Relevant bibliographies by topics / Mercenarie

Academic literature on the topic 'Mercenarie'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Mercenarie"

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Петров, Владислав, and Vladislav Petrov. "Psychological characteristics of the activities of private military companies." Applied psychology and pedagogy 3, no. 3 (July 2, 2018): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5b1ee0e6b670a3.92123818.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of psychological characteristics of private military companies. The phenomena "private military company" and "mercenary" are considered. The Genesis of mercenary activity in the military sphere is investigated. Systematized main modern function of hired troops, as well as the psychological characteristics of mercenarism. The limitations of scientific researches in the field of psychology of activity of private military companies are shown. The author substantiates the thesis that the mercenary is permeated with psychological problems. To improve the military-professional activity of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation the author substantiates the need to develop a wide range of scientific and applied issues, such as the personality of mercenaries, the system of motivating the activities of mercenaries, the specifics of interpersonal relations among mercenaries, etc. the Study of psychological aspects of mercenaries will create additional advantages of domestic military psychology, as well as improve psychological work with the military.
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Hovhannisyan, Davit, and Shushan Kyureghyan. "The Transformation of Mercenarism From its Origin to the Present." Analytical Bulletin 15 (December 27, 2022): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.56673/18294502-22.15-31.

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The article aims to present the phenomenon of "mercenarism" in the context of historical developments and to show how the essence of mercenarism and its perception has been changing since its emergence. The article specifically mentions that mercenary activities started in ancient times and have reached our days with certain transformations. For centuries, it served to solve specific problems and was considered not only a natural but often an honorable activity. The article discusses the specifics of mercenarism in different periods of history, changes in recruitment methods and the legality of mercenaries’ and employers’ actions. The research also examines the scope of international laws condemning the phenomenon of mercenarism and the need for their revision.
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Chesterman, Simon. "Dogs of War or Jackals of Terror? Foreign Fighters and Mercenaries in International Law." International Community Law Review 18, no. 5 (December 8, 2016): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341338.

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The threat of “blowback” from foreign fighters, unaffiliated volunteers who join an insurgency in a distant land, has led states to explore a variety of normative mechanisms. Among these is the international legal regime applicable to mercenaries. This short paper considers the evolution of mercenarism and the efforts to regulate it. Attempts to fit foreign fighters into that normative category are unlikely to succeed. In part this is due to the question of motivation, which is central to most definitions of mercenary and focuses on private gain. But it is also linked to the reasons for regulation in the first place: mercenaries are seen as threats in the states to which they travel, while foreign fighters are primarily deemed threats by the states to which they might return.
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Nebolsina, M. A. "Mercenaries as a political Tool of World Powers in the Congo Сrisis of 1960–1967." Journal of International Analytics, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2018-0-1-52-64.

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The period of national liberation movements was marked by a struggle for political influence between world powers in the rich newly independent countries. The Congo crisis was the first to witness such an intense use of mercenaries by world powers in modern history. Policies differed – several western countries hired mercenaries to help suppress secessionist insurgencies, while others used them to support the secession of some regions in the Congo (now – Democratic Republic of Congo). Mercenaries were used to suppress Simba rebellion, to help in release of hostages, as well as in training the Congolese National Army. There was much to gain from the use of mercenary forces by the former colonizing nations. While formally they set the colonies free, informally they continued influencing politics in these countries using clandestine forces – the phenomenon which later becomes known as an essential component of “neocolonialism”. The use of numerous “soldiers of fortune” in the Congo will launch a process of corporate mercenarism, leading to the participation of mercenaries and private military contractors in a higher number of conflicts. In a short period of time contractors will become an integral part of military missions worldwide.
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Virágh, Ágnes. "A nápolyi hadjáratok ismeretlen epizódja." Belvedere Meridionale 32, no. 2 (2020): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/belv.2020.2.6.

