Academic literature on the topic 'Merchants – Europe – History'
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Journal articles on the topic "Merchants – Europe – History"
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Gelderblom, Oscar, and Regina Grafe. "The Rise and Fall of the Merchant Guilds: Re-thinking the Comparative Study of Commercial Institutions in Premodern Europe." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 40, no. 4 (April 2010): 477–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2010.40.4.477.
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Although the importance of merchant guilds for the commercial development of Europe is beyond doubt, scholars do not agree about why they emerged, persisted, and ultimately declined between the eleventh and eighteenth centuries. Historical studies usually focus on individual cases and idiosyncratic circumstances that restrict comparisons, whereas economic approaches based on game or contract theory often impose narrow assumptions on their models that tend to neglect two key features of these institutions: In imperfect markets, merchants used more than one institution to solve a given problem, and individual institutions often addressed more than one problem. However, a new methodological approach (maximum likelihood estimation) permits rigorous comparative analysis of the probability that merchants, under a given set of market and political circumstances, will delegate control of their dealings. This model requires only one assumption—that merchants relinquished such control only when they expected a positive return.
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Kallioinen, Mika. "MEDIEVAL MERCHANTS’ LETTERS IN NORTHERN EUROPE." Scandinavian Journal of History 44, no. 1 (August 13, 2018): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2018.1501417.
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Safley, Thomas Max. "Business Failure and Civil Scandal in Early Modern Europe." Business History Review 83, no. 1 (2009): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500000192.
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The failure of one of the most prominent German merchant-banking houses of the early sixteenth century, Ambrosius and Hanns, the Brothers Höchstetter, and Associates, serves as the point of departure for an exploration of why early modern merchants failed and what the consequences of failure were. This single example illuminates a variety of issues: state engagement in commerce and finance; legal development of bankruptcy procedures; economic strategies against failure and scandal. It reveals the limits of modern economic theories of economic crisis and development.
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Fontaine, Laurence. "A Reflection on the Concept of Social Identity: Migrant Merchants in Early Modern Europe." East Central Europe 34-35, no. 1-2 (2008): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-0340350102012.
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This essay reflects on the theoretical and methodological complexities of the concept of social identity, using a case study of migrant merchants in early modern Europe. The essay opens with an analysis of historians’ usages of the important but contested concept of identity. Then, it attempts to demonstrate how the literate society, political and religious officials, sedentary merchants, and the host populations with which itinerant merchants entered into contact, tried to impose identities on these migrants. Finally, the study attempts to show how migrants used this polyphony of external representations in order to understand the limits of the merchants’ abilities to utilize these imposed identities for their own advantage.
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Greif, Avner. "History Lessons: The Birth of Impersonal Exchange: The Community Responsibility System and Impartial Justice." Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 2 (May 1, 2006): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.2.221.
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This paper describes the premodern European institution that supported impersonal exchange, in which a merchant's decision to exchange is independent either of expectations of future exchange with the same partner or of knowledge of that partner's past conduct or the ability to report misconduct to future trading partners. Economists know surprisingly little about how institutions evolved to support impersonal exchange. The standard story asserts that in the early stages of market development, exchange tends to be personal and is supported by reputation; then, after an economy becomes sufficiently large, society establishes centralized and impartial courts that, by the threat of coercively imposed sanctions, enable widespread impersonal exchange. But during the late medieval period, there was no centralized legal system capable of effectively supporting impersonal exchange among merchants from different localities; and, although local courts existed throughout Europe, they were not impartial dispensers of justice but were attentive to local interests and were controlled by the local elite. This paper describes how a particular institution, the “community responsibility system,” nevertheless enabled European merchants to commit to keep their contractual obligations in impersonal exchange from the late medieval to the modern period.
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van den Bel, Martijn M. "French Governors and Dutch Merchants." Journal of Early American History 12, no. 2-3 (December 9, 2022): 121–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-12020001.
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Abstract Where most scholarship on the origins of the sugar revolution has focused on the English islands, this article draws on detailed research in Dutch and French archives to show how Dutch merchants were crucial actors in promoting the sugar revolution in the Lesser Antilles. Despite the fact that both English and French islands experienced similar developments, the relationship between these islands is barely known in English literature largely due to the language barrier. Illustrating the Dutch-French relationship allows us to develop a more regionally inclusive and trans-national perspective that shows how the early Caribbean economy, French and English, benefitted from a web of links forged by ambitious Dutch merchants between Europe, Brazil, and the Caribbean.
