Dissertations / Theses: 'Mercenarie'

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CASIRAGHI, MATTEO CESARE MARIO. "CRACK TROOPS OR BLOODY KILLERS? STATES, POLITICAL PARTIES, AND MERCENARIES 1805-2017." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/714406.

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Addressing political attitudes toward mercenaries and contractors, this dissertation offers an original empirical contribution and a new theoretical framework to investigate international norms, and relations between political parties and private armed groups. I code and analyze all references to mercenaries and private military companies in the Italian and British Parliamentary debates from 1805 to 2017. Regarding the norm, I demonstrate that the anti-mercenary norm evolves through three critical moments. Between 1805 and 1945, an anti-mercenary moral norm is present to a relevant extent in politicians’ debates, though it does not consistently constrain states’ behavior. The norm is weak. Between 1945 and 1991, anti-mercenary sentiments start to decline, and all discussions about their operations are clearly distorted by Cold War dynamics. The norm is very weak and highly politicized. After 1991, the norm targets security contractors for a brief period, as negative references and moral attacks significantly decrease. The norm disappears. Concerning instead political parties’ attitudes toward mercenaries and contractors, I demonstrate that from 1945 to 1991 Cold War dynamics trump any other moral or functional consideration on mercenaries. In Italy, leftist parties are almost exclusively responsible for the aversion toward hired soldiers. Anti-Americanism, anti-colonialism, and fear of coups, emerge as the main drivers of political hostility. Conversely, British parties’ attitudes converge on a similar aversion, though the reasons behind the antagonism differ. While anti-communism dominates the Conservatives’ discourses, the Labour presents a more colorful picture, with Cold War-related antagonism emerging from the extreme left. Conversely, after 1991 the political and economic problems of privatization become protagonists in both countries, as Italian parties converge on comparable postures, whereas a more significant gap emerges in the United Kingdom. The results of this work produce insightful empirical and theoretical implications for the literature on mercenaries and contractors, on political parties and Foreign Policy, on the Cold War, and on international norms.

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Hillary, Gama Samuel Amule. "Mercenarism and the curbing of mercenary activity in Africa, 1990 to 2005 selected case studies /." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2010. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03112010-124730.

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Péré-Noguès, Sandra. "Mercenaires et mercenariat en Occident de la fin du Vème siècle au début du IIème siècle avant J. -C." Toulouse 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU20026.

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A partir des sources litteraires, archeologiques et epigraphiques, cette etude se propose de retracer l'histoire du mercenariat et des mercenaires en occident de la fin du veme siecle au debut du iieme siecle avant j. -c. Apres sa reapparition dans les cites grecques de sicile, cette pratique connut un essor remarquable aussi bien sur l'ile qu'a carthage. Ce developpement fut en fait favorise par plusieurs facteurs propres aux cites d'occident, comme leurs politiques << imperialistes >> en sicile, ou la tyrannie a syracuse. Le mercenariat devint rapidement un moyen efficace de controle territorial pour les empires punique et syracusain de sicile : les mercenaires furent sollicites pour occuper les zones de frontiere ou ils purent parfois s'installer de maniere definitive. Cette etude tente aussi de definir ce monde des mercenaires d'occident, monde tres heteroclite dans sa composition ethnique. Un point commun unissait tous ces hommes : leur fidelite fut toujours conditionnee par le paiement regulier de leur solde. Dans le cas contraire, les cites durent faire face a de graves revoltes, ou meme proposer d'autres formes de dedommagement. Sur le plan culturel, les mercenaires furent sans doute fascines par la culture grecque comme le revelent les documents archeologiques. Le mercenariat fut aussi a l'origine d'une evolution originale de la guerre dans le monde occidental. Les cites etaient souvent en quete de troupes specialisees, troupes recrutees dans les regions proches de la peninsule italique ou dans les regions barbares telle la peninsule iberique. La grece, notamment sparte, fut un terrain ideal de recrutement pour les generaux grecs ou carthaginois. Ainsi le mercenariat prit rapidement une dimension << institutionnelle >> a laquelle seule echappa rome.

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LaBreche, Timothy Merrick Clark. "Toxicity of Copper to Mercenaria mercenaria (Hard Clam)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46181.

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Toxicity of copper to larval Mercenaria mercenaria was evaluated with static non-renewal and continuous renewal methods that permitted daily observation of mortality, activity, development, and metamorphosis without subsampling. Clam larvae, 100 - 150 microns, were held for up to two weeks in small, 30 mm, sealed petri plates during static assays with excellent survival of control organisms, low evaporative losses, and relatively low between replicate variability. An eight day LC50 of 12 micrograms / liter for six day old organisms was determined as well as EC50s (active swimming). EC50s at 24 hours were as much as much as seven times lower than LC50s after 24 hours of exposure. Flow - through assays were conducted with a modified petri dish design. Two sections from opposing sides of a 30 mm petri dish were removed and covered with 35 micron polyester screening. This dish (organism dish) was placed in an outer catch dish that captured the effluent toxin as it passed through the screening and routed it to a catch bottle for water quality analysis. The toxicant feed line entered through the catch dish cover and slowly dripped toxin into the organism dish. Water quality in the flow - through assay remained excellent. Survival of control organisms in the flow - through assay was lower than in static assays, but metamorphosis was not delayed as had been observed in static assays. Data variability was low enough that statistical distinctions were made between the effects of copper on metamorphosis. A non-standard "M" shaped survival response was observed in all assays. The responses generating the "M" shaped response in the static petri assay were statistically different from each other. Activity, as judged by swimming, in organisms was not observed to follow the "M" shaped pattern. Instead, it decreased exponentially with increasing copper concentrations. Static experiments with unfed clams, observations of activity, and data from experiments in copper accumulation by algae led to a theory relating the unusual dose response to food consumption and its relationship to the effective dose of copper to which the larval clams were exposed.
Master of Science

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McCoy, Ayana M. "Examination of Mercenaria mercenaria as a host for Perkinsus marinus." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0009380.

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Jackson, Jonathan R. Swann David L. "Feasibility of hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, culture in Grand Bay, Alabama." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Fisheries_and_Allied_Aquacultures/Thesis/Jackson_Jonathan_49.pdf.

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Coufal, Leonard. "More than mercenaries? : mercenaries, Sierra Leone, and the rise of private military companies." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32347.

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The rise of Private Military Companies (PMCs) in the mid 1990s suggests a significant threat to the states' traditional control of force. The impact of these companies on Africa has yet to be fully investigated, and their roots in Africa's mercenary past are often ignored or misunderstood. Sierra Leone's experience with three companies, Gurkha Security Guards (GSG), Executive Outcomes (EO), and Sandline International provides an ideal setting in which to both explore and pinpoint the transformation of freelance mercenaries into modern PMCs. At the center of this debate is Peter Singer's suggestion that modem PMCs are something more than mercenaries. Globalization, private authority, and legitimacy theories provide both guides to such a study and explanatory tools helpful in understanding this radical development. While most observers rightly conclude that such companies are not a direct threat to the state's central role in international relations, or to its control of force, they nonetheless suggest a significant realignment of international relations. EO's success in both Angola and Sierra Leone came amid the company's all-out bid for legitimacy as a private provider of security on the African continent and on the international scene as well. In the final analysis, PMCs did gain significant acceptance, authority, and legitimacy in Sierra Leone, but whether this will transfer to a future for mercenaries in Africa is not decided yet. Most indicators suggest that large-scale PMCs will return as security providers in Africa. Because of this, these companies are indeed more than mercenaries.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

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Al-Sayed, Hashim Ahmed Yousif. "Population studies of a commercially fished bivalve, Mercenaria mercenaria (L), in Southampton Water." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328258.

