Journal articles: 'Merchandise trade'

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Singh, Monalisa, and Dilfraz Singh. "An Empirical Analysis of India’s Merchandise Trade." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 8 (January 15, 2012): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/august2014/22.

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Ashby, Elizabeth R., Howard H. Cochran, Brad D. Childs, and Marieta V. Velikova. "State Merchandise Export Trade Determinants." International Advances in Economic Research 22, no. 1 (September 16, 2015): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11294-015-9538-8.

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Ganguli, Subhadra. "Economic diversification and intra-GCC merchandise trade." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 14, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-06-2017-0028.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze merchandise trade patterns among the GCC states with the backdrop of economic diversification within these economies. Design/methodology/approach This empirical research quantitatively analyses patterns of merchandise trade among the GCC states during 1995-2015 with specific focus on concentration, diversification and similarity of (export and import) trade indices as well as diversification within GCC economies. Findings The paper concludes that while Bahrain merchandise export structure shows dissimilarity when compared with other GCC states during 1995 and 2015, its imports appear to be very similar with those of the rest. The other five GCC states show more similarity among themselves in both merchandise exports and imports than that of Bahrain. Only UAE has shown an increase in both concentration and diversification indices though the increased numbers are still lower than those of the other GCC states and low in absolute terms. Originality/value The GCC has embarked on economic diversification; however, there is relatively less trade within the GCC as compared with other regional trading blocks. The paper considers trade within the GCC to explore the degree of similarity, diversification and concentration of traded products of each country. Further study should analyze the impact of diversification on intra-GCC trade. The results of this paper will be of value to GCC policymakers for providing a clear rationale for boosting trade and diversification with the long-term goal of a single currency economic union.

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Bosnjak, Mile, Vlatka Bilas, and Ivan Novak. "Sustainability of merchandise trade flows between Croatia and other EU member states: Panel cointegration approach." Panoeconomicus 66, no. 1 (2019): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan160409022b.

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This research examined the sustainability of merchandise trade flows between Croatia and other European Union (EU) member states. Merchandise exports and imports were disaggregated into bilateral merchandise trade flows between Croatia and nineteen EU trading partners for the period 1999-2014. Following Granger-causality and cointegration tests for panel data, we specified the model to be estimated. Using a pooled mean group (PMG) estimator for dynamic heterogeneous panel data, the relationship between Croatian merchandise export and import was assessed empirically. Research results revealed unsustainable Croatian merchandise exports and imports vis-?-vis nineteen EU partners.

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Yasui, Tadashi. "The Unreliability of Merchandise Trade Statistics." Global Trade and Customs Journal 13, Issue 6 (June 1, 2018): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2018027.

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This article contends that merchandise trade statistics are insufficiently reliable for accurate economic analysis and informed trade policy decisions. The official trade figures analysed for this article appear to be significantly overvalued. Re-exports combined with re-imports caused both world import and export data to be exaggerated by as much as 20%. Import data was further inflated, and bilateral export data was unreliable even between developed countries. Compared with official figures, the article’s case study estimates that the US merchandise trade deficit is nearly 20% less with China, nearly double with Mexico, and over triple with Canada.

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Dion, Richard, and Raynald Létourneau. "Une analyse économétrique de l’ajustement récent de la balance commerciale canadienne (1978-1979)." Articles 56, no. 3 (January 21, 2009): 360–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/600926ar.

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Abstract The Canadian merchandise trade surplus increased rather modestly in 1978 and 1979 given that the depreciation of the real exchange rate since 1977 had considerably reinforced our competitive position. With the aid of an econometric model, we try to measure the respective contributions of the factors influencing the merchandise trade balance during that period. Our partial equilibrium simulations reveal that the depreciation of the Canadian dollar, both in nominal and real terms, substantially improved the merchandise trade surplus. High capacity utilization rates in Canada had a substantial impact on the trade balance through a large increase of imports, especially imports of producers' equipment, and through a significant reduction of exports of manufactured goods other than automotive products. Excluding the automobile sector, which has experienced a "structural" change in the United States, cyclical divergences between the two countries did not influence substantially the evolution of the merchandise trade account over that period. The rapid improvement of the terms of trade in 1979 strongly contributed to the increase of the nominal merchandise trade surplus. Our simulations show that the rise in the prices of certain primary commodities relative to the U.S. prices of manufactured goods was an important factor behind the stronger terms of trade.

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Lin, Pei-Chun, Szu-Yu Kuo, and Jui-Hung Chang. "The direct and spillover effects of liner shipping connectivity on merchandise trade." Maritime Business Review 5, no. 2 (April 25, 2020): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-12-2019-0055.

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Purpose This paper aims to address the following questions: is good liner shipping connectivity a requisite for merchandise imports plus exports? What is the average of merchandise imports plus exports of the countries neighboring China? Do the merchandise imports plus exports of these countries correspond to each country’s own merchandise imports plus exports or liner shipping connectivity index (LSCI)? Design/methodology/approach The authors spatially analyze liner shipping connectivity and merchandise imports plus exports using 2016 data and a common framework for linear regression to establish the relationship amongst a country’s LSCI and its merchandise imports plus exports and between its merchandise imports plus exports and those of its neighbors. Merchandise imports plus exports of countries are not necessarily independent of each other, and countries that are contiguous may produce similar observations. Findings North America and Western Europe comprised clusters of countries that participated more actively in the international trading system, while Africa’s countries had less international trade than average. The study identifies and quantifies the geographical ripple of transport infrastructure on merchandise trade from a national perspective. Notably, a spatially lagged term improved the model’s ability to account for variations in merchandise imports plus exports across countries. Originality/value The spatial lag of merchandise imports plus exports can contribute to specifying the spread of merchandise imports plus exports beyond what the authors would anticipate from a country’s network of liner shipping.

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Ellana, MOLCHANOVA. "GLOBAL TRENDS OF WORD MERCHANDISE TRADE." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 111, no. 4 (September 1, 2020): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2020(111)02.

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Svatoš, Miroslav, and Luboš Smutka. "Visegrad Countries - Agrarian Foreign Trade Development in Relation to Their Total Merchandise Trade Performance." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 158–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2014.14.4.81.

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The paper analyzes merchandise and especially agrarian trade of Visegrad (V4) countries. It especially analyzes their mutual trade relations. The main aim is to identify changes in the agricultural sector which have happened during the last decade and to compare differences existing in the area of merchandise and agricultural trade development. Another very important objective is related to mutual trade realized among V4 countries. In this case the paper identifies basic trends in the area of each country’s trade development. Mutual agrarian trade competitiveness is also analyzed. On the basis of the findings, it can be said that merchandise and agricultural trade for each V4 country changed significantly during the analysed time period. In relation to agricultural trade it can be mentioned that it represents only a marginal part of the total merchandise trade. Agrarian trade for individual V4 countries’ commodity structures as well as the territorial structure are very significantly concentrated. The predominant majority of agricultural trade – export as well as import – is carried out with EU countries. In this case it is necessary to emphasize that V4 countries are also important trade partners for each other. On the basis of Visegrad countries’ mutual trade analysis it is possible to say that the main traders active on the V4 market are the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The most competitive actors operating in the V4 market are Poland and Hungary. If we analyze each country’s export performance we can see that the V4 market is dominated by Poland and the Czech Republic.

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Aboya, Yousuf, Arsalan Hussain, Rohail Hassan, Hassan Mujtaba Nawaz Saleem, and Aamir Hussain Siddiqui. "Different Approaches to Merchandise Trade Balance in Pakistan." Global Business Management Review (GBMR) 12, Number 2 (December 31, 2020): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/gbmr2020.12.2.2.

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The current study empirically examines the three major approaches to trade balance for Pakistan by utilizing the yearly data from 1972 to 2016. Monetary, elasticity, and absorption approaches were tested by developing a model that incorporates all three approaches. The significant contribution of the study is that it uses only the merchandise trade deficit account, which includes trade of only physical goods. The study used time-series data; therefore, variables have been tested for the stationarity, and it is found that there is a combination of I (0) and I (1) variables, so ARDL bounds testing approach to co-integration has been employed to find the short run and long run associations among the variables. The bound test results discovered that there is a presence of stable long-term association among the merchandise trade deficit account, real broad money supply, real effective exchange rate, and real domestic absorption. The results further revealed that merchandise trade discrepancy is determined purely by the real effective exchange rate, which specifies that the exchange rate's devaluation increases the deficit in the long run whereas in the short-run increase in domestic absorption decreases the merchandise trade deficit.

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Hrechyshkina, Olena, and Maryia Samakhavets. "Merchandise trade in the eaeu integrating environment." Quaestiones Geographicae 38, no. 4 (December 26, 2019): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2019-0038.

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Abstract The paper aims to identify the main trends and recommendations for the development of merchandise trade in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) integrating environment through the analysis of its mutual and foreign (internal and external) merchandise trade. The study is based on the official statistical data for 2014–2018 and economic comparisons and systematisation (including geographical systematisation). The results show that the intensification of mutual and foreign trade in the EAEU is possible by stimulating consumer and industrial demand, enhancing exports of high tech products and diversifying exports, and strengthening the cooperation within the EAEU and with other countries and integration associations.

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Kumar, Rajender, and Vandana Sehgal Arora. "India - South Africa Merchandise Trade: Export Prospects." Arthshastra : Indian Journal of Economics & Research 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17010/aijer/2015/v4i1/58941.

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Burange, L. G., and Sheetal J. Chaddha. "India’s Revealed Comparative Advantage in Merchandise Trade." Artha Vijnana: Journal of The Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics 50, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.21648/arthavij/2008/v50/i4/115413.

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Cochran, Howard H., and Dean A. Peterson. "Use Chinese Merchandise Trade Data with Caution." International Advances in Economic Research 13, no. 1 (January 9, 2007): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11294-006-9067-6.

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ARTAMONOVA, Halyna. "UKRAINE’S FOREIGN TRADE WITH THE EU: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES." JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY, Vol 18, No 3 (2019) (September 2019): 338–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2019.03.338.

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The article casts light onto the current state of foreign trade between Ukraine and the EU in the conditions of a free trade area. Having analyzed the structure of merchandise exports and imports, the author reveals major challenges that arise as current tendencies persist into the future. Special attention is paid to seizing the opportunities provided by the EU-Ukraine Free Trade Agreement for realization of export potential of the agricultural sector on the markets of these countries. The author suggests ways to create conditions for diversification of merchandise exports, facilitation of access to European markets for the exporters of finished agricultural goods, as well as taking measures for constraining the inflows of non-critical merchandise imports, in particular pharmaceutical products.

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Tandon, Anjali. "China’s WTO Accession: An Empirical Assessment of Merchandise Trade with India." Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2012/14.

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MAURER, ANDREAS, and CHRISTOPHE DEGAIN. "GLOBALIZATION AND TRADE FLOWS: WHAT YOU SEE IS NOT WHAT YOU GET!" Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 03, no. 03 (August 14, 2012): 1250019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993312500196.

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The trade collapse that followed the global financial crisis of 2008–2009 has led to a renewed interest in measurement issues affecting international merchandise trade statistics in the new globalized economy. The international fragmentation of industrial production blurs the concept of country of origin and calls for the production of new statistics on the domestic content of exports, with a view of estimating trade in value added. In 2010, the international statistical community revised the concepts and definitions on both international merchandise trade and trade in services statistics. This paper discusses the various issues related to the concepts of "goods for processing" and "intra-firm trade" in trade statistics, and provides an overview of the method of analyzing the impact of the fragmentation of production in international value chains.

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Barik, Anirudha. "Post-crisis India’s Merchandise Export Growth: What Has Changed?" Indian Economic Journal 66, no. 3-4 (December 2018): 270–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466219880132.

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This article comprehensively examines the growth and pattern of India’s merchandise exports during and following the financial crisis period (2007–08 to 2016–17) using Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics and United Nations Commodity Trade/World Integrated Trade Solution trade data. The entire analysis is based on leading trade indices and indicators and the results confirm that significant change in India’s trading structure is associated with the fast growth of foreign trade. The composition of exports has undergone changes overtime, bearing a strong influence of factor endowments and technology in favour of both human capital intensive and technology intensive sectors. The magnitude of product diversification shows that India’s export basket is poorly diversified but more diversified than BRICS countries except China. India’s export destinations showed a major shift from the developed countries market to the emerging markets in Asia and Africa. However, India holds more increased trade intensity with USA and Hong Kong. Dynamism in labour-intensive manufacturing sector is vital to promote India’s exports of agricultural value-added products and enable more competitive at the world. Also, the development of new markets should be viewed as part of a wider effort to enlarge the India’s foreign trade. JEL Code: F10, F14, F19

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Wong, Koi Nyen, and Soo Khoon Goh. "OUTWARD FDI, MERCHANDISE AND SERVICES TRADE: EVIDENCE FROM SINGAPORE." Journal of Business Economics and Management 14, no. 2 (May 7, 2013): 276–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2012.703964.

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This paper aims to explore the causality pattern between outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) and major external trade components (i.e. exports and imports of merchandise as well as services) using Singapore as a case study, since it is one of the largest outward investors in the Asian region and it is overtly trade-dependent. The findings reveal that there is evidence of an OFDI-led trade hypothesis, particularly with regard to merchandise exports and imports, which is an indication OFDI opens important channels for intra-firm trade activities, home country sourcing and backward integration. However, there is no evidence of causality relationships between Singapore's OFDI and services trade because the purpose of such services is mainly to provide a market presence in the consuming country. As such, Singaporean multinationals are likely to outsource their services either from the host country services sector or from their own services-supporting subsidiaries that have been relocated abroad. The present study provides implications for policy formulation to strengthen OFDI-services trade linkages.

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poudel, Kshitiz. "MERCHANDISE TRADE DEFICIT AND IMPORT SUBSTITUTION FOR NEPAL." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 5, no. 7 (July 30, 2020): 1797–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2020.v05i07.009.

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Liu, Chi Fang, Tzu Yorn Kao, Ya Fen Chang, and Yi Ru Tsai. "Analysis of Asian Logistics Trade and Merchandise Growth." Advanced Materials Research 785-786 (September 2013): 1506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.785-786.1506.

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Analysis of simulation , go on sequentially according to the step designed: (1)Select the national targets analyses, (2) consult the research model of the foreign research institution, select the important ginseng parameter which influences the national risk, (3) predict or suppose that joins perhaps changes the direction and degree of the parameter, (4) observe the risk parameter susceptibility under different situations, (5) explain the reason why the risk changes. Set up the relevant research database in the country in Southeast Asia at the same time , collecting the materials respect can pass relevant organizations , such as foreign trade association , Bank of Communications ,etc. , or investigate the relevant various countries , key unit of interview and relevant research institution or the manufacturer . In addition, can exchange through the international materials, set up database line and information and exchange plans with the domestic and international relevant research institution.

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Amin, Ruzita Mohd. "A Decade of the World Trade Organization and the Trade Performance of Muslim Countries." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 27, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v27i4.369.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO), established on 1 January 1995 as a successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), has played an important role in promoting global free trade. The implementation of its agreements, however, has not been smooth and easy. In fact this has been particularly difficult for developing countries, since they are expected to be on a level playing field with the developed countries. After more than a decade of existence, it is worth looking at the WTO’s impact on developing countries, particularly Muslim countries. This paper focuses mainly on the performance of merchandise trade of Muslim countries after they joined the WTO. I first analyze their participation in world merchandise trade and highlight their trade characteristics in general. This is then followed by a short discussion on the implications of WTO agreements on Muslim countries and some recommendations on how to face this challenge.

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Amin, Ruzita Mohd. "A Decade of the World Trade Organization and the Trade Performance of Muslim Countries." American Journal of Islam and Society 27, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v27i4.369.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO), established on 1 January 1995 as a successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), has played an important role in promoting global free trade. The implementation of its agreements, however, has not been smooth and easy. In fact this has been particularly difficult for developing countries, since they are expected to be on a level playing field with the developed countries. After more than a decade of existence, it is worth looking at the WTO’s impact on developing countries, particularly Muslim countries. This paper focuses mainly on the performance of merchandise trade of Muslim countries after they joined the WTO. I first analyze their participation in world merchandise trade and highlight their trade characteristics in general. This is then followed by a short discussion on the implications of WTO agreements on Muslim countries and some recommendations on how to face this challenge.

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RĂDESCU, Octavian Dan. "TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN 2011-2016, AND FORECASTS FOR 2017." Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v7.1(15).03.

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This paper analyzes the developments in world trade in goods and services in 2015 - 2016, as well as the prospects for 2017 - 2020. It highlights both the main determinants and salient features of merchandise trade in 2015, and its dynamics in terms of volume and value. It also sheds light on the geographical composition of merchandise trade and the major traders worldwide. Similarly, the paper outlines the main trends shaping trade in services in 2015. According to the findings of the paper, 2017 marked the sixth consecutive year in which trade growth has been disappointing, with trade expanding less than 3%, and exceeding only marginally global GDP growth. All forecasts by international economic organizations in early 2016, leading to the conclusion that the expansion of international trade from 2016 to 2017 will grow moderately outrunning dynamic global GDP, still below the annual average rate recorded in the pre-crisis period.

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Barbalet, Felix, Jared Greenville, Wayne Crook, Paul Gretton, and Robert Breunig. "Exploring the Links between Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements and Merchandise Trade." Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies 2, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 467–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app5.101.

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Kovacevic, Radovan. "The structural characteristics of world trade and the merchandise exports of Serbia." Ekonomski anali 54, no. 181 (2009): 55–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0981055k.

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This paper analyses the world merchandise trade structure and the structure of Serbian merchandise exports. The analysis shows that the prominent characteristic of post-World War II world trade is more dynamic growth in the volume of manufactured goods as compared to agricultural goods. Due to the lessening share of agricultural products world merchandise trade has decreased and rapid industrialization has been fostered in developing countries. An increased share for developing countries followed the developed countries' decreasing share in world manufacturing trade. The developing countries' increased share was strongest in telecom and office equipment exports. These sectors are characterized by production fragmentation, which is being realized by transnational companies. Serbia, like the other South East European countries, has not yet managed to significantly integrate into international production networks. Serbia's most important exports are manufactured products with a low level of added value . In addition, Serbia still has a high share of primary products in its exports. A higher share of exports of goods and services in the gross domestic products (GDP) cannot be achieved without increasing imports of new technologies and equipment, i.e. without a higher investment share of the GDP. The main conclusion of this article is that the creation of a favorable investment climate and an increase in Serbia's international credit rating are the preconditions for stronger foreign direct investment (FDI), which would be the main channel for restructuring in the real sector. Creation of new small and medium enterprises (SMEs) through greenfield investment and their integration into the international production networks is the starting point for the restructuring of Serbian industrial production and merchandise export, i.e. the way of increasing the share of merchandise exports in the GDP.

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Kaushal, Leena Ajit. "Estimating the Impact of Free Trade Agreements on India’s Export Potential." Applied Economics Quarterly: Volume 67, Issue 1 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/aeq.67.1.47.

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The study examines the role of trade agreements (TA) in determining merchandise export efficiency in India using the stochastic frontier gravity model. We estimate the impact of select trade agreements (bilateral, SAFTA, APTA, ASEAN, and MERCOSUR), regulatory quality, and FDI inflow on India’s export efficiency in the period 2002–2018. Results suggest that TAs have enhanced India’s merchandise export efficiency to its trading partners except for the MERCOSUR bloc. However, substantial potential is still untapped. The study finds that the regulatory quality (RQ) of importing nations does not enhance India’s export efficiency. Moreover, the RQ of India is promising but not significantly promoting exports. The study suggests that India should further liberalize its existing trade agreements, harmonize and improve regulatory standards facilitating cross-border trade and export-oriented FDI, and undertake trade access to top-consuming markets to achieve its full export potential.

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El-Khoury, Gabi. "Foreign trade statistics of Arab countries: selected indicators." Contemporary Arab Affairs 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2017.1399656.

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This statistical file is mainly concerned with the external merchandise trade of Arab countries, which accounts for approximately 77% of the total trade of Arab goods and services due to the large share of oil and gas in the Arab foreign trade.

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Burange, L. G., Rucha R. Ranadive, and Neha N. Karnik. "Trade Openness and Economic Growth Nexus: A Case Study of BRICS." Foreign Trade Review 54, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732518810902.

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The article analyses a causal relationship between trade openness and economic growth for the member countries of BRICS by using an econometric technique of time series analysis. Member countries of BRICS adopted a series of liberalization reforms, almost simultaneously, from the late 1980s. The article attempts to study the impact of trade openness on their growth in GDP per capita. It captures structural composition of GDP and openness of trade in four aspects, that is, merchandise exports, merchandise imports, services export and services import. In India, the study found growth-led trade in services hypothesis. The article supports the growth-led export and growth-led import hypothesis for China and export- and import-led growth for South Africa. However, no causal relationship was evident for Brazil and Russia. JEL Codes: F43, C22

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Kupfer, Franziska, Hilde Meersman, Evy Onghena, and Eddy Van de Voorde. "AIR FREIGHT AND MERCHANDISE TRADE: TOWARDS A DISAGGREGATED ANALYSIS." Journal of Air Transport Studies 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 28–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.38008/jats.v2i2.99.

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During the past 30 years, air cargo has evolved from a by-product to a potential profit centre for airlines. However, the success in the air cargo business depends on a number of factors. The evolution of world merchandise trade and particularly, the trade in high-value goods, is one of the determinants of the demand for air freight services. This paper provides an insight into the relationship between air cargo and merchandise trade on an aggregated as well as on a disaggregated level. Special attention is paid to the air cargo flows between major regions. By combining several levels of the air cargo market, this paper explains part of the economic rationality behind the air cargo market structure. The results of this paper will lead to a better knowledge of the air cargo sector, not only by academics but also by industry actors.

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Handoyo, Rossanto Dwi. "EDITORIAL: IMPACT OF COVID 19 ON TRADE, FDI, REAL EXCHANGE RATE AND ERA OF DIGITALIZATION: BRIEF REVIEW GLOBAL ECONOMY DURING PANDEMIC." Journal of Developing Economies 5, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jde.v5i2.23641.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has not only triggered an unprecedented global health crisis but also a global economic, trade and investment crisis. Global Trade in merchandise fall from 12% to 32% in 2020. FDI flows are projected to fall further by 30% to 40% in 2020-202. The decline in trade is a reflection, instead of a cause, of the economic contraction that occurred, caused by rising trade costs - from disruptions in transportation, logistics and supply chains, as well as trade restrictions. At the same time, the COVID-19 pandemic is driving an overall digital transition in society and industry. Since June 2020, there has been increasing trend in social media and other apps, it rose by 38 percent while streaming video increased to 35 percent. A significant increase was in the use of conference tools during the COVID-19 pandemic and it will have an impact on improving technology infrastructure.Keywords: Pandemic COVID-19, Trade in Merchandise, FDI, Exchange Rate and Digitalization

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Вишинська, Тетяна Леонідівна, Олександр Валентинович Генералов, and Ірина Миколаївна Севрук. "The current state of foreign merchandise trade in Ukraine." ScienceRise 3, no. 3 (8) (March 27, 2015): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2313-8416.2015.39537.

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Lee, YingHui. "Maritime Merchandise Trade in Southeast Asia: Opportunities and Challenges." Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India 14, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2018.1482665.

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Fabling, Richard, and Lynda Sanderson. "Entrepreneurship and aggregate merchandise trade growth in New Zealand." Journal of International Entrepreneurship 8, no. 2 (May 6, 2010): 182–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10843-010-0063-9.

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Rahman, Mohd Nayyer. "Role of WTO in promoting merchandise trade of BRICS." Transnational Corporations Review 8, no. 2 (April 2, 2016): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2016.1196867.

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Adeboje, Oluwafemi Mathew, Isiaka Akande Raifu, Frank I. Ogbeide, and Olusegun Abiola Orija. "An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship between Financial Development and Merchandise Trade in Nigeria." Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 24, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2021-0001.

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Abstract This study examines the empirical relationship between financial development and merchandise trade in Nigeria using annual data from 1981 to 2014. The empirical analysis is also carried out on the disaggregated components of the trade, that is, merchandise export and import, for robust analysis. Estimation results based on error correction model show that there exists significant long run positive relationship between financial development and export in Nigeria over the period under study. There is need for government to therefore provide enabling environment for financial sector to thrive through sound macroeconomic policies for effective economic diversification through export.

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Korganashvili, Larisa. "Georgia in the World Merchandise Trade: Main Trends and Problems of Development." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 4, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejes-2018-0058.

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Abstract Foreign trade is the main factor in the country's integration into the world economic system. It promotes the socio-economic development of states, especially developing countries. After the restoration of state independence, Georgia actively cooperates with different countries within the framework of bilateral and multilateral agreements. Its foreign trade activity is based on a high level of openness of the economy and liberal policy, features of the market economy and new vectors of development. Georgia has been a member of the World Trade Organization since 2000 and has one of the most liberal and competitive trade regimes across the world. Georgia's foreign trade turnover has a cyclical growth pattern with a combination of periods of its fall. Over the entire post-Soviet period, the country has a negative trade balance and a high dependence on imports. Export characterizes a high degree of concentration of geographical structure and low level of diversification. The article analyzes the current state of Georgia's foreign trade, shows the main indicators of the country's foreign trade for the period of 1994-2014, and examines the main trends in its development and the importance of export diversification to improve the efficiency of foreign trade.

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Manley, Leanne L., and Michael C. Cant . "Attitudes of Small Business Owners towards Counterfeit Merchandise: Ethics or Survival?" Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 7, no. 4(J) (August 30, 2015): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v7i4(j).593.

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Counterfeiting of products is an industry that affects many countries worldwide and it is an industry that has grown exponentially in the 21st century, due to the value associated with branded products. It is the demand from individuals that fuels this trade and what will keep the trade growing for years to come. It therefore becomes essential that research be conducted to investigate the attitudes held towards the trade in order to gain a better understanding of the current counterfeit environment. This article aimed to investigate the attitudes that South African small business owners have with regard to counterfeit merchandise. Quantitative research was undertaken by means of a self-administered web-based questionnaire that was e-mailed to individuals that either have an active SME (Small, Medium Enterprise) or individuals that are seeking to start their SME, who reside in the provinces of the Mpumalanga and the Western Cape. The data obtained was then analysed by means of SAS JMP version 11 whereby attitudes held towards counterfeit merchandise were established. The main conclusions emanating from the research, was that South African SMEs generally have a negative attitude towards purchasing counterfeit fashion branded merchandise.

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Khokhlov, Viacheslav. "Marketing of Merchandise Distribution in HoReCa Markets." Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, no. 4 (December 2019): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2019.4.17.

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The article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of marketing activities in the field of logistics of the hotel and restaurant business, which is the most essential element in merchandise distribution in HoReCa markets. The author finds out that material flows of goods in HoReCa markets are divided into two relatively independent subgroups, which differ both in time and content characteristics, and in marketing tools which are used: commodity and material and technical support of enterprises of hotel and restaurant profile (sale points) and distribution of goods and services by sale points themselves. HoReCa product market is specific in the aspect of the structure of product groups, which include B2B products (business to business), goods for resale without surplus value, semi-finished products and food products which are modified with concurrent surplus value in the production process. An important feature of merchandise distribution in HoReCa markets is that the consumption of a hotel and restaurant product takes place directly at the sale points in contrast to retail trade businesses. The analysis of the volume, dynamics and structure of HoReCa markets at different levels shows that the essential point of marketing activities of HoReCa market participants is the choice of commodities and suppliers, establishing communications with suppliers, substantiating price decisions in the procurement of goods. Other elements of the marketing complex for the hospitality industry in HoReCa markets can be characterized as limited ones. The paper reveals that one of the most significant issues on the way of introducing the Crimean hotel and restaurant service to the modern level is its underdevelopment and poor structuring of the Crimean HoReCa market. So, the main direction of improving the marketing component in the HoReCa market is establishing and using communications for supplying goods and materials by leading Russian and international companies representing themselves as specialized participants in the HoReCa market. The obtained results can be used for subsequent research of markets of HoReCa goods in trade, including ways to improve the efficiency of trade by regulating the flow of goods and methods of promoting goods.

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Saputra, Guntur Adi, Eka Rofiyanti, Redjeki Agoestyowati, Dwi Agustina, and Olansons Girsang. "Analysis of The Implementation of Prohibition Buying of Street Vendors in Koja Sub-District North Jakarta." Ilomata International Journal of Social Science 2, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.52728/ijss.v2i3.296.

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According to data on the recapitulation of orderly violations of certain places of business and businesses at the Civil Service Police Unit of North Jakarta Administrative City, there were 16,220 violations of the prohibition of trade in 2019, far from the violation of the prohibition against buying street vendors merchandises, which were only 5 violators, then this research was conducted to analyze the implementation of the prohibition of buying street vendor merchandises at Koja Subdistrict region, North Jakarta. This research method used descriptive qualitative research with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with informants obtained by the author, in this study it was found that the DKI Jakarta Government had not widely disseminated to the public of the rules on the prohibition of buying street vendor merchandise, there was still a lack of personnel for preventing violations, and the need to revise rules related to a standard operating procedure (SOP) in prosecuting violations on the prohibition of buying street vendor merchandises

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Saputra, Guntur Adi, Eka Rofiyanti, Redjeki Agoestyowati, Dwi Agustina, and Olansons Girsang. "Analysis of The Implementation of Prohibition Buying of Street Vendors in Koja Sub-District North Jakarta." Ilomata International Journal of Social Science 2, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.52728/ijss.v2i3.296.

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According to data on the recapitulation of orderly violations of certain places of business and businesses at the Civil Service Police Unit of North Jakarta Administrative City, there were 16,220 violations of the prohibition of trade in 2019, far from the violation of the prohibition against buying street vendors merchandises, which were only 5 violators, then this research was conducted to analyze the implementation of the prohibition of buying street vendor merchandises at Koja Subdistrict region, North Jakarta. This research method used descriptive qualitative research with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with informants obtained by the author, in this study it was found that the DKI Jakarta Government had not widely disseminated to the public of the rules on the prohibition of buying street vendor merchandise, there was still a lack of personnel for preventing violations, and the need to revise rules related to a standard operating procedure (SOP) in prosecuting violations on the prohibition of buying street vendor merchandises

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42

Azar, S., A. Bolbol, H. Hakimian, and A. Mouradian. "Empirical analysis of merchandise trade deficit and the current account in Lebanon." Lebanese Science Journal 20, no. 1 (April 27, 2019): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22453/lsj-020.1.173-192.

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The paper provides an empirical analysis of Lebanon’s merchandise trade deficit and thecurrent accountfor the 1969-2016 period. Using the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag approach, it estimatesstandard demand functions for merchandise exports and imports and the trade deficit.The results show that real exchange rates do not have a long-run impact on exports, imports, the trade deficit, and the current account; domestic production has a notableeffect on reducing trade deficits while absorption expenditures, primarily public expenditures, have a strong effect on increasing trade deficits. The main three conclusions and policy implications that emerge from the analysis are: first, the Central Bank of Lebanon’s policy of fixing the exchange rate in the post-war period has not harmed competitiveness and has proved to be a strong basis for monetary stability; second, a more active industrial and investment policy is needed to enhance competitiveness and export promotion and to increase and diversify domestic production; and third, public expenditures ought to be urgently rationalized and conducted within a framework of sound fiscal and governance reforms.

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PRATS, Germán MARTÍNEZ, and Aida Beatriz ARMENTA-RAMÍREZ. "Validation Data of Mexico's Trade Balance." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 10, no. 4 (June 30, 2019): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v10.4(42).13.

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The collection, compilation and dissemination of international merchandise trade statistics must follow standards for international comparability. These processes are structured according to particular institutional arrangements in countries. The general responsibility and dissemination of the Merchandise Trade Balance in Mexico are Tax Administration Service, Ministry of the Economy, Banco de México and the National Institute of Statistics and Geography. At most points of entry, goods are brought into or withdrawn from the customs territory of a country under various customs procedures. The objective of this paper is to establish a method of validation of imports and exports considering the volumes by tariff fraction and unit of measure, as well as the incoterms, to generate a specific registry that allows obtaining more reliable information and serves to make decisions of the actors involved in foreign trade. This information will be used to analyze the evolution and structure of the Commercial Balance of Mexico, as well as to evaluate the interaction that is registered between the commercial activity and the behavior of the national economy, that is why the analysis of the information it generates the commercial balance of Mexico, since this is basic for the decision making of those in charge of public policies in commercial and financial matters.

