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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Merchants

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Academic literature on the topic 'Merchants'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Merchants"

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Radityatama, Aditya. "CO-CREATION MARKETING PADA KEPUASAN MERCHANT GOFOOD BY GOJEK INDONESIA." E-Jurnal Manajemen Universitas Udayana 11, no. 9 (September 29, 2022): 1677. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejmunud.2022.v11.i09.p05.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of co-creation consisting of Dialogue, Access To Information, Risk Assessment and Transparency or DART models on the perceived value and satisfaction of GoFood merchants. Co-creation is a procedure for making a service through the results of input from customers to support innovation process by the company. This research was conducted on MSMEs in Surabaya and active as GoFood merchants. Determination of sample is done by purposive sampling with total of 320 merchants. The data was collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using the SEM PLS. The results of study explain that dialogue, access to information, risk assessment, and transparency have a significant positive effect on merchant's perceived value and merchant's satisfaction on GoFood services in Surabaya. The results of the study also explain that merchant's perceived value has a significant positive effect on merchant's satisfaction. Merchant's perceived value can partially mediate the effect of dialogue, access to information, risk assessment, and transparency on merchant's satisfaction on GoFood services in Surabaya. These results explain that dialogue, access to information, risk assessment, and transparency have important roles to increase the value perceived by merchants and have an impact on increasing the satisfaction of mechants. Keywords: co-creation, DART model, merchant’s perceived value, and merchant’s satisfaction

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Lee, Duk-Hoon, and Kyung-Gu Rhee. "The Emergence of Merchant Schools During the Kyoho Period (1716-1736) in Early Modern Japan." Korean-Japanese Economic and Management Association 101 (November 30, 2023): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46396/kjem..101.3.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the emergence of merchant schools and the merchant spirit of the samurai society in Kyoho period (1716∼1736) of the Edo Shogunate. Research design, data, and methodology: The research direction of this study was determined through previous research, and a comparison was made between Kaitokudo(懐徳堂), a government-run merchant school, and Singakugosha(心学講舎), a private merchant school, through their establishment backgrounds. Results: Kaitokudo was founded in Japan’s early modern society by the power of merchants, and the merchant school was sanctioned by the shogunate and emerged as a government institution, which is probably one of the most important schools in the world. This is a rare phenomenon, and is seen as a result of the intellectual equalization of merchants and samurai. Meanwhile, Shingaku Kosha, a private merchant school, was founded by Ishida Baigan(石田梅岩). Ishida Baigan asserted the legitimacy of merchants and commerce, which had been looked down upon in the past, instilled pride in merchants, elevated them to the philosophy of “merchant’s ways,” and led them to Sekimon Shingaku. It expanded and became the spiritual origin of Japanese capitalism. Implications: If we think about it from the standpoint of South Korea, which is also a Confucian country, we can see that it justified the “merchant’s profession and the profits earned by merchants,” which were considered debased until the 18th century, and equated (merchant’s) profits with (samurai’s) offerings. This led to the equalization of the duties of merchants and samurai (Korea: 兩班), which was a revolutionary idea at the time, and was popular in Japan during the Kyoho(亨保)period (1716-1736). It must be said that this was a major event, and a world historical event in the Asian world, something that had never been seen before in Europe, Korea, or China.

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Chen, Quan, Jiangtao Wang, Jianjun Yu, and Sang-Bing Tsai. "An Empirical Research on Marketing Strategies of Different Risk Preference Merchant." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7947894.

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Holiday merchandise has unique demand characteristics, unofficial start data, and a limited life cycle. In an intensely competitive market, individual merchants are able to get more sales opportunities if they display their products earlier. In this study, a time-variant variance and time-variant expected market demand model are introduced to investigate the order strategies that are used by risk-averse holiday merchants. Our results show that risk preference, market uncertainty, and market power have a significant effect on the merchant’s market strategies. Risk-averse merchants prefer to enhance forecast accuracy rather than using an early-display advantage. They can even give up their early-display advantage if they are faced with increased market uncertainty and small market power. Compared with the fixed purchase cost, the time-sensitive purchase cost can stimulate the merchant to purchase in advance, but this can decrease the merchant’s profit. Consequently, risk-averse merchants always display their merchandise later, decrease the order quantity, and, finally, miss the market opportunity.

