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Journal articles on the topic 'Mercantilism'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 May 2022

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1

Lind, Jennifer, and Daryl G. Press. "Markets or Mercantilism? How China Secures Its Energy Supplies." International Security 42, no. 04 (May 2018): 170–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00310.

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Since oil began fueling the global economy, governments have employed policies of “energy mercantilism” to secure access to this key input. Critics of these policies claim they are unnecessary because oil can be acquired on global markets. Countries such as China that engage in energy mercantilism are thus neither enhancing their energy security nor threatening others' access to oil. These critics, however, misunderstand the logic of energy mercantilism, which is rooted in the economics and business literatures on supply chain management. Firms and states are correct to worry about access to critical supplies under four conditions: imperfect contracting, supplier collusion, geographic concentration, and high risk of conflict. All of these conditions plague the oil industry. Likewise, the energy mercantilist policies that critics deride are analogous to the strategies that firms adopt to protect their supply chains. China's steps to ensure access to oil have enhanced its energy security and reduced U.S. coercive options toward Beijing. More broadly, the unfolding competition over energy access highlights the lingering power of mercantilism, even in this age of economic globalization and the apparent triumph of market liberalism.

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2

HETTNE, BJÖRN. "Neo-Mercantilism:." Cooperation and Conflict 28, no. 3 (September 1993): 211–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836793028003001.

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3

Min Gyo, Koo. "Embracing Free Trade Agreements, Korean Style: From Developmental Mercantilism to Developmental Liberalism." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 25, no. 3 (December 31, 2010): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps25306.

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This study analyzes how and to what extent South Korea has embedded developmental liberalism into its free trade agreement (FTA) initiative, departing from its traditional focus on developmental mercantilism. In the wake of the global economic crisis of 2008-09 and the subsequent expansion of government interventionism across the world, the developmental state model has attracted renewed scholarly attention. It offers a useful conceptual framework to examine how a particular set of arrangements between the competitive and uncompetitive sectors in South Korea has shifted from developmental mercantilism to developmental liberalism. South Korea`s FTA initiative constitutes a notable policy shift to liberalism, departing from a mercantilist approach with a policy mix of import protection and export promotion. It has been shaped by a top-down political initiative rather than a bottom-up demand from business groups and the general public. Despite South Korea`s liberal but state-centric nature, its FTAs are closely embedded in its social fabric.

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4

Guichard, Jean-Paul. "Indebtedness and mercantilism." Panoeconomicus 56, no. 3 (2009): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0903409g.

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In a closed economy, the growth of the GDP is equal to the net indebtedness (the increase of indebtedness) of it agents from one period to another, which allows current demand to be greater than the income of the preceding quarter. In an open economy, we must add to that the net indebtedness of the totality of foreign agents in operation: the currencies corresponding to the foreign trade balance. Depending on the sign of these two kinds of net indebtedness, positive or negative, a classification of countries can be made: mainly mercantilist countries that enjoy a foreign surplus, on the one hand, and 'Keynesian' countries running a deficit, whose growth is founded upon domestic demand, on the other hand.

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5

Brewer, A. "Cantillon and mercantilism." History of Political Economy 20, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-20-3-447.

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6

Ito, Seiichiro. "Mercantilism reimagined or redefined?" History of Economic Thought 58, no. 1 (2016): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5362/jshet.58.1_139.

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7

Conti, Thomas Victor. "Mercantilism: a materialist approach." Scandinavian Economic History Review 66, no. 2 (April 23, 2018): 186–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2018.1465847.

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8

Osterfeld, David. "Marxism, capitalism and mercantilism." Review of Austrian Economics 5, no. 1 (1991): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00843933.

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9

Hengstmengel, Joost W. "The survival of Aristotelianism in early English mercantilism: an illustration from the debate between Malynes and Misselden." Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 10, no. 1 (August 10, 2017): 64–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.23941/ejpe.v10i1.266.

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Handbooks of the history of economic thought typically assume a strict fault line between scholastic economics and mercantilism. Historically, the distinction between the two streams of thought was less evident—especially when it came to the style of argumentation, in which there is much continuity between the scholastic doctors and early mercantilists. However, although the latter did not employ the scholastic method, both traditions frequently called upon classical authorities to strengthen their arguments. What is striking is the high regard for Aristotle among the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth century English mercantilists. By way of illustration, this article reviews the surprising role of Aristotelian ideas, primarily from the Metaphysics and Physics, within the debate between Gerard Malynes and Edward Misselden on England’s economics crisis.