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Crailsheim, Eberhard. "Seville and Manila: Illegal trade, corruption, and the phenomenon of trust in the Spanish Empire." International Journal of Maritime History 29, no. 1 (February 2017): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871416679120.
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At the beginning of the early modern period, the two port cities of Seville and Manila became bottlenecks in the rich inter-oceanic trade connecting Europe, America and Asia. To control this trade, the Spanish Crown tightly regulated all traffic between these continents and levied heavy taxes on all merchandise. The stricter the regulations became, the more the merchants tried to outwit them through contraband trading and bribery. Within this setting, it was often impossible for merchants to bring cases of non-compliance of agreements to the official courts. Hence, the question arises, how were merchants, lacking an institution in charge of penalizing dishonest commercial conduct, able to find the trust in partners to establish trans-oceanic trading networks? This note argues that the answer lies in the common ground that united certain groups of shared mental models, which enabled the merchants to trust in the social coercive power of these groups and consequently to trust their partners overseas.
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Pettegree, Andrew. "The Exile Churches and the Churches ‘Under the Cross’: Antwerp and Emden During the Dutch Revolt." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 38, no. 2 (April 1987): 187–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900023046.
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In the middle years of the sixteenth century Antwerp reached the zenith of its economic power. With ninety thousand inhabitants it was far from being the largest city in Europe, but its pre-eminence as a centre for European trade was now universally acknowledged. As a money market, commodity market and, above all, as a centre of the cloth trade Antwerp had by 1550 eclipsed its rivals in Flanders and Brabant and made itself indispensable to merchants from all over the continent. Germans made up the largest contingent among Antwerp's foreign merchant community, but there were substantial numbers of both Portuguese, still dominant in the international spice trade, and Italians, who had first introduced the sophisticated financial and accounting techniques which were now developed to a new peak of refinement in Antwerp. The concentration of capital in the city was an inducement to every major banking house to maintain a permanent representation there, as did their most regular clients, the princely houses of Europe. The real foundation of Antwerp's greatness, however, was the trade in English broadcloths, established there since the turn of the century and carried on by an English merchant community that numbered three or four hundred by 1560. All this frenetic economic activity was presided over with studied negligence by the city elders, whose tradition of minimum controls was calculated to avoid alarming an extremely heterogeneous trading community.
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Kadı, İsmail Hakkı. "Explaining the Vitality of Eighteenth-century Non-Muslim Ottoman Merchants: How to Cope with Transaction Costs." Medieval History Journal 22, no. 2 (November 2019): 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971945819893033.
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The role of non-Muslim communities in the Ottoman Empire has been a topic of debate among scholars who approached the issue from various perspectives at different times. One thread in this debate focused on these communities’ role in Ottoman trade with Europe and emphasized their relations with western capital in explanation of their prominence in the Ottoman economy. This article attempts to explain the vitality of non-Muslim merchants through the centuries in the face of Western economic penetration of the Ottoman Empire, by focusing on transaction costs and market imperfections in North-western Anatolia. The article focuses on the trade in mohair yarn and cotton, which were the most important commodities exported to the Netherlands from the Ottoman Empire. Relying on data obtained from Dutch archives on cotton and mohair yarn consignments from Ankara and Izmir to Amsterdam, the article emphasises the diversity and complexity of the various transactions and expenses required to deliver these consignments to Amsterdam. It suggests that the local merchants were able to take advantage of the market imperfections and high transaction costs in North Western Anatolia while interacting with European merchants in the region.
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Rabuzzi, Daniel A. "Women as Merchants in Eighteenth-Century Northern Germany: The Case of Stralsund, 1750–1830." Central European History 28, no. 4 (December 1995): 435–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900012267.
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The purpose of this paper is to bring to our attention the important role of women in wholesale international commerce in eighteenth century northern Germany, using examples from Stralsund as a case study. (Stralsund, a port-city formerly in the Hanse, was at that time the capital of Swedish Pomerania and had a population, including garrison, of some 14,000 around 1800; it was an economic center of regional importance, specializing in the production of malt and the export of grain to Sweden and Western Europe). After sketching a social and economic profile of Stralsund's female merchants ca. 1750–1830, I will discuss the crucial issue of control, i.e., to what extent and how these women were able to operate independently within a political and legal system that favored men. In my conclusion, I suggest that women left, or were forced out of, the wholesale trade around 1850 as a result of political changes and a shift in the meaning of the concept of Bürger, rather than as a result of industrialization or market expansion. Throughout, I consider whether my observations about female merchants in Stralsund have any wider validity by comparing them with research on the commerce of other ports in Northern Europe and in North America.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Merchants – Europe – History"
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David, Huw T. "The Atlantic at work : Britain and South Carolina's trading networks, c. 1730-1790." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ecb3aae6-ba02-4537-b5b0-7f3c7e758613.
