Relevant bibliographies by topics / Merchant energy operations

Academic literature on the topic 'Merchant energy operations'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Contents

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Merchant energy operations.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Merchant energy operations"

1

Secomandi, Nicola, and Duane J. Seppi. "Real Options and Merchant Operations of Energy and Other Commodities." Foundations and Trends® in Technology, Information and Operations Management 6, no. 3-4 (2014): 161–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0200000024.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Secomandi, Nicola. "Approximations for High Dimensional Commodity and Energy Merchant Operations Models." Foundations and Trends® in Technology, Information and Operations Management 11, no. 1-2 (2017): 144–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0200000080.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Nadarajah, Selvaprabu, and Nicola Secomandi. "Merchant Energy Trading in a Network." Operations Research 66, no. 5 (October 2018): 1304–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.2018.1732.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Secomandi, Nicola. "A tutorial on portfolio-based control algorithms for merchant energy trading operations." Journal of Commodity Markets 4, no. 1 (December 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomm.2016.10.003.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Carrasco, Pedro, Ricardo Bendaña, Angel Paredes, Humberto Michinel, Pedro Fernández de Córdoba, M. Elena Arce, and Sonia Zaragoza. "Analysis of key variables for energy efficiency in warships." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 234, no. 1 (July 27, 2019): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090219864816.

Full text
Abstract:
The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of environmental variables on the electric energy expenditure of a typical surface warship. Studies with similar objectives are much more frequent for merchant ships, but warship operations have peculiarities that will be emphasised. In particular, they spend large fractions of their life cycle at port, during which the vessel remains active. First, a discussion of the embarked systems is presented, pointing out the importance of auxiliary systems and, in particular, heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Quantitative estimates of the energy consumption of those systems are provided. Then, using data taken during real operations of a frigate of the Spanish Navy, correlations are computed between power consumption and different environmental variables. As a novelty, the analysis is carried out separating the different modes of operation of the ship. This leads to interesting conclusions, including a considerable positive correlation between seawater temperature and fuel consumption when the vessel is in port. The effect of a moored ship on the surrounding seawater temperature is studied by a numerical computation. The results suggest that the position of sea chests may be consequential for energy efficiency.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Sun, Wenyu, Siyu Tang, Xiyang Liu, Shinan Zhou, and Jinfang Wei. "An Improved Ship Weather Routing Framework for CII Reduction Accounting for Wind-Assisted Rotors." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121979.

Full text
Abstract:
With the increasingly strict regulations for the energy-saving and emission-reduction technology of ships, minimizing fuel cost and thus reducing the carbon intensity index (CII) is one of the most critical issues in the design and operation of merchant ships. More recently, many wind-assisted devices, such as rotors, wind sails, etc., have been investigated and designed to utilize renewable wind energy. With the equipment of wind-assisted rotors, the optimization of ship routes becomes more important because the effect of this wind-assisted device highly depends on the local wind field along the shipping route. In this paper, an improved ship weather routing framework based on the A* algorithm has been proposed to determine the optimal ship route and ship operations with wind-assisted rotors. The proposed framework effectively utilizes different sources of data, including ship design, weather forecasting and historical sailing information, to produce a better estimation of fuel consumption under the effect of sea states. Several improvements on the classic A* algorithm, including directed searching and three-dimensional extension, are proposed to improve the routing effect and efficiency. Finally, the proposed method was applied to test cases of a VLCC operating from China to the Middle East and the results show that the total fuel consumption could be reduced compared to the minimum distance route.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Barro, Ronald Dela Cruz, Jun-Seong Kim, and Don-Chool Lee. "Real Time Monitoring of Energy Efficiency Operation Indicator on Merchant Ships." Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering 35, no. 3 (May 31, 2011): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5916/jkosme.2011.35.3.301.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Liu, Huixin, Fang Liu, and Feng Du. "Research on Platform Operation Strategy Considering Consumers’ Hassle Costs." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 2634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052634.

