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Journal articles on the topic 'Mercerization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Nishimura, Hisao, and Anatole Sarko. "Mercerization of cellulose. IV. Mechanism of mercerization and crystallite sizes." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 33, no. 3 (February 20, 1987): 867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070330315.

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2

Liu, Jie, and Fumei Wang. "Influence of Mercerization on Micro-structure and Properties of Kapok Blended Yarns with Different Blending Ratios." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 6, no. 3 (September 2011): 155892501100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501100600308.

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To investigate the effect of mercerization on micro-structure and the properties of kapok/cotton blended yarns. FTIR spectra and x-ray diffraction (XRD) results, moisture regains and mechanical properties of blended yarns were compared before and after mercerization. The results show that mercerization treatment did not have an obvious effect on chemical compositions of cellulose, but did lead to decreasing on crystallinity of blended yarns, and transformed certain portion of cellulose I into cellulose II. When the NaOH concentration increased from 180g/L to 250 g/L, the strengths of blended yarns increased and elongations at breaking declined, and the extent of changes were lessened gradually with the increase of kapok fiber content, when the NaOH concentration further reached 280g/L, the strengths of blended yarns with high content of kapok fiber dropped dramatically, and elongations at breaking increased gradually, while hygroscopicities of blended yarns increased significantly. Different from cotton fiber, a more moderate alkali treatment condition should be chosen in mercerization process for kapok fiber.

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3

Wakida, Tomiji, Muncheul Lee, Sun Ji Park, and Aya Hayashi. "Hot Mercerization of Cottons." FIBER 58, no. 8 (2002): 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.58.304.

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4

El Oudiani, A., Y. Chaabouni, S. Msahli, and F. Sakli. "Mercerization ofAgave americanaL. fibers." Journal of the Textile Institute 103, no. 5 (May 2012): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2011.590010.

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5

El-Sayed, Ihab, and S. M. Saleh. "Effect of Spinning Systems on Properties of Dyed Egyptian Cotton Yarns after Mercerization Treatment." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 19, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-19-04-2015-b005.

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The effects that spinning technology and spinning parameters have on the color strength (K/S), strength, and breaking elongation of post dyed and mercerized yarns are investigated in this study. The emphasis of the study is on the selection of long stable Egyptian cotton varieties, namely Giza 80, Giza 86, and extra long stable Giza 92. The cotton samples are spun by using compact, ring, and open end spinning technologies. For the purpose of this study, different yarn counts and twist multipliers are used. The mechanical properties, such as the tensile strength and breaking elongation of the produced yarn are investigated and compared before and after the mercerization treatment (slack and tension), followed by a reactive dyeing process. All of the samples are prepared for dyeing after mercerization. The dyeing performance in terms of the K/S is studied. When the results are examined, it is found that the samples that have undergone (bleaching + slack mercerization + reactive dyeing) generally have higher K/S values than samples that have undergone (bleaching + tension mercerization + reactive dyeing) and (bleaching + non-mercerization + reactive dyeing) respectively. Open-end spun yarns have a higher K/S compared to the compact and ring spun yarns with the lowest count yarn and twist level. The strength percentages are higher for compact, then ring and finally open-end spun yarns respectively with tension mercerization. There is no noticeable difference in the elongation% for all of the treatment processes. The authors have used quality engineering reproducibility and repeatability (R&R) tools to guarantee the repeatability and reproducibility of the results in this research paper.

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6

Okano, T., and A. Sarko. "Mercerization of cellulose. II. Alkali–cellulose intermediates and a possible mercerization mechanism." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30, no. 1 (January 1985): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300128.

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7

Chowdhury, Muksit Ahamed, Sonia Hossain, and Konica Jannat Fatema. "Single Step Mercerization and Formaldehyde-Free Polyfunctional Finishing on Cotton Fabrics." AATCC Journal of Research 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.8.4.5.

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Mercerization, the treatment of cotton with concentrated sodium hydroxide under tension, is performed to enhance absorption, luster, strength and dimensional stability. After mercerization, the unreacted sodium hydroxide is neutralized with acids. Neutralization with polycarboxylic acids (PCAs) is likely not only to crosslink the cellulose molecules, but to also enhance other functional attributes like crease recovery behavior, flame retardancy, and soil release properties. In this research, four PCAs with different functional groups were used for fabric neutralization to merge mercerization and poly- functional finishing into one continuous process. The PCA treated fabrics were then assessed for their performance. All four PCAs were effective in improving crease recovery and soil release properties, and reducing the flammability, of the treated cotton fabric.