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This thesis describes the sixty years of transatlantic interaction, connection, dislocation and reconstruction in Anglo-Carolinian trade between 1730 and 1790. Focussing on about two dozen of London’s ‘Carolina traders’, it integrates their personal and collective stories of profit and loss, reputation and notoriety, and political activity and inactivity, with the broader forces they shaped and were in turn shaped by – forces of economic growth, political stability and instability, and imperial harmony and disharmony. Through their conjoined political and commercial agency – a dual role better appreciated by contemporaries than by historians – they profoundly influenced commerce between Britain and South Carolina. Their intermediation served firstly as a stabilising force in the Anglo-Carolinian polity as they procured favourable treatment for the colony’s goods and represented its grievances in the imperial metropolis. An important influence on this was their ‘absentee’ ownership of property in South Carolina and the thesis explores in depth the underappreciated prevalence and significance of this transatlantic absenteeism. From the mid-1760s, however, the traders’ political and commercial agency aggravated intra-imperial discord. Disputes between British merchants and their Carolinian correspondents reflected in microcosm the geo-political shifts of the time and reveal at an inter-personal level how resistance to British imperial authority developed among Carolinians. Furthermore, these disputes played a constitutive role in this resistance, as the purported commercial iniquities and political orientations of British merchants led their correspondents to question and reject the commercial and political norms that had once sustained Anglo-Carolinian relations. The thesis thus helps explain how South Carolina moved, often imperceptibly, against British authority during the 1760s and early 1770s by emphasising commercial discord within the growing political-economic friction. It further contributes to the burgeoning historiography of the eighteenth-century ‘Atlantic world’ by exploring the reconstruction of trading links between Britain and South Carolina after American independence. It reveals how strongly these were influenced by pre-war politics. In so doing, it demonstrates that Carolinians exercised greater commercial discretion after the war than contemporaries and historians have appreciated, and thus challenges contentions of South Carolina’s continuing commercial subservience to British trading interests.
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Maxson, Brian Jeffrey. "Book Review of Merchant Writers: Florentine memoirs from the Middle Ages and Renaissance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2681.
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Rickel, Rachel D. "The Black Death and Giovanni Bocaccio's The Decameron's Portrayal of Merchant Mentality." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1467369515.
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Nguyen, Huu Trung. "Les marchands, fondateurs de civilisation, une épopée oubliée, XVe - XIXe siècle : une histoire sociale et culturelle de l’économie." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAG049/document.
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La Civilisation devrait être vue comme une évolution des mentalités au cours du temps, en Art, en systèmes économiques, politiques et sociaux. Ce sont les marchands et entrepreneurs qui en sont à l’origine. Le grand apport des marchands est la mise en évidence de réalités économiques, sociales, politiques et artistiques, qu’il a fallu extraire de la masse d’idées reçues, dogmes ou traditions pour les faire comprendre par le profit commercial qui en fut tiré, à un certain nombre d’individus jusqu’à atteindre une certaine masse critique avant que ces réalités soient acceptées par la majorité de la population. Ce sont des marchands italiens qui ont financé et participé aux premières expéditions maritimes portugaises pour découvrir de nouvelles terres en Afrique, Amérique et en Asie. Ce sont les entrepreneurs néerlandais qui ont découvert la « valeur ajoutée » par exemple en débitant le bois en planches au lieu de vendre brut. Ce sont eux qui ont créé l’entreprise moderne en l’ouvrant à des associés extérieurs et à des actionnaires à la famille, les polices d’assurance, la pratique de la comptabilité, les journaux permettant aux marchands de connaître les événements qui peuvent influer sur les prix des produits. Ce sont aussi les marchands néerlandais qui ont fini par obtenir au 16e siècle l’autorisation légale de prendre des intérêts sur l’argent prêté, ce qui jusqu’alors était strictement interdit par l’Eglise. Ce sont les marchands d’art flamands qui, en exportant les oeuvres de Van Eyck, de Memling, de Van der Goes, en Italie qui ont donné aux artistes italiens un nouveau sens des couleurs et de l’espace. Comme ce sont les marchands de la Compagnie Néerlandaise des Indes Orientales, la VOC, qui ont initié les Japonais aux sciences et à l’art de l’Occident. Il n’est pas surprenant que ce soient ces derniers à être les premiers asiatiques à s’ouvrir à l’Occident. Ce sont également les marchands qui ont créé au 18e siècle la société de consommation, laquelle a favorisé plus durablement que toutes les révolutions la rencontre des classes sociales. Cette société de consommation a conduit à la Révolution Industrielle qui a amené à la reconnaissance des droits des travailleurs et à la prise des responsabilités sociales des patrons, comme l’assurance-Maladie, l’éducation primaire gratuite des enfants d’ouvriers, sans parler de l’évolution des concepts de marketing sans lesquels il n’y aurait pas d’économie moderne. Ce sont