Full text
Abstract:
Based on consumers’ different preferences for hassle costs, we study two platform operation strategies: selected platforms and diversified platforms. Considering diverse charging systems of merchants on the platform, a two-sided user utility function and profit function are established to examine the influence of hassle costs, platform services and the strength of two-sided network effects on the scale of platform users, and platforms’ profits and price. The results show that: (1) The selected platform strategy adopting the transaction fee system is better than other strategies. (2) Under the selected platform strategy, the scale of bilateral users and platform profits will decrease with the increase in hassle costs, and increase with the strengthening of the bilateral network effects. However, the proportion of equilibrium pricing for merchants will increase with the increase in consumer hassle costs, and will decrease with the increase in the network effect on the consumer side. (3) The less value-added services that selected platforms provide to consumers, the more value-added services exist to merchants and the higher the equilibrium pricing is for merchants. However, as the network effect on the side of merchants is increasing, the equilibrium pricing ratio of the platform to merchants shows three trends However, the general trend is that the greater the network effect of the business side, the lower the fee ratio and the higher the platform profit.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Jain, Renu, and Bimaldeep Kaur. "The Role of Product Involvement and Knowledge Management in Determining Customer Buying Behaviour in Retail Operations." Journal of Business Management and Information Systems 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.48001/jbmis.2021.0802002.

Full text
Abstract:
Knowledge refers to the information and abilities gained via experience or education. Practical implementation, as well as an appraisal of their value in people's lives, demonstrated the validity of concepts. The purpose of this research is to understand more about the retail industry's requirement for Knowledge Management (KM). Leadership, culture, attitude, and a grasp of how merchants develop or strive to boost worker performance of an organization's structure are all critical considerations. Knowledge management (KM) is a system that allows merchants to observe all of their company procedures and operations, which is very significant in today's environment when new technology development is critical to saving time and energy. Knowledge management (KM) is a system that allows merchants to view all of their company procedures and operations. Knowledge management practises emphasise the production of new knowledge and the timely use of organisational knowledge to maintain a strategic advantage. The company must be aware of which information is current, on the verge of becoming old, or has already passed its expiration date. The survey gathered 50 responses from both organised and unorganised traders in Delhi-NCR. This research report will be useful to retailers and other organisations looking to incorporate client purchase trends into their operations.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Sakalis, George, George Tzortzis, and Christos Frangopoulos. "Intertemporal Static and Dynamic Optimization of Synthesis, Design, and Operation of Integrated Energy Systems of Ships." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050893.

Full text
Abstract:
Fuel expenses constitute the largest part of the operating cost of a merchant ship. Integrated energy systems that cover all energy loads with low fuel consumption, while being economically feasible, are increasingly studied and installed. Due to the large variety of possible configurations, design specifications, and operating conditions that change with time, the application of optimization methods is imperative. Designing the system for nominal conditions only is not sufficient. Instead, intertemporal optimization needs to be performed that can be static or dynamic. In the present article, intertemporal static and dynamic optimization problems for the synthesis, design, and operation (SDO) of integrated ship energy systems are stated mathematically and the solution methods are presented, while case studies demonstrate the applicability of the methods and also reveal that the optimal solution may defer significantly from the solutions suggested with the usual practice. While in other works, the SDO optimization problems are usually solved by two- or three-level algorithms; single-level algorithms are developed and applied here, which tackle all three aspects (S, D, and O) concurrently. The methods can also be applied on land installations, e.g., power plants, cogenerations systems, etc., with proper modifications.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Merchant energy operations"

1

Nadarajah, Selvaprabu. "Approximate Dynamic Programming for Commodity and Energy Merchant Operations." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/350.