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Sutyagina, Ol'ga Aleksandrovna. "Trade advertising of Siberian merchants during the 1880’s (based on the materials of “Siberian Newspaper”)." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 4 (April 2020): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.4.29890.

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The object of this research is the entrepreneurial activity of Siberian merchants. The subjects is the advertisements placed in the “Siberian Newspaper” as a reflection of professional activity of Siberian entrepreneurs. The goal consists in the analysis of information contents of the advertisements, determine the peculiarities and main types of merchant advertising. The article reveals the key advertising providers, as well as marketing strategies applied by the merchants for sales increase. Analysis is conducted on the groups of advertised goods and services based on studying the materials of “Siberian Newspaper”. In the course of research, the methods of content analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction were implemented. The scientific novelty lies in the first ever content analysis of trade advertising of Siberian merchants using the advertisements from the “Siberian Newspaper”. The conclusion is made on the importance of advertisements as a source on the history of Siberian merchantry that allows determining the prices that were set, the goods that were sold, outlining he scheme of commercial relations of Siberian merchantry, and fill the gaps pertinent to separate merchants.  

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Tang, Genghua, Lishan Wu, and Lei Guo. "The impact of e-commerce platform merchants’ reputation on consumer decision making." E3S Web of Conferences 292 (2021): 02023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129202023.

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By crawling Meituan take-out merchant data, this paper studies the influence of e-commerce platform merchants’ reputation on consumer decision making. The empirical results show that the merchant reputation based on the overall score of merchants has a significant impact on consumers’ purchase decision and then affects the monthly sales volume of merchants. At the same time, brand merchants have higher monthly sales than ordinary merchants, and a series of food safety guarantee measures such as food safety insurance purchase and food material publicity also significantly affect monthly sales. In addition, the overall score of platform merchants has a marginal diminishing effect on monthly sales. Based on the empirical research conclusions, this paper also puts forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions for Meituan platform merchants and government regulatory authorities.

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Leyman, I. "Merchant entrepreneurship in the European North of Russia in the second third of the XIX century: opportunities and risks (case study of the Vologda province)." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 5 (October 2, 2023): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2023-5-82-88.

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The paper considers, in addition to trade and industry, various forms of entrepreneurship of the merchants in the European North of Russia in the second third of the XIX century, case study of the Vologda province. The main source was publications in the Vologda Provincial Gazette for 1838-1860. Based on the results of the analysis of materials, it is possible to single out: insurance business; rental property; private lending, etc. Various concomitant risks of entrepreneurial activity of merchants were also noted, such as: damage to equipment at enterprises due to fire or natural disasters; non-payments for goods or loans; loss of cargo during transportation, etc. The consequence of the inefficient circulation of financial resources could be the auction sale of the merchant's movable or immovable property to cover debts; declaring a merchant "an insolvent debtor"; transition to philistinism. If the merchant committed a crime or misdemeanor, the deprivation of a good name was part of the criminal punishment.

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Hu, XiangMing, and XiaoMing Yang. "The Characteristics of the Typical Pattern of Jin-merchant Culture and Its Use in Traditional Decorative Design." Asian Social Science 16, no. 6 (May 31, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n6p34.

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Jin-merchant refers exclusively to the social group of merchants in ancient Chinese Shanxi province who ran businesses and engaged in commodity trading. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Jin-merchants were the leading merchant groups with their wisdom and talent in merchandise management. In the long-term development, the Jin-merchant group gradually formed a relatively complete ideological and cultural system, supporting the development of the Jin-merchants cause. The Jin merchant culture, with Confucianism as its core, has been widely nourished by traditional Chinese culture and has internalized local traditional customs and folklore into their temperament and character, forming a series of specific historical and cultural symbols, which permeate the Jin-merchants code of living and life pursuit, and are gradually evolved into various decorative patterns to integrate into life, in which future generations can feel inspired and enlightened by traditional culture and Jin-merchant philosophy.

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Jing, Zhang. "LINGUOCULTURAL TYPE OF A CHINESE MERCHANT IN CHINESE LINGUOCULTURE." Siberian Philological Forum 21, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25146/2587-7844-2022-21-4-137.