les Imprésarios ou marchands de spectacles qui ont favorisé la prise de conscience des femmes, des Noirs aux Etats-Unis, de leur identité sociale et culturelle, comme ce sont les créateurs du Cinéma (les Frères Pathé, Gaumont, les Juifs Américains) qui ont rendu possible la mondialisation quasi instantanée de tous les événements renforçant ainsi le pouvoir de l’Opinion Publique, garant de la DémocratieCivilization should be understood as the progress of mentalities in the course of time, whether in Art, Economic, Political and Social systems. merchants and entrepreneurs are at the origin of this evolution. The great contribution by merchants was to extract from received ideas, dogmas and traditions, realities in the economic, social, political and art fields, and to make them understood by a number of individuals thanks to the commercial profits obtained from respecting these realities. When these individuals finally reached a critical number, these realities were accepted and adopted by the majority of the population.It is Italian merchants who financed and were parts of the first Portuguese sea voyages launched to discover new lands in Africa, America and Asia. Dutch entrepreneurs discovered the concept of “added-Value” , for example by selling wood as planks ready to use. It was they who created the modern enterprise by accepting shareholders from outside the founder’s family. It was they who invented insurance policies, the practice of accounting for better management, newspapers reporting events which could have an impact of the prices of products. It is also the Dutch merchants who in the 16th century, finally obtained from the State authorities the legal right to charge interests when lending money: till then such practice was absolutely forbidden by the Church. It was the Flemish art merchants who, by exporting to Italy works by Van Eyck, Memling Van der Goes… gave to Italian artists a new understanding of colours and of space. It was the merchants from the East India Company of the Netherlands (VOC) who initiated the Japanese to the Western sciences and art. It is therefore not surprising if the Japanese were the first Asians to open up to the West. It is also merchants who, in the 18th century created the Consumers’ Society which made possible the meeting of social classes in a more long lasting way than any political revolution. This Consumers’ Society led to the Industrial Revolution which in turn led to the recognition of the workers’ rights and to the duties of business owners to assume their social responsibilities such as social security, free primary education of the workers’ children. It also led to new marketing concepts without which there would not have been modern economy. It is the impresarios or entertainers who helped women and Black people in the USA, to become conscious of their social and cultural identities. In the same way, the movie entrepreneurs (the Pathe Brothers, Gaumont and the Jews who migrated to the USA from Central Europe) made possible the instantaneous globalization of the awareness of events, thus making Public Opinion an even stronger political force, without which no Democracy would be possible
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Dennis, David Brandon. "Mariners and Masculinities: Gendering Work, Leisure, and Nation in the German-Atlantic Trade, 1884-1914." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306856204.
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Little, Andrew Ross. "British personnel in the Dutch navy, 1642-1697." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/67714.
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An international maritime labour market study, the thesis focuses on the Dutch naval labour market, analysing wartime Zeeland admiralty crews. The research is based primarily on unique naval pay sources. Analysis of crew compositions has not been made on this scale in the period before. The 1667 Dutch Medway Raid is the starting point, where a few British played a leading role – amongst many others reported on the Dutch side. Pepys and Marvell primarily blamed their joining the enemy on the lure of superior Dutch payment. The thesis asks how many British there were really, how they came to be in Dutch service, and whether this involvement occurred, as indicated, at other times too. Part One is thematic and explores the background mechanisms of the maritime environment in detail, determining causation. First, the two naval recruitment systems are compared and completely reassessed in the light of state intervention in the trade sphere. Two new sets of ‘control’ data – naval wages and foreign shipping – are amongst the incentives and routes determined. British expatriate communities are examined as conduits for the supply of naval labour and civilian support. British personnel are compared and contrasted with other foreigners, against the background of Anglo-Dutch interlinkage and political transition from neutrality through conflict to alliance. Part Two is chronological, covering four major wars in three chapters. Micro-case studies assembled from the scattered record streams enable analysis of the crews of particular officers and ships. Seamen were an occupation that made them a very little known group: the thesis examines the different career types of British personnel of many different ranks, shedding light on their everyday lives. The thesis shows that British personnel were an integral part of Dutch crews throughout the period, even when the two nations were fighting each other. The basic need of subsistence labour for employment took precedence over allegiance to nation/ideology, demonstrating limitations in state power and the continual interdependence forced on the maritime powers through the realities of the labour market.