Full text
Abstract:
We study the merchant operations of commodity and energy conversion assets. Examples of such assets include natural gas pipelines systems, commodity swing options, and power plants. Merchant operations involves managing these assets as real options on commodity and energy prices with the objective of maximizing the market value of these assets. The economic relevance of natural gas conversion assets has increased considerably since the occurrence of the oil and gas shale boom; for example, the Energy Information Agency expects natural gas to be the source of 30% of the world's electricity production by 2040 and the McKinsey Global Institute projects United States spending on energy infrastructure to be about 100 Billion dollars by 2020. Managing commodity and energy conversion assets can be formulated as intractable Markov decision problems (MDPs), especially when using high dimensional price models commonly employed in practice. We develop approximate dynamic programming (ADP) methods for computing near optimal policies and lower and upper bounds on the market value of these assets. We focus on overcoming issues with the standard math programming and financial engineering ADP methods, that is, approximate linear programing (ALP) and least squares Monte Carlo (LSM), respectively. In particular, we develop: (i) a novel ALP relaxation framework to improve the ALP approach and use it to derive two new classes of ALP relaxations; (ii) an LSM variant in the context of popular practice-based price models to alleviate the substantial computational overhead when estimating upper bounds on the market value using existing LSM variants; and (iii) a mixed integer programming based ADP method that is exact with respect to a policy performance measure, while methods in the literature are heuristic in nature. Computational experiments on realistic instances of natural gas storage and crude oil swing options show that both our ALP relaxations and LSM methods are efficient and deliver near optimal policies and tight lower and upper bounds. Our LSM variant is also between one and three orders of magnitude faster than existing LSM variants for estimating upper bounds. Our mixed integer programming ADP model is computationally expensive to solve but its exact nature motivates further research into its solution. We provide theoretical support for our methods: By deriving bounds on approximation error we establish the optimality of our best ALP relaxation class in limiting regimes of practical relevance and provide a theoretical perspective on the relative performance of our LSM variant and existing LSM variants. We also unify different ADP methods in the literature using our ALP relaxation framework, including the financial engineering based LSM method. In addition, we employ ADP to study the novel application of jointly managing storage and transport assets in a natural gas pipeline system; the literature studies these assets in isolation. We leverage our structural analysis of the optimal storage policy to extend an LSM variant for this problem. This extension computes near optimal policies and tight bounds on instances formulated in collaboration with a major natural gas trading company. We use our extension and these instances to answer questions relevant to merchants managing such assets. Overall, our findings highlight the role of math programming for developing ADP methods. Although we focus on managing commodity and energy conversion assets, the techniques in this thesis have potential broader relevance for solving MDPs in other application contexts, such as inventory control with demand forecast updating, multiple sourcing, and optimal medical treatment design.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Books on the topic "Merchant energy operations"

1

Spyrou, Andrew G. Energy and ships: The effects of the energy problem on the design and efficient operation of future merchant ships. London: Lloyd's of London Press, 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee. Review of the management of the National Wildlife Refuge System: Joint hearing before the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations and the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, September 12, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Government Reform and Savings Act of 1993: Report (to accompany H.R. 3400 which on October 28, 1993 was referred jointly to the following committees for a period ending not later than November 15, 1993 : Agriculture, Armed Services, Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, Education and Labor, Energy and Commerce, Foreign Affairs, Government Operations, House Administration, the Judiciary, Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Natural Resources, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Post Office and Civil Service, Public Works and Transportation, Science, Space, and Technology, Veterans' Affairs, and Ways and Means). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Seppi, Duane J., and Nicola Secomandi. Real Options and Merchant Operations of Energy and Other Commodities. Now Publishers, 2014.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Book chapters on the topic "Merchant energy operations"

1

Bortuzzo, Valentina, Massimo De Domenico, and Vittorio Bucci. "Strategies for Ship Decarbonisation: Technical Measure for Reducing Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index." In Progress in Marine Science and Technology. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/pmst220074.