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10

Guerrieri, Paolo, and Pier Carlo Padoan. "Neomercantilism and international economic stability." International Organization 40, no. 1 (1986): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002081830000446x.

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In a recent paper, Barry Buzan disputes the widespread theory that associates a liberal international economic structure positively, and a mercantilist structure negatively, with international security. We do not take issue with Buzan's arguments on this point; rather we disagree with some of his assumptions concerning the relationship between mercantilistic policies and the international economic order. Those of Buzan's points that we question represent generally accepted views in the literature on mercantilismBuzan's definition of mercantilism focuses essentially if not exclusively on protectionist trade policies. We prefer a more general definition based on Keynesian and post-Keynesian literature. By including the macroeconomic goals of neomercantilism, this definition accounts for a country's foreign economic policy.

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11

Rashid, Salim. "Smith, Steuart, and Mercantilism: Comment." Southern Economic Journal 52, no. 3 (January 1986): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1059280.

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12

Anderson, Gary M., and Robert D. Tollison. "Smith, Steuart, and Mercantilism: Reply." Southern Economic Journal 52, no. 3 (January 1986): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1059281.

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13

Abu-El-Haj, Jawdat. "From Interdependence to Neo-mercantilism." Latin American Perspectives 34, no. 5 (September 2007): 92–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x07306244.

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14

Davies, Stephen. "TRADE, MERCANTILISM AND NATION-BUILDING." Economic Affairs 31, no. 3 (October 2011): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2011.02119.x.

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15

McGuire, Martin C., and Hiroshi Ohta. "Implicit Mercantilism, Oligopoly, and Trade*." Review of International Economics 13, no. 1 (February 2005): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2005.00497.x.

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16

Gaido, Daniel. "Rudolf Hilferding on English Mercantilism." History of Political Economy 48, no. 3 (September 2016): 449–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-3638631.

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17

Hinnant, Charles H. "Swift and Mercantilism: A Reappraisal." Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture 25, no. 1 (1996): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sec.2010.0180.

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18

Strange, Susan. "Review Essay : Defending Benign Mercantilism." Journal of Peace Research 25, no. 3 (September 1988): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002234338802500307.

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19

Kłosowicz-Toborek, Katarzyna. "Mercantilism concepts in contemporary economy." Studia i Prace WNEiZ 51 (2018): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/sip.2018.51/3-14.

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20

Strobel, Joanna. "Koncepcje merkantylistyczne a ich wykorzystanie w Republice Zjednoczonych Prowincji." Prawo 321 (December 31, 2016): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.321.6.

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Mercantilist concepts and their application in the Republic of the Seven United Provinces The Republic of the Seven United Provinces is seen in the literature as astate favouring free trade, which enabled it to achieve adominant position in colonial trade between the 16th and 18th centuries. However, even this country used mercantilism-inspired solutions. Given the specific nature of its economy, the Republic was particularly attached to apositive balance of trade. On the other hand, it undertook short-term actions in line with the principle of interventionism and protectionist customs policy — guided on each occasion by particular interests of groups holding power. Consequently, the Republic used the principles of mercantilism only to an extent it found suitable in a given political and economic situation.Merkantilistische Konzepte und ihre Verwendung in der Republik der Vereinigten ProvinzenDie Republik der Vereinigten Provinzen wird aktuell in der Literatur als ein Staat gesehen, der die Handelsfreiheit förderte und was dazu führte, dass er zwischen dem 16. und 17. Jahrhundert die dominierende Position im Kolonialhandel einnehmen konnte. Jedoch auch in diesem Land nutzte man die Lösungen des Merkantilismus. Wegen der Eigenartigkeit ihrer Wirtschaft waren für die Republik die Grundsätze der aktiven Handelsbilanz besonders wichtig. Ihre Übergangshandlungen entsprachen dagegen dem Interventionalismus und der protektionistischen Zollpolitik — sie richtete sich immer an die partikulären Interessen der regierenden Gruppierungen. Infolgedessen nutzte die Republik die Grundsätze des Merkantilismus nur in dem Grade, der für sie in der gegebenen politischen und wirtschaftlichen Lage günstig war.

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21

Magnusson, L. "Mercantilism and "Reform" Mercantilism: The Rise of Economic Discourse in Sweden During the Eighteenth Century." History of Political Economy 19, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 415–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-19-3-415.

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22

Chu, C. Y. Cyrus, and Po-Ching Lee. "E-commerce mercantilism-practices and causes." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 19, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-08-2019-0054.