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MARZAGALLI, Silvia. "I negozianti delle citta portuali in eta napoleonica : Amburgo, Bordeaux e Livorno di fronte al blocco continentale, 1806-1813." Doctoral thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5897.
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Defence date: 16 December 1993Examining board: Prof. Louis Bergeron ; Prof. Paul Butel ; Prof. Carlo Capra ; Prof. Christof Dipper ; Prof. Raffaele Romanelli ; Prof. Stuart Woolf (supervisor)
First made available online: 1 June 2016
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Waite-Fillion, Alexandra. "Le dispositif d'objets dans un nouveau type d'image au 16e siècle : les portraits de marchands." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23781.
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Le concept d’un « dispositif d’objets » présent dans le Portrait d’un marchand (v. 1530) de Jan Gossart et le Portrait du marchand Georg Gisze (1532) d’Hans Holbein le Jeune a pour objectif de porter un regard nouveau sur des œuvres trop souvent réduites à des notions d’esthétisme et de symbolisme. En utilisant une approche pluridisciplinaire à notre analyse, nous voulons promouvoir les objets comme acteur dominant dans la mise en scène de l’identité sociale du marchand au 16e siècle.
L’association entre histoire de l’art et anthropologie des techniques permet la validation d’une scénographie de la culture matérielle marchande, ainsi que le dégagement d’un commentaire social inhérent à la proposition artistique de Gossart et Holbein. L’intérêt d’une étude orientée sur les objets promet également l’ouverture d’une réflexion sur la manière de concevoir le portrait d’occupation indépendamment de la valeur anagogique qui lui est généralement associée à la Renaissance.
Le Portrait d’un marchand et le Portrait du marchand Georg Gisze attestent d’un moment ponctuel dans la production spatio-temporelle des portraits de marchands en Europe du Nord au 16e siècle. L’analogie confondante qui unit les deux œuvres prend son essence dans la thématique visuelle engendrée par le « dispositif d’objets ».The concept of an object system, as found in Jan Gossart’s Portrait of a Merchant (ca. 1530) and Hans Holbein the Younger’s Georg Gisze (1532) aims to reevaluate works which are too often reduced to aesthetics and symbolism. By means of a multidisciplinary approach, the study aims to promote the objects represented in the paintings as the dominant actors in the staging of the social identity of the sixteenth-century merchant. The association between art history and anthropology of techniques allows the validation of a scenography of the material merchant culture, as well as the emergence of a social commentary inherent to Gossart’s and Holbein’s artistic work. Attention to an object-oriented study also allows for new insights into how to understand the occupational portrait independently of an anagogical value, which is generally attributed to the Renaissance period. The Portrait of a Merchant and portrait of Georg Gisze attest to a specific moment in the production of merchant portraits in northern Europe during the sixteenth century. The apparently disparate works are united by the object system represented in the paintings.
Books on the topic "Merchants – Europe – History"
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Plessis, Alain. Histoire du grand commerce en Europe. Paris: Editions de l'Epargne, 1991.
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1957-, Smith Pamela H., and Findlen Paula, eds. Merchants & marvels: Commerce, science and art in early modern Europe. New York, NY: Routledge, 2002.
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Demkin, A. V. Zapadnoevropeĭskie kupt͡s︡y i ikh prikazchiki v Rossii v XVII v. Moskva: [s.n.], 1992.
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Langues et langages du commerce en Méditerranée et en Europe à l'époque moderne. Aix-en-Provence: Presses Universitaires de Provence, 2013.
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Double entry: How the merchants of Venice created modern finance. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2012.
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The conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, merchants, and missionaries in the remaking of Northern Europe. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.
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David, Dickson, Parmentier Jan, and Ohlmeyer Jane H, eds. Irish and Scottish mercantile networks in Europe and overseas in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Gent [Belgium]: Academia Press, 2007.