Full text
Abstract:
Emerging energy efficiency regulations and ongoing industrial studies are boosting the reduction of ship pollutant emissions. Researches are progressively stimulating innovation in energy efficiency management allowing the adoption of new technologies by shipowners. In order to find new strategies to reach Greenhouse Gas (GHG) goals, the IMO imposed new technical requirements to reduce carbon intensity by means the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship (EEXI) Index. This new technical measure is compulsory for existing ships. These indexes estimate grams of CO2 per transport work (g of CO2 per tonne-mile). For each vessel in operation an Attained EEXI must be calculated and benchmarked for compliance with a Required EEXI. The parameters that have the greatest impact on the determination of the Attained EEXI values will be assessed and compared the Required EEXI. Therefore, case by case, different technical solutions able to reduce the EEXI Exceedance percentage (i.e., the difference between the Attained EEXI and the Required EEXI) are tailored for each vessel with reference to the operating profile/scenario. Furthermore, in this paper a case study referred to a merchant fleet engaged in global operations is presented.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Kraska, James, and Raul Pedrozo. "Merchant Ships." In Disruptive Technology and the Law of Naval Warfare, 43–74. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197630181.003.0003.

Full text
Abstract:
Flag states are responsible for ensuring that their merchant ships and warships comply with the law of naval warfare. The operation of civil shipping complicates the battle space and confounds enemy planning by expanding the area of operational maneuver. Distributing sensors and weapons on board merchant ships can expand the layers of the “kill chain” in defense and multiply strike options for offensive strikes. While advanced warships are costly, merchant ships can be an inexpensive force multiplier. Yet, belligerent merchant ships may be subject to capture (and if they resist, attack), with some exceptions, such as coastal fishing craft or those engaged in coastal search and rescue. States have employed merchant vessels as naval auxiliaries during armed conflicts, including the world wars, the Vietnam War, the Falklands War, which may make them subject to attack. China employs a vast maritime militia in the service of the People’s Liberation Armed Forces. Neutral merchant ships are exempt from capture and attack unless they play a “direct part in hostilities.”
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Merchant energy operations"

1

Sun, Wenyu, Xiyang Liu, and Li Yang. "An Optimization Method for Economical Ship-Routing and Ship Operation Considering the Effect of Wind-Assisted Rotors." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18776.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract With the increasingly strict regulations for energy saving and emission reduction technology of ships, minimizing fuel cost is one of the most critical issues in the design and operation of merchant ships. A method to reduce the fuel cost for merchant ship is to select an economical route based on the real-time meteorological environment and weather forecasting data. So far, numerous ship routing strategies have been proposed with the development of weather routing system. More recently, many wind-assisted devices like rotors, wind sails, etc. have been investigated and designed to utilize the renewable wind energy. With the equipment of wind-assisted rotors, the optimization of ship route becomes more important because the effect of this wind-assisted device highly depends on the local wind field along the ship route. In this paper, an improved optimization strategy with the combination of the A* algorithm and a realtime optimizer has been proposed to determinate the optimal ship route and ship operations including ship heading, propeller’s rpm and rotor’s rpm. The real-time information for the weather conditions, ocean climate and sea states are obtained from European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts and the ship performance is evaluated by data-driven models. Finally, the proposed method was applied to test cases of ships operating in Pacific route and Indian Ocean route and the results show that the total fuel consumption could be reduced compared to the minimum distance route.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Mo, Brage, Petter Dehli, Christian Steinebach, Tow Foong Lim, and Lokukaluge P. Perera. "Automated System for Fleet Benchmarking and Assessment of Technical Condition." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61219.

Full text
Abstract:
On-board Energy systems in vessels have to use fuel efficiently to maintain ship speed at lowest possible costs. This paper describes how to use ship operational data to improve and maintain efficiency of the vessel’s power production with respect to the condition and performance of equipment. The paper describes an overview of an automated Technical Operations Performance (TOP) Monitoring service. TOP monitors the performance of marine main and auxiliary diesel engines by use of the information collected onboard vessels at regular intervals. Performance data are stored in xml-reports sent as email attachments from ship to shore. This communication is reliable and cost efficient for merchant ships that are on-line only for shorter periods. Load, ISO and environmental corrections make results valid for benchmarking and trending. The service aggregates the hierarchical information obtained from different sources by transferring measurement readings into unified indicators, the Technical Condition Index (TCI) [1]. Experts manually check the automatically generated performance reports and add additional guidance on options to improve power production and machinery conditions analyzing the available data with respect to different targets, such as low engine degradation and high fuel efficiency. The performance reports then influence business processes indicating possible causes for loss of performance in equipment and possible erroneous instrumentation, and the need for maintenance actions. The obtained TCI values show the performance of individual units, or for a fleet/class of equipment and vessels.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Fu, Shanshan, Xinping Yan, Di Zhang, Jing Shi, Chengpeng Wan, and Zhanbing Song. "Use of FMECA Method for Leakage Analysis of LNG Fueled Vessels." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23701.