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8

da Silva Nicolau, Géssica, Ricardo Pondé Weber, Sergio Neves Monteiro, Gabriela Azevedo Loureiro, Amanda Assis Lavinsky, Letícia Vieira da Fonseca, Eduardo Gonçalves da Silva, Pedro Luiz Barrozo dos Santos, Rodrigo Pereira Abranches, and Vinícius Cordeiro Machado. "Influence of Mercerization Process on the Surface of Coconut Fiber for Composite Reinforcement." Materials Science Forum 1012 (October 2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1012.37.

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The high consumption of green coconut water, especially in tropical countries like Brazil, generates an aggravating factor to the environment, which is associated with the waste generated after its consumption. Thus, one of the possible ways of reusing the coconut shell after consumption is through the extraction of its fibers, which are considered for several applications. In general, natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) have been used for many purposes, such as reinforcement filler in composite materials, since they have low cost and good mechanical properties. With the intention of providing a better compatibility between the NLFs and the composite polymeric matrix, different types of surface treatments are carried out on the fibers, including mercerization, a chemical treatment in which a basic solution is used. In this sense, the present work aims to verify the influence of mercerization with 3% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on coconut fiber. Among the analyses carried out, stands the scanning electron microscope (SEM) on fresh and treated coconut fibers. The SEM analyses, allowed to observe that after treatment via mercerization, the fibers displayed a greater surface roughness. This indicates the partial removal of lignin, hemicellulose and some other extracts present on the outer layer of the coconut fiber. Therefore, mercerization will probably enable a better mechanical anchoring between fiber and matrix. Results obtained suggest the effectiveness of the mercerization process. However, it was also of concern that such treatment tends to generate NaOH residues, which is a negative factor regarding sustainability.

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9

Li, Dan Xi, and Quan Xiao Liu. "Characterization of Mercerized Straw Pulp Fiber." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.450.

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On the base of the former research of mercerization of pulp fibers, SEM, XRD and Automated Surface Area & Pore Size Analyzer were used to characterize surface morphology, crystalline property, and specific surface area and the pore size distribution of fibers. The results show that the fiber cell wall swelling, degree of crystallinity decrease and specific surface area and pore size distribution increase after mercerization.

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10

Revol, J. F., A. Dietrich, and D. A. I. Goring. "Effect of mercerization on the crystallite size and crystallinity index in cellulose from different sources." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 1724–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-288.

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Native cellulose samples having a wide range of crystallinity and crystallite size were mercerized by treatment with sodium hydroxide. The resultant cellulose II samples showed only a narrow range of crystallinity and an essentially constant crystallite size. For the low-crystallinity samples, crystallinity and crystallite size actually increased on mercerization. These results are in line with the proposal that mercerization involves the mingling of chains from adjacent and antiparallel cellulose I microfibrils to form cellulose II crystals of antiparallel chains.

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11

Zapata Londoño, Ximena, James Janderson Rosero Romo, and Hugo Armando Estupiñan Duran. "Comparison of Treatments by Mercerization and Plasma Glow Discharge on Residues of the Amazon Chestnut Shell (Bertholletia Excelsa)." Ingeniería e Investigación 42, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): e86698. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v42n1.86698.

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The chestnut shell from the Amazon region shared between Colombia, Brazil, and Perú is an abundant residue of the walnut used for obtaining food and cosmetic products. This residue is not yet usable due to the lack of knowledge of its properties and the environmental impact generated by its treatment through methods such as mercerization. This work presents the results of the characterization of Amazon chestnut shell residues treated by two methods, mercerization with NaOH solution and intense plasma discharge (Glow Discharge Plasma), in a reactor with argon gas in a 0,3-bar vacuum and discharge conditions of 80 mA and 600 s. The microstructural, morphological, topographic, and nanomechanical changes of the chestnut residues without treatment and with the two proposed treatments were evaluated by means of the µRaman, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy techniques. The results showed the effectiveness of the plasma method over the mercerization method at obtaining more crystalline cellulose structures due to the reduction of hemicellulose, lignin, and the aqueous phase of walnut shell waste.

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12

Tóth, T., J. Borsa, J. Reicher, P. Sallay, I. Sajó, and I. Tanczos. ""Mercerization" of Cotton with Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide." Textile Research Journal 73, no. 3 (March 2003): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051750307300313.