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Praktiken des Fern- und Überseehandel (Conference) (2004), Praktiken des Lokalen und Regionalen Handels (Conference) (2005), Irseer Tagung "Geld, Kredit und Markt in Vorindustriellen Gesellschaften" (2003), and DFG-Forschungsprojekt "Savoyische Handelsbücher am Oberrhein.", eds. Praktiken des Handels: Geschäfte und soziale Beziehungen europäischer Kaufleute in Mittelalter und früher Neuzeit. Konstanz: UVK Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 2010.
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The local merchants of Prato: Small entrepreneurs in the late medieval economy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
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Institutions and European Trade: Merchant Guilds, 1000-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Merchants – Europe – History"
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Lukin, Pavel V. "German Merchants in Novgorod: Hospitality and Hostility, Twelfth–Fifteenth Centuries." In Baltic Hospitality from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century, 117–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98527-1_5.
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AbstractRelationship between Novgorodians and Hanseatic merchants in the twelfth–fifteenth centuries present a striking example of long-term and ongoing interaction between communities differing in ethnicity, culture and Christian denominations in Northern Europe. There is a unique corpus of sources allowing to study contacts between them—numerous documents dating mostly from the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries, written in Middle Low German, related to the activities of the Hanseatic Kontor in Novgorod. Some very important evidence can also be found in Novgorodian sources: chronicles, hagiographical texts, laws and charters. The following issues are addressed in the chapter: the infra-structure of hospitality in Novgorod (first of all, history of the main residences of the Hanseatic merchants in Novgorod—the so-called “trading yards”); legal aspects and rhetoric of hospitality and hostility towards the guests and securitization of both hosts and guests; everyday practices of hospitality and hostility in Novgorod towards German merchants. The author comes to the conclusion that the “Black Legend” widespread in the mainstream scholarship in the nineteenth and in the first half of the twentieth centuries which assumed that relations between Novgorodians and German merchants had been almost exclusively hostile and based upon mutual distrust has to be revised. Novgorod was able to shape a variety of notions and practices, which allowed, despite conflicts, to efficiently keep contact with the numerous German merchant community for centuries.
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Sequeira, Joana, and Flávio Miranda. "‘A Port of Two Seas.’ Lisbon and European Maritime Networks in the Fifteenth Century." In Atti delle «Settimane di Studi» e altri Convegni, 339–53. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.18.
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With the development of research in economic history, historians are now testing the hypothesis that maritime networks and port cities contributed to the phenomenon of European integration. This essay applies a holistic approach to discuss how the city of Lisbon, located outside the privileged setting of multi-cultural interactions that was the Mediterranean Sea, became appealing to merchants from far and wide in late-medieval Europe. To do so, it examines a whole array of commercial, normative, fiscal, royal and judicial sources from European archives to discuss if it is possible to observe this phenomenon of European integration in fifteenth-century Lisbon.
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Orłowska, Anna Paulina. "Debt in the life of a Gdansk merchant." In A History of the Credit Market in Central Europe, 253–63. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429356018-25.
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Perez-Garcia, Manuel. "Silver, Rogues, and Trade Networks: Sangleyes and Manila Galleons Connecting the Spanish Empire and Qing China." In Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History, 123–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7865-6_4.
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Abstract This chapter examines the structure of trade in the South China Sea region through an analysis of merchant networks operating in this geographical area. Trade networks were long-distance partnerships that changed over time after the early arrival of Spanish and European missionaries to the Philippines, Macao, and Canton
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Fliter, Irena. "Birth, Berat, and Banishment." In Übersetzungskulturen der Frühen Neuzeit, 455–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62562-0_22.
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AbstractThe paper analyses the claims to Habsburg subjecthood advanced by the prominent Jewish merchant Haim Camondo following an Ottoman imperial order banishing him from Istanbul to Cyprus in 1782. As the Jewish merchant was the holder of Habsburg and British berats, the Camondo affair came to concern the European ambassadors in Istanbul. Eventually, the merchant and his family were able to escape to Habsburg Trieste with their lives and most of their fortune secured. How the European ambassadors, the Ottoman government, and Haim Camondo translated their understandings of legal belonging and identification to each other during the affair, omitting aspects which did not help their respective cases, sheds further light on notions of imperial subjecthood at a crucial period of transition of these concepts in the Ottoman and Habsburg empires. Analysing the web of cultural and political translations in which the Camondo family was caught up also adds to our understanding of trans-imperial families and contributes to the history of (national) identification and subjecthood.