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Longmire, Katherine Sara. "Effects Of Acidification And Salinity On Callinectes Sapidus, Mercenaria Mercenaria, And Their Interactions." W&M ScholarWorks, 2020. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1616444437.

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Ocean acidification (OA) coupled with other stressors, will be detrimental at the species and ecosystem levels. Decreased carbonate ion concentrations negatively impact calcifying species, yet the combined effects of OA and other stressors are less well known, and many studies disregard species interactions. Multi-species studies involving OA and other stressors are crucial to comprehend the full threat of OA. Understanding how OA interacts with other stressors to affect species responses is necessary for future management of exploited species in an altered ecosystem. The objectives of my study were to assess: 1) the effects of long-term exposure to decreased pH and salinity on juvenile blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) carapace strength and pinch force and juvenile hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) armor and growth; and 2) the blue crab and hard clam predator-prey interactions under low pH and salinity via filmed mesocosm trials. In 2018 and 2019, I held juvenile blue crab (n = 24–40; 50–80 mm carapace width) and juvenile hard clams (n = 112; 10–15 mm shell length) in mesocosms with crossed pH and salinity treatments for 10 – 11 weeks. I regularly monitored water quality and chemistry and measured clams weekly. After treatment exposure, I assessed crab carapace and claw strength using force meters and imaged clam shells using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for shell structure and ridge rugosity. In 2018, crab carapace strength increased with size, decreased with treatment exposure time, and was overall stronger after exposure to low pH. In 2019, crab carapace strength was weakest in the low-pH, high-salinity treatment and strongest in the low-pH, low-salinity treatment. In high-pH treatments, carapace strength was similar regardless of salinity. Claw pinch force also increased with size but was weaker in low-pH, in both 2018 and 2019. Moreover, male crabs in 2019 had stronger pinch force than females. Clam growth was negatively impacted by low pH in both years; however, salinity had a more negative impact in 2019 than in 2018. Clam survival followed a similar trend in both years, with survival being lowest in the low-pH, low-salinity treatment and highest in the control treatment. Deterioration of clam shell structure and ridge rugosity (indicative of damage) were also correlated, as both were greatest in the low-pH, low-salinity treatment and lowest in the control treatment. Finally, in 2019, filmed predator-prey mesocosm trials assessed the interaction between blue crabs and hard clams after treatment exposure. Low sample sizes precluded statistical analyses, but trends indicated there was no alteration in the predator-prey relationship under multiple stressors.

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Collins, Kevin G. "America's mercenaries war by proxy /." Fort Leavenworth, KS : U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 2006. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA479409.

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Ropp, Ann Janette. "Population Structure Of The Hard Clam, Mercenaria Mercenaria, Along The East Coast Of North America." W&M ScholarWorks, 2020. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1616444311.

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Virginia leads the nation in production of aquacultured hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758), with an estimated farm gate value of $38.8 million in 2018. Despite the high economic value, there are few genomic resources available to support the hard clam aquaculture industry.To develop effective genetic tools for industry, it is important to first understand population structure. Hard clams have a pelagic larval phase that allows for dispersal, but the level of genetic connectivity among populations is not well understood. This study used genotyping-by-sequencing to delineate the genetic stock structure of wild clams sampled along the East Coast of North America and identify a subset of informative loci for population discrimination. Samples were collected from 15 locations from Prince Edward Island, Canada, to South Carolina, USA. Following DNA isolation, 452 individuals were sequenced and 153,842 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. The SNP loci were filtered for quality control, resulting in a final dataset of 4,960 SNPs from 448 individuals that was analyzed to delineate population structure and quantify levels of genetic divergence among populations and levels of diversity within populations. Data provided evidence of five genetic breaks separating six genetically distinct populations; Canada, Maine, Massachusetts, Mid-Atlantic, Chesapeake Bay and the Carolinas. The use of next-generation sequencing markers in this study enabled identification of finer scale population structure than was previously recognized. Data were used to identify a subset of SNP markers capable of geographic discrimination and population assignment with 75–93% accuracy. This is the first study to assess population genetic structure of the economically important hard clam along a large portion of their native range with high resolution genomic markers.

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Beals, Carla Danielle. "Clearance rates and particle selectivity in the hard clam, mercenaria mercenaria, from warm water habitats." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0008841.

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Duncan, Patricia Lynn. "The use of Crab Meal as a Supplemental Food for Juvenile Hard Clams (Mercenaria mercenaria)." W&M ScholarWorks, 1986. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617572.

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Rookes, Stephen. "From the Bay of Pigs to Lake Tanganyika : non-state armed actors in the Congo crisis, 1960-1967." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20021.