Full text
Abstract:
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), a cleaner energy resource compared to heavy fuel oil (HFO), has been utilized as an energy source by vessels of various types, e.g., ferries, cargo vessels and platform supply vessels (PSV), notably after the release of International Maritime Organization (IMO) interim guideline MSC. 285(86) which officially authorized the natural gas as a marine fuel for merchant vessels in June 2009. LNG fuel is expected to have a promising prospect in green shipping industry with advantages in decreasing the emissions of NOX, SOX, and particulate material. However, as an inflammable and explosive energy source, safety issues of LNG should also be taken into account, especially under the circumstances of fuel leakage during a long voyage. In this paper, failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) is conducted for the study on leakage failure modes of LNG fueled vessels. The criticalities of LNG leakage modes are calculated and ranked by taking failure rate, causes and effects (consequence probability and associated severity) of each failure mode into consideration. Event tree analysis (ETA) approach is utilized to identify possible failure consequences and estimate associated probabilities of occurrence, while computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and simulation are applied for the consequence analysis of each failure mode. A typical Chinese LNG powered cargo ship in the Yangtze River is studied for critical leakage modes identification and risk control options (RCOs) provision so as to provide recommendations on the daily operations and safety managements of LNG fueled vessels.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Blokland, Eur Ing A. J., I. P. Barendregt, and C. J. C. M. Posthumus. "The adaptable energy platform." In Marine Electrical and Control Systems Safety Conference. IMarEST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/issn.2515-8198.2019.009.

Full text
Abstract:
The Netherlands Ministry of Defence (MoD) has issued an Operational Energy Strategy (OES) with ambition targets for energy independence and improvement of energy efficiency during the life time of naval platforms. A target is given in 2030 of 20 % reduced dependence on fossil fuels and in 2050 of 70 % reduced dependence on fossil fuels, compared to 2010. More stringent environmental emission (NOx, CO2, etc.) requirements are to be expected as a result from IMO and (local) political regulations. In the last decades the power consumption on board of naval platforms increased substantially as well as the complexity of integrated energy systems. Market surveys shows that the evolution of commercial green technologies are promising but have to be demonstrated in the coming years on low power and energy levels. They will not be de-risked in depth or well proven to be successful in time to be selected for the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN) new naval projects (2019 – 2025). Furthermore, new technologies as energy resources and carriers (H2, LNG, methanol, power-to-liquid (PTL), etc.) or new system technologies (DC on high voltage level, fuel cell systems, waste energy recovery, etc.) require a new approach for integration aspects like hazard and safety cases and energy efficiency. This is because the energy demand on board of naval platforms in several military operational modes differ from the merchant and off-shore branch. In this paper an approach for an adaptable energy platform is described to design a new naval platform based on nowadays proven technology as fossil fuels that can be transformed during life time that can fulfill the expectations and requirements of the coming decades (non-fossil fuels, zero emission, improved energy efficiency). Aspects as a naval energy index as reference will be discussed as well as an evaluation of new technologies for new naval platform integration design parameters, such as power or energy demands, consequences of energy resources, energy control as well as build in ship construction safety measures.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Meckler, Milton, Lucas B. Hyman, and Kyle A. Landis. "Comparing the Eco-Footprint of On-Site CHP vs. EPGS Systems." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54241.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper compares the Eco-Footprint of three (3) sustainable on-site CHP system alternatives vs. a representative 30% thermally efficient conventionally designed remote electric utility/merchant power generation station (EPGS) serving a 3.5 MW gas turbine installation proposed for a central California university campus. It has been demonstrated (ASHRAE Transactions # DA-07-009) that sustainable on-site cooling-heating-power (CHP) systems for large multi-building projects employing a simplified design approach from that of a conventionally designed mini-utility-type CHP systems employing large volume/footprint, costly, high thermal mass heat-recovery steam-generators (HRSG’s), and 24/7 stationary engineers, can result in lower annual owning and operating costs. The above peer-reviewed 2007 paper illustrated the use of prefabricated, skid-mounted hybrid steam generators with internal headers, fully integrated with a low-pressure drop heat extraction coil (in lieu of a HRSG) located in the combustion gas turbine (CGT) exhaust. Subject CGT extraction coil utilized environmentally benign heat transfer fluid to redistribute extracted CGT exhaust waste to serve campus multi-building annual space cooling, heating, and domestic hot water loads with system thermal balance facilitated via maintenance of a high year-round log-mean-temperature-differential at the CGT extraction coil, also resulting in a lower CGT back-pressure, and significant life-cycle cost savings. This paper also takes an alternative look at the above referenced CHP plant designs for greater operating economies along with a third CHP alternative employing a direct CGT exhaust gas fired 2-stage absorption chiller, and then compare the Eco Footprint and life cycle cost for each of the three CHP options with the above referenced EPGS supplying comparable annual electric power requirements. Finally, using the Eco Footprint of the EPGS as a baseline, the most promising CHP alternative of the above three will also be explored as a potential “cap and trade” candidate to further reduce its first cost and therefore enhance its sustainability from both an energy with greenhouse gas emissions standpoint.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Schmid, Andreas, and Naoki Yamada. "Spray Combustion Chamber: History and Future of a Unique Test Facility." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4734.