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Perez-Garcia, Manuel. "Conclusions." In Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History, 171–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7865-6_5.
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Abstract The Spanish and Qing empires were connected through the agency of merchants, the trade networks they created, and the circulation of goods which fostered local demand. Trade routes, mainly the maritime economic arteries such as the Manila galleons, connected and integrated Western markets and polities, in this case the Spanish empire with the Middle Kingdom. The constant inflow of American silver into China and the outflow of highly prized Chinese goods (i.e. silk, tea, porcelain) into European and American markets were the main features for such market integration between the Bourbon (French) Spanish empire and the Qing (Manchu, non-Han) dynasty. This surpassed the realm of official institutions of both empires along with their concomitant weak state capacity.
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Carlen, Joe. "The Pirates of Phoenicia." In A Brief History of Entrepreneurship. Columbia University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231173049.003.0003.
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Roughly two thousand years later, a tribe of “middlemen and merchants” transformed a small strip of land in modern-day Lebanon into the hub of intercontinental trade. Considered one of the ancient world’s most entrepreneurial and inventive cultures, the merchant-sailors of Phoenicia connected Africa, Europe, and Asia Minor into a network of trade so vast and profitable that their success was marveled at by Ezekiel and other authors of the Old Testament. The chapter also highlights more recent discoveries pertaining to this vanished civilization of seaborne merchants, such as its conversion of a sparsely populated Sicilian island into the site of a thriving wine-making and trading industry.
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Crailsheim, Eberhard. "Behind the Atlantic Expansion: Flemish Trade Connections of Seville in 1620." In Maritime History as Global History. Liverpool University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780986497339.003.0002.
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This chapter studies the commercial networks through which maritime traders on foreign soil connected with the global world of business. Using French and Flemish settlers in Seville in 1620, it deconstructs Seville’s status as a ‘proto-global economy’; examines the trade activity on the Dunkirk-Seville route; the textile trade; and case studies of prominent merchants in the region in attempt to determine the role of foreign merchants in the trade network between American and Europe. It concludes that despite laws preventing foreigners from participating in American trade, networks built from social, familial, political, and economic frameworks made such trade possible.
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Schreier, Joshua. "Mediterranean Oran." In The Merchants of Oran. Stanford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9780804799140.003.0002.
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This chapter recounts Oran’s history over the longue durée. It speaks of a city situated on the northern coast of Africa, but also on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Oran was a creation of Spain and southern Europe as well as of Tlemcen, the Sahara, and the African sources of goods that lay beyond it. Indeed, in the first century or two of its existence, Oran owed its existence to its proximity to the Iberian Peninsula. The westernmost section of the Mediterranean, stretching from Cape Tenès in the east to the Straights of Gibraltar in the west, has been described as a medieval “Ibero-African English Channel,” linking North Africa and Spain with a constant flow of commercial ships. Oran’s dependence on larger circuits of western Mediterranean commerce would continue into the nineteenth century.
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Blussé, Leonard. "The Dutch Seaborne Empire." In The Oxford World History of Empire, 862–83. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0031.
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In the course of the seventeenth century Dutch merchants created a seaborne empire that provided them with the primacy in world trade. This chapter focuses on the defining traits of the Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC, or Dutch East India Company, 1602–1799) and the West Indische Compagnie (WIC, or Dutch West India Company, 1621–1674, 1674–1791), both limited liability joint stock companies with monopoly rights on the navigation to, respectively, Asia and the American continent. Both companies were founded as “companies of the ledger and the sword” in the middle of the Dutch Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648) with the Spanish crown, and collapsed in the final years of the ancien régime. The VOC developed with leaps and bounds into an island empire in Southeast Asia that after the demise of the VOC survived into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, first as the Netherlands East Indies and today as the Republic of Indonesia. The WIC never succeeded to wrestle itself loose from close state intervention and, facing the challenges of independent merchants, had to give up its monopolies and simply survived as an umbrella organization for the plantations in Suriname and a couple of islands in the Caribbean. Compared to their neighbors in Europe, the relatively affluent Dutch never felt a strong urge to emigrate and as a result none of their overseas possessions, with exception of the Cape Colony, developed into a settler colony.
Conference papers on the topic "Merchants – Europe – History"
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Schmid, Andreas, and Naoki Yamada. "Spray Combustion Chamber: History and Future of a Unique Test Facility." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4734.