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The article is devoted to the study of the Chinese merchant linguocultural type in Chinese linguoculture. The merchant type is represented by its conceptual characteristics (a person engaged in trading activities for the purpose of obtaining benefits) and by value characteristics. The figurative characteristics of the Chinese merchant linguistic and cultural type affect the following parameters: appearance; origin of the estate and social status; dwelling; behavior; leisure and speech characteristics of a Chinese merchant. Throughout the history of China, the social status of merchants has been subject to strong changes. In ancient society, the social status of merchants changed from the highest to the lowest, and for a very long time it remained the lowest, and then gradually the status of merchants increased, until now they have become a respected class in society. It can be said that many of the business principles of merchants of ancient China are used to this day.

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Heimler, Alberto. "Competition and Efficiency in Payment Cards: Which Options for SEPA?" World Competition 31, Issue 1 (March 1, 2008): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2008003.

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Payment card networks face a challenge in convincing consumers, merchants and card issuers to use their networks. Overcoming this challenge requires networks to introduce complex rules and prices. However, certain rules and common practices reduce a merchant’s ability to communicate relative cost information of different networks to consumers, prevent steering towards low-cost payment mechanisms and reduce merchants’ bargaining options with card networks. Under these conditions, competition between networks can have the perverse effect of raising total cost to the users (jointly consumers and merchants) because consumers select high-cost systems over low-cost systems. The current initiative to create a Single Euro Payment Area (SEPA) by 2010 provides an excellent opportunity to eliminate unjustified restraints on merchant behaviour, promote alternative suppliers of retail payment services and enhance price transparency, potentially lowering payment costs to the users in many European countries. But there is a substantial risk that instead of improving efficiency, SEPA may promote payment systems with higher costs for users, notably if low-cost national systems are supplanted by high-cost international networks. Policymakers should not only ensure that payment systems comply with SEPA standards, but more importantly ensure the net effects of new regimes are beneficial.

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Yanto, Tri, and Aiman Abulkhair. "PENENTUAN STRATEGI BAURAN PEMASARAN PELUMAS FOOD GRADE GREASE BERBAHAN DASAR KELAPA SAWIT DI KABUPATEN PURBALINGGA." SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v12i2.14210.

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<p>The objective of this study is to determine the merchant and the user preferences to the specification lubricating grease lubricants, color lubricants, package sizes, shape packaging labels, distribution of lubricants, promotion, and price. Sampling using purposive sampling technique. Analysis of data using friedman test with 5% error level. If there are differences then test ed further by LSD. The results of this research note that lubricant specifications preferred by merchants, which is preferred by the user while the grease is food grade lubricants and general machinery lubrication; the color lubricant preferred by merchantsis natural and blue, which is preferred by the user while the grease is the natural color; pack sizespreferred by merchants is size 350 g and 150 g with packing cup and bulk, while users liked the size of 350 g with packing cup; form label lubricants are preferred by merchants grease a round shape that is labeled with red and green as well as a square shape label in red, while the grease is preferred by the user labels round and square shapes in red; lubricants distribution are preferred by merchants grease ie grocery stores, retail stores, repair shops, and peddlers, while the grease is preferred by the user distribution through grocery stores and workshops; lubricants promotion are preferred by merchants grease is through internet media, banners, brochures, radio and posters, while users of grease liked by media promotion banners, brochures and posters; the price lubricant grease favored by merchants as preferred by the user of grease that low price low quality, medium quality and medium price high price of high quality.</p><p> </p>

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Merchants"

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Cheer, Karen A. "Irish maritime trade in the eighteenth century : a study in patterns of trade, market structures, and merchant communities : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/895.

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Bradley, Helen Lesley. "Italian merchants in London c1350-1450." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282053.

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Yi, Li. "The Bureau that invites merchants an examination of the bureaucratic characteristics of the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, 1864-1883 /." access full-text, 1993. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/umi-r.pl?9417052.pdf.

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Li, Yi. "The bureau that invites merchants : an examination of the bureaucratic characteristics of the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, 1864-1883 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10442.

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Laidlaw, James Alexander. "The religion of Svetambar Jain merchants in Jaipur." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277890.

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Fifer, D. E. (Donald Edward). "The Sydney merchants and seaborne trade, 1821-1851." Phd thesis, Department of History, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13716.

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Brito, Nadia Francisca. "Merchants of Curacao in the early 18th century." W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625499.

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Kim, Daeryoon. "Merchants, Politics, and the Atlantic Imperial Crisis, 1763-1783." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487124.

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This thesis explores the politics of British American merchants in the period of imperial crisis, 1763-1783. Engaging with the impressive array of scholarship on merchant politicians, on the emergence ofurban radicalism, and on the British origins of the American Revolution, the thesis proposes to study the politics of imperial crisis from the standpoint of the merchants themselves. Rather than treating the contributions of American merchants to the great events and debates leading to American independence only as a subordinate part of other political movements, the thesis examines their political actions and opinions in their own right. To this end, the thesis systematically surveys state records such as the Board ofTrade papers and the Journals ofthe House of Commons to identify the broader patterns of their political interaction with the state and the issues and arguments contained in their representations. Drawing on extensive collections ofpamphlets and colonial newspapers, the thesis demonstrates a strong consistency between what merchants suggested to the state and what they argued in the public sphere. Their opinions were based upon their experience ofimperial economy and emphasized the commercial origin and future of empire rather than Britain's constitutional supremacy over the American colonies. Two case-studies ofLondon and Bristol demonstrate that although they worked largely under the same pressures, American merchants were also influenced by local political traditions, power structures, and political configurations. When seen from the perspective of merchants, their political record in this period was not entirely one of failure. They knew how to use the political system to their benefit within the context of interest politics, but were not eager to seek a new political order. Through a study of the politics of the American merchant, this thesis contributes to our understanding of interest politics of eighteenth-century Britain. More generally, it helps us to understand a British political culture in which its polite and commercial people learnt to respect each other's needs without serious amendment of the constitutional order.

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錢江 and Kong James Chin. "Merchants and other sojourners: the Hokkiens overseas, 1570-1760." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43894057.

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Chin, Kong James. "Merchants and other sojourners : the Hokkiens overseas, 1570-1760 /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20793066.

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Books on the topic "Merchants"

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Phillippa, Smith, and Key Note Publications, eds. Builders' merchants. 9th ed. Hampton: Key Note, 1995.

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Ratios, ICC Business, ed. Builders merchants. Hampton: I.C.C. Business Ratios, 1989.

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Ratios, ICC Business, ed. Paper merchants. Hampton: ICC Business Ratios, 1989.

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Jenny, Baxter, and Key Note Publications, eds. Builders' merchants. Hampton: Key Note, 2001.

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Ltd, ICC Business Publications, ed. Builders merchants. 2nd ed. Hampton: ICC Business Publications, 1997.

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Ratios, ICC Business, ed. Builders merchants. London: ICC Business Ratios, 1988.

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Dominic, Fenn, and Key Note Publications, eds. Builders' merchants. Hampton: Key Note Ltd, 1999.

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Ltd, ICC Business Publications, ed. Paper merchants. 2nd ed. Hampton: ICC Business Publications, 1998.

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Group, ICC Information, ed. Paper merchants. 2nd ed. Hampton: ICC Information Group, 1995.

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Ratios, ICC Business, ed. Paper merchants. 2nd ed. Hampton: ICC Business Ratios, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Merchants"

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O’Hara, Glen. "Merchants." In Britain and the Sea, 13–39. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07312-9_2.

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Green, Adam S., Toby C. Wilkinson, Darryl Wilkinson, Nancy Highcock, and Thomas P. Leppard. "Merchants." In Cities and Citadels, 148–81. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003183563-5.

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Hardyment, Richard. "Moral merchants." In Measuring Good Business, 33–88. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003457732-2.

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Smith, Edmond. "Introduction." In Merchants, 1–13. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300257953.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces the concept of merchants. Following 1550, English trade blossomed as thousands of merchants participated in international ventures. Thus, entry to the ranks of England's merchant community was carefully controlled and restricted to maintain standards. Then, the restrictions became the catalysts for English merchants to adapt a large range of innovative business models to operate overseas. The overlapping interests of merchants sparked the global expansion of England's commerce. The chapter uses the experiences of English merchant William Turner, who had been caught in a series of uncertainties like changing weather, shifting market conditions, and navigating diverse jurisdictions that were part of the everyday life of early modern merchants.

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Egboluche, Yugo Gabriel. "Merchants." In Africanization and Americanization Anthology, Volume 1, 151–52. Mwanaka Media and Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh9vxsc.64.

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"Merchants." In Gentlemen, Bourgeois, and Revolutionaries, 16–57. Cambridge University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511528828.002.

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Sologub, Vladimir. "Merchants." In Tarantas, 92–102. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv17nn014.17.