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Purpose This paper aims to highlight in particular one commercially influential but subtle constituent of China’s mercantilist stratagem – asymmetrical internet access. The wider aim of the paper is to provide a solid basis of real-world facts and knowledge to the e-commerce discussions at the World Trade Organization and the ongoing plurilateral e-commerce negotiations. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses an empirical approach to reflect the general experiences of consumers connecting from China to e-commerce platform websites in other countries and vice versa consumers connecting from other countries to China’s e-commerce platform. Findings The empirical data show that Chinese potential customers trying to connect to the websites of foreign internet retailers in 17 other sample countries are faced with prohibitively long waiting times. In contrast, the average waiting time that it takes for customers in those other 17 countries to link up to China’s major internet retail platforms is much shorter. Practical implications The hard evidence presented here serves to strengthen the arguments that such internet censorship is used by China to establish unfair e-commerce advantage. This paper further argues that the General Agreement on Trade in Services is restrained from providing systemic solutions to the digital mercantilism problem. It is essential, therefore, that the ongoing plurilateral e-commerce negotiations address this issue. Originality/value This paper is the first to publish detailed results of a systematic survey designed to analyze the impact of asymmetrical internet access in China. It is also the first to examine the extent and effect of differing internet connection speeds in the context of international trade. The outcome of the survey provides a factual base for future rule-making at the multilateral level.

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23

LAKE, ANTHONY. "Brangelina vs. Chinese Mercantilism in Africa." New Perspectives Quarterly 24, no. 4 (September 2007): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5842.2007.00918.x.

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24

Messerlin, Patrick A. "Export-credit Mercantilism à la Française." World Economy 9, no. 4 (December 1986): 385–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1986.tb00452.x.

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25

Moss, Laurence S. "The Subjectivist Mercantilism of Bernard Mandeville." International Journal of Social Economics 14, no. 3/4/5 (March 1987): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb014057.

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26

Holslag, Jonathan. "China's New Mercantilism in Central Africa." African and Asian Studies 5, no. 2 (2006): 133–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920906777906781.

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AbstractThe objective of this article is twofold. On one hand it elucidates the goals and dynamics of China's foreign trade policy since the 1990s. On the other hand it assesses the impact of this strategy on the development of the Central African Region as a case for China's influence on other developing countries. We observe that China is pursuing a pragmatic mercantilist policy that combines a wide array of diplomatic and economic devices. As a result the People's Republic gains ground slowly but surely. However, China's ascent does not lift the Central African states to a more favourable position in the global division of labour. We conclude that China's rise confirms the current economic position of African countries: that of a commodity supplier and a modest consumer's market.

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27

Magnusson, Lars. "Cameralism as Sonderweg of German Mercantilism?" History of Political Economy 53, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-8993274.

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In recent years there has been a renewed interest in Cameralism, both as a discourse and as an administrative political economy, in both theory and practice. Attention has been drawn to how Cameralism—defined as thought and practice—should be understood. The aim of this article is to take a step back and focus on the historiography of Cameralism from the nineteenth century onwards. Even though many in recent times have challenged old and seemingly dated conceptualizations and interpretations, they are still very much alive. Most profoundly this has implied that Cameralism most often in the past has been acknowledged as an expression of—German. as it were—exceptionalism to the general history of economic doctrine and thinking.

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28

Whelan, Frederick G. "Eighteenth-century Scottish Political Economy and the Decline of Imperial Spain." Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 38, no. 1 (May 2018): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2018.0233.

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This article examines the causes of the decline of imperial Spain as set forth in the works of Hume, Smith, Robertson, and other eighteenth-century writers, primarily Scottish. As in the classic case of the decline of the ancient Roman republic and empire, moral causes related to Spain's national character and its distortion under the impact of imperial wealth were sometimes adduced. Nevertheless, the famous Roman precedent proved inapplicable, for the most part, to modern experience. There was a decisive shift, in the case of Spain. Arguments drawn from Scottish political economy focused on the self-defeating character of the Spanish quest for precious metals and its related bullionist and mercantilist policies. The Spanish case also contributed significantly to the economic critique of imperialism and highly regulated imperial economies as an aspect of the general rejection of mercantilism.

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29

Hight, Marc A. "Poverty and Prosperity: Political Economics in Eighteenth-Century Ireland." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 88 (October 2020): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246120000107.

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AbstractI draw attention to a group of thinkers in Ireland in the first half of the eighteenth century that made significant contributions to the philosophy of political economy. Loosely organized around the Dublin Philosophical Society founded in 1731, these individuals employed a similar set of assumptions and shared a common interest in the well-being of the Irish people. I focus on Samuel Madden (1686-1765), Arthur Dobbs (1689-1765), and Thomas Prior (1680–1751) and argue for two main theses. First, these Irish thinkers shared a number of commonalities with the English mercantilist thinkers of the eighteenth century, and to the degree that they did, their proposals to aid Ireland and reduce poverty were largely doomed to failure. Second, these Irish thinkers also importantly diverged from typical eighteenth-century mercantilist thinking in several ways. These modifications to mercantilism resulted in large part from the unusual political situation of Ireland (as a nation politically dependent on England) and helped orient their economic thinking along more institutional lines. In particular, the emphasis of the Irish on full employment and on the modification of social as well as political institutions is an early step forward in making political economy more sophisticated.

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30

Jeong, Bora, and Hoon Lee. "US–China commercial rivalry, great war and middle powers." International Area Studies Review 24, no. 2 (June 2021): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22338659211018322.

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This paper examines whether the recent trade war between the US and China would lead to a great power war. In so doing, we rely on two theoretical frameworks, mercantilism and power transition theory, that are likely to link trade war to a military confrontation. Evidence shows that the trade war per se is not a sufficient condition for an all-out war between the US and China. Unlike mercantilists argue, first, we identify the importance of domestic coalitions before trade war being escalated to a military conflict. Second, we find that trade war as economic statecraft is a viable means to suppress a challenger’s capability, which may stop or delay the power transition process. The findings provide implications for middle power countries where strategic choices are required between the two major powers.

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31

van TULDER, ROB. "Subsidy Policies for Production Automation." Comparative Political Studies 20, no. 2 (July 1987): 192–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414087020002004.

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In the increasingly competitive international economy, a country's economic policy is increasingly apt to be modelled on that of its most successful competitor. This article examines the United States, Japan, France, and West Germany to see whether and under what circumstances their economic policies, industrial structure, and technological positions are converging or diverging. In this special attention is paid to strategies concerning computer-aided production automation. In previous decades states used to choose whether or not to adopt a liberal or mercantilist policy according to their level of technological development. However, since the restructuring race began in the 1970s there has been more attention paid to the question of how a country's overall economic structure compares with that of its competitors. In fact, the typologies used to differentiate between liberalism and mercantilism may have to be revised as the pressures for policy convergence prompt countries to recoalesce into new alliances.

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32

Carey, Toni Vogel. "What did Adam Smith learn from François Quesnay?" Journal of Scottish Philosophy 18, no. 2 (June 2020): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jsp.2020.0266.

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Book IV of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations concerns two rival economic theories, Mercantilism and Physiocracy. The latter, François Quesnay's system, occupies only the ninth and final chapter, and it begins with a stunning dismissal. Yet, fifteen pages later, Smith praises this theory to the skies. That cries out for explanation. Like Mercantilism, Smith's system emphasizes commerce, whereas Quesnay's is confined to agriculture. But like Physiocracy, Smith's system is built on individual liberty, whereas Mercantilism is one of government control. Despite his initial put-down, Smith is naturally inclined more toward Quesnay's philosophy. And the main thesis of my paper is to suggest one reason for this that has not previously been brought to light, and that can explain Smith's extravagant praise for it. Quesnay employs a Newtonian scientific method different from the one emphasized in Smith's early ‘Astronomy’ treatise, a method Smith first prominently introduced a decade after his meetings with Quesnay, in Wealth of Nations and Smith's eulogy for Hume (1776), and in the sixth (1790) edition of his Theory of Moral Sentiments.

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33

Perrotta, Cosimo. "Antonio Serra's Development Economics: Mercantilism, Backwardness, Dependence." HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, no. 2 (October 2013): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2013-002001.

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34

Rashid, Salim, and Lars Magnusson. "Mercantilism: The Shaping of an Economic Language." Economic Journal 106, no. 434 (January 1996): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234964.

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35

Danenhower, Peter. "Domestic Mercantilism is Incompatible with Sustainable Economics." International Journal of Sustainability in Economic, Social, and Cultural Context 14, no. 4 (2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2325-1115/cgp/v14i04/1-18.

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36

Makin, A. J. "Targeting Australia’s Current Account: A New Mercantilism?" Economic Analysis and Policy 18, no. 2 (September 1988): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0313-5926(88)50024-3.

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37

DOLCEROCCA, Antoine. "Intellectual Property Monopolies: Towards a New Mercantilism." Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi 4, no. 1 (March 15, 2016): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14782/sbd.2016117954.

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38

Fand, David I. "Classical Mercantilism, Neomercantilism and Contemporary Rent Seeking*." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 7, no. 1 (April 1, 1989): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569298x15668907344640.

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Abstract Il mercantilismo costituisce un sistema di politica economica del periodo pre-industriale che, sebbene sia stato sottoposto a critiche radicali nella Ricchezza delle Nazioni di Adamo Smith e dopo di allora da parte dei più eminenti economisti, è tuttavia rimasto un punto di riferimento molto importante del pensiero popolare e anche di quello politico.Le idee mercantilistiche hanno ricevuto incoraggiamento dalla crisi del 1929 e sono state quindi riprese nel mondo occidentale dopo la seconda guerra mondiale in conseguenza del ruolo crescente dello Stato. Tutti coloro che, in un modo o nell’altro, sono influenzati negativamente da un cambiamento economico, chiedono un intervento pubblico di sostegno.Si tratta di fenomeni che si possono inquadrare nella categoria del rent-seeking ed i cui effetti negativi sono stati sottovalutati dagli studi tradizionali, basati su analisi statiche di equilibrio parziale.Gli studi più recenti, tuttavia, condotti sulla base di impostazioni di equilibrio generale, hanno dimostrato la rilevanza dei costi di questi interventi, in relazione al prodotto interno lordo. Tali costi, inoltre, tenderanno ad aumentare nel tempo secondo un tasso composto.Inoltre, rispetto ai tradizionali interventi protezionistici, essenzialmente di natura doganale, il moderno mercantilismo fa ricorso a tutti gli strumenti d’intervento disponibili, ivi inclusa la politica della difesa. Anche sotto questo profilo, quindi, il nuovo protezionismo costituisce una seria minaccia per le economie di mercato.

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39

Hadwiger, Don F. "Mercantilism as the Prevailing Agricultural Marketing Policy." Policy Studies Journal 20, no. 3 (September 1992): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00173.x.

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40

Wiltgen, Richard. "The Evolution of Marx's Perspective of Mercantilism." International Journal of Social Economics 16, no. 7 (July 1989): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068298910133098.

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41

Schröder, Marcel. "Mercantilism and China's hunger for international reserves." China Economic Review 42 (February 2017): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.11.004.

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42

Majune, Socrates Kraido, and Davis Kimuli Mwania. "On the economic thought of trade practices and policies in Kenya." Estudios económicos 38, no. 77 (May 3, 2021): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.estudecon.2021.2256.

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This study explains trade regimes in Kenya from a History of Economic Thought (HET) perspective using secondary materials (books, papers, and original manuscripts). We found that the pre-colonial era (before 1895) had a mixture of Classical doctrines and Mercantilism, whereby long-distance and barter trade between communities were practiced. Nonetheless, certain communities restricted trade. Classical economic thought was practiced in the colonial period (1895-1962), whereby agricultural produce was exported and less expensive consumables were imported. The post-colonial period started with a Mercantilism approach (Importsubstitution), but successive regimes have promoted Classical doctrines of trade by reducing import and export barriers and creating trade-promotion institutions. Trade in services, which is topical in international trade, has also been promoted in this regime.

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43

Dmitrii, Khaustov. "Mercantilism: destructive creation, finance and Thomas theorem’s machinery." Ideas and Ideals 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2015-3.2-63-74.

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44

McCarthy, Joseph. "Crude 'Oil Mercantilism'? Chinese Oil Engagement in Kazakhstan." Pacific Affairs 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2013862257.

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45

Heng-Fu, Zou. "Dynamic analysis in the Viner model of mercantilism." Journal of International Money and Finance 16, no. 4 (August 1997): 637–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5606(97)00007-7.

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46

Lindberg, Erik. "Mercantilism and urban inequalities in eighteenth-century Sweden." Scandinavian Economic History Review 55, no. 1 (April 2007): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03585520701234134.

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47

Graz, Jean-Christophe. "Transnational mercantilism and the emergent global trading order." Review of International Political Economy 11, no. 3 (June 2004): 597–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0969229042000252918.

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48

Ruderman, David B., and Jonathan I. Israel. "Israel's "European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism"." Jewish Quarterly Review 78, no. 1/2 (July 1987): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1454097.

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49

Fish, Robert S. "Technical Information Trade Deficits: Is This Information Mercantilism?" IEEE Communications Standards Magazine 3, no. 2 (June 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.2019.8823835.

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McMichael, Philip. "Land Grabbing as Security Mercantilism in International Relations." Globalizations 10, no. 1 (February 2013): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2013.760925.

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