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Humanist authors regarded mercenaries with contempt, and in their works they gladly referred to those ancient writers who also condemned the utilization of mercenary armies. Mercenaries are mentioned in the Italian chronicles of the 14th century as well, and the author of the Cronaca senese recorded the brutal attack of John Hawkwood’s company on Faenza. The notary of Apulia, Domenico da Gravina frequently reproved in his chronicle the German mercenaries on account of their excesses. In this paper I examine the passage that presents the mercenary revolt of Aversa, in which the Voivode of Transylvania, István Lackfi conducted a dialogue with the rebelling mercenary captains in order to reach an agreement with them.
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Karska, Elżbieta, and Karol Karski. "Introduction: The Phenomenon of Foreign Fighters and Foreign Terrorist Fighters." International Community Law Review 18, no. 5 (December 8, 2016): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341337.

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Modern international law defines a very narrow definition of mercenarism. It does not include all aspects of this phenomenon as it was known and understood for centuries. At the same time the emergence of new forms of mercenary-related activities is observed. The terms ‘foreign fighters’ and ‘foreign terrorist fighters’ should be analysed in this context inter alia from a legal perspective. A question needs to be answered if those existing regulations relating to mercenaries can apply to these terms. It is also important to note how both mercenaries and their activities are perceived under international law. The international legal analysis of factual and legal measures undertaken by states towards foreign fighters and foreign terrorist fighters is also interesting. Frequently these activities concern not just the fighters alone but apply also to all of us. This requires us to look at them in the context of international human rights law. These issues are the subject of current works undertaken within the scope of international organisations. un Security Council adopted resolution 2170 (2014) and 2178 (2014) regarding foreign terrorist fighters. The un General Assembly and un Human Rights Council also tackle these issues. The activity of foreign fighters and foreign terrorist fighters on one side and the activities of the states in reaction to this activity on the other side are also monitored inter alia by the un Working Group on the use of mercenaries.
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Shubin, Vladimir Il'ich. "Greek mercenaries in Sais Egypt." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 4 (April 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.4.32577.

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This article is dedicated to examination of the history of emergence of Greek mercenaries during the riling time of XXVI Sais Dynasty. The author reviews the status and role of Greek mercenaries in the armed forced of Sais rulers, organization of their service and living conditions. Considering the fact that the use of Greek mercenaries in Egypt army was a part of the traditional policy of Sais rulers and carried mass character, the author refers to the problem  of social origin of the phenomenon of mercenarism in the Greek society of Archaic era. The research applies comparative-historical method that allows viewing the phenomenon of mercenarism in the historical context – based on the comparative data analysis of ancient written tradition. By the time of Sais Dynasty, control over regions that traditionally provided mercenaries to the Egypt army was lost. Under the circumstances, in order to compensate such losses, Egypt conscripted into military service the hailed from the Greek world. Mercenaries became the first Greeks settled on the Egyptian land. The conclusion is made that the Greek colonization, in absence of other ways to enter the formerly closed to the Greeks Egypt, at its initial stage manifested in such distinct form.
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Fallah, Katherine. "Corporate actors: the legal status of mercenaries in armed conflict." International Review of the Red Cross 88, no. 863 (September 2006): 599–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383106000695.

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AbstractCorporate actors are taking on an increasingly significant role in the prosecution of modern warfare. Traditionally, an analysis of the law applicable to corporate actors in armed conflict commences with inquiry into the law as it applies to mercenaries. As such, the rise of the private military industry invites a reconsideration of the conventional approach to mercenaries under international law. This article critically surveys the conventional law as it applies to mercenaries, and considers the extent to which corporate actors might meet the legal definitions of a “mercenary”. It demonstrates that even mercenaries receive protection under international humanitarian law.
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Kolarov, Igor, Juvenal Soto, and Mark Aldrich. "Frolic of Mercenaries / Jolgorio de mercenarios." Sirena: poesia, arte y critica 2006, no. 1 (2006): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sir.2006.0073.

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Pederzani, Ivana. "Parrocchie povere della Bergamasca tra antico regime e Restaurazione. Aspetti economici e disciplinari." STORIA IN LOMBARDIA, no. 1 (July 2021): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sil2020-001002.

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Attraverso l'analisi della struttura beneficiale della diocesi l'autrice ricostruisce i nessi tra vita religiosa e debolezza economica nella Bergamasca tra Sette e Ottocento in una varietà di situa-zioni locali. Ad eccezione di qualche rara zona o di importanti centri borghigiani, non manca-vano nella pianura, dominata da salariati agricoli poveri e analfabeti, cure mercenarie.- cioè con parroco salariato e senza un'adeguata dotazione beneficiale - di elezione popolare e con qual-che centinaia di fedeli o poco più. Esse erano più numerose in montagna e nelle valli quale esi-to della tendenza della popolazione locale a rendere capillare il servizio religioso costruendo luoghi di culto anche nelle frazioni più isolate. In queste parrocchie le comunità, che detenevano antichi diritti di patronato, per la nomina del pastore si erano viste spesso costrette a stipula-re contratti "a termine" con sacerdoti senza regolare investitura ecclesiastica. La debolezza eco-nomica rese difficile in età napoleonica applicare la riforma parrocchiale nei suoi aspetti eco-nomici e disciplinari e cioè in materia di dotazioni beneficiali, ordinazioni sacerdotali, concorsi vescovili.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mercenarie"

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CASIRAGHI, MATTEO CESARE MARIO. "CRACK TROOPS OR BLOODY KILLERS? STATES, POLITICAL PARTIES, AND MERCENARIES 1805-2017." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/714406.

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Addressing political attitudes toward mercenaries and contractors, this dissertation offers an original empirical contribution and a new theoretical framework to investigate international norms, and relations between political parties and private armed groups. I code and analyze all references to mercenaries and private military companies in the Italian and British Parliamentary debates from 1805 to 2017. Regarding the norm, I demonstrate that the anti-mercenary norm evolves through three critical moments. Between 1805 and 1945, an anti-mercenary moral norm is present to a relevant extent in politicians’ debates, though it does not consistently constrain states’ behavior. The norm is weak. Between 1945 and 1991, anti-mercenary sentiments start to decline, and all discussions about their operations are clearly distorted by Cold War dynamics. The norm is very weak and highly politicized. After 1991, the norm targets security contractors for a brief period, as negative references and moral attacks significantly decrease. The norm disappears. Concerning instead political parties’ attitudes toward mercenaries and contractors, I demonstrate that from 1945 to 1991 Cold War dynamics trump any other moral or functional consideration on mercenaries. In Italy, leftist parties are almost exclusively responsible for the aversion toward hired soldiers. Anti-Americanism, anti-colonialism, and fear of coups, emerge as the main drivers of political hostility. Conversely, British parties’ attitudes converge on a similar aversion, though the reasons behind the antagonism differ. While anti-communism dominates the Conservatives’ discourses, the Labour presents a more colorful picture, with Cold War-related antagonism emerging from the extreme left. Conversely, after 1991 the political and economic problems of privatization become protagonists in both countries, as Italian parties converge on comparable postures, whereas a more significant gap emerges in the United Kingdom. The results of this work produce insightful empirical and theoretical implications for the literature on mercenaries and contractors, on political parties and Foreign Policy, on the Cold War, and on international norms.
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Hillary, Gama Samuel Amule. "Mercenarism and the curbing of mercenary activity in Africa, 1990 to 2005 selected case studies /." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2010. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03112010-124730.

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Péré-Noguès, Sandra. "Mercenaires et mercenariat en Occident de la fin du Vème siècle au début du IIème siècle avant J. -C." Toulouse 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU20026.

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A partir des sources litteraires, archeologiques et epigraphiques, cette etude se propose de retracer l'histoire du mercenariat et des mercenaires en occident de la fin du veme siecle au debut du iieme siecle avant j. -c. Apres sa reapparition dans les cites grecques de sicile, cette pratique connut un essor remarquable aussi bien sur l'ile qu'a carthage. Ce developpement fut en fait favorise par plusieurs facteurs propres aux cites d'occident, comme leurs politiques << imperialistes >> en sicile, ou la tyrannie a syracuse. Le mercenariat devint rapidement un moyen efficace de controle territorial pour les empires punique et syracusain de sicile : les mercenaires furent sollicites pour occuper les zones de frontiere ou ils purent parfois s'installer de maniere definitive. Cette etude tente aussi de definir ce monde des mercenaires d'occident, monde tres heteroclite dans sa composition ethnique. Un point commun unissait tous ces hommes : leur fidelite fut toujours conditionnee par le paiement regulier de leur solde. Dans le cas contraire, les cites durent faire face a de graves revoltes, ou meme proposer d'autres formes de dedommagement. Sur le plan culturel, les mercenaires furent sans doute fascines par la culture grecque comme le revelent les documents archeologiques. Le mercenariat fut aussi a l'origine d'une evolution originale de la guerre dans le monde occidental. Les cites etaient souvent en quete de troupes specialisees, troupes recrutees dans les regions proches de la peninsule italique ou dans les regions barbares telle la peninsule iberique. La grece, notamment sparte, fut un terrain ideal de recrutement pour les generaux grecs ou carthaginois. Ainsi le mercenariat prit rapidement une dimension << institutionnelle >> a laquelle seule echappa rome.
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LaBreche, Timothy Merrick Clark. "Toxicity of Copper to Mercenaria mercenaria (Hard Clam)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46181.

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Toxicity of copper to larval Mercenaria mercenaria was evaluated with static non-renewal and continuous renewal methods that permitted daily observation of mortality, activity, development, and metamorphosis without subsampling. Clam larvae, 100 - 150 microns, were held for up to two weeks in small, 30 mm, sealed petri plates during static assays with excellent survival of control organisms, low evaporative losses, and relatively low between replicate variability. An eight day LC50 of 12 micrograms / liter for six day old organisms was determined as well as EC50s (active swimming). EC50s at 24 hours were as much as much as seven times lower than LC50s after 24 hours of exposure. Flow - through assays were conducted with a modified petri dish design. Two sections from opposing sides of a 30 mm petri dish were removed and covered with 35 micron polyester screening. This dish (organism dish) was placed in an outer catch dish that captured the effluent toxin as it passed through the screening and routed it to a catch bottle for water quality analysis. The toxicant feed line entered through the catch dish cover and slowly dripped toxin into the organism dish. Water quality in the flow - through assay remained excellent. Survival of control organisms in the flow - through assay was lower than in static assays, but metamorphosis was not delayed as had been observed in static assays. Data variability was low enough that statistical distinctions were made between the effects of copper on metamorphosis. A non-standard "M" shaped survival response was observed in all assays. The responses generating the "M" shaped response in the static petri assay were statistically different from each other. Activity, as judged by swimming, in organisms was not observed to follow the "M" shaped pattern. Instead, it decreased exponentially with increasing copper concentrations. Static experiments with unfed clams, observations of activity, and data from experiments in copper accumulation by algae led to a theory relating the unusual dose response to food consumption and its relationship to the effective dose of copper to which the larval clams were exposed.
Master of Science
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McCoy, Ayana M. "Examination of Mercenaria mercenaria as a host for Perkinsus marinus." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0009380.

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Jackson, Jonathan R. Swann David L. "Feasibility of hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, culture in Grand Bay, Alabama." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Fisheries_and_Allied_Aquacultures/Thesis/Jackson_Jonathan_49.pdf.

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Coufal, Leonard. "More than mercenaries? : mercenaries, Sierra Leone, and the rise of private military companies." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32347.

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The rise of Private Military Companies (PMCs) in the mid 1990s suggests a significant threat to the states' traditional control of force. The impact of these companies on Africa has yet to be fully investigated, and their roots in Africa's mercenary past are often ignored or misunderstood. Sierra Leone's experience with three companies, Gurkha Security Guards (GSG), Executive Outcomes (EO), and Sandline International provides an ideal setting in which to both explore and pinpoint the transformation of freelance mercenaries into modern PMCs. At the center of this debate is Peter Singer's suggestion that modem PMCs are something more than mercenaries. Globalization, private authority, and legitimacy theories provide both guides to such a study and explanatory tools helpful in understanding this radical development. While most observers rightly conclude that such companies are not a direct threat to the state's central role in international relations, or to its control of force, they nonetheless suggest a significant realignment of international relations. EO's success in both Angola and Sierra Leone came amid the company's all-out bid for legitimacy as a private provider of security on the African continent and on the international scene as well. In the final analysis, PMCs did gain significant acceptance, authority, and legitimacy in Sierra Leone, but whether this will transfer to a future for mercenaries in Africa is not decided yet. Most indicators suggest that large-scale PMCs will return as security providers in Africa. Because of this, these companies are indeed more than mercenaries.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Al-Sayed, Hashim Ahmed Yousif. "Population studies of a commercially fished bivalve, Mercenaria mercenaria (L), in Southampton Water." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328258.

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Longmire, Katherine Sara. "Effects Of Acidification And Salinity On Callinectes Sapidus, Mercenaria Mercenaria, And Their Interactions." W&M ScholarWorks, 2020. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1616444437.

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Ocean acidification (OA) coupled with other stressors, will be detrimental at the species and ecosystem levels. Decreased carbonate ion concentrations negatively impact calcifying species, yet the combined effects of OA and other stressors are less well known, and many studies disregard species interactions. Multi-species studies involving OA and other stressors are crucial to comprehend the full threat of OA. Understanding how OA interacts with other stressors to affect species responses is necessary for future management of exploited species in an altered ecosystem. The objectives of my study were to assess: 1) the effects of long-term exposure to decreased pH and salinity on juvenile blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) carapace strength and pinch force and juvenile hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) armor and growth; and 2) the blue crab and hard clam predator-prey interactions under low pH and salinity via filmed mesocosm trials. In 2018 and 2019, I held juvenile blue crab (n = 24–40; 50–80 mm carapace width) and juvenile hard clams (n = 112; 10–15 mm shell length) in mesocosms with crossed pH and salinity treatments for 10 – 11 weeks. I regularly monitored water quality and chemistry and measured clams weekly. After treatment exposure, I assessed crab carapace and claw strength using force meters and imaged clam shells using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for shell structure and ridge rugosity. In 2018, crab carapace strength increased with size, decreased with treatment exposure time, and was overall stronger after exposure to low pH. In 2019, crab carapace strength was weakest in the low-pH, high-salinity treatment and strongest in the low-pH, low-salinity treatment. In high-pH treatments, carapace strength was similar regardless of salinity. Claw pinch force also increased with size but was weaker in low-pH, in both 2018 and 2019. Moreover, male crabs in 2019 had stronger pinch force than females. Clam growth was negatively impacted by low pH in both years; however, salinity had a more negative impact in 2019 than in 2018. Clam survival followed a similar trend in both years, with survival being lowest in the low-pH, low-salinity treatment and highest in the control treatment. Deterioration of clam shell structure and ridge rugosity (indicative of damage) were also correlated, as both were greatest in the low-pH, low-salinity treatment and lowest in the control treatment. Finally, in 2019, filmed predator-prey mesocosm trials assessed the interaction between blue crabs and hard clams after treatment exposure. Low sample sizes precluded statistical analyses, but trends indicated there was no alteration in the predator-prey relationship under multiple stressors.
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Collins, Kevin G. "America's mercenaries war by proxy /." Fort Leavenworth, KS : U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 2006. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA479409.

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Books on the topic "Mercenarie"

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Venter, Al J. War dog: Fighting other people's wars : the modern mercenary in combat. Philadelphia, Pa: Casemate, 2008.

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Esch, Arnold. I mercenari svizzeri in Italia: L'esperienza delle guerre milanesi (1510-1515) tratta da fonti bernesi. Verbania: Alberti, 1999.

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Romaine, Syburra-Bertelletto, ed. Courir l'Europe: Valaisans au service étranger, 1790-1870. Baden]: Hier + Jetzt, 2009.

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Arnold, Guy. Mercenaries. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27708-7.

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Duval, Fred. Mercenaire. [Paris]: Delcourt, 2009.

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Knight, Angela. Mercenaries. New York: Penguin USA, Inc., 2009.

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Mercenaries. Oxford [England]: ISIS Large Print, 2011.

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Mercenaries. New York: Berkley Sensation, 2005.

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Paidan: Taiwangun o tsukutta Nihongun shōkōtachi. Tōkyō: Fuyō Shobō Shuppan, 2006.

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R, Davis James. Fortune's warriors: Private armies and the new world order. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mercenarie"

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Arnold, Guy. "The Congo 1960–1965." In Mercenaries, 1–17. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27708-7_1.

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Arnold, Guy. "Europe." In Mercenaries, 101–12. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27708-7_10.

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Arnold, Guy. "South Africa and Executive Outcomes." In Mercenaries, 113–22. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27708-7_11.

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Arnold, Guy. "The new mercenary corporations." In Mercenaries, 123–31. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27708-7_12.

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Arnold, Guy. "Sierra Leone, Sandline and Britain." In Mercenaries, 132–46. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27708-7_13.

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Arnold, Guy. "Western attitudes." In Mercenaries, 147–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27708-7_14.

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Arnold, Guy. "The United Nations." In Mercenaries, 159–68. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27708-7_15.

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Arnold, Guy. "Conclusions — the future." In Mercenaries, 169–74. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27708-7_16.

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Arnold, Guy. "The Nigerian Civil War." In Mercenaries, 18–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27708-7_2.

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Arnold, Guy. "Southern Africa (1) Rhodesia." In Mercenaries, 26–32. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27708-7_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mercenarie"

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Laughlin, R., P. Pendoley, and R. Gustafson. "Sublethal Effects of Tributyltin on the Hard Shell Clam (Mercenaria mercenaria)." In OCEANS '87. IEEE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1987.1160657.

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Fratian, Mihai, David H. Goodwin, David P. Gillikin, Hayley I. Bennett, Emily Carrigan, Elizabeth Cilia, Heidi O'Hora, and Alan D. Wanamaker. "USING STABLE ISOTOPES TO RECONSTRUCT GROWTH OF THE HARD CLAM MERCENARIA MERCENARIA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-323535.

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Stafford, Emily S., Frank L. Forcino, and Joseph D. Brazelton. "EXPERIMENTAL ABIOTIC SHELL FRAGMENTATION INMERCENARIA MERCENARIA." In 65th Annual Southeastern GSA Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016se-273438.

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Turek, Sage, Kylie Palmer, Lauren E. Graniero, and Donna Surge. "LIFE HISTORY PATTERNS OF MERCENARIA MERCENARIA, M. CAMPECHIENSIS, AND THEIR NATURAL HYBRID FORM: DOES GENOTYPE MATTER?" In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-339304.

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Turek, Sage, Kylie Palmer, and Donna Surge. "COMPARING LIFE HISTORY PATTERNS IN SHELLS OF CO-OCCURRING MERCENARIA MERCENARIA AND M. CAMPECHIENSIS FROM FLORIDA AND NORTH CAROLINA, USA." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-357339.

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Soroceanu, Igor. "CHINESE MERCENARIES ON THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA: ILLUSION OR REALITY." In КИТАЙСЬКА ЦИВІЛІЗАЦІЯ: ТРАДИЦІЇ ТА СУЧАСНІСТЬ. Liha-Pres, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36059/978-966-397-284-8-35.

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Kuznetsova, K. E. "HISTORICAL AND LEGAL CHARACTERISTIC OF MERCENARY." In RUSSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM: HISTORY, MODERNITY, DEVELOPMENT TRENDS. Amur State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/lsr.2020.9.

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Benson, Sam Robert. "THE REALITY BEHIND THE JIHAD IN SYRIA: POWERS, PROXIES AND MERCENARIES." In 30th International Academic Conference, Venice. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2017.030.006.

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Gong, Fangming. "The Binary Opposition of the Themes in Housman’s “Epitaph on an Army of Mercenaries”." In 6th International Conference on Humanities and Social Science Research (ICHSSR 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200428.068.

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Зубарев, В. Г. "Southern section of the necropolis of the ancient settlement «Belinskoye» in the eastern Crimea (according to the field research results of 2013–2015)." In Древности Боспора. Crossref, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2018.978-5-94375-251-3.98-113.

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The article is aimed to publish the field research results of 2013–2015 in the southern section of the necropolis of the ancient settlement «Belinskoye» in the eastern Crimea. The burials and other objects discovered here show that the southern section of the necropolis of the ancient settlement «Belinskoye» functioned at least from the second half of the 2nd to the 4th cc. AD and also in the Saltov period. The paper pays special attention to analyze the earliest burials with slots for overlapping in long grave walls. The only analogue burials of this type are now the earliest burials at the cemetery Neyzats located in the central part of the Crimean foothills. Having analyzed currently available material, the author comes to the conclusion on the existence of a separate group of Sarmat mercenaries in the 2nd century AD, during the active expansion of the Bosporan kingdom.
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Reports on the topic "Mercenarie"

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Ralston, Adam R. Communication Technology: The New Mercenary. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada517795.

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Robinson, W., and M. Morse. Mechanisms and functional morphology associated with metal transport in Mercenaria mercenaria (Bavalvia: Mollusca): Final report, September 1, 1977--February 28, 1989. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6032558.

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Ölbei, Tamás. Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy: Reconnaissance, Spying on Mercenaries and Crusaders. Edicions de la Universitat de Lleida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21001/itma.2020.14.11.

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Kelly, Luke. Definitions, Characteristics and Monitoring of Conflict Economies. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.024.

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The idea of conflict economies is a broad concept encompassing several research angles. Definitions differ according to these focuses. Some of the main uses of the concept are to understand: • economic analysis of the motives for and likelihood of war • financing of state and non-state belligerents • how the continuation of conflicts can be explained by rational motives including economic ones • how conflict affects economic activity, and how conflict parties and citizens adapt Some distinctive characteristics of war economies are (Ballentine & Nitzschke, 2005, p. 12): • They involve the destruction or circumvention of the formal economy and the growth of informal and black markets, • Pillage, predation, extortion, and deliberate violence against civilians is used by combatants to acquire control over lucrative assets, capture trade networks and diaspora remittances, and exploit labour; • War economies are highly decentralised and privatised, both in the means of coercion and in the means of production and exchange; • Combatants increasingly rely on the licit or illicit exploitation of / trade in lucrative natural resources • They thrive on cross-border trading networks, regional kin and ethnic groups, arms traffickers, and mercenaries, as well as legally operating commercial entities, each of which may have a vested interest in the continuation of conflict and instability. The first section of this rapid review outlines the evolution of the term and key definitions. Most of this discussion occurs in the academic literature around the early 2000s. The second looks at key characteristics of conflict economies identified in the literature, with examples where possible from both academic and grey literature. The third section briefly identifies methodologies used to measure and monitor conflict economies, as well as some current research and programmes on conflict economies, from academic literature as well as NGOs and other sources. The findings have been derived via a literature search and advice from experts in the field. Given time constraints, the report is not comprehensive. The review is gender- and disability blind.
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