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13

Kim, Seung Il, Eui So Lee, and Heung Soo Yoon. "Mercerization in degassed sodium hydroxide solution." Fibers and Polymers 7, no. 2 (June 2006): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02908265.

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14

ZAHID, BILAL, MUHAMMAD ALI, MUHAMMAD ZUBAIR, and KAREEM MEHMOOD. "Effect of caustic treatment on cotton/modal blended fabric." Industria Textila 71, no. 05 (October 28, 2020): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.071.05.1726.

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Attempt has been made to assess the cotton/modal (60:40) blended woven fabric properties after mercerization with caustic lye of different strengths. Cotton/Modal (60:40) fabric was subjected to bulk mercerization process and subsequently dyed with reactive dyes. The colour strength, fastness properties (washing, staining and rubbing etc.), tensile and tear strength and shrinkage were characterized. The results of this study indicate that cotton/modal blended fabric that was considered in this study can be processed under similar conditions as those that are maintained for cotton fabrics generally and that the aforementioned properties are improved generally.

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15

Hussain, Zahid, Muhammad Qamar Tusief, Sharjeel Abid, Muhammad Tauseef Khawer, Nabeel Amin, and Mudassar Abbas. "Effect of Different Processing Stages on the Crystallinity % and Tensile Strength of 100% Cotton Fabric." Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences 59, no. 2 (June 24, 2016): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.59.2.2016.114.117.

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In this study, 100 % cotton fabric was used to check the impact on fabric crystallinity and tensile strength at different processing stages. Desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerization and resin (only resin & resin+softener) application were the processes performed on the fabric. X-Ray diffractometer and tensile strength tester were used to determine the crystallinity index (CI) and tensile strength, respectively. Results revealed that from scouring to mercerization crystallinity (CI) decreased while desizing and resin application treatments showed no significant impact on the crystallinity (CI). In case of tensile strength, a decreasing trend from desizing to resin application was observed.

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16

Kim, Min-Kun, Sung Hun Kim, Myungkyu Park, Sam Gon Ryu, and Hyunsook Jung. "Degradation of chemical warfare agents over cotton fabric functionalized with UiO-66-NH2." RSC Advances 8, no. 72 (2018): 41633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra06805d.

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17

Arévalo, César, David Manya, Victor Wong, Aldo Castillo, Hans Portilla, Juan Vega, and Alexander Vega. "Thermal stability of water fibers: effect of the alkaline treatment - aminopropyltrimetoxysilane [Estabilidad termica de fibras de aguaje: efecto del tratamiento alcalino – aminopropiltrimetoxysilano]." Journal of Sciences and Engineering 4, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32829/sej.v4i2.194.

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The present research evaluated the influence of the concentration of sodium hydroxide and aminopropyltrimethoxysilane on the thermal stability of the aguaje fibers. The fibers were extracted by manual immersion in water and subsequent separation by manual pressure. The NaOH concentrations were 5%, 10% and 15% w / v; while in the case of the silane coupling agent they were 1% and 1.5% v / v. The chemically treated fibers together with the control samples were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis evaluation, in addition, the variation of the humidity percentage, the chemical variation of the main functional groups of the fibers and the surface physical changes of the fibers were determined in a complementary way. The mercerization - silanization treatments increase the thermal degradation temperature of the aguaje fibers, in the conditions tested this increase was 3.89% in the best of cases (5% NaOH + 1.0 Silane). Regarding untreated fibers, mercerization - silanization treatments decrease the percentage of lost mass or degradation, in the best of cases this decrease in mass percentage was 26.85% (15% NaOH + 1.5 Silane), compared to fibers without treatment. Finally, mercerization-silanization treatments increase the percentages of cellulose present in the aguaje fibers evaluated, while the amount of extractives and lignin decrease, under the chemical treatment conditions carried out in the present research.

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18

Hashim, Mohd Yussni, Norazlina Ahmad, Mohd Nazrul Roslan, and Saparudin Ariffin. "Mercerization Treatment Conditions Effects on Kenaf Fiber Bundles Mean Diameter Variability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 670–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.670.