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Alors que la République Démocratique du Congo devient indépendant en juin 1960 seulement quelques semaines après le pays va connaitre une crise politique et sociale qui va durer sept ans. Cette "crise du Congo" qui durera sept ans voit l'arrivée de mouvements sécessionnistes, de rébellions populaires et des forces militaires externes. Dans le cas de le province de Katanga, le moteur économique de la DRC, ces forces militaires externes sont composées de mercenaires européens, sud-africains et/ou rhodésiens embauchés et payés par les sociétés minières belges. Bien que les Nations-unies obligent le départ des mercenaires et arrivent à restaurer l'intégrité de la DRC, dès leur départ en 1963 le pays sombre de nouveau dans le désordre. En effet, une rébellion rurale d'inspiration marxiste et soutenue par la République Populaire de Chine gagne deux tiers du pays. Pire, en juillet 1964, la deuxième ville de la DRC, Stanleyville, est capturé par les forces rebelles et ces Simba menacent la vie de quelques centaines d'Européens, la plupart des citoyens belges.Pour les Etats-Unis qui tentent depuis quatre ans de faire régner la stabilité au Congo, les Simba représentent un vrai danger du fait de leur soutien par la Chine et d'autres pays africains radicaux. Aux yeux des Etats-Unis ce soutien signale que le communisme risque de prend pied dans l'Afrique centrale. En respect des idéologies telles que de Containment et de l'Effet Domino ce n'est pas une situation qui peut perdurer.En manque de forces armées capables de lutter efficacement contre les rebelles tout en gardant leur intervention secrète, les Etats-Unis forment une alliance avec la Belgique et une Armée nationale congolaise (ANC) renforcée par le retour de centaines de mercenaires blancs. D'ailleurs, les Etats-Unis fournissent leurs propres forces clandestines constituées d'exilés cubains recrutés par la CIA. Ces Exilés ont participé dans un nombre d'opérations clandestines montées par la CIA et, notamment, l'invasion de la Baie des Cochons qui visait à déposer Fidel Castro. En participant à ces opérations en avril 1961, ils rejoignent la liste de combattants anti-communistes utilisée par la CIA en Chine, et au Guatemala.Composé de pilotes d'avion et aussi d'une petite force commando, ces Exiles nommées collectivement le Makasi contribuent aux opérations qui visent à libérer Stanleyville et vaincre la rébellion. D'ailleurs, à partir de septembre 1965, une force navale composée d'Exilés va aussi mener des opérations sur le Lac Tanganyika. Ces opérations consistent empêcher l'arrivée dans les zones rebelles des vives et de munitions nécessaires pour la suite de la rébellion. Fournies par les pays tels que la Chine et l'Algérie, les forces rebelles reçoivent de l'aide de la part de Che Guevara. Envie de provoquer une révolution populaire en Afrique, Guevara restera au Congo que six mois. Sa présence dans ce pays ayant été vite détectée par les Etats-Unis, les Exilés cubains en sont avertis et considèrent que la guerre au Congo leur offre la possibilité de prendre une revanche sur Castro et la défaite à la Baie des Cochons
Whereas the Democratic Republic of the Congo became independent in June 1960 within a very short space of time the country will be torn apart by a series of secession and rebellions. In Katanga, secession is supported by the arrival of a mercenary army and the United Nations is sent to restore order by ridding the Congo of these foreign forces.The UN mission complete and its forces having been withdrawn by July 1963, the Congolese government will then be confronted by a popular rebellion in rural areas of the Congo. Supported by the People's Republic of China and radical African nations this communist-inspired rebellion makes rapid progress and soon two-thirds of the Congo is in the hands of the Simbas, the name adopted by the rebels. By August 1964 the Simbas have reached Stanleyville, the Congo's second largest city, and threaten to kill hundreds of mainly Belgian hostages. With the Congolese National Army being unfit to defeat the rebellion alone, it is reinforced by hundreds of white mercenaries. Seeing the rebellion and its communist support as a threat to its ideologies of Containment and the Domino Theory, the United States also provides military assistance in the shape of an air force and a small commando unit. Known collectively as the Makasi, these US covert forces comprise of Cuban Exiles recruited and paid by the CIA. Many of these Exiles took part in the Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961. These Exiles join the list of CIA covert forces who have taken part in secret operations in China and in Guatemala. They will be joined by more veterans of the failed invasion in 1965 when a naval force is created to patrol Lake Tanganyika. It is from here that rebel forces are being supplied with food and weapons provided by communist-bloc nations and supporters. Moreover, from April 1965, the rebel forces will also be joined by Che Guevara who has hopes of starting up a popular revolution in the heart of Africa. Guevara's presence in the Congo being rapidly detected by the US, the Exiles are informed and see the Congo as an opportunity to gain revenge for the Bay of Pigs

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Condon, Elizabeth Darrow. "Physiological Ecology of the Cultured Hard Clam, Mercenaria mercenaria: A Case Study in Cherrystone Inlet, Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617838.

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Brenton, Carolyn E. "Effect of storage temperatures on the microbiological quality, safety, and viability of quahog clams, Mercenaria mercenaria." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06112009-063149/.

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Marshall, Robert Donald. "The suitability of the Northumberland coast of Nova Scotia for the culture of the northern quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24204.pdf.

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Starbuck, Steven M. Jr. "The Toxicity of Ammonia to the Summer Flounder (Paralychtus Dentatus), Atlantic Silverside (Menidia Menidia), and Quahog Clam (Mercenaria Mercenaria)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9867.

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The toxicity of ammonia has become an issue in recent years, especially in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Currently, the EPA has set a chronic criterion of 0.035 mg/L (unionized ammonia). The chronic criterion is a four-day average concentration that cannot be exceeded more than once every three years. However, a lack of data exists on the toxicity of ammonia to saltwater organisms. Prior to this research, the chronic criterion was based on two saltwater and four freshwater organisms. This research was conducted to add additional data so more appropriate criteria may be set. Two saltwater fish, the Summer Flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), and the Atlantic Silverside (Menidia menidia) and one invertebrate, the Quahog Clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) were tested for acute toxicity to ammonia. The acute tests performed on the Summer Flounder (2 months old) were 48 and 96-hour tests performed in both synthetic seawater and natural seawater. Seven-day chronic tests were also performed on the Summer Flounder using synthetic seawater. Both 48 and 96-hour acute tests were performed on the Atlantic Silverside (10-14 days old.) using natural seawater. Both 48 and 96-hour acute tests were performed on the Quahog Clam (5mm shell height) using synthetic seawater. The 48-hour LC50s for the Summer Flounder in synthetic and natural seawater were 1.22 mg/L and 1.09 mg/L, respectively. The 96-hour LC50s for the Summer Flounder in synthetic and natural seawater were 1.07 mg/L and 0.889 mg/L, respectively. The 7-day chronic NOEC was 1.37 mg/L. The 48 and 96-hour LC50s for Atlantic Silverside in natural seawater were 1.52 mg/L and 1.18 mg/L, respectively. The 48 and 96-hour LC50s for Quahog Clam in synthetic seawater were 216 mg/L and 36.6 mg/L, respectively. The acute-chronic ratio for the Summer Flounder was 2.27. The refined chronic criterion was 0.081 mg/L based on this research and the research of others. Summer Flounder were more sensitive to ammonia in natural seawater than synthetic seawater. However, Atlantic Silverside showed no difference in sensitivity.
Master of Science

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Elsaesser, William Noland. "Influence of Diet on Element Incorporation in the Shells of Two Bivalve Molluscs: Argopecten irradians concentricus and Mercenaria mercenaria." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5010.

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Recently, biogenic carbonates have received much attention as potential proxies of environmental change; however, a major pathway of elemental incorporation is often overlooked when making interpretations or designing experiments. This research experimentally examines the influence of diet on elemental composition in juvenile shells of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians concentricus, and the northern quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria. Exploratory trials were conducted using Argopecten irradians concentricus juveniles fed different algal diets: Isochrysis, Chaetoceros, Pavlova, Tetraselmis, or a mix of all four in a 2:1:2:2 ratio. No differences between the left and right valves were revealed, thus, subsequent analysis of the dietary influence on shell chemistry utilized both valves. Only Mg/Ca and K/Ca were significantly different between the diet groups, though different influences were determined. Experiments with juvenile Mercenaria mercenaria compared shell chemistries among clams fed unicellular diets of Isochrysis sp. (CCMP1324), Pavlova pinguis (CCMP609), Chaetoceros mulleri (CCMP1316), Isochrysis sp. (CCMP1611) culture, Pavlova sp. (CCMP1209), or Chaetoceros galvestonensis (CCMP186), a mixed diet of all species in equal ratios (Mixed), or no food (starvation control). The results indicate that diet can influence shell chemistry either directly or indirectly, with degree of influence varying by diet and mollusc species. Additional information concerning the use of alternative element ratios and changes in the shell chemistry due to starvation-induced stress are also presented. Altogether, the present research provides valuable information concerning shell dynamics and potential diet-associated fluxes, thus demonstrating the need to consider the composition of dietary inputs when assessing environmental associations with elemental shell chemistries.

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Riera, Vargas Roger. "Relaciones militares y diplomáticas de Cartago en el Mediterráneo Occidental (410 - 221 a.n.e.)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/368211.

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La tesis doctoral que se presenta a continuación tiene como propósito investigar la red diplomática y las relaciones de índole militar que se establecieron en el Mediterráneo Occidental a través de la ciudad de Cartago. El marco cronológico se enmarca entre los siglos V y III a.n.e., coincidiendo con el momento de mayor apogeo político de la ciudad. Es, por tanto, un estudio de amplio espectro cronológico y espacial, que abarca este fenómeno desde sus inicios hasta su culminación en época de Aníbal, aunque sin entrar propiamente en ésta última. Este análisis histórico se realizará a través del estudio de varios aspectos: el mercenariado, los tratados diplomáticos, las alianzas políticas y el estudio de la guerra en su papel de motor histórico. La metodología que utilizaremos en el desarrollo de la investigación es de carácter multidisciplinar. Debido a la escasez de evidencias arqueológicas y literarias acerca de la civilización púnica -en comparación con otras culturas o periodos-, ésta parece ser la mejor vía de aproximación a su conocimiento histórico. Aun reconociendo un papel preponderante de la literatura clásica en el discurso que sigue, hemos tratado de explotar y combinar todos los datos posibles procedentes de la arqueología, la numismática, la epigrafía y la filología. Así, trataremos de organizar un discurso que armonice todos estos datos para satisfacer el objetivo final: demostrar la existencia de un Mare Punicum, antes que el Mare Nostrum. La investigación ha sido dividida en capítulos que abordan la problemática desde un área geográfica con entidad propia: el norte de África, Iberia, la Galia meridional, la península Itálica y Sicilia. Cada una de estas regiones albergó a un número heterogéneo de pueblos, todos ellos en distintas etapas de evolución cívica. A fin de poder analizar con rigor las relaciones de cada uno de estos pueblos con Cartago, los capítulos se dividen en tres bloques. El primero de ellos aporta una contextualización histórica y geográfica para todos aquellos pueblos, con especial hincapié en las relaciones que tuvieron con el comercio fenicio en épocas anteriores al siglo V. Posteriormente se analizan las relaciones militares y diplomáticas con el estado cartaginés en sí. Finalmente se extrapolan los resultados al contexto mediterráneo a fin de valorar la evolución de estas relaciones. Se aborda también la organización política y militar de la propia Cartago. Entendemos que si queremos analizar los fenómenos diplomático y mercenario, parece obvio que debamos conocer cuál era la naturaleza de estos aspectos en la entidad que los impulsó. Se trata fundamentalmente de temas poco conocidos y muy debatidos en el sino de la historiografía actual, que expondremos a debate. Finalmente el fenómeno en conjunto será analizado en un capítulo final, tratando de aportar una visión global y dinámica. Se incide también sobre la importancia de interpretar este proceso histórico como un fenómeno multipolar, y no como un patrimonio exclusivo cartaginés; mientras Cartago tejía su compleja y extensa red de alianzas, muchas otras ciudades, con mayor o menor fortuna, trataron de impulsar el mismo proceso. Roma, Siracusa o Masalia fueron algunas de ellas. Creemos que tan sólo conociendo las dinámicas, los objetivos y la evolución de todos estos territorios de forma conjunta, podremos entender muchos de los aspectos o episodios que no parecen explicarse por sí mismos, sin el contexto general adecuado.
The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the diplomatic network and military relations that were established in the Western Mediterranean by the city of Carthage. The chronological framework is defined between the 5th and 3rd centuries BCE, which coincides with the time of the city’s political peak. Thus, this paper will study a wide chronological and spatial spectrum, which spans this era from its beginnings until its culmination at the time of Hannibal (221), but without covering the latter fully. This historical analysis will be conducted by studying various aspects: mercenaries, diplomatic treaties, political alliances and the study of war in its role as a driving force of history. A multidisciplinary methodology will be used to develop this research. Due to the shortage of archaeological and literary artefacts pertaining to the Punic civilization, in comparison to other cultures and eras, this seems to be the best way to approach its historical discovery. Whilst recognising the prevailing role of classical literature in the following discourse, we have tried to utilise and combine all possible data originating from archaeology, numismatics, epigraphy and philology. In this way, we will try to arm a discourse that reconciles all the data in order to achieve the final objective: to prove the existence of a Mare Punicum, before a Mare Nostrum. The PhD dissertation has been divided into chapters that each address the core issue from a geographical region with its own identity: North Africa, Iberia, Southern Gaul, the Italian peninsula and Sicily. Each of these regions was home to a number of diverse peoples, all in different states of civic evolution. In order to thoroughly analyse the relations between each of these nations with Carthage, the chapters are divided into three segments. The first segment provides a historical and geographical context for all these nations with particular emphasis on the relationship they had with Phoenician trade prior to the 5th century. Subsequently, we will analyse military and diplomatic relations with the Carthaginian state itself. Finally, the results will be compared to a Mediterranean context with the aim of assessing the evolution of these relations. The political and military organization of Carthage is also addressed. We realise that if we wish to analyse diplomatic and mercenary phenomena, it seems clear that we should also discover what was the nature of these aspects in the organization that drove them. It essentially deals with issues that have been highly debated but where very little is known about in current historiography, which we will put forward for discussion. Lastly the phenomenon as a whole will be analysed in the final chapter, aiming to piece together a global and dynamic vision. It also has a direct bearing on the importance of interpreting this historical process as a multipolar phenomenon and not as an exclusive Carthaginian heritage. Whilst Carthage was weaving its complex and extensive network of alliances, many other cities for better or worse, were trying to fuel the same process. Rome, Syracuse and Massalia were among these. We believe that by merely discovering the dynamics, objectives and evolution of all these territories collectively, we will be able to understand many of the aspects or incidents that seemingly cannot be explained by themselves without the appropriate general context.

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Blackford, Grace. "Soldiers of Fortune: A qualitative study into the effects of military provider, Private Military Companies on the domestic sovereignty of fragile African nations." Thesis, Department of Government and International Relations, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27366.

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The global security environment is rapidly changing and dynamic, presenting an interesting challenge to nation states. This has created an industry for private security in which lower capacity states can increase their force, skills, and expertise on the combat front to effectively defeat an enemy. However, this industry presents a new challenge to the sovereignty of nations as it takes the military, which was previously a state-controlled institution and has opened it up to private influence. This thesis looks to explore whether Private Military Companies that provide direct military combat have a measurable negative impact upon the domestic sovereignty of an already fragile African state. To do this, the thesis first defines domestic sovereignty and the measurable aspects that will be analysed in each of the three case studies. These measurable aspects will be elite fragmentation, the ability to generate revenue from state assets, and territorial control. The three case studies analysed are Sierra Leone, Angola, and Nigeria. The thesis finds that when a nation hires with higher levels of elite fragmentation hires a Private Military Company then measurable negative effects on the nation’s ability to practice domestic sovereignty will occur. Further, the thesis discovers that when a nation with lower levels of elite fragmentation hires a Private Military Company there will be a neutral effect on the nation’s ability to practice domestic sovereignty.

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Hunterbrinker, Jan Willem. "Fromm Knechte und Garteteufel : Söldner als soziale Gruppe im 16 und 17 Jahrhundert." Paris, EPHE, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EPHEA001.

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Willner-Reid, Matthew. "Mercenaries, missionaries and misfits : competition in the 'aid marketplace' in Afghanistan." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3fea436f-50d7-4649-8c06-ffbf8efa5214.

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Both practitioners and academics have recently begun referring to humanitarian agencies operating within an active 'aid marketplace' in which limited funding pits actors against each other in pursuance of their own projects and wider aims. This thesis seeks to explore how the pressures of a competitive environment impact on the motivations and actions of aid actors at an individual and organizational level. Based on the common saying that aid workers are 'mercenaries, missionaries and misfits', I construct a typology of pressures (interest-based, altruistic, and bureaucratic), which, it is argued, can be used to explain and understand much of this competitive and collaborative behaviour. A particular focus of the thesis is the impact of these various influences on the process and politics of information transfer and discourse creation regarding the process of needs assessment, monitoring and evaluation. I explore all of these issues through the medium of a case study of UNHCR's interventions in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2015, and seek to provide a detailed history of the agency's activities, politics and challenges during this period. In particular I am interested in the motivations driving the agency's actions; the strategies it has employed to achieve its aims; the calculated narratives that it has crafted to justify its interventions and attract greater support; and the very different ways in which it has approached the needs of different categories of displaced people.

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Tadlock, Stephen Kyle. "Forging the Sword of Damocles: Memory, Mercenaries, and Monarchy on Sicily." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1522241831627667.

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Rolton, Anne. "Impacts of Karenia brevis on bivalve reproduction and early life history." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0002/document.

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Karenia brevis, le dinoflagellé produisant des brevetoxines (PbTx), est la principale espèce d’efflorescences d’algues toxiques dans le Golfe du Mexique. Les effets de cette algue sur Mercenaria mercenaria et Crassostrea virginica sont méconnus tandis que les efflorescences coïncident avec la période de reproduction de ces espèces. Ce projet avait pour but de déterminer les effets i) d’une exposition à K. brevis en laboratoire et naturelle de terrain sur les processus physiologiques associés à la reproduction de M. mercenaria et C. virginica, et ii) d’une exposition à K.brevis sur la qualité et le développement des gamètes, embryons et larve de ces espèces. Suite à l'exposition des adultes de clams et d’huîtres à K. brevis, les paramètres physiologiques de la reproduction ont été affectés. La présence de PbTx dans les tissus des gamètes et le potentiel transfert maternel de PbTx à la progénie via les ovocytes, pourraient avoir entraîné les effets négatifs observés lors du développement larvaire.Les effets négatifs similaires causés par l'exposition des stades précoces à différentes préparations de cellules de K. brevis suggèrent que d'autres composés toxiques, en plus de PbTx, pourraient être impliqués dans la toxicité et, que la majorité des effets délétères se produisent durant les divisions embryonnaires.Le clam et l’huître américaine sont sensibles à K. brevis. Les effets négatifs sur les adultes et jeunes stades de vie, combinés à une exposition quasi-annuelle aux efflorescences de K. brevis, pourraient engendrer des perturbations majeures sur le recrutement des populations de ces espèces importantes, et avoir des répercussions environnementales et économiques
The brevetoxin (PbTx) producing dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis is the most prevalent harmful algal bloom species in the Gulf of Mexico. The effects of this alga on Mercenaria mercenaria and Crassostrea virginica are poorly understood yet, blooms typically overlap with periods of reproduction and spawning in these species.The aims of this project were to determine the effects of i) laboratory and field exposure of K. brevis on the reproductive and related physiological processes of adult M. mercenaria and C. virginica and the quality of the offspring that were produced and ii) K. brevis exposure on gamete, embryo and larval development in these species.Following exposure of adult clams and oysters to K. brevis, negative effects were recorded on reproductive and physiological parameters. PbTx was recorded in gamete tissues, and maternal transfer of this PbTx to the offspring via the oocytes, may have resulted in the significant negative effects recorded on larval development up to the end of the lecithotrophic phase.The similar dose-dependent negative effects caused by direct exposure of gamete and early life stages to different cell preparations of K. brevis suggests that other toxic compounds in addition to PbTx may be involved in toxicity and, that the majority of negative effects occur during embryonic divisions.Hard clams and eastern oysters are susceptible to K. brevis exposure. The negative effects on adult and early life stages combined with the near- annual exposure to blooms of K. brevis could cause significant bottle-necks on the recruitment and population dynamics of these important species and, have wider reaching environmental and economic impacts

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Burschel, Peter. "Söldner im Nordwestdeutschland des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts : sozialgeschichtliche Studien /." Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35716594g.

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Zahar, Marie-Joëlle. "Fanatics, mercenaries, brigands-- and politicians, militia decision-making and civil conflict resolution." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ64704.pdf.

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Zahar, Marie-Joëlle. "Fanatics, mercenaries, brigands ... and politicians : militia decision-making and civil conflict resolution." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36742.

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When do militias---whose power, riches, and legitimacy depend on the continuation of civil wars---accept negotiated settlements? An unexplored and crucial dimension of militia decision-making is the process of militia institutionalization. Militias create institutions to improve their odds of winning the war and project legitimacy internally as well as externally.
Militia institutions affect the strategic choice of decision-makers. They create financial and organizational interests that modify the preferences of the militia leadership. The modified preferences increase the win-set of militia leaders at the negotiating table. Militia institutions also change the decision-making context. Institutions unleash three dynamics that decrease a militia's ability to withstand fluctuations in the military balance of forces. Institutions can lead to factionalism, increased visibility (and hence vulnerability to attack), and strains in relations with patrons.
Using the logic of two-level games, I argue that leaders evaluate peace settlements with an eye on two boards. Externally, they evaluate their position vis-a-vis other protagonists in the conflict. Internally, leaders are concerned with their positions in power. Institutionalization results in a tension between "raison de la revolution" (ideological motivations) and "raison d'institution" (institutional preservation). Embattled leaders who increasingly find it difficult to withstand changes in the balance of forces find that their institutional interests are better preserved by peace. They agree to compromise on their ideological preferences thus opening a window of opportunity for the attainment of sustainable peace settlements.
Employing the comparative case-study method, the dissertation examines the attitudes of the Lebanese Forces and the Bosnian Serbs respectively toward conflict-resolution schemes that sought to bring the Lebanese and Bosnian civil wars to an end.
By focusing on leaders' incentives to settle, the research allows us to predict a priori which settlements are more sustainable. Theoretically, it refines the concept of "ripeness" for negotiations by specifying both its intra-communal and its extra-communal dimensions. In terms of practical policy implications, the research argues that militias are prime candidates for the role of spoilers. Thus, it is important not only to understand their incentives to settle but also to craft peace agreements that give even such radical factions a vested interest in peace.

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Dupont, Chloe. "La participation de personnes privées à des opérations militaires : aspects juridiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAA005/document.

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La participation de personnes privées à des opérations militaires n’est pas récente et s’est longtemps illustrée par le phénomène des mercenaires, mais elle a pris beaucoup d’ampleur depuis les années 1990 et le recours à des sociétés militaires privées. Ces sociétés se voient confier des tâches qui ne sont pas directement liées au cœur de métier des armées étatiques, mais certaines d’entre elles peuvent concerner des prestations armées. Le recours à des personnes privées dans le cadre d’opérations militaires soulève de nombreuses difficultés juridiques. Il est en effet essentiel de déterminer le droit qui est applicable à ces personnes, qu’elles soient qualifiées de mercenaires ou qu’il s’agisse d’employés de sociétés militaires privées. La définition de leur statut est quant à elle fondamentale afin d’examiner la possibilité de retenir leur responsabilité en cas de nécessité. La question de la responsabilité des sociétés militaires privées elles-mêmes est également posée, tout comme celle, primordiale, de la responsabilité des États qui emploient de telles sociétés
Private persons whether individuals or legal entities have always taken part in military operations and the best and most famous example was the one of mercenaries. But, since the 1990’s, this participation has been renewed by the increasing activity of the private military companies. These companies have contracts for various tasks and some of them are directly linked to armed missions. The participation of private entities in military operations raises a lot of legal questions. It is necessary to as certain the law which will apply to them, whether they are mercenaries or employees of private military companies. The definition of their status is also crucial in order to determine the liability for their acts. Several fundamental questions arise not only as far the liability of these companies is concerned but also, and perhaps even more, as far as the liability of States employing these companies is concerned

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Messa, Guy Christian. "Recherches sur les armées des Attalides (ca. 260-133 av. J.-C.)." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA3010.