Full text
Abstract:
Large marine two-stroke diesel engines still represent the major propulsion system for merchant shipping. Withsteadily increasing transport demands, rising operational costs and stricter environmental legislations, the global marine shipping industry finds itself facing the challenge to future-proof its fleet. In order to comply with international maritime organizations emission standards (TIER II and TIER III), highly sophisticated and flexible combustion systems are demanded. With the help of spray and combustion research such systems can be developed and continuously improved. A highly valuable tool to investigate sprays of large marine diesel injectors under engine relevant conditions is the Spray Combustion Chamber (SCC). This paper reviews the history of the SCC, shows todays possibilities and looks into the near future of research involving large marine two-stroke engines. The SCC was built during the first Hercules project (I.P.-HERCULES, WP5, [1]). The initial setup focused on fundamental investigations comprising the application of highly flexible thermodynamic conditions. During follow-up projects (Hercules beta [2] and Hercules C [3]) the SCC was continuously developed, and a variety of influences on spray and combustion were experimentally assessed. The initial SCC design focused on maximum optical access as well as the applicability of a wide span of optical techniques. Single-hole nozzles were utilized to generate reference data to optimize existing spray and combustion simulation models. Different fuel types and fuel qualities were investigated and effects of the in-nozzle flow on spray morphology was identified. A sound set of results was achieved and published in several (internal and public) reports. Over the years, spray research at Winterthur Gas& Diesel has turned its focus from basic spray investigations to more detailed cavitation and in-nozzle flow examinations [4], [5]. Future research on the SCC will focus on investigations of more engine related topics, as, for example, the application of a fuel flexible injection system as is currently developed in the HERCULES-2 project [6]. Significant design modifications of the initial setup were necessary, as the injector positions and therefore exposure of the spray relative to the swirl were not fully congruent with real engine conditions. As a consequence, the new setup includes some minor drawbacks, e.g. the optical access of the nozzle tip is only visible from one side of the chamber. This means that line-of-sight methods are currently only possible at selected positions in the centre of the chamber. Therefore, a new setup was installed to illuminate the spray, consisting of a high speed, high energy laser (100 kHz, 100 W) and special optics. In order to obtain enhanced optical access, tangential windows were re- arranged, now pointing directly at the nozzle. With this setup, a first set of images was realized, showing a realspray as it occurs in large marine two-stroke diesel engines.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4734
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Merchant energy operations' for particular source types:
Journal articles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography