset and Lothian (Mid and East Lothian) coalfields, two districts which have attracted little attention from historians. An overview of the industry in both areas is given in the opening chapter, where the regional characteristics of ownership and management are also discussed. The following three chapters focus respectively on change and continuity in the work place; life in the mining communities; the relationship between the miners' unions and the wider labour movement. The perspective shifts to national level in chapter five but the theme of regional influence on attitudes to pit work is carried forward by extensive reference to a Social Survey inquiry carried out in Scottish mining communities (including those of Mid and East Lothian) in 1946. Finally, the impact of the Second World War and of nationalisation are considered, before a survey and commentary on general attitudes to mining and miners over time. The conclusion reached is that post-nationalisation labour-supply problems had their origins in the decades before the Second World War. As the social and psychological isolation of the mining communities broke down over the inter-war period, circumstances within the industry and wider socio-economic change combined to erode the tradition of occupational inheritance and to promote the growth of negative or hostile attitudes to mining as an occupation.

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Turner, Katrina M. "Predictable pathways? : an exploration of young women's perceptions of teenage pregnancy and early motherhood." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/17764.

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While young women from relatively affluent backgrounds tend to abort their pregnancies, young women from relatively deprived backgrounds tend to keep theirs. It has been suggested that this socio-economic-pregnancy outcome relationship is due to some form of subcultural acceptance of teenage motherhood existing among disadvantaged groups. The aim of this thesis was to assess how young, never pregnant women from diverse social and economic backgrounds perceive teenage pregnancy and early motherhood, and to consider whether these perceptions could, at least in part, explain this relationship. 248 women (mean age 15.6) completed a questionnaire which requested information on their lives, experiences, expectations about their futures, and their views of teenage pregnancy and early motherhood. Six discussion groups were then held with selected sub-groups of these women to explore their views in greater detail. As the thesis had an additional aim of exploring the process embarked upon by women following the confirmation of a teenage pregnancy, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight women who were currently pregnant, had recently entered motherhood, or had an abortion. It was evident that young women from relatively deprived backgrounds may be more likely than their relatively affluent peers to predict they would keep a teenage pregnancy, and may anticipate early motherhood as having fewer implications for their current situation and futures. It was also evident that young women may view this role as beneficial and plan their pregnancies. However, it was clear that young women from diverse backgrounds may view early motherhood in a predominately negative light, and a range of factors may influence the outcome of a teenage pregnancy. Thus, whilst there was evidence to support the subcultural acceptance hypothesis, it did appear that this acceptance is one which would maintain a young woman on the pathway to motherhood rather than encouraging her to enter this role.

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Walker, Nancy J. "Gender and politics : political attitudes and voting in contemporary Great Britain and the United States." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235723.

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MacIntyre, Duncan. "Images of Germany : a theory-based approach to the classification, analysis, and critique of British attitudes towards Germany, 1890-1940." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1990. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/38981/.

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The thesis attempts to set sources broadly representative of the range of British attitudes to Germany and the Germans - from Spender, Low, Maxse and Dillon, to Bowse, Namier, Vansittart, Gollancz and Barraclough in a framework informed by multidisciplinary theory. There are five main themes: the classification of attitudes; the analysis of content; the identification of a relatively constant British self-image; the potential for attitudinal dilemmas and cognitive dissonance inherent in that self-image; national character as a concept and as a descriptor. Although dealt with in this order the themes interrelate. For example, the first phase of content analysis [chapters 4 to 8], where the emphasis is on the way in which sources differ, anticipates the discussion in chapter 10 of the differences in their approaches to the modal distribution of cultural and individual characteristics in Germany; the classificatory model proposed as an alternative to the Idealist-Realist dichotomy in chapter 2 [and 'tested' in a brief case study in chapter 3] is consistent with the definition of the self-image and facilitates discussion on cognitive dissonance. It is proposed that a classificatory system based on an Idealist-Realist dichotomy with respective pro and anti-German sub-sets does not adequately highlight the nuances and ambiguities which often informed group or individual attitudes toward Germany. It is argued that such a system cannot readily deal with the views of realists who were ideologically neutral [i. e. not ideologically anti-German] in their definition of Germany as the enemy, of idealists who were ideologically opposed to Germany, or of others who were equivocal. An alternative model is offered in the form of partially congruent parallel continuums of competition and cooperation, travelling in opposite directions in relation to respective minimum and maximum positions. In chapters 4 to 8 the content analysis of sources focuses on their different perceptions of Germany and the Germans: whether they made distinctions between Germans - and what form such distinctions took - or regarded them as 'all of a kind.' It is argued that underlying expressed attitudes to Germany and the Germans from the British side was a notion of self, incorporating two main components: a pragmatic component defining Britain as a material competitor in a competitive world, and an ideological component defining a package of traits and values associated with the cultural condition 'being British. ' The ideological component of the self-image was commonly validated and served as an assessment instrument for making judgements on Germans. It is argued that the intellectual and psychological need to maintain a consistent relationship between expressed attitudes and declared values, particularly when the values were central to the self-image, led to the use of dissonance reducing mechanisms. The ways in which one national culture may reasonably be said to differ from another, and the methodological requirements for tenable cross-cultural analysis, are explored through critical consideration of the concept 'national character.' A theoretical framework is devised for the critical analysis of the views presented by the sources on the national character of the Germans. This framework relates their perception of modal structure [unimodal, bimodal, multimodal] to their level of commitment - positive or negative - to propositions on cultural homogeneity, differential sharing, the causal autonomy of situational factors, the significance of international cultural influences, the innate nature of characteristics, and concern for methodological rigour. An image of the configurations and features in the German cultural profile is formulated. Recognition of the partial and provisional nature of this image, and discussion of what it omits and lacks in terms of texture, is used to demonstrate the deficiencies of the Schwarzweissmalerei approach to Germany and the Germans.