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L’observation du volume de la production scientifique de la période hellénistique révèle qu’un choix particulier est porté sur les grands royaumes fondés par les diadoques d’Alexandre le Grand. Ce choix n’est d’ailleurs guère fortuit. L’abondance des sources a sans doute contribué à la facile exhumation du passé de ces royaumes. Le royaume de Pergame dont nous nous donnons la charge de regarder pour la première fois de manière globale l’aspect militaire fait certes partie des grands royaumes hellénistique, mais n’a pas été fondé par l’un des proches généraux du conquérant macédonien. Philétairos, l’intendant de Lysimaque su tirer profit de la fortune colossale de 9 000 talents qui lui avait confié celui-ci. Avec la mort de Lysimaque en 281 av. J.-C. lors de la bataille de Couroupédion, la dynastie des Attalide commença son règne sur la modeste cité de Pergame. Par la suite, le pouvoir pergaménien pris de l’ampleur et en 188 av. J.-C., lors du traité d’Apamée, les Attalides par ailleurs grands alliés de Rome avaient une armée importante, comparable à celle du royaume lagide voire séleucide.Ayant réquisitionné les anciennes katoikiai séleucides, il est évident d’envisager qu’à cette période, les anciens mercenaires phalangistes séleucides se soient rangés sous l’autorité des nouveaux conquérants. Fautes de preuves tangibles, une prudence est à apporter à ces propos.Comme on a pu le constater tout au long de cette étude, en un siècle et demi de règne attalide, Pergame disposait d’une armée terrestre et maritime très dynamique qui repose essentiellement sur les mercenaires. Son intense activité diplomatique lui a en outre permis de signer plusieurs conventions d’assistance mutuelle en cas d’attaque militaire menaçant l’intégrité de Pergame avec les puissantes cités militaires d’alors à l’instar de Cyzique, Rhodes, etc. Cette coopération militaire complète le tableau global des capacités militaires attalides dont nous nous sommes donné la peine de reconstituer à des bribes de connaissances anciennement découvertes, mais surtout à la lumière de récentes découvertes
When we see the scientific production of the Hellenistic period, it’s reveals that a particular choice is focused on the greats kingdoms founded by Alexander the Great’s soldiers. This choice is not fortuitous. The abundance of sources has undoubtedly contributed to the easy exhumation of the past of these kingdoms. The kingdom of Pergamum, which we give ourselves to look the global military aspect is the first time, that one study takes all parts of military aspect of this kingdom. The particularity of Pergamon kingdom is that it was not founded by one of the generals of the Macedonian conqueror. Philetairos, a simple steward of Lysimachus was the founder of attalid dynasty which reigned in Pergamon after Lysimachus death in 281 BC during the Battle of Couroupedion. the attalid dynasty began its reign on the modest city of Pergamum but, it became powerful after many battles.In 188 BC, Pergamon became the most important city of Asia Minor and the principal Rome’s ally.At this time, Attalids’s armies the most importants in Asia continent.The katoikiai of seleucid kingdom became attalids proporties. This’s why we can suggest that Pergamon armies had phalanx mercenaries. However, we can’t say more for lack of evidence.In a century and a half of attalid rule, Pergamon had a very dynamic land and sea army based essentially on mercenaries. His intense diplomatic activity also enabled him to sign several conventions of mutual assistance in the event of a military attack threatening the integrity of Pergamon with the powerful military cities like Cyzique, Rhodes... This military cooperation completes the general aspect of the attalids armies. To succeed, the olds knowledge and speciality the recent discoveries have been a great contribution

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Krimsky, Lisa S. "Recruitment processes in the Florida stone crab, Menippe mercenaria the role of early life history stages /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 118 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1601514121&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Layeb, Allaoua. "The development of international law in relation to the legal status of mercenaries." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407241.

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Fields, Nicholas. "The anatomy of a mercenary from Archilochoas to Alexander /." Thesis, Online version, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.308367.

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Blastenbrei, Peter. "Die Sforza und ihr Heer : Studien zur Struktur-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des Söldnerwesens in der italienischen Frührenaissance /." Heidelberg : C. Winter, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35628182w.

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Petersen, Karsten Skjold. "Geworbne krigskarle : hvervede soldater i Danmark 1774-1803 /." København : Museum Tusculanum : Tøjhuset, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb392027967.

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Heide, Viktor, and Björn Johansson. "Door openers, bridges and mercenaries : A thesis about Swedish International New Ventures internationalization process." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-36799.

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The purpose of this thesis is to see how home networks and relationships are involved in the internationalization process of INVs. Therefore we will investigate how INVs are affected and use their home networks/relationships and to reach this purpose we have formulated two research questions:  What roles do relationships and networks on the home market have for Swedish INVs internationalization?  How do Swedish INVs use domestic relationships and their home network when internationalizing? The theoretical framework thus includes INV theory in order to categorize the case companies, networks and relations theory to see if different types of INVs respond differently to their different types of networks and international entrepreneurship theory as a higher theoretical lens to analyse the entrepreneurial behaviour. The methodology is qualitative and has an abductive approach, combined with a multiple case study on six companies which fall under the INV category. We have divided the gathered empirical data and analysed the cases where empirical data will be interpreted with the theoretical framework. The study’s conclusion indicates that INVs use their home networks/relationships as door openers to foreign markets. We then present the theoretical gap we found within the field of research and the theoretical contribution we found as well as suggestions for further research and managerial implications for practicing managers.

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Brown, Matthew David. "Impious adventurers? : mercenaries, honour and patriotism in the Wars of Independence in Gran Colombia." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446686/.

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This is a study of the British and Irish mercenaries who travelled to Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador to fight in Simon Bolivar's armies against Spanish rule in the years 1810-1830. It revises conventional assumptions about foreign involvement in the Independence of Gran Colombia by situating the mercenaries within contemporary debates on the changing nature of honour, patriotism and military service. The thesis revisits the original sources of historians like Hasbrouck, Cuervo Maquez and Lambert, and uses new sources such as novels, rumours expressed in prisoners' testimonies, petitions, personal correspondence, criminal court proceedings, and personal diaries. It is based on archival research in Spain, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. A database of 40% of the adventurers provides the statistical background (lacking in all previous studies) for the subsequent discussions. It contains information regarding name, national and regional origin, rank, age, military experience, marriage, literacy, and subsequent career or manner of death. The thesis demonstrates how this large influx of external actors was a catalyst for change in the conceptualisation of the Wars of Independence. Hispanic American ideas of race, nation, honour and patriotism had to be reassessed when fighting alongside these foreigners. Revising the conventional understanding of the mercenaries as brave British veterans of the Napoleonic Wars, the thesis demonstrates the lack of military experience of the majority of the foreign soldiers, and illustrates the way that they conceived of themselves as adventurers, seeking fortune and opportunity in a new and unknown world. It dissects the practicalities of adventuring, showing how race, class and gender shaped encounters with local people. As such, the thesis builds upon the developing historiography of the Independence of Hispanic America and upon new work on British imperial history, and shows how foreign involvement in the Wars was much more than just economic or diplomatic. Encounters with foreigners, at a crucial moment in the formation of nascent collective identities, contributed to the evolution of a unique postcolonial society, in which conceptions of honour, service, patriotism and citizenship were substantially altered.

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Blackburn, Robert M. (Robert Michael). "Mercenaries in Service to America: The "More Flags" Foreign Policy of the United States." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332519/.

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On 23 April 1964, five months after assuming the office of President of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson launched the "More Flags" program as United States policy. While the publicly stated purpose of.the "More Flags" program was to obtain as much non-military free world aid for the Republic of Vietnam as possible, the program's principle goal centered around Lyndon Johnson's desire to obtain an international consensus for America's policies toward Vietnam and Southeast Asia. The "More Flags" program continued to serve both goals for the remainder of Johnson's presidency. Although started with high expectations of success, the "More Flags" program never succeeded in achieving the levels of international cooperation Lyndon Johnson desired. In fact, the program's significant lack of success necessitated a number of changes, during the program's first year, in both its stated goals and in the methods used to prosecute it's implementation. The most important of these changes would be Washington's use of the program's beneficent objectives to mask it's use as the means through which the United States would purchase mercenary troops to fight in South Vietnam. "Mercenaries in Service to America: The 'More Flags' Foreign Policy of the United States," presents the available history of the "More Flags" program during the years of the Johnson Presidency, with an emphasis on the documentation of the program's use as a disguise for America's obtaining mercenary forces from the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand. The non-mercenary troop contributions from Australia and New Zealand are likewise examined. The majority of documentary evidence comes from the original sources documents in the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library in Austin, Texas.

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Bush, Andrew Milton. "Time-Averaging and Morphology: Variability in Modern Populations and Fossil Assemblages of Mercenaria (Bivalvia)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34912.

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The morphologic variability of a fossil assemblage is of interest in many paleontological studies. However, many fossil assemblages are time-averaged; that is, many generations of non-contemporaneous organisms are mixed into the same fossil bed. Assemblages of robust mollusk shells deposited in nearshore marine environments are often time-averaged over 100's to 1000's of years. Mixing many generations of a taxon can increase measured morphologic variability over that of a single generation if morphology is changing during the interval of time-averaging. If morphology is changing, time-averaging can also alter observed correlations between morphologic variables, as well as allometric growth patterns. If morphology is static, then time-averaging will not increase variability or otherwise obscure patterns of morphologic variability. Testing the effects of time-averaging on morphology will help determine the reliability of information derived from the fossil record.

In this study, morphologic variability was compared between 6 standing crop, living populations of Mercenaria campechiensis (Bivalvia) and two fossil assemblages of M. campechiensis and M. permagna. One fossil sample was collected as a series of superposed units that could be analyzed individually or in aggregate. The x,y coordinates of 13 landmarks and pseudolandmarks were recorded on over 600 valves, and variability was calculated using Least Squares Procrustes Analysis. Once corrections were made for allometry, the variabilities of the samples drawn from single time-averaged fossil beds were indistinguishable from the variabilities of the recent samples. For this data set, the variabilities of the fossil samples could be used without reservation to estimate the variability of the standing crop populations from which they formed. Morphology was quite stable over the 100's to 1000's of years that likely passed as the assemblages accumulated.

A small amount of analytical time-averaging of the samples increases variability slightly, but additional analytical time-averaging causes no further increase. Very slight morphologic fluctuations are evident at time spans exceeding 100's to 1000's of years. Lumping geographically separated samples and samples of different species also increases variability.

Morphologic stasis is evident in Mercenaria over 100's to 1000's of years, but previous studies have indicated that evolutionary rates over this time frame are typically high. These studies are based on colonization events, however, and are biased towards high rates. Data gathered here and in previous studies suggest that local populations may evolve rapidly at their founding, but that stasis follows this initial burst of change. This model describes a pattern similar to Punctuated Equilibrium at a lower level of the genealogical hierarchy, and is here termed "Punctuated Equilibrium, Jr." This model can be further tested in empirical studies and should aid in determining the causes of species-level evolutionary patterns.
Master of Science

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40

Trundle, Matthew Freeman. "The classical Greek mercenary and his relationship to the polis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ30177.pdf.

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Giusto, Sabrina <1988&gt. "Propuesta de traducción y análisis traductológico de "Cuando éramos honrados mercenarios"." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1602.

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Este trabajo consta de una propuesta de traducción al italiano de una parte del libro "Cuando éramos honrados mercenarios" de Arturo Pérez-Reverte, obra formada por una recopilación de artículos sobre varios temas personales del autor y de actualidad. Después, se ha elaborado un análisis traductológico donde se comentan los métodos y las elecciones estilísticas elegidos, con una detallada referencia bibliográfica de los autores que han sido importantes para el desarrollo de dicho trabajo. Por último, se ha puesto la bibliografía y la sitiografía del material consultado.

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Malebranche, Mark R. II. "The galloping Hessian of the hollow| The search for early American identity through foreign mercenaries." Thesis, California State University, Fullerton, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10099257.

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The subject of an American national identity has been a source of debate for centuries. Some argue it had naturally evolved by the time of the American Revolution while others argue there was no cohesive “American” people at the time of the war. By looking at the ways in which the American colonists interpreted the presence of the Hessian soldiers contracted by the British government during the struggle, this conversation can be continued in a new and unique way. The Hessians themselves have often been ignored by the historical record, though studying these men reveals that at the time of the American Revolution, the colonists remained divided and were rather a collection of different peoples.

I approach this study by looking primarily at the wartime press of New York and Pennsylvania, put in context with the events of the Revolution, along with some of the early American historians (Mercy Otis Warren, David Ramsay, John Marshall, and Washington Irving) writing in the decades following the Treaty of Paris. Differences and similarities in the ways they discussed the Hessian involvement during the American Revolution reveal a lack of cohesive identity during and in the decades following the war.

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43

Powell, Matthew G. "Morphometric Characterization of a Mercenaria spp. (Bivalvia) Hybrid Zone: Paleontological and Evolutionary Implications." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33094.

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Paleontological documentation of hybridization events has the potential to address a multitude of evolutionary and paleobiological issues unanswerable by purely biological means. However, previous studies of modern hybrids suggest that their morphology is often insufficient for their reliable discrimination. This study analyzes the morphology of an extant, genetically-identified Mercenaria spp. (Bivalvia: Veneridae) hybrid zone using Bookstein coordinates and multivariate methods to answer two questions: (1) can hybrid Mercenaria spp. individuals be identified based on morphology alone, and (2) would a Mercenaria spp. hybrid zone be recognizable in the fossil record?