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The interest in utilizing natural fiber as reinforce in polymer composites has increased in recent years due to their advantages like availability, cheap, renewable, lightweight, and biodegradable. However, the main challenge of natural fiber to be used as reinforcement in polymer is their hydrophobic nature. One of the solutions is via chemical modification like mercerization treatment. In this study, the effect of alkali concentrations at 2 and 10 w/v %; and soaking temperature at 30°C and 80°C on a kenaf fiber bundles mean diameter was investigated. Untreated kenaf fiber was used as a control unit. Kenaf fiber diameter was measured using a Leica video analyzer. Microstructure change of kenaf fiber before and after mercerization treatment conditions was identified using JOEL scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, an interaction of alkali treatment conditions on kenaf fiber bundles mean diameter value was statistically analyzed using a commercially available statistical software package. The results showed that kenaf fiber bundle mean diameter was reduced by 30.12% to 42.92% after mercerization treatment. From analysis of variance, the main effect of alkali concentration value was 6.075 and the temperature value was 1.135. The main effect plots reveal that alkali concentration had a higher impact on mean diameter changes compared to soaking temperature factor.

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19

Ferro, Monica, Alberto Mannu, Walter Panzeri, Con H. J. Theeuwen, and Andrea Mele. "An Integrated Approach to Optimizing Cellulose Mercerization." Polymers 12, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071559.

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An integrated approach, based on quantitative transmission mode powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) combined with multivariate statistical analysis, has been applied to cellulose obtained from three different sources to correlate the mercerization degree and crystallinity with the cellulose type, temperature, and reaction time. The effects of the experimental conditions on the two outcomes were studied by design of experiments (DoE) and surface responding analysis (SRA) combined with principal component analysis (PCA). SRA showed a marked influence of the type of cellulose (wood cellulose from the kraft vs. sulfite process, WCK vs. WCS) on the conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II (CII%) during mercerization. A counterintuitive simultaneous effect of temperature and cellulose type was also highlighted. The data elaboration in the form of response surface plots provided an easy predictive tool for the optimum conditions to maximize the conversion. The simulation reported for WCK showed maximum conversion (96%) at 70 °C in 24 h with 18%wt NaOH.

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20

Yin, Yan Na, Quan Xiao Liu, and Yu Bin Lyu. "Mercerization and Characterization of Straw Pulp Fibers." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2645.

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Effects of mercerizing treatment on water-retention value of straw pulp fibers were discussed and the mercerizing treatment conditions were optimized. The best conditions of mercerizing treatment is NaOH concentration of 4mol/L, temperature of 40°C and processing time of 60min. SEM showed that the fiber cell wall swelling increase after mercerization.

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21

Nishiyama, Yoshiharu, and Takeshi Okano. "Morphological changes of ramie fiber during mercerization." Journal of Wood Science 44, no. 4 (August 1998): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00581312.

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22

Liew, Fui Kiew, Sinin Hamdan, Md Rezaur Rahman, Mohamad Rusop, Josephine Chang Hui Lai, Md Faruk Hossen, and Md Mizanur Rahman. "Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose from Green Bamboo by Chemical Treatment with Mechanical Process." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/212158.

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Bamboo cellulose was prepared by chemical process involving dewaxing, delignification, and mercerization process. Four samples namely, green bamboo fiber (GBF), dewaxed bamboo fiber (DBF), delignified bamboo fiber (DLBF), and cellulose fiber (CF) had been analysed. FTIR and TGA analysis confirmed the removal of hemicellulose and lignin at the end stage of the process. FTIR results reveal that the D-cellulose OH group occurred at 1639 cm−1region. SEM micrograph showed that mercerization leads to fibrillation and breakage of the fiber into smaller pieces which promote the effective surface area available for contact. Barrer, Joiyner, and Halenda (BJH) method confirmed that the effective surface area of CF is two times larger compared to GBF. CF showed the highest activation energy compared to GBF. It indicates that CF was thermally stable.

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23

Verma, Deepak, and Kheng Lim Goh. "Effect of Mercerization/Alkali Surface Treatment of Natural Fibres and Their Utilization in Polymer Composites: Mechanical and Morphological Studies." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 7 (July 4, 2021): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5070175.

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Environmental pollution, such as air, water, and soil pollution, has become the most serious issue. Soil pollution is a major concern as it generally affects the lands and makes them non-fertile. The main cause of soil pollution is agro-waste. It may be possible to mitigate the agro-waste pollution by re-utilizing this agro-waste, namely natural fibres (NFs), by blending into polymer-based material to reinforce the polymer composite. However, there are pros and cons to this approach. Consequently, the polymer composite materials fabricated using NFs are inferior to those polymer composites that are reinforced by, e.g., carbon or glass fibres from the mechanical properties’ perspectives. The limitations of utilizing natural fibres in polymer matrix are their high moisture absorption, resulting in high swelling rate and degradation, inferior resistance to fire and chemical, and inferior mechanical properties. In particular, the NF polymer composites exhibit inferior interfacial adhesion between the fibre and the matrix, which, if improved, ultimately overcome all the listed limitations and improve the mechanical properties of the developed composites. To improve the interfacial adhesion leading to the enhancement of the mechanical properties, optimum chemical treatment such as Alkalization/Mercerization of the fibres have been explored. This article discusses the Mercerization/Alkali surface treatment method for NFs and its effects on the fibres regarding the Mercerization/Alkali surface treatment method for NFs and its effect on the fibres regarding their utilization in the polymer composites, the morphological features, and mechanical properties of composites.

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24

d'Almeida, Ana L. F. S., João A. Melo Filho, and José R. M. d'Almeida. "Characterization of Raw and Treated Curaua Fibers to be Applied as Reinforcement in Composites." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.283.

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Lignocellulosic fibers present several advantages over synthetic fibers, such as low cost and biodegradability. In this work the tensile mechanical behavior of as-received and surface treated curaua fibers was analyzed. Mercerization and three different enzyme surface treatments were used. The tensile stress data were analyzed using the Weibull statistical distribution, and SEM was used to characterize the surface modifications caused by the treatments. The results show that mercerization causes an increase of the deformation capacity of the fibers. This result was attributed to the removal of hemicellulose, and to an increase of mobility of the internal fibrils. The increase of NaOH concentration at the alkali solution affects both the surface characteristics and the tensile properties. Solutions with more than 5%wt NaOH degraded the fibers. The enzyme treatments increase the tensile mechanical properties, but also increase their brittleness.

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25

Tang, Ai Min, and Jian Kang Song. "Comparative Study of Pretreatment and Maturing Methods on the Preparation of Cellulose/Magnetic Nanocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.175.

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Cellulose/magnetic nanocomposites were prepared by an ultrasound-assisted in-situ composition using cellulose fibers as matrices. The effects of pretreatment and maturing method on the composite efficiency were comparatively studied. Firstly the effects of ultrasound wave and mercerization pretreatment on the composite efficiency were investigated. Then the influences of ultrasound-assisted maturing on the composite efficiency were also discussed. Finally the nanocomposites’ structures were investigated by means of SEM, AFM and X-ray diffraction and the magnetic properties of the nanocomposites were determined by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Results showed that ultrasound wave pretreatment was more efficient for the in-situ composition compared to the mercerization pretreatment. The amount of magnetic particles (valued as mass fraction of Fe) for untreated, ultrasound wave treated and mercerization treated cellulose fibers were 6.70%, 7.67% and 3.14%, respectively. The mass fraction of Fe increased from 5.04% for the mechanical agitation-maturing prepared sample to 5.61% for the ultrasound-assisted maturing prepared sample. Both ultrasound pretreatment and ultrasound-assisted maturing can remarkably raise the composite efficiency and magnetic particles’ yields. This reveals that ultrasound wave assisted-maturing is an effective method to control both the size and the distribution of magnetic iron oxide within the composites. Cellulose/magnetic nano-composite fibers with ferrite particles in size between 10 nm to 100 nm were obtained. XRD analysis indicates that the iron oxide synthesized is mainly in the C phase of g-Fe2O3. SQUID results reveal that the ultrasound-assisted in-situ synthesized cellulose/magnetic nanocomposites are superparamagnetic.

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26

Corrêa, Ana Carolina, Vitor Brait Carmona, José Alexandre Simão, Fabio Galvani, José Manoel Marconcini, and Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso. "Cellulose Nanocrystals from Fibers of Macauba (Acrocomia Aculeata) and Gravata (Bromelia Balansae) from Brazilian Pantanal." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111785.

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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were obtained from macauba and gravata fibers. Macauba (or Bocaiuva) is a palm tree found throughout most of Brazil and Gravata is an abundant kind of bromelia with 1–2m long leaves, found in Brazilian Pantanal and Cerrado. The raw fibers of both fibers were mercerized with NaOH solutions and bleached; they were then submitted to acid hydrolysis using H2SO4 at 45 °C, varying the hydrolysis time from 15 up to 75 min. The fibers were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR Spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). XRD patterns did not present changes in the crystal structure of cellulose after mercerization, but it was observed a decrease of hemicellulose and lignin contents, and consequently an increase of cellulose content with the increase of NaOH solution concentration in the mercerization. After acid hydrolysis, the cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were also analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) which showed an acicular or rod-like aspect and nanometric dimensions of CNC from both fibers, but the higher values of aspect ratio (L/D) were found on CNC obtained from gravata after 45 min of acid hydrolysis. The mercerization and subsequent bleaching of fibers influenced the crystallinity index and thermal stability of the resulting CNC, but their properties are mainly influenced by the hydrolysis time, i. e., there is an increase in crystallinity and thermal stability up to 45 min of hydrolysis, after this time, both properties decrease, probably due to the cellulose degradation by the sulfuric acid.

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27

Nishimura, Hisao, and Anatole Sarko. "Mercerization of cellulose. III. Changes in crystallite sizes." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 33, no. 3 (February 20, 1987): 855–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070330314.

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28

Nishiyama, Yoshiharu, Shigenori Kuga, and Takeshi Okano. "Mechanism of mercerization revealed by X-ray diffraction." Journal of Wood Science 46, no. 6 (December 2000): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00765803.

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29

Ibrahim, Mohamad Ikhwan, Mohamad Zaki Hassan, Rozzeta Dolah, Mohd Zuhri Mohamed Yusoff, and Mohd Sapuan Salit. "Tensile behaviour for mercerization of single kenaf fiber." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 16, 2018): 437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n4.1099.

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A natural fiber including kenaf fibers that reinforce with polymeric composite has increased attention in the manufacturing industries. However, the poor adhesion between fiber and matrix are commonly encountered respectively to their compatibility nature namely hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Therefore, alkaline treatment has introduced to reduce the hydrophilic effect of natural fiber. This paper presents the treatment of single kenaf fibers following tensile test and predicted using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Here, the kenaf fibers were modified using NaOH at different solutions. Then, the single kenaf fiber was performed under ASTM D3379-89 standard. The results showed that kenaf fiber which treats with NaOH solution of 6% significantly offered the outstanding performance of the tensile behaviour.

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30

Cheek, Lenore, and Laura Roussel. "Mercerization of Ramie: Comparisons with Flax and Cotton." Textile Research Journal 59, no. 8 (August 1989): 478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758905900807.

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31

Cheek, Lenore, and Laura Roussel. "Mercerization of Ramie: Comparisons with Flax and Cotton." Textile Research Journal 59, no. 9 (September 1989): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758905900909.

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32

Niaz, Ahmad, and Kabir-Ud-Din Tahir. "Effect of Temperature of Alkali Solution on Mercerization." Textile Research Journal 59, no. 12 (December 1989): 772–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758905901214.

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33

Speakman, Peter. "Shirts and shish-kebabs; John Mercer and mercerization." Biochemical Education 19, no. 4 (October 1991): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(91)90101-d.

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34

Serkov, A. A., and L. A. Vol'f. "Oxidation of hemicellulose during the continuous mercerization process." Fibre Chemistry 16, no. 5 (1985): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00551378.

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35

Boylston, Eileen K. "Image Analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Light Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy of Mercerized Cotton Yarns." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 924–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600017943.

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Renewed interest in mercerization as a pre-treatment for textile finishing has led to research on the effects of temperature on this process. Mercerization, the swelling of cotton in caustic soda, causes changes in crystallinity from a Cellulose I structure to a Cellulose II structure, along with changes in fiber physical dimensions, increased dyeability, luster and tensile strength. These changes are differentiated by light microscopy, image analysis and FT-IR, and transmission electron microscopy. Cotton yarns were mercerized with an aqueous solution of 23% NaOH and 1% wetting agent. The yarns were treated for 1 hour at 0, 20, 60, 80, and 110° C, and washed in distilled water at the same temperature as the treatment bath. Rapid embeddment procedures have been developed for analyzing the effects of treatments on cotton fiber structure. Cotton fiber cross-sections were prepared for light microscopy/image analysis by encasing the fibers in a tube,1 embedding in mefhacrylate plastic (Fig. la), polymerizing for 30 minutes with UV, and sectioning.

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Liu, Quan Xiao, Dan Xi Li, and Wen Cai Xu. "Study on Mercerization Orthogonal Experiment of Coniferous Wood Pulp Fiber." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 454–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.454.

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Effects of mercerizing treatment on water-retention value of bleaching coniferous wood pulp fibers were discussed and the mercerizing treatment conditions were optimized. The best conditions of mercerizing treatment is NaOH concentration of 7mol/L, temperature of 40°C and processing time of 100min. SEM showed that the fiber cell wall swelling increase after mercerization.