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Books on the topic "Merchants Great Britain Attitudes"

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John, Pym. Merchant Ivory's English landscape: Rooms, views, and Anglo-Saxon attitudes. New York: H.N. Abrams, Publishers, 1995.

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Rowlingson, Karen. Attitudes to inheritance in Britain. Bristol, UK: The Policy Press, published for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2005.

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Women's attitudes towards work. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988.

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Women's attitudes towards work. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988.

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Walmsley, D. A. Passenger attitudes to bus deregulation in Great Britain. Crowthorne, Berks: Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Safety and Transportation Group, Transport Planning Division, 1989.

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Walmsley, D. A. Passenger attitudes to bus deregulation in Great Britain. Crowthorne, Berks: Transport Planning Division, Safety and Transportation Group, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, 1989.

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Walmsley, D. A. Passenger attitudes to bus deregulation in Great Britain. Crowthorne: Transport and Road Research Laboratory, 1989.

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Conservative Party attitudes to Jews, 1900-1950. London: Frank Cass, 2001.

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Elton, Margaret Ann. Annals of the Elton family: Bristol merchants & Somerset landowners. Stroud, Glos: A. Sutton, 1994.

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Peacey, Victoria. Attitudes towards child support and knowledge of the Child Support Agency, 2004. Leeds: Corporate Document Services, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Merchants Great Britain Attitudes"

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Boyd, Jonathan. "Is Anti-Israelism Antisemitism? Evidence from the Institute for Jewish Policy Research Survey of Attitudes Towards Jews Among the Population of Great Britain." In Israel and the Diaspora: Jewish Connectivity in a Changing World, 205–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80872-3_12.

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Panigyrakis, George G. "The role of Public Relations Managers in Consumer PRODUCTS Companies in Great Britain, Ireland, France and Greece: A Comparison Study of Demographic Individual Characteristics and Job-Related Attitudes." In Proceedings of the 1994 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, 167–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13162-7_42.

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Good, Colin. "The European Debate in and between Germany and Great Britain." In Attitudes Towards Europe, 151–78. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315096742-6.

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Scholl, Lars U. "Mid-Victorian Attitudes to Seamen and Maritime Reform: The Society for Improving the Condition of Merchant Seamen, 1867." In Merchants and Mariners. Liverpool University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780968128886.003.0010.

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This chapter analyses the mid-nineteenth century attempts to improve the working conditions of merchant seamen in Britain, by focussing on the actions of the Society for Improving the Condition of Merchant Seamen - an extra-parliamentary committee founded to push for governmental reform. Williams notes that the committee was comprised of MPs, naval officers, medical men, and shipmasters, but no common seamen whatsoever. He suggests the society grew out of primarily middle-class humanitarian interests. The society published reports into health, accommodation, wages, and protection of life. Williams declares that their audience was the general public, those who value business freedom but are troubled by humanitarian concerns. He concludes by stating the Society was both instrumental and symptomatic in the shift in consciousness from improving maritime discipline, to improving maritime welfare.

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"Attitudes to Soft Inheritance in Great Britain, 1930s–1970s." In Transformations of Lamarckism. The MIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8686.003.0017.

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Lamb, Marion J. "Attitudes to Soft Inheritance in Great Britain, 1930s–1970s." In Transformations of Lamarckism, 109–20. The MIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262015141.003.0011.

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"Race: British Attitudes to the Racial Element in South Slav Nationality." In Great Britain and the Creation of Yugoslavia. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755622344.ch-001.

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"Tradition: British Attitudes to the Secular History, Tradition and Mythology of the South Slavs." In Great Britain and the Creation of Yugoslavia. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755622344.ch-004.

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Galbraith, John Kenneth. "The Merchants and the State." In Economics in Perspective. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691171647.003.0004.

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This chapter focuses on the era of the merchants, the time of what is variously called merchant capitalism or mercantilism, a new and expanding world in which markets—and money—were strongly emergent. The mercantilist era lasted for 300 years, from about the middle of the fifteenth century to the middle of the eighteenth. The chapter considers various developments that were reflected in the economic attitudes and policies in the age of the merchants, including the proliferation of trade, the rise of the merchant class, the voyages of discovery to America and the Far East, and the appearance and consolidation of the authority of the modern state. It also discusses the close association between the merchant interest and the national state. Finally, it examines policies such as state intervention on behalf of industry, tariff protection, a policy on the balance of payments, and the emergence of the great modern corporation.

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Howes, Anton. "A Society against Ugliness." In Arts and Minds, 200–217. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182643.003.0009.

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This chapter examines the Great Exhibition of 1851, which is considered an industrial audit of the world that included exhibits from Britain's empire and other foreign nations. It talks about the East India Company, a private company that exercised control over almost all of the Indian subcontinent that provided displays of the products of India in the Great Exhibition. It also explains the aim of the Great Exhibition, which was to reveal to merchants and manufacturers in Britain the kinds of raw materials that might be imported for Englishmen to work upon. The chapter highlights the Royal Society of Arts' activities over the previous century, which focused on the spread of information instead of awarding premiums for exploiting new resources. It describes how the products of Britain's colonies brought attention to merchants and manufacturers in Britain itself.

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