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Large marine two-stroke diesel engines still represent the major propulsion system for merchant shipping. Withsteadily increasing transport demands, rising operational costs and stricter environmental legislations, the global marine shipping industry finds itself facing the challenge to future-proof its fleet. In order to comply with international maritime organizations emission standards (TIER II and TIER III), highly sophisticated and flexible combustion systems are demanded. With the help of spray and combustion research such systems can be developed and continuously improved. A highly valuable tool to investigate sprays of large marine diesel injectors under engine relevant conditions is the Spray Combustion Chamber (SCC). This paper reviews the history of the SCC, shows todays possibilities and looks into the near future of research involving large marine two-stroke engines. The SCC was built during the first Hercules project (I.P.-HERCULES, WP5, [1]). The initial setup focused on fundamental investigations comprising the application of highly flexible thermodynamic conditions. During follow-up projects (Hercules beta [2] and Hercules C [3]) the SCC was continuously developed, and a variety of influences on spray and combustion were experimentally assessed. The initial SCC design focused on maximum optical access as well as the applicability of a wide span of optical techniques. Single-hole nozzles were utilized to generate reference data to optimize existing spray and combustion simulation models. Different fuel types and fuel qualities were investigated and effects of the in-nozzle flow on spray morphology was identified. A sound set of results was achieved and published in several (internal and public) reports. Over the years, spray research at Winterthur Gas& Diesel has turned its focus from basic spray investigations to more detailed cavitation and in-nozzle flow examinations [4], [5]. Future research on the SCC will focus on investigations of more engine related topics, as, for example, the application of a fuel flexible injection system as is currently developed in the HERCULES-2 project [6]. Significant design modifications of the initial setup were necessary, as the injector positions and therefore exposure of the spray relative to the swirl were not fully congruent with real engine conditions. As a consequence, the new setup includes some minor drawbacks, e.g. the optical access of the nozzle tip is only visible from one side of the chamber. This means that line-of-sight methods are currently only possible at selected positions in the centre of the chamber. Therefore, a new setup was installed to illuminate the spray, consisting of a high speed, high energy laser (100 kHz, 100 W) and special optics. In order to obtain enhanced optical access, tangential windows were re- arranged, now pointing directly at the nozzle. With this setup, a first set of images was realized, showing a realspray as it occurs in large marine two-stroke diesel engines.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4734
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Rutsinskaya, Irina, and Galina Smirnova. "TEA PARTIES IN RUSSIAN PAINTING IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH – BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: REFLECTIONS OF EVERYDAY LIFE AND SOCIAL HISTORY." In NORDSCI Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2021/b1/v4/33.
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"Tea in Russia is not only the drink loved by millions of people but also a national symbol closely and inseparably connected with Russian culture. The dominance of realism in Russian fine art in the second half of the nineteenth – beginning of the twentieth century gave birth to the widespread popularity of genre painting which started playing a very special role in the country. It is not surprising that tea parties became common themes in these works. Over a cup of tea, the characters in the paintings perform everyday activities: chatting, contemplating, indulging in memories, while taking the opportunity to enjoy their favourite drink. Paintings are a unique and rarely used source for social history and culture studies as they allow us not only to reconstruct the everyday life of past eras, but also to study how contemporaries saw, perceived, and evaluated a variety of everyday practices. The research undertaken is descriptive and analytical with reference to the principles of historicism, academic reliability and objectivity that help to determine important trends and patterns and characterize the various social phenomena and developments that took place in Russia during the period under study. Unlike Western European painting, the representation of tea ceremonies on the canvases of Russian artists romanticizes both the philosophical aspect and the harmonizing function of the ceremony, but at the same time focuses attention on social issues, which obviously reflects the specifics of national consciousness. The present research is based on the analysis of eighty-two genre painting works by Russian artists (among them there are the well-known ones by: Ivan Bogdanov, Vasiiy Makovsky, Konstantin Makovsky, Vasily Perov, Konnstantin Korovin, etc.). They not only provide the audience with information about different aspects of everyday culture in Russia from the second half of the nineteenth to the beginning of the twentieth century but also trace the trends in the development of public consciousness and help to determine the main social problems that characterize the historical period and the attitude of society to them. The process of the democratization of society in the second half of the nineteenth century is reflected in the depiction of the ambiguous relationship between society and the church. The canvases draw attention to the place of tradition in the life of an individual and a family, the changing social role of the nobility which exemplifies the passing era, increasing interest in the way of life of the intelligentsia, and creating the image of the merchant as a new social class with a specific culture. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the nostalgic description of the tea party as a symbol of a bygone era of prosperity and a lost past prevails."