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Ilyas, R. A., S. M. Sapuan, M. R. Ishak, and E. S. Zainudin. "Effect of delignification on the physical, thermal, chemical, and structural properties of sugar palm fibre." BioResources 12, no. 4 (October 4, 2017): 8734–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.8734-8754.

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Eco-friendly composites can be prepared by substituting man-made synthetic fibres with various types of cellulosic fibres. Sugar palm-derived nanocrystalline cellulose is a potential substitute. The most important factor in determining a good nanofiller reinforcement agent that can be used in composites is the character of the nanofiller itself, which is affected during a preliminary treatment. Thus, to gain better nanofiller properties, the delignification (NaClO2 and CH3COOH) and mercerization (NaOH) treatments must be optimized. The main objective of this study was to identify the effects of the delignification and mercerization treatments on sugar palm fibre (SPF). In addition, the characteristics of the SPF for the preparation of the hydrolysis treatment to produce nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) for reinforcement in polymer composites were examined. Sugar palm cellulose (SPC) was extracted from the SPF, and its structural composition, thermal stability, functional groups, and degree of crystallinity were determined via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The density, moisture content, chemical composition, and structure of the SPC were also analysed.

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Wakida, Tomiji, Muncheul Lee, Sun-Ji Park, and Masumi Saito. "Effect of Hot Mercerization on Liquid Ammonia Treated Cottons." FIBER 58, no. 5 (2002): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.58.185.

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Ghosh, S., and D. Dilanni. "Estimating the Degree of Mercerization using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy." Journal of The Textile Institute 85, no. 3 (January 1994): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405009408631276.

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Pavlov, P., and V. Makazchieva. "Comparison of ordinary and high-temperature mercerization of cellulose." Fibre Chemistry 24, no. 4 (1993): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00550853.

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Nadlene, R., S. M. Sapuan, M. Jawaid, and M. R. Ishak. "Mercerization Effect on Morphology and Tensile Properties of Roselle Fibre." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 955–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.955.

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Natural fibres are preferred compared to synthetic fibres because of several advantages such as biodegradable, lightweight, low cost and good mechanical properties. Roselle is one of the plants found to be suitable to be used to produce natural fibres. Although natural fiber reinforced composites are becoming widely used, several weaknesses such as lack of good interfacial adhesion, low melting point and poor resistance to moisture absorption are harmful to its further acceptance. Chemical treatment is a method that can improve the interfacial bonding, stop water absorption, clean the fibre and increase surface roughness. In this study, roselle fibres were immersed in Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with 3 different concentration (3, 6, and 9%). The results before and after treatment were compared. Scanning electron microscope was used to examine the surface morphology. Tensile properties of roselle fibre were performed to study the tensile properties. Results shows that the higher concentration of NaOH will increase the surface roughness and have higher ability to clean the fibre. For tensile properties, 6% of NaOH give the highest tensile strength. It can be concluded that, 6% of NaOH is the most suitable concentration to clean roselle fibre and while maintaining good tensile properties.

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Irklei, V. M., and A. Sh Goikhman. "Phase transitions in mercerization and alkali distribution in alkali cellulose." Fibre Chemistry 20, no. 1 (1988): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00544750.

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Biryukov, V. P., and I. Z. Lolenko. "Computer-controlling system in systems for controlling the mercerization process." Fibre Chemistry 22, no. 2 (1990): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00555736.

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Tan, Ivy A. W., W. H. WU, Ron A. Chan, and Leonard L. P. Lim. "Effect of Mercerization and Acetylation on Properties of Coconut Fiber and its Influence on Modified Bitumen." Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcest.128.2014.

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Coconut fiber, one of many types of natural fibers, is an agricultural waste which is left unutilized after the coconut fruits and juice are extracted. In this research, the effect of the different chemical treatments on the morphological, chemical and physical properties of coconut fiber and its influence on the properties of the modified bitumen were studied. The mercerization effectively altered the surface morphology and reduced the diameter of the coconut fiber. The waxy layer present on the surface of the coconut fiber was significantly reduced after mercerization. Acetylation reported minor reduction on the waxy layer and did not cause any significant changes on the diameter of the coconut fiber. The chemical characterization reported that the hemicelluloses were present only on the surface of the natural coconut fiber whereas the peak of Fourier Transform Infrared spectra associated with the presence of waxes was observed for natural and chemically treated coconut fibers. The bitumen modified with chemically treated coconut fibers exhibited lower penetration values and higher softening point. From the analyses of penetration value, softening point and penetration index, the bitumen modified with 10% NaOH and 50% CH3COOH treated coconut fibers resulted in enhanced properties for paving binders to be used in warmer region.