Multivariate statistical procedures (principal components analysis, canonical variate analysis, etc.) using Bookstein coordinates demonstrate that, within the hybrid zone, hybrid individuals cannot be identified due to extreme overlap with the parental taxa. The hybrid zone as a whole, however, can be identified by comparison with pure-species populations sampled from outside the hybrid zone. Hybrid zones occupy parental species morphospace plus intermediate morphospace. The technique of using multiple pure-species populations to establish species morphospace is introduced to control for processes that may also result in morphological intermediates at ecological time scales (dimorphism, ecophenotypy, and geographic variation). Four alternative causal explanations of morphological intermediates through geological time (primary intergradation, uncoupled genetic and morphological divergence, time-averaged evolving populations, and developmentally instable populations) are evaluated. A literature survey strongly suggests that neither time-averaging nor developmental instability is occurring at the beginning of a lineageâ s evolutionary history, and that hybridization may be much more extensive than paleontological data suggest.
Master of Science

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Selzer, Stephan. "Deutsche Söldner im Italien des Trecento /." Tübingen : M. Niemeyer, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38867090k.

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45

Feldman, William Brand. "War and privatization : a moral theory of private protective agencies, militias, contractors, military firms, and mercenaries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:843f0118-f6bd-419c-bf11-ce05a2ff43de.

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This thesis investigates the moral permissibility of military privatization. My analysis focuses on two distinct concepts: the authorization of war and the supply of war. Entities that authorize war decide that military force will be used and by whom; entities that supply war then execute the various tasks that have been authorized for performance. Part I argues that private actors may not justifiably authorize war. The reason is that, in so doing, they would impose considerable risks on individuals who lack a say in authorization—particularly fellow countrymen who may suffer from retaliatory military action—and we ought not to impose considerable risks on individuals who lack such a say. Public actors have a right, and indeed a duty, to prevent private actors from authorizing military force. Moreover, public actors have a further duty to authorize military force when their constituents are threatened. Part II then seeks to show that public actors who authorize military force may rely upon private contractors to an extent in military supply. Public actors may not rely upon private contractors to exercise command. The reason is that commanders must be able to punish their subordinates in intrusive ways (e.g. imprisonment) to ensure the prosecution of just wars. Such intrusive forms of punishment should only be dispensed by public actors. In addition, public actors may not rely upon private contractors to serve above commanders on the chain of command. Such high-ranking military officers exercise substantial political power over civilian decisions of military authorization and supply; moreover, these officers make weighty decisions in battle that substantially affect the well-being of others. Public actors, however, should be permitted to rely upon private contractors to serve below military commanders on the chain of command in rank-and-file military roles so long as these contractors are properly constrained and regulated.

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Fallah, Katherine. "Making War and Making Law: The Generation of International Legal Norms to Regulate Private Military Violence." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16632.

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Private military violence occupies a space at the periphery of international law, uncomfortably straddling the lines between the public and the private, the domestic and the international, armed conflict and law enforcement, civilian and combatant, and even personnel and materiel. This thesis approaches the problem of private military violence by considering how international humanitarian law’s inner boundaries and core categories shape and constrain ongoing efforts to regulate the industry. It argues that private contractors, like other non-State actors in war, challenge some of the core assumptions of international law and expose critical contradictions in international law’s execution of its humanitarian project. In questioning the sharpness of three of international humanitarian law’s core distinctions, this study of private military contractors provides an entry point for a deeper critique of the laws of war. Given the position of contractors at the periphery of international law, the ongoing contest over their legitimacy offers important insights into the ways in which the international regulation of warfare involves strategic, normative decisions about the privileging and ranking of different forms of violence. This study considers the place of private military contractors in international law’s ordering of irregular violence. The thesis argues that, like other international actors, the private military industry exploits international law’s inner boundaries and contradictions, using them as manoeuvring tools to position themselves as legitimate actors in armed conflict. I build on the work of critical scholars such as David Kennedy and Nathaniel Berman to challenge international law’s claims to universality and objectivity. I argue that by their structure and content, the laws of war systematically privilege some actors while stigmatising others, and that contractors have proven remarkably successful at positioning themselves on the side of privilege. I conclude that the regulatory exercise has been caught between competing impulses to disavow and normalise commercial violence in war.

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Sandel, Michael. "Justicia. ¿Hacemos lo que debemos? ¿Mercenarios? y Embarazos de pago. Episodio 5." Harvard University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625710.

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Justicia. ¿Hacemos lo que debemos? Un curso de la Universidad de Harvard subtitulado por el Centro de Servicios de Traducción de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas.
Cada uno de los episodios contiene dos sesiones dialogadas por el profesor Michael J. Sandel y sus estudiantes.

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Gommans, Jos. "Horse-traders, mercenaries and princes : the formation of the Indo-Afghan empire in the eighteenth century /." Leiden (Pays-Bas) : Rijksuniversiteit van Leiden, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb366849230.

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Buresi, Dominique Antoine. "La Corse militaire sous l'Ancien Régime de la Renaissance à la Révolution : du mercenaire au soldat." Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR2018/document.

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L’étude de la Corse militaire de la Renaissance à la fin de l’Ancien Régime, dont l’île est la dernière acquisition, éclaire le long parcours qui mène à cette conclusion. La société corse à vocation guerrière trouve son exutoire aux Temps modernes. L’émigration militaire devient un choix privilégié dans l’Italie des princes et des papes. À la faveur des guerres, ces mercenaires entrent au service des Valois, qui installent dans l’île une éphémère domination. Né de cet échec, le régiment d’Ornano pérennise le service français des Corses de 1569 à 1626. Mais seuls les besoins de la guerre sous Louis XIV justifient la levée d’un régiment corse. Au XVIIIe siècle la conjonction de la révolte insulaire et des ambitions françaises amène Louis XV à créer un régiment que d’autres suivront après 1769. Les notables corses saisissent cette opportunité, qui leur ouvre les rangs de sa noblesse et offre aux rebelles un refuge contre les persécutions génoises. Gênes ayant investi le roi de l’administration de l’île, certains vont prêter la main à sa soumission. Cette allégeance, qui rompt le lien de l’italianité, contribue à inscrire la Corse dans l’obsolète société d’ordres
The story of the Corsican military of the Renaissance period at the end of the old regime, the Corsican island was the last acquisition, giving an insight into the long path leading to this conclusion. The Corsican society of warrior vocation finds its exalting cry in modern times. The military emigration became a privileged choice in the Italy of princes and popes. Thanks to wars, these mercenaries entered the service of the Valois, establishing an ephemeral domination on the island. Born of this failure, the Ornano regiment continued the French Corsican service from 1569 to 1626. However the war needs alone under Louis XIV justified the recruitement of Corsican regiment. In the XVIIIth. century, the combination of the island revolution with French ambitions led Louis XV to create a regiment which would be maintained after 1769. This opportunity offered the Corsican upper class a noble title and at the same times a refuge against Genoan persecutions. The Island governor elected by Gênes would be find solid support. This allegiance, broke the Italian umbilical cord, and offered Corsica a foothold in the threefold state order, to become progressively obsolete

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Trim, David. "Fighting 'Jacob's warres' : English and Welsh mercenaries in the European wars of religion : France and the Netherlands." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2003. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/fighting-jacobs-warres--english-and-welsh-mercenaries-in-the-european-wars-of-religion--france-and-the-netherlands(5fd2257b-d13b-42c5-871d-ba3ace9f786f).html.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mercenarie'

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