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Artha, Bhenu, Bahri, Cahya Purnama Asri, Ardhi Khairi, and Fikri Alamsyah. "The Effect of Crude Oil Price on Merchandise Trade: Evidence from East Asia and Pacific." Journal of Business and Management Review 2, no. 8 (August 25, 2021): 558–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47153/jbmr28.1852021.

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One of the most important production inputs is energy, particularly crude oil. The impacts of oil price fluctuations on global trade flows can be understood by the uncertainty channel, fluctuations in oil prices may create uncertainty about the future path of the oil price, causing consumers to postpone irreversible purchases of consumer durable goods, and also causing firms to postpone irreversible investments, and also recent hikes and fluctuations in oil prices since 1999 have attracted attention and invoked concerns about their devastating effects on a variety of economic activities. The objective of this research is to determine the influence of crude oil price to merchandise trade in East Asia and Pacific. This research uses quantitative methods and linear regression analysis. The results of the analysis show that there is negative and significance effect of crude oil price on merchandise trade in East Asia and Pacific for the period 1987 – 2019.

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Murthy, K. V. Bhanu. "US–China Trade Disputes: Studying Long-Term Trade Patterns." Management and Economics Research Journal 5 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2019.942734.

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US–China economic ties have expanded substantially since China began reforming its economy and liberalizing its trade regime in the late 1970s. Total US–China merchandise trade rose from $2 billion in 1979 (when China’s economic reforms began) to $636 billion in 2017. China is currently the United States’ largest merchandise trading partner, its third-largest export market, and its biggest source of imports. There are multiple areas of disagreement that preceded the trade war. One ground is that China is buying off American assets. It is also alleged that China violates US patent rights. It is also stated by United States that China has restrictions on US companies entering certain areas in production in China. The scale at which US–China trade patterns are changing and ownership patterns of both countries’ MNCs are changing results in a mystification of trade data due to intra-firm trade imports and exports. This may be a major reason why apparent trade patterns do not clearly serve as a guide for commenting on policy wars. This study examines the patterns in the US–China exports, mutual imports, and current account balances over a nearly 25-year period, to form a view about whether the trade war is justified. The general methodology in this paper has been to use a set of semi-log growth equations that enable comparison of various trade-related variables between the United States and China. The method focuses on the long-term patterns before and after global financial crisis (GFC), in the two countries, with the help of a standard dummy variable model. In conclusion, the US claims seem to be unfounded when studied through the lens of long-term trade patterns between the two countries. China’s export performance is much better. The United States’ dependence on imports from China has fallen drastically. Finally, the current balance of payments (BoP) of the United States continues to remain highly negative; whereas, in spite of the setback due to the GFC, China’s BoP position all along continues to be positive.

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Wani, Dr Nassir Ul Haq, and Khatera Sadiqi. "Latency of Afghanistan-SAARC Merchandise Trade Relation: An Economic Evaluation." Kardan Journal of Economics and Manangement Sciences 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31841/kar2003.

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Zaka, Zuhra, and Mohammad Elyas Naseri. "Export Performance of Afghanistan-India Merchandise Trade: An Economic Evaluation." Kardan Journal of Economics and Manangement Sciences 4, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31841/kjems.2021.3.

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Walter, Bruce C. "Quality issues affecting the compilation of U.S. merchandise trade statistics." Statistical Journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 8, no. 1 (August 1, 1991): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sju-1991-8106.

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Oberoi, Sumit. "Dynamics of Trade Specialization and Trade Performance of ASEAN–India Free Trade Agreement." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 10, no. 01 (February 2019): 1950003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993319500030.

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In the present era of globalization, trade is always considered as an indispensable catalyst for the growth and development of any nation. The present study examines the trade performance and degree of trade specialization of India and ASEAN members for the pre- and post-AIFTA period at Harmonized Standard (HS) 6-digit level of product classification. The study evaluates the data sources viz. United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (UN COMTRADE), United Nation Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD) and trade map to evaluate the trade specialization of India and ASEAN members by using Lafay Index (LFi) approach. The present study found that though India experiences a shift from low specialized economy towards a more competitive and specialized one, still, it faces a competitive disadvantage from ASEAN members for distinctive industry levels. The study suggests that India should confront issues such as technological dissemination, diversification of merchandise manufactured, quality sophistication and reliability at different industry levels which constrain higher degree of trade specialization.

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Rose, Andrew K. "Do We Really Know That the WTO Increases Trade?" American Economic Review 94, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282804322970724.

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This paper estimates the effect on international trade of multilateral trade agreements—the World Trade Organization (WTO), its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) extended from rich countries to developing countries. I use a standard “gravity” model of bilateral merchandise trade and a large panel data set covering over 50 years and 175 countries. An extensive search reveals little evidence that countries joining or belonging to the GATT/WTO have different trade patterns from outsiders, though the GSP seems to have a strong effect.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Merchandise trade'

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