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Hassan, Mohamad Zaki, Siti Amni Roslan, S. M. Sapuan, Zainudin A. Rasid, Ariff Farhan Mohd Nor, Mohd Yusof Md Daud, Rozzeta Dolah, and Mohd Zuhri Mohamed Yusoff. "Mercerization Optimization of Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composite Structures Using a Box–Behnken Design." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061367.

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The objective of this research is to optimize the alkaline treatment variables, including sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration, soaking, and drying time, that influence the mechanical behavior of bamboo fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. In this study, a Box–Behnken design (BBD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to design an experiment to investigate the mercerization effect of bamboo fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. The evaluation of predicted tensile strength as a variable parameter of bamboo fiber (Bambusa vulgaris) reinforced epoxy composite structures was determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the quadratic model. In this study, a total of 17 experiment runs were measured and a significant regression for the coefficient between the variables was obtained. Further, the triangular and square core structures made of treated and untreated bamboo fiber-reinforced epoxy composites were tested under compressive loading. It was found that the optimum mercerization condition lies at 5.81 wt.% of the NaOH, after a soaking time of 3.99 h and a drying time of 72 h. This optimum alkaline treatment once again had a great effect on the structures whereby all the treated composite cores with square and triangular structures impressively outperformed the untreated bamboo structures. The treated triangular core of bamboo reinforced composites gave an outstanding performance compared to the treated and untreated square core composite structures for compressive loading and specific energy absorbing capability.

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Zheng, Lei, Yongxing Chen, Songwei Zhou, Yuchen Chen, Xingxing Wang, Xiaojun Wang, Lijuan Zhang, and Zhenguo Chen. "Nitrogen Removal for Liquid-Ammonia Mercerization Wastewater via Partial Nitritation/Anammox Based on Zeolite Sequencing Batch Reactor." Water 12, no. 8 (August 8, 2020): 2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082234.

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Liquid-ammonia mercerization is commonly used to enhance the quality of cotton fabric in the textile industry, resulting in a large amount of liquid-ammonia mercerization wastewater (LMWW) containing high concentration of ammonia to be disposed of. This study proposes a partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) process based on stable nitritation by a zeolite sequencing batch reactor (ZSBR) for the nitrogen removal of LMWW. The ZSBR could quickly achieve stably full nitritation with a nitrite accumulation ratio higher than 97% and an ammonia removal rate of 0.86 kg N·m−3·d−1 for the raw LMWW with an ammonia level of 1490 mg/L. In order to avoid anammox inhibition by free nitrous acid, the ZSBR was successfully changed to PN operation with diluted LMWW for effluent meeting anammox requirements. The next anammox reactor (an up-flow blanket filter (UBF)) realized a total nitrogen removal efficiency of 70.0% with a NLR (nitrogen loading rate) of 0.82 kg N·m−3·d−1 for LMWW. High-throughput sequencing analysis results indicated that Nitrosomonas and Candidatus Kuenenia were the dominant bacteria in ZSBR and UBF, respectively. All results revealed that the PN/A process based on ZSBR as the PN pretreatment process was feasible for LMWW, facilitating cost-effective and low-carbon nitrogen removal for LMWW treatment in the textile industry in the future.

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Vignesh, K. "Mercerization treatment parameter effect on coir fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite." Materials Research Express 5, no. 7 (July 13, 2018): 075303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aad034.

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Teli, Mangesh, and Akshay Jadhav. "Effect of Mercerization on the Properties of Pandanus Odorifer Lignocellulosic Fibre." IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering 04, no. 01 (January 2017): 07–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/019x-0401010715.

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Martins, Maria Alice, and Ines Joekes. "Tire rubber-sisal composites: Effect of mercerization and acetylation on reinforcement." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 89, no. 9 (June 13, 2003): 2507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.12285.

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Varka, E. M. A., G. Savidis, E. G. Tsatsaroni, and G. Elefteriadis. "Cellulose mercerization: Use of amino acid-glycerol ethers as wetting agents." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 113, no. 2 (July 15, 2009): 1120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.29972.

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