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Roy, Tirthankar. "Merchants." In Company of Kinsmen, 89–129. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198063780.003.0004.

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"Merchants." In Migration in the Medieval Mediterranean, 53–60. Arc Humanities Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2175h2q.9.

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Müller, Leos. "MERCHANTS." In Information, 611–15. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1pdrrbs.79.

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Conference papers on the topic "Merchants"

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Abdrakhmanov, Konstantin A. "“…The merchant was the word. And the word was the merchant”? On the recovery of a debt from the Orenburg merchant A. K. Doinikov." In Торговля, купечество и таможенное дело в России в XVI–XX веках. ИПЦ НГУ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31518/tktdr-35-2023-28.

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The paper examines the phenomenon of a “merchant’s word” in the context of the business enterprise of the Orenburg merchant of the 2nd guild A. K. Doinikov. This example of the practical application of verbal guarantees of fulfillment of obligations confirms that a merchant’s word was not just a cliché formed in the business environment, but it was an effective tool for achieving a goal. However, organization problems that constantly accompanied business did not always allow merchants to keep their seemingly unbreakable oath.

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Gonzalez, João, Bruno Caetano, and Michaël Proença. "Ice Merchants." In SA Computer Animation Festival '23: ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2023 Computer Animation Festival. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3626964.3627001.

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Komleva, Evgenia V. "Ego-texts from the Personal Fond of the Kyakhta Merchant M.F. Nemchinov in the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia: Composition and Prospects of Study." In Торговля, купечество и таможенное дело в России в XVI–XX веках. ИПЦ НГУ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31518/tktdr-35-2023-26.

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The article presents the characteristics of ego-documents from the located in the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia personal fond of the Kyakhta merchant of the second half of the 19th century Mikhail Fedorovich Nemchinov. Among the surviving manuscripts are autobiographical notes, personal and business correspondence. All these sources together form a voluminous merchant family archive, which in itself is quite a rare phenomenon. The texts contain information about the advancement of the social ladder of a native of the peasantry, later the merchant of the 1st guild, upbringing in peasant and merchant families of the 19th century, the realities of the daily life of Russian tea merchants in Kyakhta and Qing empire. If the information from the autobiography of M. F. Nemchinov has already appeared in historiography, then the correspondence materials mostly still remain unknown and not studied. Meanwhile, the appeal to them can significantly complement the existing ideas about everyday life and trading operations of Russian merchants linked with tea trade.

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Ridlwan, Ahmad Ajib, Moch Khoirul Anwar, and A’rasy Fahrullah. "Moslem Merchants in Traditional Market." In 1st International Conference on Islamic Ecnomics, Business and Philanthropy. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007086906270630.

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Oliveira, Miguel, and Pedro A. Santos. "A model for socially intelligent merchants." In FDG '19: The Fourteenth International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3337722.3337729.

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Muska, Aina, and Gunita Mazure. "Impact of Latvian wood construction cluster on the economic efficiency of its members." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.002.

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The operation in the cluster allows merchants increase their operational efficiency, productivity, exportability and gain other benefits. The establishment of Latvian Wood Construction Cluster at the beginning of 2012 was targeted at promotion of the cooperation within the industry by developing the potential of production and export markets. The research aim is to study the changes in the economic efficiency of the merchants belonging to Latvian Wood Construction Cluster. Six Cluster members, whose economic efficiency was measured consistent with the methodology developed by the research authors, were selected for the validation or rejection of the research hypothesis and achievement of the research aim, which was advanced following the recommendation of the experts. The research results lead to the conclusion that the economic efficiency of the merchants under the study has not improved during the Cluster performance period; it has even worsened, especially for “Nordic Homes”, “HUSVIK”, “Dores fabrika” and “Cross Timber Systems”, compared with the average industry figure. Nevertheless, the net sales, operating profit and net profit of “BYKO–LAT” have increased during the Cluster performance period and the achieved results have significantly surpassed the average industry figures, the merchant’s economic efficiency did not present an improvement during the Cluster performance period due to the decline in return on assets, increase in production costs, decline in the profit to long-term capital ratio in 2017 and 2018 as well as the decrease in return on equity and commercial profitability in 2018. The authors explain the obtained research results by the fact that the Cluster activities are performed with the aim to inform on the Cluster operation, its members and wood construction; the Cluster activities are less targeted at the increase of economic efficiency.

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Falk, Kim, and Chen Karako. "Optimizing product recommendations for millions of merchants." In RecSys '22: Sixteenth ACM Conference on Recommender Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3523227.3547393.

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Dai, Xiaohai, Liping Huang, Jiang Xiao, Zhaonan Zhang, Xia Xie, and Hai Jin. "Trebiz: Byzantine Fault Tolerance with Byzantine Merchants." In ACSAC: Annual Computer Security Applications Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3564625.3567976.

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Sundaresan, Srikanth, Damon McCoy, Sadia Afroz, and Vern Paxson. "Profiling underground merchants based on network behavior." In 2016 APWG Symposium on Electronic Crime Research (eCrime). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecrime.2016.7487943.

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Lobacheva, Irina N. "Merchant trading and industrial establishments in the counties of Tula province in the first decades of the post-reform period: dynamics of number, sectoral structure and administration." In Торговля, купечество и таможенное дело в России в XVI–XX веках. ИПЦ НГУ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31518/tktdr-35-2023-12.

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Based on the materials of fiscal documentation, the article presents the results of study of the dynamics of merchant entrepreneurship in five cities of the Tula province (Belev, Venev, Kashira, Krapivna and Odoev) with their counties during the period from 1868 to 1878. It is shown how roads and railways construction (by the example of Moscow-Kursk railway) as well as a change in the number of consumers under the influence of seasonal work migration growth and some other factors influenced on the development of urban and rural entrepreneurship in general and merchant entrepreneurship in particular. This research also considers various strategies that the merchants used to manage their trading establishments: hired clerk involvement or the use of human resources of their own families. An attempt to identify the circumstances that influenced the entrepreneur’s choice has been done.

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Reports on the topic "Merchants"

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Arango-Arango, Carlos A., Yanneth Rocío Betancourt-García, and Manuela Restrepo-Bernal. An Application of the Tourist Test to Colombian Merchants. Banco de la República, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1176.

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Cash is still widely used in Colombia, even among merchants that accept payment cards. Indeed, 60% of these merchants use dissuasive strategies to make their clients pay with cash. This shows that merchant service costs (MSC) for cards are not optimal in the sense of the Tourist Test. We present estimates of MSC compatible with the Tourist Test, such that merchants are indifferent between being paid with cash or cards. We find that cash is less costly than cards at the average retail-sales transaction-value, hence there is no positive optimal MSC at this ticket value. For the average card transaction ticket, the optimal MSC would be positive but far below the rates charge by the industry (0.74% in a short-term scenario). Yet, the additional incentive that sales-tax evasion provides to cash payments reduces the Tourist Test MSC to 0.44%. Our estimates for long-term scenarios yield even lower optimal MSC. An average price cap regulation that strikes a middle ground between these figures, and is complemented with sales-tax evasion measures, should discourage merchant strategies that deter consumers from paying with cards and will accommodate the wide heterogeneity in merchants´ scale, payment processing processes and ticket size. These results should be taken as a guideline as the estimations depend on the underlying assumptions and only consider the merchant´s side of the card industry.

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Bernad, Ludovic, Yves Nsengiyumva, Benjamin Byinshi, Naphtal Hakizimana, and Fabrizio Santoro. Digital Merchant Payments as a Medium of Tax Compliance. Institute of Development Studies, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.011.

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Consumers in Africa increasingly pay for their purchases through mobile money, especially since the pandemic. These transactions are known as digital merchant payments. Rwandan consumers can choose between using standard mobile money services or a specific service only for digital merchant payments – MoMo Pay. Digital payments of any kind have the potential to improve tax compliance, because they imply digital data trails and better record keeping. How far is this potential being realised in Rwanda? In collaboration with the Rwanda Revenue Authority, we collected survey data from 1,100 merchants country-wide and were able to correlate this with tax administrative data, i.e. the tax records of the interviewees held by the revenue authority. We also conducted focus group discussions with 15 merchants. We found that the great majority of payments are still made in cash. Larger, more knowledgeable and financially included merchants opt for MoMo Pay as opposed to standard mobile money, the latter being preferred by female and less educated and equipped merchants. At the start of the pandemic, in March 2020, for a period of 18 months, all fees on MoMo Pay transactions were waived to foster digital payments through the service. In September 2021, fees were then reintroduced. The waiver led to a significant rise in the use of MoMo Pay relative to cash. When the MoMo Pay fee was reintroduced, there was a significant shift back to cash from both MoMo Pay and standard mobile money services, even if the latter were not affected by the fee. Lastly, we measure whether the adoption of digital payments correlates with merchants’ tax perceptions and compliance behaviour. First, we show that merchants using MoMo Pay tend to disagree with the obligation of paying taxes in order to receive public services, a measure of fiscal reciprocity. Such negative correlation is probably due to the fee imposed on MoMo Pay. Furthermore, standard mobile money usage improves the perceived ease of complying with taxes, while that is not the case for MoMo Pay. Again, the fact that fees on MoMo Pay are not clearly identifiable in MoMo Pay statements complicates merchants’ reporting and reconciliation of their activity for tax purposes. When it comes to compliance behaviour with VAT, the adoption of digital payments by merchants only improves their reported VAT sales and inputs, and only in the short term, while final VAT liability does not change. This hints at perverse compensating strategies to avoid taxes. We recommend that the tax administration better understand the adoption patterns of digital payments and incentivise usage among less equipped categories of taxpayers. The tax administration would also benefit from getting access to mobile money data to better monitor and enforce merchants’ compliance.

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Soon, Carol. Righting the wrongs of misinformation merchants. Edited by Reece Hooker. Monash University, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/e600-2789.

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López Pérez, M. Dolors, Coral Cuadrada, and Esther Travé Allepuz. Females also Run Business. Merchants’ Wives and Female Merchants in the Crown of Aragon (Fourteenth-Fifteenth Century). Edicions de la Universitat de Lleida, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21001/itma.2023.16.12.

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Megersa, Kelbesa, Ludovic Bernad, Yves Nsengiyumva, Benjamin Byinshi, Naphtal Hakizimana, and Fabrizio Santoro. Digital Merchant Payments as a Medium of Tax Compliance: RiB 87. Institute of Development Studies, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.028.

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Digital merchant payments – transactions between traders, or between traders and customers using digital means of payment – can promote tax compliance by providing access to safer, quicker formal payments for consumers, and leaving a digital trail of sales data that can be accessed by tax administration. This study examines how far the potential of digital merchant payments to increase tax compliance is being realised in Rwanda, and whether fees imposed by mobile network operators on digital financial services (DFS) can hinder both DFS adoption and tax compliance. It uses original survey data from 1,100 merchants country-wide, administrative data from the Rwanda Revenue Authority (RRA), focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. Rwanda is an interesting context in which to study digital merchant payments, as these are expected to reach 80 per cent of GDP by 2024.1 Particularly popular are mobile money payments, performed either through the person-to-business payment option MoMo Pay or through standard personal accounts. The country’s commitment to creating a cashless economy was accelerated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Summary of Working Paper 159.

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Arango-Arango, Carlos A., Ana Carolina Ramirez-Pineda, and Manuela Restrepo-Bernal. Person-to-business Instant payments in Colombia: would it stick? Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1192.

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More than 60 countries in the world have already implemented instant payment systems (IPS). However, in many cases they have been operational mainly for person-to-person transactions. This study looks at the challenges IPS may face in developing economies like Colombia as they advance further into the person-to-business transactions space. Using a survey on Colombian merchants (IV-2020), the study explores the factors associated with merchants´ propensity to adopt instant payments and those associated with the adoption of current electronic payment alternatives. It shows that IPS will need to have a broad strategy to penetrate the person-to-business space, as they will have to compete with the low marginal costs and immediacy that cash already offers and the high levels of informality in the commerce sector, especially for micro businesses. Furthermore, IPS will have to meet the high expectations merchants have about instant payments enabling access to other financial services, enhancing their competitiveness, and increasing their bottom line.

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Barjamovic, Gojko, Thomas Chaney, Kerem Coşar, and Ali Hortaçsu. Trade, Merchants, and the Lost Cities of the Bronze Age. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23992.

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De Long, J. Bradford, and Andrei Shleifer. Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4274.

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Coe, Aaron. Chinese Merchants and Race Relations in Astoria, Oregon, 1882 - 1924. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.422.

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Bakker, Jan David, Stephan Maurer, Jörn-Steffen Pischke, and Ferdinand Rauch. Of Mice and Merchants: Trade and Growth in the Iron Age. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24825.

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